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Wu Z, Chen S, Tao X, Liu H, Sun P, Richards AM, Tan HC, Yu Y, Yang Q, Wu S, Zhou X. Risk and effect modifiers for poor glycemic control among the chinese diabetic adults on statin therapy: the kailuan study. Clin Res Cardiol 2024; 113:1219-1231. [PMID: 38265512 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-024-02381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited studies have investigated the association between statin therapy and poor glycemic control, especially in the Chinese diabetic population. METHODS Two prospective diabetes cohorts were drawn from the Kailuan Cohort. In Cohort 1, linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between statin therapy and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level change. In Cohort 2, new user design and conditional logistic models were used to assess associations between statin initiation and poor glycemic control which was a composite outcome comprised of hypoglycemic agent escalation and new-onset hyperglycemia. RESULTS Among 11,755 diabetic patients with medication information, 1400 statin users and 1767 statin nonusers with repeated HbA1c measurements were included in Cohort 1 (mean age: 64.6 ± 10.0 years). After a median follow-up of 3.02 (1.44, 5.00) years, statin therapy was associated with higher HbA1c levels (β: 0.20%; 95%CI: 0.05% to 0.34%). In Cohort 2, 1319 pairs of matched cases/controls were included (mean age: 61.6 ± 9.75 years). After a median follow-up of 4.87 (2.51, 8.42) years, poor glycemic control occurred in 43.0% of statin new users and 31.8% of statin nonusers (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.32 to 2.17; P < 0.001). The statin-associated poor glycemic control risk was significantly higher among patients with lower body mass index (Pint = 0.089). Furthermore, a nonlinear association was observed between statin therapy duration and poor glycemic control (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Among Chinese diabetic adults, statin therapy was associated with a higher level of HbA1c, and a higher risk of hypoglycemic agent escalation and new-onset hyperglycemia, especially among those who had lower body mass index levels and longer statin therapy duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, 57 Xinhuadong Street, Lubei District, TangshanHebei, 063001, China
| | - Xixi Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hangkuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Arthur Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive (MD6), Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Huay Cheem Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive (MD6), Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, 57 Xinhuadong Street, Lubei District, TangshanHebei, 063001, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Yang SN, Shi Y, Berggren PO. The anterior chamber of the eye technology and its anatomical, optical, and immunological bases. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:881-929. [PMID: 38206586 PMCID: PMC11381035 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) is distinct in its anatomy, optics, and immunology. This guarantees that the eye perceives visual information in the context of physiology even when encountering adverse incidents like inflammation. In addition, this endows the ACE with the special nursery bed iris enriched in vasculatures and nerves. The ACE constitutes a confined space enclosing an oxygen/nutrient-rich, immune-privileged, and less stressful milieu as well as an optically transparent medium. Therefore, aside from visual perception, the ACE unexpectedly serves as an excellent transplantation site for different body parts and a unique platform for noninvasive, longitudinal, and intravital microimaging of different grafts. On the basis of these merits, the ACE technology has evolved from the prototypical through the conventional to the advanced version. Studies using this technology as a versatile biomedical research platform have led to a diverse range of basic knowledge and in-depth understanding of a variety of cells, tissues, and organs as well as artificial biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, and abiotic substances. Remarkably, the technology turns in vivo dynamic imaging of the morphological characteristics, organotypic features, developmental fates, and specific functions of intracameral grafts into reality under physiological and pathological conditions. Here we review the anatomical, optical, and immunological bases as well as technical details of the ACE technology. Moreover, we discuss major achievements obtained and potential prospective avenues for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nian Yang
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yue Shi
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bai X, Long X, Song F, Chen B, Sheng C, Tang C, Li L, Zhang J, Zhang R, Zhang J, Li J. High doses of rosuvastatin induce impaired branched-chain amino acid catabolism and lead to insulin resistance. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:961-974. [PMID: 37139700 PMCID: PMC10988443 DOI: 10.1113/ep090305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is there a risk of developing diabetes associated with statin treatment? What is the underlying mechanism of the increased incidence rate of new-onset diabetes in patients treated with rosuvastatin? What is the main finding and its importance? Rosuvastatin therapy reduced intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and changed the catabolism of branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs) in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Protein phosphatase 2Cm knockdown completely abolished the effects of insulin and rosuvastatin on glucose absorption. This study provides mechanistic support for recent clinical data on rosuvastatin-related new-onset diabetes and underscores the logic for intervening in BCAA catabolism to prevent the harmful effects of rosuvastatin. ABSTRACT Accumulating evidence indicates that patients treated with rosuvastatin have an increased risk of developing new-onset diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we administered rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg body weight) to male C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks and found that oral rosuvastatin dramatically reduced intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. Rosuvastatin-treated mice showed considerably higher serum levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) than control mice. They also showed dramatically altered expression of BCAA catabolism-related enzymes in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, including downregulated mRNA expression of BCAT2 and protein phosphatase 2Cm (PP2Cm) and upregulated mRNA expression of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK). The levels of BCKD in the skeletal muscle were reduced in rosuvastatin-treated mice, which was associated with lower PP2Cm protein levels and increased BCKDK levels. We also investigated the effects of rosuvastatin and insulin administration on glucose metabolism and BCAA catabolism in C2C12 myoblasts. We observed that incubation with insulin enhanced glucose uptake and facilitated BCAA catabolism in C2C12 cells, which was accompanied by elevated Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) phosphorylation. These effects of insulin were prevented by co-incubation of the cells with 25 μM rosuvastatin. Moreover, the effects of insulin and rosuvastatin administration on glucose uptake and Akt and GSK3β signaling in C2C12 cells were abolished when PP2Cm was knocked down. Although the relevance of these data, obtained with high doses of rosuvastatin in mice, to therapeutic doses in humans remains to be elucidated, this study highlights a potential mechanism for the diabetogenic effects of rosuvastatin, and suggests that BCAA catabolism could be a pharmacological target for preventing the adverse effects of rosuvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of PharmacyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Xingzhen Long
- The First Affiliated HospitalGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Fang Song
- Department of CardiologyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Baolin Chen
- Department of CardiologyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Changcheng Sheng
- Department of PharmacyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Cailin Tang
- Department of PharmacyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of PharmacyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of PharmacyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of PharmacyGuizhou Provincial People's HospitalGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of PharmacyGuizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&DGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangGuizhouChina
| | - Jiali Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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Holter MM, Phuong DJ, Lee I, Saikia M, Weikert L, Fountain S, Anderson ET, Fu Q, Zhang S, Sloop KW, Cummings BP. 14-3-3-zeta mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist action to alter α cell proglucagon processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3773. [PMID: 35867787 PMCID: PMC9307243 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that α cells contribute to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists potently potentiate GSIS, making these drugs useful for diabetes treatment. However, the role of α and β cell paracrine interactions in the effects of GLP-1R agonists is undefined. We previously found that increased β cell GLP-1R signaling activates α cell GLP-1 expression. Here, we characterized the bidirectional paracrine cross-talk by which α and β cells communicate to mediate the effects of the GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide. We find that the effect of liraglutide to enhance GSIS is blunted by α cell ablation in male mice. Furthermore, the effect of β cell GLP-1R signaling to activate α cell GLP-1 is mediated by a secreted protein factor that is regulated by the signaling protein, 14-3-3-zeta, in mouse and human islets. These data refine our understanding of GLP-1 pharmacology and identify 14-3-3-zeta as a potential target to enhance α cell GLP-1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Holter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daryl J. Phuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Isaac Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mridusmita Saikia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Weikert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Fountain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Anderson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qin Fu
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kyle W. Sloop
- Diabetes and Complications, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Nurliyani N, Harmayani E, Sunarti S. Synbiotic goat milk kefir improves health status in rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet. Vet World 2022; 15:173-181. [PMID: 35369595 PMCID: PMC8924388 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.173-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Kefir, a natural probiotic containing bacteria and yeast, is a fermented milk product, whereas glucomannan from porang tuber (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is prebiotic in vivo. Simvastatin is a potent lipid-lowering statin that can be utilized for pharmacological therapy in obesity. This study aimed to determine the effect of goat milk kefir supplemented with porang glucomannan (synbiotic kefir) and goat milk kefir without glucomannan (probiotic kefir) on blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), free fatty acids (FFAs), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg), and insulin-producing cells in rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five dietary groups: (1) Normal control, (2) rats fed HFHF, (3) rats fed HFHF+probiotic kefir, (4) rats fed HFHF+synbiotic kefir, and (5) rats fed HFHF+simvastatin. All of these treatments were administered for 4 weeks. Results: There were no significant differences in plasma glucose levels in HFHF diet-fed rats before and after treatment. However, plasma HbA1c and TNF-α decreased, and FFAs were inhibited in rats after treatment with synbiotic kefir. Synbiotic kefir decreased the gene expression of PPARγ2 in HFHF diet-fed rats but did not affect the total number of islets of Langerhans and insulin-producing cells. Conclusion: Synbiotic kefir improved the health of rats fed an HFHF diet by decreasing HbA1c, TNF-α, and PPARγ2 gene expression and preventing an increase in FFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurliyani Nurliyani
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna 3, Kampus UGM, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Eni Harmayani
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sunarti Sunarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Senolowo, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Marullo AL, Bird JD, Ciorogariu-Ivan AM, Boulet LM, Strzalkowski NDJ, Day TA. Acute hyperglycemia does not affect central respiratory chemoreflex responsiveness to CO 2 in healthy humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 296:103803. [PMID: 34653661 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The central respiratory chemoreceptor complex (CCRC) is comprised of brainstem neurons and surrounding interoceptors, which collectively increase ventilation in response to elevated brainstem tissue CO2/[H+] (i.e., central chemoreflex; CCR). The extent that the CCRC detects/responds to other metabolically related chemostimuli is unknown. We aimed to test the effects of acute oral glucose ingestion on CCR reactivity in heathy human participants (n = 38). We instrumented participants with a pneumotachometer (minute ventilation) and a gas sample line connected to a dual gas analyzer (pressure of end-tidal CO2). Following a baseline (BL) period and capillary blood [glucose] (BG) sample, fasted (F) participants underwent a modified hyperoxic rebreathing test to assess CCR reactivity. Participants then consumed a 75 g standard glucose beverage (glucose loaded; GL). Following 30-min, they underwent a second BL, BG sample and hyperoxic rebreathing test. BG and metabolic rate were higher in GL, confirming the metabolic stimulus. However, the ventilatory recruitment threshold and the CCR responses were unchanged between F and GL states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Marullo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jordan D Bird
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Ciorogariu-Ivan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lindsey M Boulet
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Colombia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas D J Strzalkowski
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor A Day
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Chan JS, Chiew AE, Rimke AN, Chan G, Rampuri ZH, Kozak MD, Boulé NG, Steinback CD, Davenport MH, Day TA. Blood glucose concentration is unchanged during exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia in healthy humans. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14932. [PMID: 34337893 PMCID: PMC8327160 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal blood [glucose] regulation is critical to support metabolism, particularly in contexts of metabolic stressors (e.g., exercise, high altitude hypoxia). Data regarding blood [glucose] regulation in hypoxia are inconclusive. We aimed to characterize blood [glucose] over 80 min following glucose ingestion during both normoxia and acute normobaric hypoxia. In a randomized cross-over design, on two separate days, 28 healthy participants (16 females; 21.8 ± 1.6 years; BMI 22.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2 ) were randomly exposed to either NX (room air; fraction of inspired [FI ]O2 ~0.21) or HX (FI O2 ~0.148) in a normobaric hypoxia chamber. Measured FI O2 and peripheral oxygen saturation were both lower at baseline in hypoxia (p < 0.001), which was maintained over 80 min, confirming the hypoxic intervention. Following a 10-min baseline (BL) under both conditions, participants consumed a standardized glucose beverage (75 g, 296 ml) and blood [glucose] and physiological variables were measured at BL intermittently over 80 min. Blood [glucose] was measured from finger capillary samples via glucometer. Initial fasted blood [glucose] was not different between trials (NX:4.8 ± 0.4 vs. HX:4.9 ± 0.4 mmol/L; p = 0.47). Blood [glucose] was sampled every 10 min (absolute, delta, and percent change) following glucose ingestion over 80 min, and was not different between conditions (p > 0.77). In addition, mean, peak, and time-to-peak responses during the 80 min were not different between conditions (p > 0.14). There were also no sex differences in these blood [glucose] responses in hypoxia. We conclude that glucose regulation is unchanged in young, healthy participants with exposure to acute steady-state normobaric hypoxia, likely due to counterbalancing mechanisms underlying blood [glucose] regulation in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Chan
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
| | - Alexandra E. Chiew
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
| | - Alexander N. Rimke
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
| | - Garrick Chan
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
| | - Zahrah H. Rampuri
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
| | - Mackenzie D. Kozak
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
| | - Normand G. Boulé
- Alberta Diabetes InstituteFaculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and RecreationUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Craig D. Steinback
- Alberta Diabetes InstituteFaculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and RecreationUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Margie H. Davenport
- Alberta Diabetes InstituteFaculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and RecreationUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Trevor A. Day
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science and TechnologyMount Royal UniversityCalgaryABCanada
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Lozano-Cuenca J, Valencia-Hernández I, López-Canales OA, Flores-Herrera H, López-Mayorga RM, Castillo-Henkel EF, López-Canales JS. Possible mechanisms involved in the effect of the subchronic administration of rosuvastatin on endothelial function in rats with metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9304. [PMID: 32049102 PMCID: PMC7011172 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20199304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted condition associated with a greater risk of various disorders (e.g., diabetes and heart disease). In a rat model of metabolic syndrome, an acute in vitro application of rosuvastatin causes relaxation of aortic rings. Since the outcome of a subchronic rosuvastatin treatment is unknown, the present study explored its effect on acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation of aortic rings from rats with metabolic syndrome. Animals were submitted to a 16-week treatment, including a standard diet, a cafeteria-style diet (CAF-diet), or a CAF-diet with daily rosuvastatin treatment (10 mg/kg). After confirming the development of metabolic syndrome in rats, aortic segments were extracted from these animals (those treated with rosuvastatin and untreated) and the acetylcholine-induced relaxant effect on the corresponding rings was evaluated. Concentration-response curves were constructed for this effect in the presence/absence of L-NAME, ODQ, KT 5823, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), apamin plus charybdotoxin, glibenclamide, indomethacin, clotrimazole, and cycloheximide pretreatment. Compared to rings from control rats, acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation decreased in rings from animals with metabolic syndrome, and was maintained at a normal level in animals with metabolic syndrome plus rosuvastatin treatment. The effect of rosuvastatin was inhibited by L-NAME, ODQ, KT 5823, TEA, apamin plus charybdotoxin, but unaffected by 4-AP, glibenclamide, indomethacin, clotrimazole, or cycloheximide. In conclusion, the subchronic administration of rosuvastatin to rats with metabolic syndrome improved the acetylcholine-induced relaxant response, involving stimulation of the NO/cGMP/PKG/Ca2+-activated K+ channel pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lozano-Cuenca
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Valencia-Hernández
- Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - O A López-Canales
- Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Flores-Herrera
- Department of Immuno-Biochemistry, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R M López-Mayorga
- Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E F Castillo-Henkel
- Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J S López-Canales
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, Mexico.,Section of Postgraduate Studies and Investigation, Higher School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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9
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Sharma BR, Park CM, Kim HA, Kim HJ, Rhyu DY. Tinospora cordifolia preserves pancreatic beta cells and enhances glucose uptake in adipocytes to regulate glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2765-2774. [PMID: 31385371 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pancreatic beta cell protective and glucose uptake enhancing effect of the water extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem (TCSE) by using rat insulinoma (RIN)-m5F cells and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. RIN-m5F cells were stimulated with interleukin-1β and interferon-γ, and the effect of TCSE on insulin secretion and cytokine-induced toxicity was measured by ELISA and MTT assay, respectively. The glucose uptake and protein expression were measured by fluorometry and western blotting. Antidiabetic effect of TCSE was measured using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. TCSE dose dependently increased cell viability and insulin secretion in RIN-m5F cells. In addition, TCSE increased both the glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes via PI3K pathway. Finally, TCSE significantly lowered blood glucose and diet intake and increased body weight in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The level of serum insulin and hepatic glycogen was increased, whereas the level of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was decreased in TCSE-administered rats. TCSE also increased glucose transporter 4 protein expression in the adipose tissue and liver of TCSE-fed diabetic rats. Our results suggested that TCSE preserved RIN-m5F cells from cytokine-induced toxicity and enhanced glucose uptake in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, which may regulate glucose metabolism in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources and Institute of Korean Medicine Industry, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Min Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources and Institute of Korean Medicine Industry, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-A Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Rhyu
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources and Institute of Korean Medicine Industry, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
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10
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Sivasinprasasn S, Wikan N, Tocharus J, Pantan R, Chaichompoo W, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus C. Synergistic effects of the capsaicinoid nonivamide and rosuvastatin on obesity‐related endothelial dysfunction in rat fed a high‐fat diet. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1815-1826. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naruemon Wikan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Rungusa Pantan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Waraluck Chaichompoo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceRamkhamhaeng University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceRamkhamhaeng University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
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11
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Abstract
Diabetes develops due to deficient functional β cell mass, insulin resistance, or both. Yet, various challenges in understanding the mechanisms underlying diabetes development in vivo remain to be overcome owing to the lack of appropriate intravital imaging technologies. To meet these challenges, we have exploited the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) as a novel imaging site to understand diabetes basics and clinics in vivo. We have developed a technology platform transplanting pancreatic islets into the ACE where they later on can be imaged non-invasively for long time. It turns out that the ACE serves as an optimal imaging site and provides implanted islets with an oxygen-rich milieu and an immune-privileged niche where they undergo optimal engraftment, rich vascularization and dense innervation, preserve organotypic features and live with satisfactory viability and functionality. The ACE technology has led to a series of significant observations. It enables in vivo microscopy of islet cytoarchitecture, function and viability in the physiological context and intravital imaging of a variety of pathological events such as autoimmune insulitis, defects in β cell function and mass and insulin resistance during diabetes development in a real-time manner. Furthermore, application of the ACE technology in humanized mice and non-human primates verifies translational and clinical values of the technology. In this article, we describe the ACE technology in detail, review accumulated knowledge gained by means of the ACE technology and delineate prospective avenues for the ACE technology.
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12
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Seferovic MD, Beamish CA, Mosser RE, Townsend SE, Pappan K, Poitout V, Aagaard KM, Gannon M. Increases in bioactive lipids accompany early metabolic changes associated with β-cell expansion in response to short-term high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1251-E1263. [PMID: 30106624 PMCID: PMC6336958 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00001.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell expansion is a highly regulated metabolic adaptation to increased somatic demands, including obesity and pregnancy; adult β cells otherwise rarely proliferate. We previously showed that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding induces mouse β-cell proliferation in less than 1 wk in the absence of insulin resistance. Here we metabolically profiled tissues from a short-term HFD β-cell expansion mouse model to identify pathways and metabolite changes associated with β-cell proliferation. Mice fed HFD vs. chow diet (CD) showed a 14.3% increase in body weight after 7 days; β-cell proliferation increased 1.75-fold without insulin resistance. Plasma from 1-wk HFD-fed mice induced β-cell proliferation ex vivo. The plasma, as well as liver, skeletal muscle, and bone, were assessed by LC and GC mass-spectrometry for global metabolite changes. Of the 1,283 metabolites detected, 159 showed significant changes [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.1]. The majority of changes were in liver and muscle. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed key metabolic changes in steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism, including free fatty acids and other bioactive lipids. Other important enrichments included changes in the citric acid cycle and 1-carbon metabolism pathways implicated in DNA methylation. Although the minority of changes were observed in bone and plasma (<20), increased p-cresol sulfate was increased >4 fold in plasma (the largest increase in all tissues), and pantothenate (vitamin B5) decreased >2-fold. The results suggest that HFD-mediated β-cell expansion is associated with complex, global metabolite changes. The finding could be a significant insight into Type 2 diabetes pathogenesis and potential novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim D Seferovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Christine A Beamish
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute , Houston, Texas
| | - Rockann E Mosser
- Department of Veterans Affairs , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shannon E Townsend
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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13
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Wendt A, Esguerra JL, Eliasson L. Islet microRNAs in health and type-2 diabetes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:46-52. [PMID: 30144686 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Failure of the β-cell to secrete enough insulin is a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes (T2D). MicroRNAs provide an extra layer in the regulation of protein expression, and are thus involved in β-cell compensation during development of the disease. In this review, we discuss how microRNAs can regulate their target protein expression and phenotypic output, present the status of nutritional regulation of microRNA expression, and summarize work on microRNA expression in human islets. In conclusion, current data lend support to microRNAs being essential regulators of insulin secretion. Future work will describe microRNAs in α-cell function, details of the microRNA-mRNA network, and possibilities to use microRNAs as biomarkers and in therapeutic treatment of T2D and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wendt
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University and Clinical Research Centre, SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Ls Esguerra
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University and Clinical Research Centre, SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University and Clinical Research Centre, SUS, Malmö, Sweden.
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14
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Ambery AG, Tackett L, Penque BA, Brozinick JT, Elmendorf JS. Exercise training prevents skeletal muscle plasma membrane cholesterol accumulation, cortical actin filament loss, and insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice fed a western-style high-fat diet. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/16/e13363. [PMID: 28811359 PMCID: PMC5582260 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin action and glucose disposal are enhanced by exercise, yet the mechanisms involved remain imperfectly understood. While the causes of skeletal muscle insulin resistance also remain poorly understood, new evidence suggest excess plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol may contribute by damaging the cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) structure essential for GLUT4 glucose transporter redistribution to the PM upon insulin stimulation. Here, we investigated whether PM cholesterol toxicity was mitigated by exercise. Male C57BL/6J mice were placed on low-fat (LF, 10% kCal) or high-fat (HF, 45% kCal) diets for a total of 8 weeks. During the last 3 weeks of this LF/HF diet intervention, all mice were familiarized with a treadmill for 1 week and then either sham-exercised (0 m/min, 10% grade, 50 min) or exercised (13.5 m/min, 10% grade, 50 min) daily for 2 weeks. HF-feeding induced a significant gain in body mass by 3 weeks. Sham or chronic exercise did not affect food consumption, water intake, or body mass gain. Prior to sham and chronic exercise, "pre-intervention" glucose tolerance tests were performed on all animals and demonstrated that HF-fed mice were glucose intolerant. While sham exercise did not affect glucose tolerance in the LF or HF mice, exercised mice showed an improvement in glucose tolerance. Muscle from sham-exercised HF-fed mice showed a significant increase in PM cholesterol, loss of cortical F-actin, and decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose transport compared to sham-exercised LF-fed mice. These HF-fed skeletal muscle membrane/cytoskeletal abnormalities and insulin resistance were improved in exercised mice. These data reveal a new therapeutic aspect of exercise being regulation of skeletal muscle PM cholesterol homeostasis. Further studies on this mechanism of insulin resistance and the benefits of exercise on its prevention are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Ambery
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lixuan Tackett
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brent A Penque
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph T Brozinick
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeffrey S Elmendorf
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana .,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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15
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Dias S, Paredes S, Ribeiro L. Drugs Involved in Dyslipidemia and Obesity Treatment: Focus on Adipose Tissue. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2637418. [PMID: 29593789 PMCID: PMC5822899 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2637418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome can be defined as a state of disturbed metabolic homeostasis characterized by visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and insulin resistance. The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome will certainly contribute to the burden of cardiovascular disease. Obesity and dyslipidemia are main features of metabolic syndrome, and both can present with adipose tissue dysfunction, involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this syndrome. We revised the effects, and underlying mechanisms, of the current approved drugs for dyslipidemia and obesity (fibrates, statins, niacin, resins, ezetimibe, and orlistat; sibutramine; and diethylpropion, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion and naltrexone, and liraglutide) on adipose tissue. Specifically, we explored how these drugs can modulate the complex pathways involved in metabolism, inflammation, atherogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and adipogenesis. The clinical outcomes of adipose tissue modulation by these drugs, as well as differences of major importance for clinical practice between drugs of the same class, were identified. Whether solutions to these issues will be found in further adjustments and combinations between drugs already in use or necessarily in new advances in pharmacology is not known. To better understand the effect of drugs used in dyslipidemia and obesity on adipose tissue not only is challenging for physicians but could also be the next step to tackle cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dias
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Paredes
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Nilsson PM. Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and New Trial Evidence. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10312148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The micro and macrovascular complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus are influenced by several well described cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and smoking alongside age, sex, and diabetes duration. Modern guidelines have defined treatment and goals for these risk factors based on evidence. As new trials are constantly published, these risk factors must be analysed for evidence to contribute to guidelines that are being revised. During recent years three new trials (EMPA-REG, LEADER, and SUSTAIN-6) have shown that treatment of hyperglycaemia with new anti-diabetic drugs has been able to reduce a composite cardiovascular endpoint. This is a great achievement and is the focus of this review, which also summarises developments in the treatment of other relevant risk factors. Ultimately, a high-quality level of diabetes care also needs to involve a well-informed and motivated patient; if compliance is suboptimal the benefits of modern treatment will not be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recent population-based studies, clinical trials, clinical metabolic studies, and genetic studies reporting the effects of statin therapy on the risk of diabetes. Recent studies aiming to explain the mechanisms how statin treatment affects insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion are also reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Statin therapy increases the risk of diabetes by 9%-12% in the two meta-analyses of statin trials and by 18%-99% in five population-based studies. Statin therapy impairs insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion based on clinical and epidemiologic studies. In vitro studies demonstrate that the most diabetogenic statins impair insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion by multiple mechanisms. Recent genetic studies suggest that the increased risk of type 2 diabetes may be partially explained by gene variants in the target genes for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering drugs. Population-based studies report higher incidence rates for diabetes in individuals on statin treatment compared with clinical trials. Incident diabetes has not been a prespecified endpoint in statin trials and glucose and/or HbA1c have not been routinely measured. Therefore, it is possible that the risk of diabetes in individuals on statin treatment has been underestimated in previous statin trials. Accumulating evidence from several statin trials, population-based studies, clinical studies, and in vitro studies suggests that pravastatin is the least diabetogenic statin, and simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin the most diabetogenic statins. In vitro studies have reported new findings on mechanisms how statin treatment affects insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. In spite of diabetogenicity of different statins, the consensus is that the benefits of statins in reducing cardiovascular events clearly outweigh the risk of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Eliasson L, Esguerra JLS, Wendt A. Lessons from basic pancreatic beta cell research in type-2 diabetes and vascular complications. Diabetol Int 2017; 8:139-152. [PMID: 30603317 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-017-0304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The changes in life-style with increased access of food and reduced physical activity have resulted in the global epidemic of obesity. Consequently, individuals with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease have also escalated. A central organ in the development of diabetes is the pancreas, and more specifically the pancreatic beta cells within the islets of Langerhans. Beta cells have been assigned the important task of secreting insulin when blood glucose is increased to lower the glucose level. An early sign of diabetes pathogenesis is lack of first phase insulin response and reduced second phase secretion. In this review, which is based on the foreign investigator award lecture given at the JSDC meeting in Sendai in October 2016, we discuss a possible cellular explanation for the reduced first phase insulin response and how this can be influenced by lipids. Moreover, since patients with cardiovascular disease and high levels of cholesterol are often treated with statins, we summarize recent data regarding effects on statins on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. Finally, we suggest microRNAs (miRNAs) as central players in the adjustment of beta cell function during the development of diabetes. We specifically discuss miRNAs regarding their involvement in insulin secretion regulation, differential expression in type 2 diabetes, and potential as biomarkers for prediction of diabetes and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Eliasson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, SUS 91-11, Box 50332, 202 13 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Lou S Esguerra
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, SUS 91-11, Box 50332, 202 13 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Wendt
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, SUS 91-11, Box 50332, 202 13 Malmö, Sweden
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