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Hassaballah AI, AboulMagd AM, Hemdan MM, Hekal MH, El-Sayed AA, Farag PS. New pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives as EGFR-TK inhibitors: design, green synthesis, potential anti-proliferative activity and P-glycoprotein inhibition. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1995-2015. [PMID: 38196910 PMCID: PMC10774712 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, four series of new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized with both green and conventional methods. All the synthesized candidates were chemically confirmed using spectroscopic methods, and the DFT of the reaction mechanism was illustrated. The anti-proliferative activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against NCI 60 cancer cell lines. Two compounds (15 & 16) exhibited excellent broad-spectrum cytotoxic activity in NCI 5-log dose assays against the full 60-cell panel with GI50 values ranging from 0.018 to 9.98 μM. Moreover, the enzymatic assessment of the most active derivatives 4, 15, and 16 against EGFR tyrosine kinase showed significant inhibitory activities with IC50 of 0.054, 0.135, and 0.034 μM, respectively. The quantitative real-time PCR for the P-glycoprotein effect of compounds 15 and 16 was examined and illustrated the ability to inhibit the P-glycoprotein by 0.301 and 0.449 fold in comparison to the control. Mechanistic study using reversal activity in MDA-MB-468 cell line revealed the effect of both compounds 15 and 16 cytotoxicity against DOX/MDA-MB-468 with IC50 = 0.267 and 0.844 μM, respectively. Additionally, compound 16 was found to induce cell cycle arrest at the S phase with a subsequent increase in pre-G cell population in MDA-MB-468 cell line. It also increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, a molecular docking study was carried out to explain the target compounds' potent inhibitory activity within the EGFR binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya I Hassaballah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Asmaa M AboulMagd
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB) Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - Magdy M Hemdan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Hekal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Amira A El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
| | - Paula S Farag
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
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2
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Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur K, Chadha R, Singh Bedi PM. Past, present and future of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design strategies, structural and pharmacological insights, patents and clinical trials. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2155-2191. [PMID: 37974965 PMCID: PMC10650961 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase, a molybdo-flavoenzyme, and an isoform of xanthine dehydrogenase both exist as xanthine oxidoreductase and are responsible for purine catabolism. Xanthine oxidase is more involved in pathological conditions when extensively modulated. Elevation of xanthine oxidase is not only the prime cause of gout but is also responsible for various hyperuricemia associated pathological conditions like diabetes, chronic wounds, cardiovascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Currently available xanthine oxidase inhibitors in clinical practice (allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat) suffer from fatal side effects that pose a serious problem to the healthcare system, raising global emergency to develop novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors. This review will provide key and systematic information about: a. design strategies (inspired from both marketed drugs in clinical practice and natural products), structural insights and pharmacological output (xanthine oxidase inhibition and associated activities) of various pre-clinical candidates reported by various research groups across the globe in the past two decades; b. patented xanthine oxidase inhibitors published in the last three decades and c. clinical trials and their outcomes on approved drug candidates. Information generated in this review has suggested fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and molecular hybridization techniques to be most suitable for development of desired xanthine oxidase inhibitors as one provides high selectivity toward the enzyme and the other imparts multifunctional properties to the structure and both may possess capabilities to surpass the limitations of currently available clinical drugs. All in combination will exclusively update researchers working on xanthine oxidase inhibitors and allied areas and potentially help in designing rational, novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors that can effectively tackle xanthine oxidase related disease conditions and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
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3
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Irrou E, Elmachkouri YA, Oubella A, Ouchtak H, Dalbouha S, Mague JT, Hökelek T, El Ghayati L, Sebbar NK, Taha ML. Crystal structure determination, Hirshfeld surface, crystal void, intermolecular interaction energy analyses, as well as DFT and energy framework calculations of 2-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidin-1-yl)acetic acid. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:953-960. [PMID: 36072525 PMCID: PMC9443805 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022008489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title molecule, C7H6N4O3, the bicyclic ring system is planar with the carboxymethyl group inclined by 81.05 (5)° to this plane. In the crystal, corrugated layers parallel to (010) are generated by N—H...O, O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions. The layers are associated through C—H...π(ring) interactions. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...O/O...H (34.8%), H...N/N...H (19.3%) and H...H (18.1%) interactions. The volume of the crystal voids and the percentage of free space were calculated to be 176.30 Å3 and 10.94%, showing that there is no large cavity in the crystal packing. Computational methods revealed O—H...N, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen-bonding energies of 76.3, 55.2, 32.8 and 19.1 kJ mol−1, respectively. Evaluations of the electrostatic, dispersion and total energy frameworks indicate that the stabilization is dominated via dispersion energy contributions. Moreover, the optimized molecular structure, using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) level, was compared with the experimentally determined one. The HOMO–LUMO energy gap was determined and the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface was calculated at the B3LYP/6–31G level to predict sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks.
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4
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Kaur G, Singh A, Arora G, Monga A, Jassal AK, Uppal J, Bedi PMS, Bora KS. Synthetic heterocyclic derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An overview. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:443-468. [PMID: 35763448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase is an effective and most prominent therapeutic approach for the management of gout. Discovery of its association in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, etc., widened its therapeutic horizons. Limited drug candidates in clinical practice along with side effects forced researchers to develop more efficacious and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of gout and other disorders associated with xanthine oxidase hyperactivity. In this regard, this review focus on: (a) Various drug candidates in clinical practice and under clinical trials, (b) Development of various heterocyclic motifs as xanthine oxidase inhibitors in last two decades and (c) Various patented synthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Geetakshi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anupmjot Kaur Jassal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasreen Uppal
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kundan Singh Bora
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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5
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Eze CC, Ezeokonkwo AM, Ugwu ID, Eze UF, Onyeyilim EL, Attah IS, Okonkwo IV. Azole-pyrimidine Hybrid Anticancer Agents: A Review of Molecular Structure, Structure Activity Relationship and Molecular Docking. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2822-2851. [PMID: 35306990 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220318090147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has emerged as one of the leading causes of deaths globally partly due to the steady rise in anticancer drug resistance. Pyrimidine and pyrimidine-fused heterocycles are some of the privileged scaffolds in medicine, as they possess diverse biological properties. Pyrimidines containing azole nucleus possesses inestimable anticancer potency and has enormous potential to conduct the regulation of cellular pathways for selective anticancer activity. The present review outlines the molecular structure of pyrimidine-fused azoles with significant anticancer activity. The structure activity relationship and molecular docking studies have also been discussed. The current review is the first complete compilation of significant literature on the proposed topic from 2016 to 2020. The information contained in this review offers a useful insight to chemists in the design of new and potent anticancer azole-pyrimidine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinweike Cosmas Eze
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | | | - Izuchukwu David Ugwu
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna Florence Eze
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Ebuka Leonard Onyeyilim
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Izuchi Solomon Attah
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Vivian Okonkwo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
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6
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Maher M, Zaher AF, Mahmoud Z, Kassab AE. Recent green approaches for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: A mini review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100470. [PMID: 35244962 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine as a bioisostere of purine has drawn considerable attention as a privileged scaffold for the design and discovery of novel drugs. Green synthesis is an emerging area in the field of chemistry that provides economic and environmental benefits as an alternative to traditional methods. The present mini review reflects recent advances in the green synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, published in the time frame from 2006 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Maher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf F Zaher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Bellili S, Coltman NJ, Hodges NJ, Allouche F. Study of the reactivity of aminocyanopyrazoles and evaluation of the mitochondrial reductive function of some products. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This research investigated the general high-throughput synthetic protocol for the accelerated synthesis of functionalized trifluoromethylpyrazolopyrimidines
3
and N-(5-cyano-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) benzamide
4
from aminocyanopyrazole
1
precursors. The action of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) with aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines
2
was found to produce triazolopyrimidinones
5
. The MTT test that quantifies mitochondrial reductive function demonstrated that in both cell lines tested (PE/CA-PJ41 and HePG2 cells), the benzamide compounds
4
are moderately toxic with PE/CA-PJ41 cells and more sensitive than HePG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Bellili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sfax, Laboratory of Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry , 3018 Sfax , Tunisia
| | - Nicholas J. Coltman
- The School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas J. Hodges
- The School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Allouche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sfax, Laboratory of Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry , 3018 Sfax , Tunisia
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8
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Zhang L, Tian J, Cheng H, Yang Y, Yang Y, Ye F, Xiao Z. Identification of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors via virtual screening with enhanced characterization of molybdopterin binding groups. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Bobrova AV, Krasnov PO, Povarov IG, Bobrov PS, Lyubyashkin AV, Suboch GA, Tovbis MS. Facile synthesis and sulfonylation of 4-aminopyrazoles. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Prakash L. Kalavadiya, Kapupara VH, Gojiya DG, Bhatt TD, Hadiyal SD, Joshi DHS. Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ol Tethered with 1,2,3-Triazoles and Their Anticancer Activity. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Elattar KM, Mert BD, Monier M, El-Mekabaty A. Advances in the chemical and biological diversity of heterocyclic systems incorporating pyrimido[1,6- a]pyrimidine and pyrimido[1,6- c]pyrimidine scaffolds. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15461-15492. [PMID: 35558641 PMCID: PMC9092958 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocycles incorporating a pyrimidopyrimidine scaffold have aroused great interest from researchers in the field of medical chemistry because of their privileged biological activities; they are used as anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, antihypertensive, anticancer, and hepatoprotective agents. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the chemistry of heterocycles incorporating pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine and pyrimido[1,6-c]pyrimidine skeletons and their biological characteristics. The main sections discuss (1) the synthetic routes to obtain substituted pyrimidopyrimidines, pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidin-diones, pyrimidoquinazolines, tricyclic, tetracyclic, and binary systems; (2) the reactivity of the substituents attached to the pyrimidopyrimidine skeleton, including thione and amide groups, nucleophilic substitutions, condensations, ring transformations, and coordination chemistry; (3) compounds of this class of heterocycles containing a significant characteristic scaffold and possessing a wide range of biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Elattar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201010655354
| | - Başak Doğru Mert
- Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, Department of Energy Systems Engineering 01250 Adana Turkey
| | - M Monier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201010655354
| | - Ahmed El-Mekabaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201010655354
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12
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Liu Y, Chen H, Xiang H, Lei H, Zhang D, Qiu Y, Xu L. Inhibition and molecular mechanism of diosmetin against xanthine oxidase by multiple spectroscopies and molecular docking. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Studying the inhibition and molecular mechanism of diosmetin against xanthine oxidase helps to develop natural product xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
- China
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Huilong Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
- China
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Huan Lei
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
- China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
- China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
- China
| | - Lingyun Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
- Wuhan Polytechnic University
- Wuhan 430023
- China
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
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13
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Silva V, Cerqueira F, Nazareth N, Medeiros R, Sarmento A, Sousa E, Pinto M. 1,2-Dihydroxyxanthone: Effect on A375-C5 Melanoma Cell Growth Associated with Interference with THP-1 Human Macrophage Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E85. [PMID: 31167479 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthones have been suggested as prospective candidates for cancer treatment. 1,2- dihydroxyxanthone (1,2-DHX) is known to interfere with the growth of several cancer cell lines. We investigated the effects of 1,2-DHX on the growth of the A375-C5 melanoma cell line and THP-1 human macrophage activity. 1,2-DHX showed a moderate growth inhibition of A375-C5 melanoma cells (concentration that causes a 50% inhibition of cell growth (GI50) = 55.0 ± 2.3 µM), but strongly interfered with THP-1 human macrophage activity. Supernatants from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophage cultures exposed to 1,2-DHX significantly increased growth inhibition of A375-C5 cells, when compared to supernatants from untreated LPS-stimulated macrophages or to direct treatment with 1,2-DHX only. 1,2-DHX decreased THP-1 secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), but stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) production. This xanthone also inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, possibly through inhibition of inducible NO synthase production. In conclusion, these findings suggest a potential impact of 1,2-DHX in melanoma treatment, not only due to a direct effect on cancer cells but also by modulation of macrophage activity.
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14
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Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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15
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Elnagdy HMF, Sarma D. FeCl 3
/PVP as Green Homogeneous Catalyst to Synthesize 5-Amino-1 H
-Pyrazole-4-Carbonitriles from Malononitrile Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan M. F. Elnagdy
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh 786004, Assam India
| | - Diganta Sarma
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh 786004, Assam India
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16
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Pradeep MA, Kumar NR, Swaroop DK, Reddy NS, Sirisha K, Kumar CG, Babu NJ, Ganapathi T, Narsaiah B. Design and Synthesis of Novel Pyrimidine/Hexahydroquinazoline-Fused Pyrazolo[3,4-b]Pyridine Derivatives, Their Biological Evaluation and Docking Studies#. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahajan Anuja Pradeep
- Fluoroorganic division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Nagiri Ravi Kumar
- Fluoroorganic division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Desireddy Krishna Swaroop
- Fluoroorganic division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Narra Srikanth Reddy
- Fluoroorganic division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Kanugala Sirisha
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Chityal Ganesh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu
- Centre for X-ray Crystallography; CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Thipparapu Ganapathi
- Stem Cell Research Division; Department of Biochemistry; ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN); Hyderabad 500007, Telangana India
| | - Banda Narsaiah
- Fluoroorganic division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka; Hyderabad- 500007 India
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17
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Cherukupalli S, Chandrasekaran B, Aleti RR, Sayyad N, Hampannavar GA, Merugu SR, Rachamalla HR, Banerjee R, Karpoormath R. Synthesis of 4,6-disubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogues: Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibition, molecular docking and anticancer evaluation. J Mol Struct 2019; 1176:538-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Vysokova OА, Kalinina TA, Slepukhin PА, Pospelova TА, Obydennov KL, Glukhareva TV. Synthesis of 5-(5-amino-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl esters and their cyclization into pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,2,3]thiadiazolo[4,5-e]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Allam M, Bhavani A, Mudiraj A, Ranjan N, Thippana M, Babu PP. Synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones tethered to 1,2,3-triazoles and their evaluation as potential anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Abdellatif KR, Bakr RB. New advances in synthesis and clinical aspects of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffolds. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:341-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Gu Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Chang Ho Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Sungdong-gu, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Masternak J, Zienkiewicz-Machnik M, Kazimierczuk K, Barszcz B. Structural motifs in the Cu(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) complexes based on N,N,N-donor dipodal or N,N,N,N-donor tripodal ligands obtained in situ: Synthesis, crystal structures and xanthine oxidase inhibition properties. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Figueiredo J, Serrano JL, Cavalheiro E, Keurulainen L, Yli-kauhaluoma J, Moreira VM, Ferreira S, Domingues FC, Silvestre S, Almeida P. Trisubstituted barbiturates and thiobarbiturates: Synthesis and biological evaluation as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-proliferative agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:829-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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24
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Beyzaei H, Aryan R, Moghaddam-manesh M, Ghasemi B, Karimi P, Samareh Delarami H, Sanchooli M. Evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis of a new series of 4-imino-5H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-5-amines as potential antibacterial agents. J Mol Struct 2017; 1144:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Alshareef HF, Mohamed HAEH, Salaheldin AM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Tacrine Analogues under Microwave Irradiation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:732-738. [PMID: 28768927 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient routes to various kinds of heterocycles incorporating the p-halophenyl moiety have been synthesized. Different pyrrole derivatives have been synthesized, as well, by Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. Therefore, we synthesized different analogues of tacrine by Friedländer reaction of o-amino nitriles (pyrazolo, furano and pyrrolo) with different cycloalkanones. The use of microwave irradiation leads to shorter production times and high product conversion. These synthesized compounds were biologically evaluated by Ellman's test on acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Abd El Hady Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Alqura University.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girl's), Al-Azhar University
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26
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Ayothiraman R, Rangaswamy S, Maity P, Simmons EM, Beutner GL, Janey J, Treitler DS, Eastgate MD, Vaidyanathan R. Zinc Acetate-Promoted Buchwald-Hartwig Couplings of Heteroaromatic Amines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7420-7427. [PMID: 28677970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc salts have been shown to promote the Buchwald-Hartwig coupling of azaindoles and azaindazoles with heteroaryl chlorides to provide the corresponding 1-aryl-1H-azaindoles and 1-aryl-1H-azaindazoles. The substrate scope and mechanistic aspects of this reaction were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaram Ayothiraman
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center , Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sundaramurthy Rangaswamy
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center , Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Prantik Maity
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center , Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Gregory L Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jacob Janey
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Daniel S Treitler
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center , Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra IV, Bangalore 560099, India
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27
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Šmelcerović A, Tomović K, Šmelcerović Ž, Petronijević Ž, Kocić G, Tomašič T, Jakopin Ž, Anderluh M. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors beyond allopurinol and febuxostat; an overview and selection of potential leads based on in silico calculated physico-chemical properties, predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:491-516. [PMID: 28478180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO), a versatile metalloflavoprotein enzyme, catalyzes the oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid in purine catabolism while simultaneously producing reactive oxygen species. Both lead to the gout-causing hyperuricemia and oxidative damage of the tissues where overactivity of XO is present. Over the past years, significant progress and efforts towards the discovery and development of new XO inhibitors have been made and we believe that not only experts in the field, but also general readership would benefit from a review that addresses this topic. Accordingly, the aim of this article was to overview and select the most potent recently reported XO inhibitors and to compare their structures, mechanisms of action, potency and effectiveness of their inhibitory activity, in silico calculated physico-chemical properties as well as predicted pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Derivatives of imidazole, 1,3-thiazole and pyrimidine proved to be more potent than febuxostat while also displaying/possessing favorable predicted physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Although being structurally similar to febuxostat, these optimized inhibitors bear some structural freshness and could be adopted as hits for hit-to-lead development and further evaluation by in vivo studies towards novel drug candidates, and represent valuable model structures for design of novel XO inhibitors.
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El-sayed AM, Ibrahim SM, Soltan MK, Abo-kul ME. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized 4-substituted-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives. Med Chem Res 2017; 26:1107-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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El-Kalyoubi S, Agili F. A Novel Synthesis of Fused Uracils: Indenopyrimidopyridazines, Pyrimidopyridazines, and Pyrazolopyrimidines for Antimicrobial and Antitumor Evalution. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121714. [PMID: 27983644 PMCID: PMC6273033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of different compounds of fused uracils were prepared simply by the heating of 6-hydrazinyl-1-methyl-, 6-hydrazinyl-1-propyl-, or 6-hydrazinyl-1,3-dipropyluracil under reflux with ninhydrin, isatin, benzylidene malononitrile, benzylylidene ethyl cyanoacetate, benzil, and phenacyl bromide derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds were completely screened for antimicrobial and antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar El-Kalyoubi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11651, Cairo, Egypt.
- Medical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine (Female Section), Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatimah Agili
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Female Section), Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia.
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30
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Ismail NS, Ali EM, Ibrahim DA, Serya RA, Abou El Ella DA. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine based scaffold derivatives targeting kinases as anticancer agents. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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31
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Hafez HN, El-gazzar AB, Al-hussain SA. Novel pyrazole derivatives with oxa/thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl moieties and pyrazolo[4,3-d]-pyrimidine derivatives as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2428-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Sathisha KR, Gopal S, Rangappa KS. Antihyperuricemic effects of thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776:99-105. [PMID: 26875636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for not only gout, but also to a variety of disorders that affect the vital organ systems of the human body. The xanthine oxidase (XO) is the key enzyme in the production of uric acid and its inhibition can inhibit hyperuricemia. Although, XO inhibitor allopurinol is widely prescribed antigout agent but its use is not without any side effects. Previously, we described the synthesis of four novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues as effective XO inhibitors and molecular docking studies also confirmed this. When these analogues were tested in potassium oxonate treated rats, their serum uric acid and creatinine levels were dropped significantly from 4.85±0.03 mg/dl to 1.21±0.01 mg/dl and 0.92±0.02 mg/dl to 0.40±0.02 mg/dl respectively. Among the pyrimidine analogues tested, 6a was most potent. Histological examinations of both liver and kidney tissues exhibited severe necrosis in oxonate treated rats and pyrimidine analogues could significantly attenuate this with a correlative inhibitory profile of hepatic XO from the same rats. Our results demonstrate antihyperuricemic effect of novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats, which can be further explored not only as antigout therapeutics but also in other systems where hyperuricemia is the driving cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadanuru R Sathisha
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Shubha Gopal
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India.
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33
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Ali MR, Kumar S, Afzal O, Shalmali N, Sharma M, Bawa S. Development of 2-(Substituted Benzylamino)-4-Methyl-1, 3-Thiazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:508-16. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rahmat Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Nishtha Shalmali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
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34
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Gualdesi MS, Ortiz CS, Raviolo MA. Synthesis and pharmaceutical properties of N-acyloxymethyl prodrugs of Allop with potential anti-trypanosomal activity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:602-10. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1061539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Gualdesi
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C. S. Ortiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. A. Raviolo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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35
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Sheikhi-Mohammareh S, Shiri A, Bakavoli M. Synthesis of New Derivatives of Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-c]Pyrimidine. Journal of Chemical Research 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14357589569981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of new derivatives of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine have been synthesised by cyclocondensation of several hydrazino derivatives of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine with either orthoesters or carbon disulfide in pyridine followed by alkylation to obtain the desired products. The structures of all the newly synthesised products have been thoroughly elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 91775-1436 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakavoli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 91775-1436 Mashhad, Iran
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36
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Kaur N, Anand A, Kishore D. A Facile Synthesis of Face “D” Quinolino Annulated Benzazepinone Analogues with Its Quinoline Framework Appended To Oxadiazole, Triazole and Pyrazole Heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Banasthali 304022 Raj India
| | - Aditi Anand
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Banasthali 304022 Raj India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry; Banasthali University; Banasthali 304022 Raj India
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37
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Liu J, Zhang XW, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang MR, Cai ZQ, Zhou YP, Xu LF. A New Efficient Synthesis of 4-Alkoxy-1,6-diaryl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.996296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-wei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei-rong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-qiang Cai
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang, China
| | - Yun-peng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-feng Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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38
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El-mekabaty A. Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Heterocycles Incorporating the Pyrazolo-[3,4-D]Pyrimidin-4-One Moiety. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015; 50:1698-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-015-1640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Koley Seth B, Ray A, Biswas S, Basu S. NiII–Schiff base complex as an enzyme inhibitor of hen egg white lysozyme: a crystallographic and spectroscopic study. Metallomics 2014; 6:1737-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Lakshmi Ranganatha V, Begum AB, Naveen P, Zameer F, Hegdekatte R, Khanum SA. Synthesis, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition, and Antioxidant Screening of Benzophenone Tagged Thiazolidinone Analogs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:589-98. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Lakshmi Ranganatha
- Department of Chemistry; Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - A. Bushra Begum
- Department of Chemistry; Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - P. Naveen
- Department of Chemistry; Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Farhan Zameer
- Mahajana Life Science Research Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biochemistry; Mahajana Research Foundation, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre, Affiliated to University of Mysore; Metagalli, Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Raghavendra Hegdekatte
- Mahajana Life Science Research Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biochemistry; Mahajana Research Foundation, Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre, Affiliated to University of Mysore; Metagalli, Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Shaukath Ara Khanum
- Department of Chemistry; Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
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41
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Shamroukh AH, Rashad AE, Abdel-Megeid RE, Ali HS, Ali MM. Some Pyrazole and Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives: Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:559-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Shamroukh
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Center; Dokki Cairo Egypt
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; Hail University; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymn E. Rashad
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Center; Dokki Cairo Egypt
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science and Human Studies, Huraiymla, Shaqra University; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Randa E. Abdel-Megeid
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Center; Dokki Cairo Egypt
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Education, Afif, Shaqra University; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem S. Ali
- Food Science and Nutrition Department; College of Food Science and Agriculture; King Saud University; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh M. Ali
- Biochemistry Department; Division of Genetic Engeneering and Biotechnology; National Research Center Dokki Cairo Egypt
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42
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Rashad AE, Shamroukh AH, Abdel-Megeid RE, Ali HS. Synthesis and isomerization of some novel pyrazolopyrimidine and pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives. Molecules 2014; 19:5459-69. [PMID: 24776812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19055459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Imino-1-p-tolyl-1,4-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-5-ylamine (2) and (1-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-hydrazine (3) were prepared starting from ethyl 4-cyano-1-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ylimidoformate (1). The structure of compound 3 was confirmed through preparation of the pyrazole derivatives 4 and 5. Also, the synthesis and structural characterization of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine derivatives 7 and 9 and their isomerization to pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives 6 and 8, respectively, under different suitable reaction conditions were reported. Moreover, the syntheses of 2-substituted-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives 10 and 11 was described.
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Shi DH, Huang W, Li C, Liu YW, Wang SF. Design, synthesis and molecular modeling of aloe-emodin derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:289-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Mekabaty
- a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
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Begum AB, Begum M, Ranganatha VL, Prashanth T, Zameer F, Hegdekatte R, Khanum SA. Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of 5-[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 347:247-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bushra Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
- Department of Chemistry; D. Banumaiah's PU Science College; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Muneera Begum
- Department of Chemistry; SJCE College; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - V. Lakshmi Ranganatha
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - T. Prashanth
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Farhan Zameer
- Mahajana Life Science Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Mahajana Research Foundation; Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre, Affiliated to University of Mysore, Metagalli; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Raghavendra Hegdekatte
- Mahajana Life Science Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Mahajana Research Foundation; Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre, Affiliated to University of Mysore, Metagalli; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Shaukath Ara Khanum
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous); University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
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Kandeel MM, Roshdy SM, Abdelall EKA, Abdelgawad MA, Lamie PF. Design, synthesis and cytotoxic activity of some novel compounds containing pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines nucleus. J CHEM SCI 2013; 125:1029-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Gurupadaswamy HD, Girish V, Zameer F, Hegdekatte R, Chauhan JB, Khanum SA. Synthesis of Pyrimidones and Evaluation of Their Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:805-11. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Virupaksha Girish
- Department of Chemistry; Yuvaraja's College Mysore; University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Farhan Zameer
- Mahajana Life Science Research Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biochemistry; Mahajana Research Foundation; Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre; Affiliated to University of Mysore; Metagalli Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Raghavendra Hegdekatte
- Mahajana Life Science Research Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biochemistry; Mahajana Research Foundation; Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre; Affiliated to University of Mysore; Metagalli Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Jyoti Bala Chauhan
- Mahajana Life Science Research Laboratory; Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Biochemistry; Mahajana Research Foundation; Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahajana Post Graduate Centre; Affiliated to University of Mysore; Metagalli Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Shaukath Ara Khanum
- Department of Chemistry; Yuvaraja's College Mysore; University of Mysore; Mysore Karnataka India
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Karoui A, Allouche F, Deghrigue M, Agrebi A, Bouraoui A, Chabchoub F. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of pyrazolopyrimidopyrimidine derivatives: anti-inflammatory agents with gastroprotective effect in rats. Med Chem Res 2014; 23:1591-8. [PMID: 24489456 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of new anti-inflammatory
1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine 5 from aminocyanopyrazole. All compounds were characterized by physical,
chemical and spectral studies. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of the resulting products
showed that compounds 5a, b,
f (50–100 mg/kg, i.p) are active anti-inflammatory agents in
carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema assay, and their effects are comparable to that of
acetylsalicylic–lysine (300 mg/kg, i.p.), used as a reference drug. The nature of substituent (Y,
R3) had a pronounced effect on the anti-inflammatory activity. Studies of
structure–activity relationships have led to selection of compound
ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-7-imino-N1-phenyl-1,7-dihydropyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate, 5f which
exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the compounds 5a, b, f
showed a significant gastroprotective effect against HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer.
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Chauhan M, Kumar R. Medicinal attributes of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5657-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Agrebi A, Allouche F, Chabchoub F, El-kaim L, Alves S, Baleizão C, Farinha JP. Sc(OTf)3 promoted multicomponent synthesis of fluorescent imidazo[1,2-c]pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2013; 54:4781-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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