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Nokhodchi A, Chavan S, Ghafourian T. In Vitro Dissolution and Permeability Testing of Inhalation Products: Challenges and Advances. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:983. [PMID: 36986844 PMCID: PMC10059005 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro dissolution and permeability testing aid the simulation of the in vivo behavior of inhalation drug products. Although the regulatory bodies have specific guidelines for the dissolution of orally administered dosage forms (e.g., tablets and capsules), this is not the case for orally inhaled formulations, as there is no commonly accepted test for assessing their dissolution pattern. Up until a few years ago, there was no consensus that assessing the dissolution of orally inhaled drugs is a key factor in the assessment of orally inhaled products. With the advancement of research in the field of dissolution methods for orally inhaled products and a focus on systemic delivery of new, poorly water-soluble drugs at higher therapeutic doses, an evaluation of dissolution kinetics is proving crucial. Dissolution and permeability testing can determine the differences between the developed formulations and the innovator’s formulations and serve as a useful tool in correlating in vitro and in vivo studies. The current review highlights recent advances in the dissolution and permeability testing of inhalation products and their limitations, including recent cell-based technology. Although a few new dissolution and permeability testing methods have been established that have varying degrees of complexity, none have emerged as the standard method of choice. The review discusses the challenges of establishing methods that can closely simulate the in vivo absorption of drugs. It provides practical insights into method development for various dissolution testing scenarios and challenges with dose collection and particle deposition from inhalation devices for dissolution tests. Furthermore, dissolution kinetic models and statistical tests to compare the dissolution profiles of test and reference products are discussed.
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Kwon YB, Kang JH, Kim YJ, Kim DW, Lee SH, Park CW. Preparation and Evaluation of Mucus-Penetrating Inhalable Microparticles of Tiotropium Bromide Containing Sodium Glycocholate. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 35890304 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare mucus-penetrating inhalable microparticles for dry powder inhalers and to evaluate their applicability in an asthma-induced rat model. Microparticles were prepared from water solutions containing tiotropium bromide, L-leucine, and sodium glycocholate (NaGc) as permeation enhancers using the spray drying method. Four formulations (SDL1, SDL2, SDL3, and SDL4) were used, depending on the various NaGc concentrations. Tiotropium microparticles were characterized by standard methods. Additionally, an asthma-induced rat model was used to confirm the effects of the formulations on lung function. Tiotropium microparticles with NaGc resulted in formulations with a more corrugated morphology and smaller particle size distribution than those without NaGc. SDL 1 had a rough surface with irregular morphology, and SDL 2, 3, and 4 had a corrugated morphology. All SDL formulations had an aerodynamic size of <3 µm. The microparticles with a corrugated morphology aerosolized better than SDL1 microparticles. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values of SDL3 and SDL4 were significantly higher than those for raw tiotropium. In an in vivo study using an asthma-induced rat model, the specific airway resistance (Sraw), airway wall thickness, and mean alveolus size recovered to those of the negative control group in the SDL4 formulation.
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Huck BC, Thiyagarajan D, Bali A, Boese A, Besecke KFW, Hozsa C, Gieseler RK, Furch M, Carvalho‐Wodarz C, Waldow F, Schwudke D, Metelkina O, Titz A, Huwer H, Schwarzkopf K, Hoppstädter J, Kiemer AK, Koch M, Loretz B, Lehr C. Nano-in-Microparticles for Aerosol Delivery of Antibiotic-Loaded, Fucose-Derivatized, and Macrophage-Targeted Liposomes to Combat Mycobacterial Infections: In Vitro Deposition, Pulmonary Barrier Interactions, and Targeted Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102117. [PMID: 35112802 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections rapidly emerge and demand potent medications to cope with resistance. In this context, targeted loco-regional delivery of aerosol medicines to the lungs is an advantage. However, sufficient antibiotic delivery requires engineered aerosols for optimized deposition. Here, the effect of bedaquiline-encapsulating fucosylated versus nonfucosylated liposomes on cellular uptake and delivery is investigated. Notably, this comparison includes critical parameters for pulmonary delivery, i.e., aerosol deposition and the noncellular barriers of pulmonary surfactant (PS) and mucus. Targeting increases liposomal uptake into THP-1 cells as well as peripheral blood monocyte- and lung-tissue derived macrophages. Aerosol deposition in the presence of PS, however, masks the effect of active targeting. PS alters antibiotic release that depends on the drug's hydrophobicity, while mucus reduces the mobility of nontargeted more than fucosylated liposomes. Dry-powder microparticles of spray-dried bedaquiline-loaded liposomes display a high fine particle fraction of >70%, as well as preserved liposomal integrity and targeting function. The antibiotic effect is maintained when deposited as powder aerosol on cultured Mycobacterium abscessus. When treating M. abscessus infected THP-1 cells, the fucosylated variant enabled enhanced bacterial killing, thus opening up a clear perspective for the improved treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt C. Huck
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarland University Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Durairaj Thiyagarajan
- Department of Anti‐infective Drug Discovery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Aghiad Bali
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarland University Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Annette Boese
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | | | | | - Robert K. Gieseler
- Rodos Biotarget GmbH Hannover 30625 Germany
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology and Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Ruhr University Bochum Bochum 44892 Germany
| | | | - Cristiane Carvalho‐Wodarz
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Franziska Waldow
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Borstel 23845 Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Partner Site Hamburg‐Lübeck‐Borstel‐Riems Braunschweig 38124 Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Research Center Borstel Leibniz Lung Center Borstel 23845 Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis Partner Site Hamburg‐Lübeck‐Borstel‐Riems Braunschweig 38124 Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Airway Research Center North (ARCN) Kiel Nano Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS Kiel University Kiel 24118 Germany
| | - Olga Metelkina
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH) Helmholtz‐Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Helmholtz Center for Infection Research Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH) Helmholtz‐Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) Helmholtz Center for Infection Research Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) Hannover‐Braunschweig site Braunschweig 38124 Germany
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Heart Center Voelklingen Völklingen 66333 Germany
| | - Konrad Schwarzkopf
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Klinikum Saarbrücken gGmbH Saarbrücken 66119 Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Campus C2 3 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Campus C2 3 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Saarland University Campus E8 1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
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He Y, Liu C, Han R, Liang Y, Mak JCW, Zhu Y, Li H, Zheng Y. Reducing systemic absorption and macrophages clearance of genistein by lipid-coated nanocrystals for pulmonary delivery. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Horstmann JC, Thorn CR, Carius P, Graef F, Murgia X, de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz C, Lehr CM. A Custom-Made Device for Reproducibly Depositing Pre-metered Doses of Nebulized Drugs on Pulmonary Cells in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:643491. [PMID: 33968912 PMCID: PMC8096921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.643491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of pre-metered doses (i.e., defined before and not after exposition) at the air-liquid interface of viable pulmonary epithelial cells remains an important but challenging task for developing aerosol medicines. While some devices allow quantification of the deposited dose after or during the experiment, e.g., gravimetrically, there is still no generally accepted way to deposit small pre-metered doses of aerosolized drugs or pharmaceutical formulations, e.g., nanomedicines. Here, we describe a straightforward custom-made device, allowing connection to commercially available nebulizers with standard cell culture plates. Designed to tightly fit into the approximately 12-mm opening of either a 12-well Transwell® insert or a single 24-well plate, a defined dose of an aerosolized liquid can be directly deposited precisely and reproducibly (4.8% deviation) at the air-liquid interface (ALI) of pulmonary cell cultures. The deposited dose can be controlled by the volume of the nebulized solution, which may vary in a range from 20 to 200 μl. The entire nebulization-deposition maneuver is completed after 30 s and is spatially homogenous. After phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) deposition, the viability and barrier properties transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of human bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells were not negatively affected. Straightforward in manufacture and use, the device enables reproducible deposition of metered doses of aerosolized drugs to study the interactions with pulmonary cell cultures grown at ALI conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus C Horstmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chelsea R Thorn
- Clinical and Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patrick Carius
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian Graef
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xabier Murgia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Ghanem R, Laurent V, Roquefort P, Haute T, Ramel S, Le Gall T, Aubry T, Montier T. Optimizations of In Vitro Mucus and Cell Culture Models to Better Predict In Vivo Gene Transfer in Pathological Lung Respiratory Airways: Cystic Fibrosis as an Example. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:47. [PMID: 33396283 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium can be affected by many diseases that could be treated using aerosol gene therapy. Among these, cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal inherited disease characterized by airways complications, which determine the life expectancy and the effectiveness of aerosolized treatments. Beside evaluations performed under in vivo settings, cell culture models mimicking in vivo pathophysiological conditions can provide complementary insights into the potential of gene transfer strategies. Such models must consider multiple parameters, following the rationale that proper gene transfer evaluations depend on whether they are performed under experimental conditions close to pathophysiological settings. In addition, the mucus layer, which covers the epithelial cells, constitutes a physical barrier for gene delivery, especially in diseases such as CF. Artificial mucus models featuring physical and biological properties similar to CF mucus allow determining the ability of gene transfer systems to effectively reach the underlying epithelium. In this review, we describe mucus and cellular models relevant for CF aerosol gene therapy, with a particular emphasis on mucus rheology. We strongly believe that combining multiple pathophysiological features in single complex cell culture models could help bridge the gaps between in vitro and in vivo settings, as well as viral and non-viral gene delivery strategies.
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Šimková K, Thormann U, Imanidis G. Investigation of drug dissolution and uptake from low-density DPI formulations in an impactor–integrated cell culture model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hu Y, Sheng Y, Ji X, Liu P, Tang L, Chen G, Chen G. Comparative anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin at air-liquid interface and submerged conditions using lipopolysaccharide stimulated human lung epithelial A549 cells. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2020; 63:101939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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He Y, Liang Y, Mak JCW, Liao Y, Li T, Yan R, Li HF, Zheng Y. Size effect of curcumin nanocrystals on dissolution, airway mucosa penetration, lung tissue distribution and absorption by pulmonary delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 186:110703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Malmlöf M, Nowenwik M, Meelich K, Rådberg I, Selg E, Burns J, Mascher H, Gerde P. Effect of particle deposition density of dry powders on the results produced by an in vitro test system simulating dissolution- and absorption rates in the lungs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:213-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Franek F, Fransson R, Thörn H, Bäckman P, Andersson PU, Tehler U. Ranking in Vitro Dissolution of Inhaled Micronized Drug Powders including a Candidate Drug with Two Different Particle Sizes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5319-5326. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frans Franek
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development Inhalation, Operations, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Fransson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Helena Thörn
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development Inhalation, Operations, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Per Bäckman
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development Inhalation, Operations, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Patrik U. Andersson
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development Inhalation, Operations, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Tehler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43183, Sweden
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Haghi M, Young PM, Traini D. A Simple and Rapid Method for Deposition and Measurement of Drug Transport Across Air Interface Respiratory Epithelia. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3272-3276. [PMID: 30209791 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to present a novel and simple drug deposition method to evaluate drug transport of aerosol microparticles across airway epithelial cells. Microparticles containing ciprofloxacin HCl (Cip) and doxycycline (Dox), alone or in a 50:50% w/w ratio, were spray dried and suspended using 2H, 3H-perfluoropentane, model propellant. The suspension was then used to assess deposition, and transport of these drug microparticles across sub-bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells was also studied. In comparison with other methods of depositing microparticles, this proposed method, using drug suspended in HPFP, provides control over the amount of drugs applied on the surface of the cells. Therefore, cell permeability studies could be conducted with considerably smaller and more reproducible doses, without the physicochemical characteristics of the drugs being compromised or the use of modified pharmacopeia impactors. The suspension of microparticles in HPFP as presented in this study has provided a non-toxic, simple, and reproducible novel method to deliver and study the permeability of specific quantity of drugs across respiratory epithelial cells in vitro.
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Sapich S, Hittinger M, Hendrix-Jastrzebski R, Repnik U, Griffiths G, May T, Wirth D, Bals R, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM. Murine alveolar epithelial cells and their lentivirus-mediated immortalisation. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:73-89. [PMID: 29856645 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the isolation and immortalisation of primary murine alveolar epithelial cells (mAEpC), as well as their epithelial differentiation and barrier properties when grown on Transwell® inserts. Like human alveolar epithelial cells (hAEpC), mAEpC transdifferentiate in vitro from an alveolar type II (ATII) phenotype to an ATI-like phenotype and exhibit features of the air-blood barrier, such as the establishment of a thin monolayer with functional tight junctions (TJs). This is demonstrated by the expression of TJ proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) and the development of high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), peaking at 1800Ω ·cm². Transport across the air-blood barrier, for general toxicity assessments or preclinical drug development, is typically studied in mice. The aim of this work was the generation of novel immortalised murine lung cell lines, to help meet Three Rs requirements in experimental testing and research. To achieve this goal, we lentivirally transduced mAEpC of two different mouse strains with a library of 33 proliferation-promoting genes. With this immortalisation approach, we obtained two murine alveolar epithelial lentivirus-immortalised (mAELVi) cell lines. Both showed similar TJ protein localisation, but exhibited less prominent barrier properties (TEERmax ~250Ω·cm²) when compared to their primary counterparts. While mAEpC demonstrated their suitability for use in the assessment of paracellular transport rates, mAELVi cells could potentially replace mice for the prediction of acute inhalation toxicity during early ADMET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sapich
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI ), Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Remi Hendrix-Jastrzebski
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI ), Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Dagmar Wirth
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection and Immunity (MSYS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Experimental Haematology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology and Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI ), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI ), Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Janson C, Stratelis G, Miller-Larsson A, Harrison TW, Larsson K. Scientific rationale for the possible inhaled corticosteroid intraclass difference in the risk of pneumonia in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:3055-3064. [PMID: 29089754 PMCID: PMC5654780 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s143656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) treatment combined with long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABAs) reduces the risk of exacerbations in COPD, but the use of ICSs is associated with increased incidence of pneumonia. There are indications that this association is stronger for fluticasone propionate than for budesonide. We have examined systematic reviews assessing the risk of pneumonia associated with fluticasone propionate and budesonide COPD therapy. Compared with placebo or LABAs, we found that fluticasone propionate was associated with 43%-78% increased risk of pneumonia, while only slightly increased risk or no risk was found for budesonide. We have evaluated conceivable mechanisms which may explain this difference and suggest that the higher pneumonia risk with fluticasone propionate treatment is caused by greater and more protracted immunosuppressive effects locally in the airways/lungs. These effects are due to the much slower dissolution of fluticasone propionate particles in airway luminal fluid, resulting in a slower uptake into the airway tissue and a much longer presence of fluticasone propionate in airway epithelial lining fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Janson
- Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgios Stratelis
- Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, AstraZeneca Nordic, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Tim W Harrison
- Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, City Hospital Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kjell Larsson
- Lung and Airway Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gonçalves VSS, Matias AA, Poejo J, Serra AT, Duarte CMM. Application of RPMI 2650 as a cell model to evaluate solid formulations for intranasal delivery of drugs. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:1-10. [PMID: 27702697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During the development of intranasal drug delivery systems for local/systemic effect or brain targeting, it is necessary to assess its cytotoxicity and drug transport through nasal epithelium. In order to avoid animal experiments or the use of excised tissues, in vitro cell models, such as RPMI 2650 cells, are being preferred during recent years. Nevertheless, the deposition of solid formulations into nasal cell layers with further transepithelial transport rate of drugs has been poorly studied or reported. Thus, the purpose of this work is to further investigate RPMI 2650 cell line as an effective alternative to animal tissues for solid drug-loaded formulations cytotoxicity and drug permeation studies in order to become an option as a tool for drug discovery. Furthermore, we wanted to determine the extent to which the administration of drugs in particulate forms would differ in relation to the permeability of the same compounds applied as solutions. RPMI 2650 cells were cultured in submersed or at air-liquid interface conditions and characterized regarding transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and production of mucus. Pure ketoprofen (used as model compound) and five formulations loaded with same drug, namely solid lipid particles (Gelucire 43/01™), structured lipid particles (Gelucire 43/01™:Glyceryl monooleate) and aerogel microparticles (Alginate, Alginate:Pectin, Alginate:Carrageenan), were evaluated with RPMI 2650 model in terms of cytotoxicity and permeability of drug (applied as solution, dispersion or powder+buffer). RPMI 2650 cells were capable to grow in monolayer and multilayer, showing the same permeability as excised human nasal mucosa for sodium fluorescein (paracellular marker), with analogous TEER values and production of mucus, as referred by other authors. None of the powders showed cytotoxicity when applied to RPMI 2650 cells. Regarding permeation of drug through cell layers, not only the form of application of powders but also their physical and chemical properties affected the final permeation of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Aerogel microparticles administered directly to the cell layer (powder+buffer) exhibited the highest permeation-enhancing effect compared to the pure drug, which can be attributed to the mucoadhesive properties of the materials composing the carriers, proving to be an attractive formulation for nasal drug delivery. According to these results, RPMI 2650 showed to be a promising alternative to ex vivo or in vivo nasal models for cytotoxicity and evaluation of drug permeability of nasal drug-loaded formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S S Gonçalves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Valladolid, C/Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana A Matias
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana T Serra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina M M Duarte
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Baldelli A, Vehring R. Analysis of cohesion forces between monodisperse microparticles with rough surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016; 506:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hittinger M, Janke J, Huwer H, Scherließ R, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM. Autologous Co-culture of Primary Human Alveolar Macrophages and Epithelial Cells for Investigating Aerosol Medicines. Part I: Model Characterisation. Altern Lab Anim 2016; 44:337-347. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291604400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of new formulations for pulmonary drug delivery is a challenge on its own. New in vitro models which address the lung are aimed at predicting and optimising the quality, efficacy and safety of inhaled drugs, to facilitate the more rapid translation of such products into the clinic. Reducing the complexity of the in vivo situation requires that such models reproducibly reflect essential physiological factors in vitro. The choice of cell types, culture conditions and the experimental set-up, can affect the outcome and the relevance of a study. In the alveolar space of the lung, epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages are the most important cell types, forming an efficient cellular barrier to aerosols. Our aim was to mimic this barrier with primary human alveolar cells. Cell densities of alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, isolated from the same human donor, were optimised, with a focus on barrier properties. The combination of 300,000 epithelial cells/cm2 together with 100,000 macrophages/cm2 showed a functional barrier (transepithelial electrical resistance > 500ω.cm2). This cell model was combined with the Pharmaceutical Aerosol Deposition Device on Cell Cultures. The functionality of the in vitro system was investigated with spray-dried fluorescently labelled poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid particles loaded with ovalbumin as a model drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Hittinger
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia Janke
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery, SHG Kliniken Völklingen, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Hittinger M, Mell NA, Huwer H, Loretz B, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM. Autologous Co-culture of Primary Human Alveolar Macrophages and Epithelial Cells for Investigating Aerosol Medicines. Part II: Evaluation of IL-10-loaded Microparticles for the Treatment of Lung Inflammation. Altern Lab Anim 2016; 44:349-360. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291604400405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is linked to inflammatory processes in the human lung. The aim of this study was to mimic in vitro the treatment of lung inflammation by using a cell-based human autologous co-culture model. As a potential trial medication, we developed a pulmonary dry powder formulation loaded with interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. The inflammatory immune response was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The co-culture was combined with the Pharmaceutical Aerosol Deposition Device on Cell Cultures (PADDOCC), to deposit the IL-10-loaded microparticles on the inflamed co-culture model at the air–liquid interface. This treatment significantly reduced the secretion of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor, as compared to the deposition of placebo (unloaded) particles. Our results show that the alveolar co-culture model, in combination with a deposition device such as the PADDOCC, may serve as a powerful tool for testing the safety and efficacy of dry powder formulations for pulmonary drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Hittinger
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nico Alexander Mell
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery, SHG Kliniken Völklingen, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- PharmBioTec GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Asai A, Okuda T, Yamauchi T, Sugiura Y, Okamoto H. Safety Evaluation of Dry Powder Formulations by Direct Dispersion onto Air-Liquid Interface Cultured Cell Layer. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:368-77. [PMID: 26754254 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most safety evaluations of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) using cultured cells have been performed with dry powder formulations dissolved in a medium. However, this method is not considered to be suitable to evaluate the safety of inhaled dry powder formulations correctly since it cannot reflect the actual phenomenon on the respiratory epithelial surface. In this study, we established a novel in-vitro safety evaluation system suitable for DPIs by combining an air-liquid interface cultured cell layer and a device for dispersing dry powders, and evaluated the safety of candidate excipients of dry powders for inhalation. The safety of excipients (sugars, amino acids, cyclodextrins, and positive controls) in solutions was compared using submerged cell culture systems with a conventional 96-well plate and Transwell(®). The sensitivity of the cells grown in Transwell(®) was lower than that of those grown in the 96-well plate. Dry powders were prepared by spray-drying and we evaluated their safety with a novel in-vitro safety evaluation system using an air-liquid interface cultured cell layer. Dry powders decreased the cell viability with doses more than solutions. On the other hand, dissolving the dry powders attenuated their cytotoxicity. This suggested that the novel in-vitro safety evaluation system would be suitable to evaluate the safety of DPIs with high sensitivity.
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Asai A, Okuda T, Sonoda E, Yamauchi T, Kato S, Okamoto H. Drug Permeation Characterization of Inhaled Dry Powder Formulations in Air-Liquid Interfaced Cell Layer Using an Improved, Simple Apparatus for Dispersion. Pharm Res 2015; 33:487-97. [PMID: 26490362 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An improved, simple apparatus was developed to easily and uniformly disperse dry powders onto an air-liquid interfaced cultured cell layer. We investigated drug permeation in cell cultures with access to the air-liquid interface (ALI) following deposition of a dry powder using the apparatus. METHOD The improved apparatus for dispersing the powders was assembled. Dry powders containing model drugs were prepared and dispersed onto the cell layer with ALI. After the dispersion, the permeation of each model drug was measured and compared with other samples (solutions with the same compositions). RESULTS The improved apparatus could with ease uniformly disperse 40% of the loading dose onto the cell layer with ALI. Dry powders showed higher drug permeability compared to the samples. without cytotoxicity or an effect on tight junctions. The high drug permeability of dry powders was independent of the molecular weight of model drugs. The contribution of active transport was small, while an increase in passive drug transport via trans- and paracellular routes was observed. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled dry powder formulations achieved higher drug permeability than their solution formulations in ALI. A high local concentration of drugs on the cell layer, caused by direct attachment of the inhaled dry powder, contributed to increased drug permeability via both trans- and paracellular routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Asai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okuda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Erina Sonoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Yamauchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Saki Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
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Haghi M, Hittinger M, Zeng Q, Oliver B, Traini D, Young PM, Huwer H, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM. Mono- and Cocultures of Bronchial and Alveolar Epithelial Cells Respond Differently to Proinflammatory Stimuli and Their Modulation by Salbutamol and Budesonide. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2625-32. [PMID: 26147243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in transport and effectiveness of salbutamol sulfate (SAL) and budesonide (BD) following stimulation with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in mono- and coculture models of bronchial and alveolar epithelium. Primary bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, grown at air interface on filters, either as monocultures or in coculture with airway smooth muscle cells or alveolar macrophages, respectively, were stimulated with TGF-β. The biological response was modulated by depositing aerosolized SAL and BD on bronchial and alveolar models, respectively. Barrier integrity, permeability to fluorescein-Na, transport of the deposited drug, and the pharmacological response to SAL (cAMP and IL-8 levels) or BD (IL-6 and -8 levels) were measured. While stimulation with TGF-β did not have any significant effect on the transepithelial electrical resistance and permeability to fluorescein-Na in mono- and coculture models, transport of SAL and BD were affected in cultures from some of the patients (6 out of 12 for bronchial and 2 out of 4 for alveolar cells). The bronchial coculture showed a better responsiveness to SAL in terms of cAMP release than the monoculture. In contrast, the difference between alveolar mono- and cocultures to TGF-β mediated interleukin release and its modulation by BD was less pronounced. Our data point to intrinsic differences in the transport of, and responsiveness to, SAL and BD when epithelial cell cultures originate from different patients. Moreover, if the biological responses (e.g., IL-8, cAMP) involve communication between different cell types, coculture models are more relevant to measure such effects than monocultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehra Haghi
- †Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,‡School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,§Woolcock Institute for Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marius Hittinger
- †Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Qingxiang Zeng
- ∥Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Brian Oliver
- §Woolcock Institute for Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- §Woolcock Institute for Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul M Young
- §Woolcock Institute for Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hanno Huwer
- #Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Voelklingen Heart Centre, 66333 Völklingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- †Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- †Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,°Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Dimer F, de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz C, Haupenthal J, Hartmann R, Lehr CM. Inhalable Clarithromycin Microparticles for Treatment of Respiratory Infections. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3850-61. [PMID: 26113237 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to develop clarithromycin microparticles (CLARI-MP) and evaluate their aerodynamic behavior, safety in bronchial cells and anti-bacterial efficacy. METHODS Microparticles containing clarithromycin were prepared as dry powder carrier for inhalation, using leucine and chitosan. CLARI-MP were deposited on Calu-3 grown at air-interface condition, using the pharmaceutical aerosol deposition device on cell cultures (PADDOCC). Deposition efficacy, transport across the cells and cytotoxicity were determined. Anti-antibacterial effect was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Microparticles were of spherical shape, smooth surface and size of about 765 nm. Aerosolization performance showed a fine particle fraction (FPF) of 73.3%, and a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.8 μm. Deposition on Calu-3 cells using the PADDOCC showed that 8.7 μg/cm(2) of deposited powder were transported to the basolateral compartment after 24 h. The safety of this formulation is supported by the integrity of the cellular epithelial barrier and absence of toxicity, and the antimicrobial activity demonstrated for Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS The appropriate aerodynamic properties and the excellent deposition on Calu-3 cells indicate that clarithromycin microparticles are suitable for administration via pulmonary route and are efficient to inhibit bacteria proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantiescoli Dimer
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cristiane de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörg Haupenthal
- Department of Drug Development and Optimization (DDOP), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hartmann
- Department of Drug Development and Optimization (DDOP), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Campus C2.3, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany. .,Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany.
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Grabowski N, Hillaireau H, Vergnaud J, Fattal E. Evaluation of Lung Toxicity of Biodegradable Nanoparticles. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Haghi M, Ong HX, Traini D, Young P. Across the pulmonary epithelial barrier: Integration of physicochemical properties and human cell models to study pulmonary drug formulations. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:235-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wilk-Zasadna I, Bernasconi C, Pelkonen O, Coecke S. Biotransformation in vitro: An essential consideration in the quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) of toxicity data. Toxicology 2014; 332:8-19. [PMID: 25456264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Early consideration of the multiplicity of factors that govern the biological fate of foreign compounds in living systems is a necessary prerequisite for the quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) of toxicity data. Substantial technological advances in in vitro methodologies have facilitated the study of in vitro metabolism and the further use of such data for in vivo prediction. However, extrapolation to in vivo with a comfortable degree of confidence, requires continuous progress in the field to address challenges such as e.g., in vitro evaluation of chemical-chemical interactions, accounting for individual variability but also analytical challenges for ensuring sensitive measurement technologies. This paper discusses the current status of in vitro metabolism studies for QIVIVE extrapolation, serving today's hazard and risk assessment needs. A short overview of the methodologies for in vitro metabolism studies is given. Furthermore, recommendations for priority research and other activities are provided to ensure further widespread uptake of in vitro metabolism methods in 21st century toxicology. The need for more streamlined and explicitly described integrated approaches to reflect the physiology and the related dynamic and kinetic processes of the human body is highlighted i.e., using in vitro data in combination with in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wilk-Zasadna
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy
| | - Camilla Bernasconi
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sandra Coecke
- Systems Toxicology Unit/EURL ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Varese I-21027, Italy.
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Haghi M, Traini D, Young P. In Vitro Cell Integrated Impactor Deposition Methodology for the Study of Aerodynamically Relevant Size Fractions from Commercial Pressurised Metered Dose Inhalers. Pharm Res 2014; 31:1779-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bohr A, Ruge CA, Beck-Broichsitter M. Preparation of nanoscale pulmonary drug delivery formulations by spray drying. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014; 811:183-206. [PMID: 24683033 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8739-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Advances in preparation technologies for nanomedicines have provided novel formulations for pulmonary drug delivery. Application of drugs via the lungs can be considered as one of the most attractive implementations of nanoparticles for therapeutic use due to the unique anatomy and physiology of the lungs. The colloidal nature of nanoparticles provides important advantages to the formulation of drugs, which are normally difficult to administer due to poor stability or uptake, partly because nanoparticles protect the drug from the physiological milieu, facilitate transport across biological barriers and can offer controlled drug release. There are numerous methods for producing therapeutic nanoparticles, each with their own advantages and suitable application. Liquid atomization techniques such as spray drying can produce nanoparticle formulations in a dry powder form suitable for pulmonary administration in a direct one-step process. This chapter describes the different state-of-the-art techniques used to prepare drug nanoparticles (with special emphasize on spray drying techniques) and the strategies for administering such unique formulations to the pulmonary environment.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Calu-3 lung cell line has been shown to be a promising in vitro model of airway epithelia due to its similarity to in vivo physiology. Hence, over the past decade, it has found increasing applications in the pharmaceutical industry. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the pharmaceutical applications of the Calu-3 cell line in areas such as mechanisms of drug transport, studying aerosol deposition, controlled release studies and identification of possible drug-drug interactions. The main findings of various studies, as well as the predictive potential of this model, are presented and discussed in this review. EXPERT OPINION There is still a lack of mechanistic knowledge regarding transport of inhaled therapeutics across the lungs. Cell culture models such as Calu-3 provide a simple and reproducible system to study the underlying mechanisms by which inhaled therapeutics interact with the lungs. However, more complex systems that integrate particle deposition onto different cell culture systems may be useful in addressing some fundamental questions to generate a better understanding of determinants that influences pulmonary drug dissolution, absorption, metabolism and efficacy. Ultimately the use of the Calu-3 cell line provides a basic research tool that enables the development of safer and more effective inhaled therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xin Ong
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Respiratory Technology, Glebe, NSW, Australia
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Harcourt JL, Haynes LM. Establishing a liquid-covered culture of polarized human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells to study host cell response to respiratory pathogens in vitro. J Vis Exp 2013:50157. [PMID: 23426201 PMCID: PMC3600762 DOI: 10.3791/50157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture. Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult, pharmacological compounds, and bacterial and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE. Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells. To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 Ω×cm(2), Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Harcourt
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Liu X, Jin L, Upham JW, Roberts MS. The development of models for the evaluation of pulmonary drug disposition. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:487-505. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.754009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Riley T, Christopher D, Arp J, Casazza A, Colombani A, Cooper A, Dey M, Maas J, Mitchell J, Reiners M, Sigari N, Tougas T, Lyapustina S. Challenges with developing in vitro dissolution tests for orally inhaled products (OIPs). AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:978-89. [PMID: 22798037 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the suitability of the analytical and statistical techniques that have thus far been developed to assess the dissolution behavior of particles in the respirable aerodynamic size range, as generated by orally inhaled products (OIPs) such as metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers. The review encompasses all analytical techniques publicized to date, namely, those using paddle-over-disk USP 2 dissolution apparatus, flow-through cell dissolution apparatus, and diffusion cell apparatus. The available techniques may have research value for both industry and academia, especially when developing modified-release formulations. The choice of a method should be guided by the question(s) that the research strives to answer, as well as by the strengths and weaknesses of the available techniques. There is still insufficient knowledge, however, for translating the dissolution data into statements about quality, performance, safety, or efficacy of OIPs in general. Any attempts to standardize a dissolution method for compendial inclusion or compendial use would therefore be premature. This review reinforces and expands on the 2008 stimulus article of the USP Inhalation Ad Hoc Advisory Panel, which "could not find compelling evidence suggesting that such dissolution testing is kinetically and/or clinically crucial for currently approved inhalation drug products."
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Coecke S, Pelkonen O, Leite SB, Bernauer U, Bessems JG, Bois FY, Gundert-Remy U, Loizou G, Testai E, Zaldívar JM. Toxicokinetics as a key to the integrated toxicity risk assessment based primarily on non-animal approaches. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:1570-7. [PMID: 22771339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics (TK) is the endpoint that informs about the penetration into and fate within the body of a toxic substance, including the possible emergence of metabolites. Traditionally, the data needed to understand those phenomena have been obtained in vivo. Currently, with a drive towards non-animal testing approaches, TK has been identified as a key element to integrate the results from in silico, in vitro and already available in vivo studies. TK is needed to estimate the range of target organ doses that can be expected from realistic human external exposure scenarios. This information is crucial for determining the dose/concentration range that should be used for in vitro testing. Vice versa, TK is necessary to convert the in vitro results, generated at tissue/cell or sub-cellular level, into dose response or potency information relating to the entire target organism, i.e. the human body (in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE). Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling (PBTK) is currently regarded as the most adequate approach to simulate human TK and extrapolate between in vitro and in vivo contexts. The fact that PBTK models are mechanism-based which allows them to be 'generic' to a certain extent (various extrapolations possible) has been critical for their success so far. The need for high-quality in vitro and in silico data on absorption, distribution, metabolism as well as excretion (ADME) as input for PBTK models to predict human dose-response curves is currently a bottleneck for integrative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
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Haghi M, Traini D, Bebawy M, Young PM. Deposition, Diffusion and Transport Mechanism of Dry Powder Microparticulate Salbutamol, at the Respiratory Epithelia. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1717-26. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200620m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehra Haghi
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group,
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group,
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- School of Pharmacy, Graduate
School of Health, The University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Paul M. Young
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group,
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Sarmento B, Andrade F, da Silva SB, Rodrigues F, das Neves J, Ferreira D. Cell-based in vitro models for predicting drug permeability. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:607-21. [PMID: 22424145 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.673586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In vitro cell models have been used to predict drug permeation in early stages of drug development, since they represent an easy and reproducible method, allowing the tracking of drug absorption rate and mechanism, with an advantageous cost-benefit ratio. Such cell-based models are mainly composed of immortalized cells with an intrinsic ability to grow in a monolayer when seeded in permeable supports, maintaining their physiologic characteristics regarding epithelium cell physiology and functionality. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the most important intestinal, pulmonary, nasal, vaginal, rectal, ocular and skin cell-based in vitro models for predicting the permeability of drugs. Moreover, the similitude between in vitro cell models and in vivo conditions are discussed, providing evidence that each model may provisionally resemble different drug absorption route. EXPERT OPINION Despite the widespread use of in vitro cell models for drug permeability and absorption evaluation purposes, a detailed study on the properties of these models and their in vitro-in vivo correlation compared with human data are required to further use in order to consider a future drug discovery optimization and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sarmento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, LTF/CICF, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Haghi M, Salama R, Traini D, Bebawy M, Young PM. Modification of disodium cromoglycate passage across lung epithelium in vitro via incorporation into polymeric microparticles. AAPS J 2011; 14:79-86. [PMID: 22203523 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two microparticle systems containing disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) alone or with polyvinyl alcohol (DSCG/PVA) were produced via spray drying and compared in terms of their physicochemical characteristics, aerosol performance and drug uptake across a pulmonary epithelial cell line (Calu-3), cultured under air interface conditions. The particle size distribution of DSCG and DSCG/PVA were similar, of spherical geometry, amorphous and suitable for inhalation purposes. Aerosolisation studies using a modified twin-stage impinger showed the DSCG/PVA to have greater aerosol performance than that of DSCG alone. Aerosol particles of DSCG and DSCG/PVA were deposited onto the surface of the Calu-3 air interface epithelium monolayer and the drug uptake from apical to basal directions measured over time. Drug uptake was measured across a range of doses to allow comparison of equivalent drug and powder mass deposition. Analysis of the data indicated that the percentage cumulative drug uptake was independent of the mass of powder deposited, but dependent on the formulation. Specifically, with the formulation containing DSCG, the diffusion rate was observed to change with respect to time (indicative of a concentration-dependent diffusion process), whilst DSCG/PVA showed a time-independent drug uptake (suggesting a zero-order depot release).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehra Haghi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cooney DJ, Hickey AJ. Cellular response to the deposition of diesel exhaust particle aerosols onto human lung cells grown at the air-liquid interface by inertial impaction. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1953-65. [PMID: 21756993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of disease resulting from exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is often studied using cultured lung cells. Frequently, researchers expose cells to DEP by spiking a suspension of particles in liquid onto the apical surface. This is not representative of in vivo exposure, where aerosols are deposited onto cell surfaces at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Inertial impaction provides an opportunity to deliver high doses of particles with aerodynamic diameters>∼1 μm to the surface of cells in seconds in a reproducible and predictable manner. A custom device was constructed to deposit DEP aerosols onto the surface of Calu-3 and A549 cells grown at the ALI. The pro-inflammatory and toxic cellular response to exposure to the deposited DEP aerosols was measured and compared to the response of cells exposed to DEP as suspensions. Calu-3 cells showed evidence of an oxidative stress response for both exposure types, while there was strong evidence to suggest that the method of aerosol delivery was harmful to the A549 cells.
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Sadler R, Prime D, Burnell P, Martin G, Forbes B. Integrated in vitro experimental modelling of inhaled drug delivery: deposition, dissolution and absorption. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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