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Wang S, He H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Cui T, Ma N. TRPV4 modulation participates in paraoxon-induced brain injury via NMDA and NLRP3 regulation. Brain Inj 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38711413 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2351104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning can lead to severe brain damage, but the specific mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Our research aims to elucidate the function of the TRPV4 ion channel in the development of brain injury induced by paraoxon (POX). METHODS In vivo, we examined the survival rate, behavioral seizures, histopathological alterations, NMDA receptor phosphorylation, as well as the expression of the NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 complex and downstream inflammatory factors in the POX poisoning model following intervention with the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. In vitro, we investigated the effects of GSK2193874 on NMDA-induced inward current, cell viability, cell death rate, and Ca2+ accumulation in primary hippocampal neurons. RESULTS The treatment with the TRPV4 antagonist increased the survival rate, suppressed the status epilepticus, improved pathological damage, and reduced the phosphorylation level of NMDA receptors after POX exposure. Additionally, it inhibited the upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cytokines expression after POX exposure. Moreover, the TRPV4 antagonist corrected the NMDA-induced increase in inward current and cell death rate, decrease in cell viability, and Ca2+ accumulation. CONCLUSION TRPV4 participates in the mechanisms of brain injury induced by POX exposure through NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Ninghong Ma
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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2
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Kolić D, Kovarik Z. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Structure, function, and role in organophosphorus compound poisoning. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38415801 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning induces symptoms of the cholinergic crises with the occurrence of severe epileptic seizures. Seizures are induced by hyperstimulation of the cholinergic system, but are enhanced by hyperactivation of the glutamatergic system. Overstimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the elevated acetylcholine causes glutamatergic hyperexcitation and an increased influx of Ca2+ into neurons through a type of ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR). These excitotoxic signaling processes generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and activation of the neuroinflammatory response, which can lead to recurrent epileptic seizures, neuronal cell death, and long-term neurological damage. In this review, we illustrate the NMDAR structure, complexity of subunit composition, and the various receptor properties that change accordingly. Although NMDARs are in normal physiological conditions important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions, we elaborate the detrimental role NMDARs play in neurotoxicity of OPs and focus on the central role NMDAR inhibition plays in suppressing neurotoxicity and modulating the inflammatory response. The limited efficacy of current medical therapies for OP poisoning concerning the development of pharmacoresistance and mitigating proinflammatory response highlights the importance of NMDAR inhibitors in preventing neurotoxic processes and points to new avenues for exploring therapeutics for OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Anttonen T, Burghi T, Duvall L, Fernandez MP, Gutierrez G, Kermen F, Merlin C, Michaiel A. Neurobiology and Changing Ecosystems: Mechanisms Underlying Responses to Human-Generated Environmental Impacts. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7530-7537. [PMID: 37940589 PMCID: PMC10634574 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1431-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human generated environmental change profoundly affects organisms that reside across diverse ecosystems. Although nervous systems evolved to flexibly sense, respond, and adapt to environmental change, it is unclear whether the rapid rate of environmental change outpaces the adaptive capacity of complex nervous systems. Here, we explore neural systems mediating responses to, or impacted by, changing environments, such as those induced by global heating, sensory pollution, and changing habitation zones. We focus on rising temperature and accelerated changes in environments that impact sensory experience as examples of perturbations that directly or indirectly impact neural function, respectively. We also explore a mechanism involved in cross-species interactions that arises from changing habitation zones. We demonstrate that anthropogenic influences on neurons, circuits, and behaviors are widespread across taxa and require further scientific investigation to understand principles underlying neural resilience to accelerating environmental change.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural systems evolved over hundreds of millions of years to allow organisms to sense and respond to their environments - to be receptive and responsive, yet flexible. Recent rapid, human-generated environmental changes are testing the limits of the adaptive capacity of neural systems. This presents an opportunity and an urgency to understand how neurobiological processes, including molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms, are vulnerable or resilient to changing environmental conditions. We showcase examples that range from molecular to circuit to behavioral levels of analysis across several model species, framing a broad neuroscientific approach to explore topics of neural adaptation, plasticity, and resilience. We believe this emerging scientific area is of great societal and scientific importance and will provide a unique opportunity to reexamine our understanding of neural adaptation and the mechanisms underlying neural resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Anttonen
- Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark DK-5230
| | - Thiago Burghi
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1PZ
| | - Laura Duvall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027
| | - Maria P Fernandez
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York City, New York 10027
| | - Gabrielle Gutierrez
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York City, New York 10027
| | - Florence Kermen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark DK-1165
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Angie Michaiel
- Department of Life Sciences, The Kavli Foundation, Los Angeles, California 90230
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Ovey IS, Ozsimsek A, Velioglu HA, Altay O, Mardinoglu A, Yulug B. EGb 761 reduces Ca 2+ influx and apoptosis after pentylenetetrazole treatment in a neuroblastoma cell line. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1195303. [PMID: 37744878 PMCID: PMC10516604 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1195303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been found to have significant implications in neuronal outgrowth, survival, inflammatory neurogenic pain, and various epileptogenic processes. Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have a significant impact on epilepsy and its drug-resistant subtypes. Objective We postulated that EGb 761 would modulate TRPA1 channels, thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a neuroblastoma cell line. Our rationale was to investigate the impact of EGb 761 in a controlled model of pentylenetetrazole-induced generalized epilepsy. Methodology We evaluated the neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of EGb 761 both before and after the pentylenetetrazole application in a neuroblastoma cell line. Specifically, we focused on the effects of EGB 761 on the activity of Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Results EGb 761 applications both before and after the pentylenetetrazole incubation period reduced Ca release and restored apoptosis, ROS changes, mitochondrial depolarization and caspase levels, suggesting a prominent prophylactic and therapeutic effect of EGb 761 in the pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptogenesis process. Conclusion Our basic mechanistic framework for elucidating the pathophysiological significance of fundamental ion mechanisms in a pentylenetetrazole treated neuroblastoma cell line provided compelling evidence for the favorable efficacy and safety profile of Egb 761 in human-relevant in vitro model of epilepsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the combined effects of EGb 761 and pentylenetetrazole on TRP channels and measure their activation level in a relevant model of human epileptic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishak Suat Ovey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Ozsimsek
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Halil Aziz Velioglu
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ozlem Altay
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Burak Yulug
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Türkiye
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Jiang J, Yu Y. Pharmacologically targeting transient receptor potential channels for seizures and epilepsy: Emerging preclinical evidence of druggability. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108384. [PMID: 36933703 PMCID: PMC10124570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent and disabling brain disorders, epilepsy is characterized by spontaneous seizures that result from aberrant, excessive hyperactivity of a group of highly synchronized brain neurons. Remarkable progress in epilepsy research and treatment over the first two decades of this century led to a dramatical expansion in the third-generation antiseizure drugs (ASDs). However, there are still over 30% of patients suffering from seizures resistant to the current medications, and the broad unbearable adversative effects of ASDs significantly impair the quality of life in about 40% of individuals affected by the disease. Prevention of epilepsy in those who are at high risks is another major unmet medical need, given that up to 40% of epilepsy patients are believed to have acquired causes. Therefore, it is important to identify novel drug targets that can facilitate the discovery and development of new therapies engaging unprecedented mechanisms of action that might overcome these significant limitations. Also over the last two decades, calcium signaling has been increasingly recognized as a key contributory factor in epileptogenesis of many aspects. The intracellular calcium homeostasis involves a variety of calcium-permeable cation channels, the most important of which perhaps are the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. This review focuses on recent exciting advances in understanding of TRP channels in preclinical models of seizure disorders. We also provide emerging insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TRP channels-engaged epileptogenesis that might lead to new antiseizure therapies, epilepsy prevention and modification, and even a cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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6
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An D, Qi X, Li K, Xu W, Wang Y, Chen X, Sha S, Wu C, Du Y, Chen L. Blockage of TRPV4 Downregulates the Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway to Inhibit Inflammatory Responses and Neuronal Death in Mice with Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1283-300. [PMID: 35840809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The blockage of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) inhibits inflammation and reduces hippocampal neuronal injury in a pilocarpine-induced mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. NF-κB signaling pathway is responsible for the inflammation and neuronal injury during epilepsy. Here, we explored whether TRPV4 blockage could affect the NF-κB pathway in mice with pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE). Application of a TRPV4 antagonist markedly attenuated the PISE-induced increase in hippocampal HMGB1, TLR4, phospho (p)-IκK (p-IκK), and p-IκBα protein levels, as well as those of cytoplasmic p-NF-κB p65 (p-p65) and nuclear NF-κB p65 and p50; in contrast, the application of GSK1016790A, a TRPV4 agonist, showed similar changes to PISE mice. Administration of the TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 or the NF-κB pathway inhibitor BAY 11-7082 led to a noticeable reduction in the hippocampal protein levels of cleaved IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF, as well as those of cytoplasmic p-p65 and nuclear p65 and p50 in GSK1016790A-injected mice. Finally, administration of either TAK-242 or BAY 11-7082 greatly increased neuronal survival in hippocampal CA1 and CA2/3 regions in GSK1016790A-injected mice. Therefore, TRPV4 activation increases HMGB1 and TLR4 expression, leading to IκK and IκBα phosphorylation and, consequently, NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation. The resulting increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production is responsible for TRPV4 activation-induced neuronal injury. We conclude that blocking TRPV4 can downregulate HMGB1/TLR4/IκK/κBα/NF-κB signaling following PISE onset, an effect that may underlie the anti-inflammatory response and neuroprotective ability of TRPV4 blockage in mice with PISE.
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Zeng ML, Kong S, Chen TX, Peng BW. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4: a Double-Edged Sword in the Central Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1232-1249. [PMID: 36434370 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a nonselective cation channel that can be activated by diverse stimuli, such as heat, mechanical force, hypo-osmolarity, and arachidonic acid metabolites. TRPV4 is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and participates in many significant physiological processes. However, accumulative evidence has suggested that deficiency, abnormal expression or distribution, and overactivation of TRPV4 are involved in pathological processes of multiple neurological diseases. Here, we review the latest studies concerning the known features of this channel, including its expression, structure, and its physiological and pathological roles in the CNS, proposing an emerging therapeutic strategy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Liu Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuo Kong
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Tao-Xiang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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8
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Liang W, Wang J, Sui J, Yun F, Shen Y, Zhou J, Wu Y, Shen D, Zhang Q. Inflammation as a target for the treatment of fever-associated epilepsy in zebrafish larvae. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109802. [PMID: 36738682 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered to be involved in epileptogenesis. However, the relationship between fever and inflammation as well as the mechanisms of fever in the occurrence and development of childhood epilepsy need further investigation. Here, we described an in vivo model of hyperthermia-induced seizures in zebrafish larvae with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) exposure. Hyperthermia increased the susceptibility to seizure and the production of pro-inflammatory factors in PTZ-induced zebrafish larvae. As mutations in GABRG2 have been associated with fever-associated epilepsy, we used a Tg(hGABRG2F343L) zebrafish model expressing mutant human GABRG2(F343L) to further investigate the involvement of inflammation in fever-induced seizures. Our data indicated that hyperthermia also increased the locomotor activity in Tg(hGABRG2F343L) zebrafish larvae. Although the production of pro-inflammatory factors was upregulated by GABRG2 mutation, hyperthermia did not change the production of pro-inflammatory factors significantly. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was sufficient to increase the locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae, suggesting that inflammation contributed to fever-associated epilepsy. The expression of GABRG2 was increased with PTZ induction, especially at a higher temperature. Moreover, inhibition of inflammation by dexamethasone (DEX) reduced the excitability of zebrafish larvae, especially at a higher temperature. Finally, in vitro experiments proved that LPS stimulation increased the production of IL-1β and IL-6 in GABRG2(F343L) transfected cells. Collectively, our study demonstrated that neuroinflammation was induced in febrile seizures, and the increased expression of IL-1β and IL-6 might be responsible for epileptogenesis. The vicious cycle between fever and inflammation might induce seizure onset, and anti-inflammatory strategies might be a potential treatment for fever-associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiahui Sui
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Yun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Youjia Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dingding Shen
- Department of Neurology & Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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9
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Zhong X, Wang Y, Liu D, Liang Y, Liu W, Huang Y, Xie L, Cao W, Xu Y, Chen L. HC067047 Ameliorates Sepsis-associated Encephalopathy by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress-Induced Pyroptosis in the Hippocampi of Mice. Neuroscience 2023; 517:117-127. [PMID: 36805006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common neurological complication of sepsis and is characterized by hyperneuroinflammation. NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis can induce an inflammatory cascade response and plays a key role in SAE. TRPV4 is involved in the hyperinflammatory response associated with inflammation; however, whether TRPV4 inhibition might alleviate SAE-related brain damage is still unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of HC067047, a potent inhibitor of TRPV4, in hyperneuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SAE mouse model. We found that HC067047 administration significantly inhibited the expression of TRPV4 and p-CamkIIα in the hippocampi of SAE mice. Furthermore, HC067047 treatment attenuated LPS-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress (OS), thus remarkably preventing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, as well as the expression of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β and IL-18). Additionally, we found that HC067047 selectively prevented pyroptosis in hippocampal cells, mainly the neurons, oligodendrocytes and the resident microglia. The disruption of BBB integrity in SAE mice was also rescued by HC067047 intervention. Thus, we can conclude that the TRPV4 inhibitor HC067047 could protect against hippocampal cell pyroptosis, which might be due to the attenuation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis pathway caused by ER stress and OS. Our findings suggest a potential preventive role for HC067047 in SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhong
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - WenJia Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wenyu Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001 Hunan, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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Di Paola D, Gugliandolo E, Capparucci F, Cordaro M, Iaria C, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R, Crupi R, Peritore AF. Early Exposure to Environmental Pollutants: Imidacloprid Potentiates Cadmium Toxicity on Zebrafish Retinal Cells Death. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243484. [PMID: 36552404 PMCID: PMC9774592 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the combination of non-toxic concentrations per se, of Cd and a pesticide the imidacloprid (IMI) (10 and 50 μM for Cd and 195 μM for IMI), to highlight early developmental toxicity and possible damage to retinal cells. Co-exposure to Cd and IMI showed a toxic effect in zebrafish larval development, with lowered degrees of survival and hatching, and in some cases the induction of structural alterations and edema. In addition, co-exposure to 50 and 195 μM, respectively, for Cd and IMI, also showed increased apoptosis in eye cells, accompanied by up regulation of genes associated with antioxidant markers (cat, sod1, nrf2 and ho-1). Thus, the present study aims to highlight how the presence of multiple contaminants, even at low concentrations, can be a risk factor in a model of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The presence of other contaminants, such as IMI, can cause an enhancement of the toxic action of Cd on morphological changes in the early life stage of zebrafish, but more importantly disrupt the normal development of the retina, eventually triggering apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiano Capparucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-90-6765208
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Kolesnikova TO, Demin KA, Costa FV, Zabegalov KN, de Abreu MS, Gerasimova EV, Kalueff AV. Towards Zebrafish Models of CNS Channelopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213979. [PMID: 36430455 PMCID: PMC9693542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Channelopathies are a large group of systemic disorders whose pathogenesis is associated with dysfunctional ion channels. Aberrant transmembrane transport of K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Cl- by these channels in the brain induces central nervous system (CNS) channelopathies, most commonly including epilepsy, but also migraine, as well as various movement and psychiatric disorders. Animal models are a useful tool for studying pathogenesis of a wide range of brain disorders, including channelopathies. Complementing multiple well-established rodent models, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a popular translational model organism for neurobiology, psychopharmacology and toxicology research, and for probing mechanisms underlying CNS pathogenesis. Here, we discuss current prospects and challenges of developing genetic, pharmacological and other experimental models of major CNS channelopathies based on zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin A. Demin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Fabiano V. Costa
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354349 Sochi, Russia
| | | | - Murilo S. de Abreu
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.S.d.A.); (A.V.K.); Tel.: +55-54-99605-9807 (M.S.d.A.); +1-240-899-9571 (A.V.K.); Fax: +1-240-899-9571 (A.V.K.)
| | - Elena V. Gerasimova
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354349 Sochi, Russia
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354349 Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 197758 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.S.d.A.); (A.V.K.); Tel.: +55-54-99605-9807 (M.S.d.A.); +1-240-899-9571 (A.V.K.); Fax: +1-240-899-9571 (A.V.K.)
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12
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Andreassen AH, Hall P, Khatibzadeh P, Jutfelt F, Kermen F. Brain dysfunction during warming is linked to oxygen limitation in larval zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207052119. [PMID: 36122217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207052119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological mechanisms that limit animal thermal tolerance is crucial in predicting how animals will respond to increasingly severe heat waves. Despite their importance for understanding climate change impacts, these mechanisms underlying the upper thermal tolerance limits of animals are largely unknown. It has been hypothesized that the upper thermal tolerance in fish is limited by the thermal tolerance of the brain and is ultimately caused by a global brain depolarization. In this study, we developed methods for measuring the upper thermal limit (CTmax) in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) with simultaneous recordings of brain activity using GCaMP6s calcium imaging in both free-swimming and agar-embedded fish. We discovered that during warming, CTmax precedes, and is therefore not caused by, a global brain depolarization. Instead, the CTmax coincides with a decline in spontaneous neural activity and a loss of neural response to visual stimuli. By manipulating water oxygen levels both up and down, we found that oxygen availability during heating affects locomotor-related neural activity, the neural response to visual stimuli, and CTmax. Our results suggest that the mechanism limiting the upper thermal tolerance in zebrafish larvae is insufficient oxygen availability causing impaired brain function.
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Di Paola D, Iaria C, Capparucci F, Arangia A, Crupi R, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF. Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080518. [PMID: 36006180 PMCID: PMC9414388 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Multiple contaminations of several mycotoxins have been detected in human and veterinary food and feed worldwide. To date, a number of studies on the combined effects of mycotoxins have been conducted on cell and animal models, but very limited studies have been done on aquatic organisms. (2) The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the combined toxic effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. (3) Results: Our results showed that the combination of AFB1 and FB1 at nontoxic concentrations exerted a negative effect on the lethal endpoints analyzed, such as survival, hatching, and heart rate. In addition, the mixture of mycotoxins caused an increase in the levels of enzymes and proteins involved in the antioxidant process, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), both in terms of protein levels and gene expression, as well as an increase in the levels of the detoxification enzymes glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochromes P450 (CYP450). Furthermore, we showed that the mycotoxin mixture induced an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins such as bax and caspase 3, and at the same time reduced the gene expression of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein. Finally, a significant decrease in thyroid function was observed in terms of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and vitellogenin (VTG) levels. (4) Conclusion: We can say that the mixture of mycotoxins carries a greater risk factor than individual presences. There is a greater need for effective detoxification methods to control and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins and reduce the toxicity of multiple mycotoxins in feed and throughout the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (C.I.); (F.C.); (A.A.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (C.I.); (F.C.); (A.A.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Fabiano Capparucci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (C.I.); (F.C.); (A.A.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Alessia Arangia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (C.I.); (F.C.); (A.A.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (C.I.); (F.C.); (A.A.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (C.I.); (F.C.); (A.A.); (A.F.P.)
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14
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Cristina-Silva C, Amaral-Silva L, Santos KM, Correa GM, da Silva WC, Fernandes MHMR, da Silva GSF, Gargaglioni LH, Almeida MC, Bicego KC. Cutaneous TRPV4 Channels Activate Warmth-Defense Responses in Young and Adult Birds. Front Physiol 2022; 13:892828. [PMID: 35910562 PMCID: PMC9337882 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.892828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are sensitive to warm ambient temperatures (Tas), triggering heat loss responses in adult rats in a Tas range of ∼26–30°C. In birds, however, the thermoregulatory role of TRPV4 has never been shown. Here, we hypothesized that stimulation of TRPV4 induces thermolytic responses for body temperature (Tb) maintenance in birds, and that this function is already present in early life, when the Ta range for TRPV4 activation does not represent a warm condition for these animals. We first demonstrated the presence of TRPV4 in the dorsal and ventral skin of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) by immunohistochemistry. Then, we evaluated the effects of the TRPV4 agonist, RN1747, and the TRPV4 antagonists, HC067047 and GSK2193874, on Tb and thermoeffectors at different Tas in 5-day-old chicks and 60-day-old adult chickens. For the chicks, RN1747 transiently reduced Tb both in thermoneutrality (31°C) and in a cold Ta for this phase (26°C), which relied on huddling behavior inhibition. The TRPV4 antagonists alone did not affect Tb or thermoeffectors but blocked the Tb decrease and huddling inhibition promoted by RN1747. For the adults, TRPV4 antagonism increased Tb when animals were exposed to 28°C (suprathermoneutral condition for adults), but not to 19°C. In contrast, RN1747 decreased Tb by reducing metabolic rate and activating thermal tachypnea at 19°C, a Ta below the activation range of TRPV4. Our results indicate that peripheral TRPV4 receptors are functional in early life, but may be inhibited at that time when the range of activation (∼26–30°C) represents cold Ta for chicks, and become physiologically relevant for Tb maintenance when the activation Ta range for TRPV4 becomes suprathermoneutral for adult chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristina-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Lara Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Kassia Moreira Santos
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Monteiro Correa
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Welex Candido da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marcia H. M. R. Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Glauber S. F. da Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciane H. Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Almeida
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Kenia C. Bicego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Kenia C. Bicego, ,
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15
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Robens BK, Yang X, McGraw CM, Turner LH, Robens C, Thyme S, Rotenberg A, Poduri A. Mosaic and non-mosaic protocadherin 19 mutation leads to neuronal hyperexcitability in zebrafish. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 169:105738. [PMID: 35460869 PMCID: PMC9284424 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. The X-linked gene PCDH19 is associated with sporadic and familial epilepsy in humans, typically with early-onset clustering seizures and intellectual disability in females but not in so-called 'carrier' males, suggesting that mosaic PCDH19 expression is required to produce epilepsy. To characterize the role of loss of PCDH19 function in epilepsy, we generated zebrafish with truncating pcdh19 variants. Evaluating zebrafish larvae for electrophysiological abnormalities, we observed hyperexcitability phenotypes in both mosaic and non-mosaic pcdh19+/- and pcdh19-/- mutant larvae. Thus, we demonstrate that the key feature of epilepsy-network hyperexcitability-can be modeled effectively in zebrafish, even though overt spontaneous seizure-like swim patterns were not observed. Further, zebrafish with non-mosaic pcdh19 mutation displayed reduced numbers of inhibitory interneurons suggesting a potential cellular basis for the observed hyperexcitability. Our findings in both mosaic and non-mosaic pcdh19 mutant zebrafish challenge the prevailing theory that mosaicism governs all PCDH19-related phenotypes and point to interneuron-mediated mechanisms underlying these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Robens
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinzhu Yang
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M McGraw
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura H Turner
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carsten Robens
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Summer Thyme
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Di Paola D, Natale S, Iaria C, Crupi R, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF. Environmental Co-Exposure to Potassium Perchlorate and Cd Caused Toxicity and Thyroid Endocrine Disruption in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae ( Danio rerio). Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10040198. [PMID: 35448459 PMCID: PMC9030446 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing pollution of aquatic habitats with anthropogenic compounds has led to various test strategies to detect hazardous chemicals. However, information on the effects of pollutants on the thyroid system in fish, which is essential for growth, development, and parts of reproduction, is still scarce. Modified early life-stage tests were carried out with zebrafish exposed to the known thyroid inhibitor potassium perchlorate (0.1, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 5 mM) to identify adverse effects on embryo development. The endogenous antioxidant defense mechanism is one of the key functions of the thyroid gland; in this regard, we examined the co-exposure to potassium perchlorate (KClO4), which could disrupt thyroid function, with cadmium (Cd), a known pro-oxidant compound. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to control KClO4 1 mM and Cd 0.5 μM for 96 h after fertilization (hpf) individually and in combination. The morphological alteration, body length, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression related to thyroid function and oxidative stress, thyroid hormone levels, and malondialdehyde were measured. Significant down-regulation of mRNAs related to thyroid function (thyroid hormone receptor-alpha (THRα), thyroid hormone receptor-beta (THRβ), haematopoietically expressed homeobox (hhex)) and decreased thyroxin (T4) levels were observed after co-exposure to KClO4 and Cd, but this was not observed in the individually treated groups. These results suggest that co-exposure to KClO4 and Cd could affect antioxidant defense mechanisms and potentially normally increase Cd toxicity on mRNA expression, altering the thyroid functions important in zebrafish embryonic developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Natale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (A.F.P.)
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Zeng ML, Cheng JJ, Kong S, Yang XL, Jia XL, Cheng XL, Chen L, He FG, Liu YM, Fan YT, Gongga L, Chen TX, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW. Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) Mitigates Seizures. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:660-681. [PMID: 35182379 PMCID: PMC9226259 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are critical regulators of the immune/inflammatory response in several human central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that dysfunctional astrocytes are crucial players in seizures. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures and the underlying mechanism. We also provide evidence for the role of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in seizures. 4-AP was administered to mice or primary cultured astrocytes. YAP-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was administered to primary cultured astrocytes. Mouse brain tissue and surgical specimens from epileptic patient brains were examined, and the results showed that TRPV4 was upregulated, while astrocytes were activated and polarized to the A1 phenotype. The levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cytokine production, YAP, signal transducer activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) and the third component of complement (C3) were increased in 4-AP-induced mice and astrocytes. Perturbations in the immune microenvironment in the brain were balanced by TRPV4 inhibition or the manipulation of [Ca2+]i in astrocytes. Knocking down YAP with siRNA significantly inhibited 4-AP-induced pathological changes in astrocytes. Our study demonstrated that astrocytic TRPV4 activation promoted neuroinflammation through the TRPV4/Ca2+/YAP/STAT3 signaling pathway in mice with seizures. Astrocyte TRPV4 inhibition attenuated neuroinflammation, reduced neuronal injury, and improved neurobehavioral function. Targeting astrocytic TRPV4 activation may provide a promising therapeutic approach for managing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-liu Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Jing-jing Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Shuo Kong
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xing-liang Yang
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xiang-lei Jia
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xue-lei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Ling Chen
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Fang-gang He
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yu-min Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yuan-teng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Lanzi Gongga
- Tibet University Medical College, 850000 Lhasa, Tibet China
| | - Tao-xiang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Wan-hong Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xiao-hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Bi-wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Rd185#, 430071 Wuhan, Hubei China
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18
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Di Paola D, Natale S, Gugliandolo E, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Marino F, Peritore AF. Assessment of 2-Pentadecyl-2-oxazoline Role on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation on Early Stage Development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010128. [PMID: 35054521 PMCID: PMC8781862 DOI: 10.3390/life12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or bacterial endotoxin, is an important virulence factor in several human and animal pathologies. Oxazoline of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEAOXA) has shown strong anti-inflammatory activity in several animal models. LPS was applied for 24 h to zebrafish embryos to induce inflammation, and then the anti-inflammatory action of PEAOXA was evaluated for the first time in the zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Different concentrations of PEAOXA were tested for toxicity on zebrafish embryonic development; only the highest concentration of 30 mg/L showed toxic effects. Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to detect Tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin 1β, 6, and 8, and members of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB). Exposure to LPS induced an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1, 6, and 8) in both gene and protein expression, as well as an increase of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and the nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (IκBα) gene expression. Furthermore, acute LPS exposure also induced an increase in tryptase release, related to mast cell activity, and in the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase 3, bax, and bcl-2). Treatment with PEAOXA 10 mg/L significantly counteracts LPS-induced inflammation in terms of cytokine expression and decreases tryptase release and the apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Natale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Fabio Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
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Di Paola D, Natale S, Iaria C, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF. Intestinal Disorder in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio): The Protective Action of N-Palmitoylethanolamide-oxazoline. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010125. [PMID: 35054518 PMCID: PMC8778351 DOI: 10.3390/life12010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) is an inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract that is common in both humans and veterinarians. Several studies have revealed the pharmacological properties of the oxazoline of palmitoylethanolamide (PEAOXA). Zebrafish larvae were exposed to sodium dextran sulphate (DSS) to induce enterocolitis and study the protective action of PEAOXA. After repetitive exposure with 0.25% DSS, larvae presented gut alteration with an increase in mucus production. Furthermore, DSS exposure induced an increase in the inflammatory pathway in the intestine, related to an increase in the Endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress genes. PEAOXA exposure at a concentration of 10 mg/L decreased the DSS-induced gut damage and mucus production, as well as being able to reduce the inflammatory and ER stress-related genes expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the alterations induced by repeated exposure to DSS were counteracted by PEAOXA action that was able to inhibit the increase in inflammation and ER stress involved in the progression of enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Natale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
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Morini M, Bergqvist CA, Asturiano JF, Larhammar D, Dufour S. Dynamic evolution of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) ion channel family with numerous gene duplications and losses. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1013868. [PMID: 36387917 PMCID: PMC9664204 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1013868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) ion channel family is involved in multiple sensory and physiological functions including thermosensing and temperature-dependent neuroendocrine regulation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the number, origin and evolution of TRPV genes in metazoans, with special focus on the impact of the vertebrate whole-genome duplications (WGD). Gene searches followed by phylogenetic and synteny analyses revealed multiple previously undescribed TRPV genes. The common ancestor of Cnidaria and Bilateria had three TRPV genes that became four in the deuterostome ancestor. Two of these were lost in the vertebrate ancestor. The remaining two genes gave rise to two TRPV subfamilies in vertebrates, consisting of subtypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 5, 6, 7, 8, respectively. This gene expansion resulted from the two basal vertebrate WGD events (1R and 2R) and three local duplications before the radiation of gnathostomes. TRPV1, 4 and 5 have been retained in all gnathostomes investigated, presumably reflecting important functions. TRPV7 and 8 have been lost independently in various lineages but are still retained in cyclostomes, actinistians (coelacanth), amphibians, prototherians and basal actinopterygians (Polypteridae). TRPV3 and 9 are present in extant elasmobranchs, while TRPV9 was lost in the osteichthyan ancestor and TRPV3 in the actinopterygian ancestor. The coelacanth has retained the ancestral osteichthyan repertoire of TRPV1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8. TRPV2 arose in the tetrapod ancestor. Duplications of TRPV5 occurred independently in various lineages, such as cyclostomes, chondrichthyans, anuran amphibians, sauropsids, mammals (where the duplicate is called TRPV6), and actinopterygians (Polypteridae and Esocidae). After the teleost-specific WGD (3R) only TRPV1 retained its duplicate, whereas TRPV4 and 5 remained as single genes. Both 3R-paralogs of TRPV1 were kept in some teleost species, while one paralog was lost in others. The salmonid-specific WGD (4R) duplicated TRPV1, 4, and 5 leading to six TRPV genes. The largest number was found in Xenopus tropicalis with no less than 15 TRPV genes. This study provides a comprehensive evolutionary scenario for the vertebrate TRPV family, revealing additional TRPV types and proposing a phylogeny-based classification of TRPV across metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Morini
- Laboratory Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), National Museum of Natural History (MNHN), CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marina Morini, ; Sylvie Dufour,
| | - Christina A. Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan F. Asturiano
- Grupo de Acuicultura y Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Laboratory Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems (BOREA), National Museum of Natural History (MNHN), CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Marina Morini, ; Sylvie Dufour,
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Ren Q, Gao D, Mou L, Zhang S, Zhang M, Li N, Sik A, Jin M, Liu K. Anticonvulsant activity of melatonin and its success in ameliorating epileptic comorbidity-like symptoms in zebrafish. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174589. [PMID: 34699755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of common neurological disorders, greatly distresses the well-being of the sufferers. Melatonin has been used in clinical anti-epileptic studies, but its effect on epileptic comorbidities is unknown, and the underlying mechanism needs further investigation. Herein, by generating PTZ-induced zebrafish seizure model, we carried out interdisciplinary research using neurobehavioral assays, bioelectrical detection, molecular biology, and network pharmacology to investigate the activity of melatonin as well as its pharmacological mechanisms. We found melatonin suppressed seizure-like behavior by using zebrafish regular locomotor assays. Zebrafish freezing and bursting activity assays revealed the ameliorative effect of melatonin on comorbidity-like symptoms. The preliminary screening results of neurobehavioral assays were further verified by the expression of key genes involved in neuronal activity, neurodevelopment, depression and anxiety, as well as electrical signal recording from the midbrain of zebrafish. Subsequently, network pharmacology was introduced to identify potential targets of melatonin and its pathways. Real-time qPCR and protein-protein interaction (PPI) were conducted to confirm the underlying mechanisms associated with glutathione metabolism. We also found that melatonin receptors were involved in this process, which were regulated in response to melatonin exposure before PTZ treatment. The antagonists of melatonin receptors affected anticonvulsant activity of melatonin. Overall, current study revealed the considerable ameliorative effects of melatonin on seizure and epileptic comorbidity-like symptoms and unveiled the underlying mechanism. This study provides an animal model for the clinical application of melatonin in the treatment of epilepsy and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Ren
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Daili Gao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Lei Mou
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Attila Sik
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary; Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Drug Screening Technology of Shandong Academy of Sciences, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
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22
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Lu D, Ma R, Xie Q, Xu Z, Yuan J, Ren M, Li J, Li Y, Wang J. Application and advantages of zebrafish model in the study of neurovascular unit. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174483. [PMID: 34481878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of "Neurovascular Unit" (NVU) was put forward, so that the research goal of Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases gradually transitioned from a single neuron to the structural and functional integrity of the NVU. Zebrafish has the advantages of high homology with human genes, strong reproductive capacity and visualization of neural circuits, so it has become an emerging model organism for NVU research and has been applied to a variety of CNS diseases. Based on CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/) and PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/) databases, the author of this article sorted out the relevant literature, analyzed the construction of a zebrafish model of various CNS diseases,and the use of diagrams showed the application of zebrafish in the NVU, revealed its relationship, which would provide new methods and references for the treatment and research of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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García-Rodríguez C, Bravo-Tobar ID, Duarte Y, Barrio LC, Sáez JC. Contribution of non-selective membrane channels and receptors in epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107980. [PMID: 34481811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming refractory epilepsy's resistance to the combination of antiepileptic drugs (AED), mitigating side effects, and preventing sudden unexpected death in epilepsy are critical goals for therapy of this disorder. Current therapeutic strategies are based primarily on neurocentric mechanisms, overlooking the participation of astrocytes and microglia in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. This review is focused on a set of non-selective membrane channels (permeable to ions and small molecules), including channels and ionotropic receptors of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, such as: the hemichannels formed by Cx43 and Panx1; the purinergic P2X7 receptors; the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1 and TRPV4) channels; calcium homeostasis modulators (CALHMs); transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels; transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channels; voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) and volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs), which all have in common being activated by epileptic activity and the capacity to exacerbate seizure intensity. Specifically, we highlight evidence for the activation of these channels/receptors during epilepsy including neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, discuss signaling pathways and feedback mechanisms, and propose the functions of each of them in acute and chronic epilepsy. Studying the role of these non-selective membrane channels in epilepsy and identifying appropriate blockers for one or more of them could provide complementary therapies to better alleviate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Iván D Bravo-Tobar
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis C Barrio
- Hospital Ramon y Cajal-IRYCIS, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica de la Universidad Politécnica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile.
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Gawel K, Kukula-Koch W, Banono NS, Nieoczym D, Targowska-Duda KM, Czernicka L, Parada-Turska J, Esguerra CV. 6-Gingerol, a Major Constituent of Zingiber officinale Rhizoma, Exerts Anticonvulsant Activity in the Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizure Model in Larval Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7745. [PMID: 34299361 PMCID: PMC8305044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zingiber officinale is one of the most frequently used medicinal herbs in Asia. Using rodent seizure models, it was previously shown that Zingiber officinale hydroethanolic extract exerts antiseizure activity, but the active constituents responsible for this effect have not been determined. In this paper, we demonstrated that Zingiber officinale methanolic extract exerts anticonvulsant activity in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced hyperlocomotion assay in larval zebrafish. Next, we isolated 6-gingerol (6-GIN)-a major constituent of Zingiber officinale rhizoma. We observed that 6-GIN exerted potent dose-dependent anticonvulsant activity in the PTZ-induced hyperlocomotion seizure assay in zebrafish, which was confirmed electroencephalographically. To obtain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of 6-GIN antiseizure activity, we assessed the concentration of two neurotransmitters in zebrafish, i.e., inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and excitatory glutamic acid (GLU), and their ratio after exposure to acute PTZ dose. Here, 6-GIN decreased GLU level and reduced the GLU/GABA ratio in PTZ-treated fish compared with only PTZ-bathed fish. This activity was associated with the decrease in grin2b, but not gabra1a, grin1a, gria1a, gria2a, and gria3b expression in PTZ-treated fish. Molecular docking to the human NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor suggests that 6-GIN might act as an inhibitor and interact with the amino terminal domain, the glutamate-binding site, as well as within the ion channel of the NR2B-containing NMDA receptor. In summary, our study reveals, for the first time, the anticonvulsant activity of 6-GIN. We suggest that this effect might at least be partially mediated by restoring the balance between GABA and GLU in the epileptic brain; however, more studies are needed to prove our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gawel
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; (N.S.B.); (C.V.E.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Str. 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
- Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Str. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Nancy Saana Banono
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; (N.S.B.); (C.V.E.)
| | - Dorota Nieoczym
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka Str. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Lidia Czernicka
- Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Str. 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Parada-Turska
- Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Camila V. Esguerra
- Chemical Neuroscience Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; (N.S.B.); (C.V.E.)
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Abstract
Danio rerio (zebrafish) are a powerful experimental model for genetic and developmental studies. Adaptation of zebrafish to study seizures was initially established using the common convulsant agent pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Larval PTZ-exposed zebrafish exhibit clear behavioral convulsions and abnormal electrographic activity, reminiscent of interictal and ictal epileptiform discharge. By using this model, our laboratory developed simple locomotion-based and electrophysiological assays to monitor and quantify seizures in larval zebrafish. Zebrafish also offer multiple advantages for rapid genetic manipulation and high-throughput phenotype-based drug screening. Combining these seizure assays with genetically modified zebrafish that represent Dravet syndrome, a rare genetic epilepsy, ultimately contributed to a phenotype-based screen of over 3500 drugs. Several drugs identified in these zebrafish screens are currently in clinical or compassionate-use trials. The emergence of this 'aquarium-to-bedside' approach suggests that broader efforts to adapt and improve upon this zebrafish-centric strategy can drive a variety of exciting new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco,CA 94143-0350, USA
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Wang S, He H, Long J, Sui X, Yang J, Lin G, Wang Q, Wang Y, Luo Y. TRPV4 Regulates Soman-Induced Status Epilepticus and Secondary Brain Injury via NMDA Receptor and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:905-920. [PMID: 33761112 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents are used in civil wars and terrorist attacks, posing a threat to public safety. Acute exposure to nerve agents such as soman (GD) causes serious brain damage, leading to death due to intense seizures induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibition and neuronal injury resulting from increased excitatory amino-acid levels and neuroinflammation. However, data on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective efficacies of currently-used countermeasures are limited. Here, we evaluated the potential effects of transient receptor vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in the treatment of soman-induced status epilepticus (SE) and secondary brain injury. We demonstrated that TRPV4 expression was markedly up-regulated in rat hippocampus after soman-induced seizures. Administration of the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 prior to soman exposure significantly decreased the mortality rate in rats and reduced SE intensity. TRPV4-knockout mice also showed lower incidence of seizures and higher survival rates than wild-type mice following soman exposure. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that blocking TRPV4 prevented NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity. The protein levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and its downstream cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 increased in soman-exposed rat hippocampus. However, TRPV4 inhibition or deletion markedly reversed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In conclusion, our study suggests that the blockade of TRPV4 protects against soman exposure and reduces brain injury following SE by decreasing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation. To our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the "dual-switch" function of TRPV4 in the treatment of soman intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jianhai Long
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guodong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Lee K, Jo YY, Chung G, Jung JH, Kim YH, Park CK. Functional Importance of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611773. [PMID: 33748103 PMCID: PMC7969799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are transmembrane protein complexes that play important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nerve system (PNS). TRP channels function as non-selective cation channels that are activated by several chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli as well as by pH, osmolarity, and several endogenous or exogenous ligands, second messengers, and signaling molecules. On the pathophysiological side, these channels have been shown to play essential roles in the reproductive system, kidney, pancreas, lung, bone, intestine, as well as in neuropathic pain in both the CNS and PNS. In this context, TRP channels have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy. Herein, we focus on the latest involvement of TRP channels, with a special emphasis on the recently identified functional roles of TRP channels in neurological disorders related to the disruption in calcium ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Lee
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Youn Yi Jo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Oral Physiology and Program in Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Jung
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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Gulcebi MI, Bartolini E, Lee O, Lisgaras CP, Onat F, Mifsud J, Striano P, Vezzani A, Hildebrand MS, Jimenez-Jimenez D, Junck L, Lewis-Smith D, Scheffer IE, Thijs RD, Zuberi SM, Blenkinsop S, Fowler HJ, Foley A, Sisodiya SM, Berkovic S, Cavalleri G, Correa DJ, Martins Custodio H, Galovic M, Guerrini R, Henshall D, Howard O, Hughes K, Katsarou A, Koeleman BP, Krause R, Lowenstein D, Mandelenaki D, Marini C, O'Brien TJ, Pace A, De Palma L, Perucca P, Pitkänen A, Quinn F, Selmer KK, Steward CA, Swanborough N, Thijs R, Tittensor P, Trivisano M, Weckhuysen S, Zara F. Climate change and epilepsy: Insights from clinical and basic science studies. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 116:107791. [PMID: 33578223 PMCID: PMC9386889 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is with us. As professionals who place value on evidence-based practice, climate change is something we cannot ignore. The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has demonstrated how global crises can arise suddenly and have a significant impact on public health. Global warming, a chronic process punctuated by acute episodes of extreme weather events, is an insidious global health crisis needing at least as much attention. Many neurological diseases are complex chronic conditions influenced at many levels by changes in the environment. This review aimed to collate and evaluate reports from clinical and basic science about the relationship between climate change and epilepsy. The keywords climate change, seasonal variation, temperature, humidity, thermoregulation, biorhythm, gene, circadian rhythm, heat, and weather were used to search the published evidence. A number of climatic variables are associated with increased seizure frequency in people with epilepsy. Climate change-induced increase in seizure precipitants such as fevers, stress, and sleep deprivation (e.g. as a result of more frequent extreme weather events) or vector-borne infections may trigger or exacerbate seizures, lead to deterioration of seizure control, and affect neurological, cerebrovascular, or cardiovascular comorbidities and risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risks are likely to be modified by many factors, ranging from individual genetic variation and temperature-dependent channel function, to housing quality and global supply chains. According to the results of the limited number of experimental studies with animal models of seizures or epilepsy, different seizure types appear to have distinct susceptibility to seasonal influences. Increased body temperature, whether in the context of fever or not, has a critical role in seizure threshold and seizure-related brain damage. Links between climate change and epilepsy are likely to be multifactorial, complex, and often indirect, which makes predictions difficult. We need more data on possible climate-driven altered risks for seizures, epilepsy, and epileptogenesis, to identify underlying mechanisms at systems, cellular, and molecular levels for better understanding of the impact of climate change on epilepsy. Further focussed data would help us to develop evidence for mitigation methods to do more to protect people with epilepsy from the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medine I. Gulcebi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emanuele Bartolini
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100 Prato, Italy.
| | - Omay Lee
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Christos Panagiotis Lisgaras
- New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Janet Mifsud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Malta, Msida MSD2040, Malta.
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, DINOGMI-Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, IRCCS “Giannina Gaslini” Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS 'Mario Negri' Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diego Jimenez-Jimenez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK.
| | - Larry Junck
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - David Lewis-Smith
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Ingrid E. Scheffer
- University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children’s Hospital, Florey Institute and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roland D. Thijs
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sameer M. Zuberi
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children & Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital for Children, UK
| | | | - Hayley J. Fowler
- Centre for Earth Systems Engineering Research, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Aideen Foley
- Department of Geography, Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK.
| | - Epilepsy Climate Change ConsortiumBalestriniSimonaaaBerkovicSamuelabCavalleriGianpieroacCorreaDaniel JoséadMartins CustodioHelenaaeGalovicMarianafGuerriniRenzoagHenshallDavidahHowardOlgaaiHughesKelvinajKatsarouAnnaakKoelemanBobby P.C.alKrauseRolandamLowensteinDanielanMandelenakiDespoinaaoMariniCarlaapO’BrienTerence J.aqPaceAdrianarDe PalmaLucaasPeruccaPieroatPitkänenAslaauQuinnFinolaavSelmerKaja KristineawStewardCharles A.axSwanboroughNicolaayThijsRolandazTittensorPhilbaTrivisanoMarinabbWeckhuysenSarahbcZaraFedericobdDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UKEpilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; The FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin 2, IrelandSaul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, K-312, Bronx, NY 10461, USADepartment of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UKUniversity Hospital Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa and IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56018 Calambrone, Pisa, ItalyFutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YN77, IrelandUCB Pharma Ltd, Slough, UKDravet Syndrome UK, UKLaboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USAUniversity Medical Center, Utrecht, The NetherlandsLuxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USADepartment of Pediatric Neurology, Queen Fabiola Children’s University Hospital, Brussels, Brussels Capital Region, BelgiumNeuroscience Department, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, ItalyMelbourne Brain Centre, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaGozo General Hospital, MaltaNeurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, FinlandILAE-IBE Congress Secretariat, Dublin, IrelandNational Centre for Rare Epilepsy-related Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayCongenica Ltd, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1DR, UK; Wellcome Sanger InstituteWellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UKEpilepsy Society, Bucks, UKStichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UKRoyal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UKRare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, ItalyNeurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, BelgiumUnit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Crespo M, León-Navarro DA, Martín M. Glutamatergic System is Affected in Brain from an Hyperthermia-Induced Seizures Rat Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1501-1512. [PMID: 33492599 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most frequent neurological disorders in children is febrile seizures (FS), a risk for epilepsy in adults. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS acting through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Excess of glutamate in the extracellular space elicits excitotoxicity and has been associated with neurological disorders, such as epilepsy. The removal of extracellular glutamate by excitatory amino acid transporters (EATT) plays an important neuroprotective role. GLT-1 is the main EAAT present in the cortex brain. On the other hand, an increase in metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGlu5R) levels or their overstimulation have been related to the appearance of seizure events in different animal models and in temporal lobe epilepsy in humans. In this work, the status of several components of the glutamatergic system has been analysed in the cortex brain from an FS rat model at short (48 h) and long (20 days) term after hyperthermia-induced seizures. At the short term, we detected increased GLT-1 levels, reduced glutamate concentration, and unchanged mGlu5R levels, without neuronal loss. However, at the long term, an increase in mGlu5R levels together with a decrease in both GLT-1 and glutamate levels were observed. These changes were associated with the appearance of an anxious phenotype. These results suggest a neuroprotective role of the glutamatergic components mGlu5R and GLT-1 at the short term. However, this neuroprotective effect seems to be lost at the long term, leading to an anxious phenotype and suggesting an increased vulnerability and propensity to epileptic events in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crespo
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D A León-Navarro
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - M Martín
- Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Yaksi E, Jamali A, Diaz Verdugo C, Jurisch-Yaksi N. Past, present and future of zebrafish in epilepsy research. FEBS J 2021; 288:7243-7255. [PMID: 33394550 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal models contribute greatly to our understanding of brain development and function as well as its dysfunction in neurological diseases. Epilepsy research is a very good example of how animal models can provide us with a mechanistic understanding of the genes, molecules, and pathophysiological processes involved in disease. Over the course of the last two decades, zebrafish came in as a new player in epilepsy research, with an expanding number of laboratories using this animal to understand epilepsy and to discover new strategies for preventing seizures. Yet, zebrafish as a model offers a lot more for epilepsy research. In this viewpoint, we aim to highlight some key contributions of zebrafish to epilepsy research, and we want to emphasize the great untapped potential of this animal model for expanding these contributions. We hope that our suggestions will trigger further discussions between clinicians and researchers with a common goal to understand and cure epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ahmed Jamali
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carmen Diaz Verdugo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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31
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Zhou L, Xu W, An D, Sha S, Men C, Li Y, Wang X, Du Y, Chen L. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 activation inhibits the delayed rectifier potassium channels in hippocampal pyramidal neurons: An implication in pathological changes following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:914-926. [PMID: 33393091 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) can increase hippocampal neuronal excitability. TRPV4 has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGPCs) play an important role in regulating neuronal excitability and abnormal VGPCs expression or function is related to epilepsy. Here, we examined the effect of TRPV4 activation on the delayed rectifier potassium current (IK ) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and on the Kv subunits expression in male mice. We also explored the role of TRPV4 in changes in Kv subunits expression in male mice following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE). Application of TRPV4 agonists, GSK1016790A and 5,6-EET, markedly reduced IK in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and shifted the voltage-dependent inactivation curve to the hyperpolarizing direction. GSK1016790A- and 5,6-EET-induced inhibition of IK was blocked by TRPV4 specific antagonists, HC-067047 and RN1734. GSK1016790A-induced inhibition of IK was markedly attenuated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) antagonist. Application of GSK1016790A for up to 1 hr did not change the hippocampal protein levels of Kv1.1, Kv1.2, or Kv2.1. Intracerebroventricular injection of GSK1016790A for 3 d reduced the hippocampal protein levels of Kv1.2 and Kv2.1, leaving that of Kv1.1 unchanged. Kv1.2 and Kv2.1 protein levels as well as IK reduced markedly in hippocampi on day 3 post PISE, which was significantly reversed by HC-067047. We conclude that activation of TRPV4 inhibits IK in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, possibly by activating CaMKII. TRPV4-induced decrease in Kv1.2 and Kv2.1 expression and IK may be involved in the pathological changes following PISE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Weixing Xu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chen Men
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yimei Du
- Research Center of Ion Channelopathy, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Lee Y, Seo HW, Lee KJ, Jang JW, Kim S. A Microfluidic System for Stable and Continuous EEG Monitoring from Multiple Larval Zebrafish. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5903. [PMID: 33086704 DOI: 10.3390/s20205903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing popularity of larval zebrafish as an experimental animal in the fields of drug screening, neuroscience, genetics, and developmental biology, the need for tools to deal with multiple larvae has emerged. Microfluidic channels have been employed to handle multiple larvae simultaneously, even for sensing electroencephalogram (EEG). In this study, we developed a microfluidic chip capable of uniform and continuous drug infusion across all microfluidic channels during EEG recording. Owing to the modular design of the microfluidic channels, the number of animals under investigation can be easily increased. Using the optimized design of the microfluidic chip, liquids could be exchanged uniformly across all channels without physically affecting the larvae contained in the channels, which assured a stable environment maintained all the time during EEG recording, by eliminating environmental artifacts and leaving only biological effects to be seen. To demonstrate the usefulness of the developed system in drug screening, we continuously measured EEG from four larvae without and with pentylenetetrazole application, up to 60 min. In addition, we recorded EEG from valproic acid (VPA)-treated zebrafish and demonstrated the suppression of seizure by VPA. The developed microfluidic system could contribute to the mass screening of EEG for drug development to treat neurological disorders such as epilepsy in a short time, owing to its handy size, cheap fabrication cost, and the guaranteed uniform drug infusion across all channels with no environmentally induced artifacts.
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Lee Y, Lee KJ, Jang JW, Lee SI, Kim S. An EEG system to detect brain signals from multiple adult zebrafish. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 164:112315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liu N, Yan F, Ma Q, Zhao J. Modulation of TRPV4 and BKCa for treatment of brain diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115609. [PMID: 32690264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As a member of transient receptor potential family, the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a kind of nonselective calcium-permeable cation channel, which belongs to non-voltage gated Ca2+ channel. Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BKCa) represents a unique superfamily of Ca2+-activated K+ channel (KCa) that is both voltage and intracellular Ca2+ dependent. Not surprisingly, aberrant function of either TRPV4 or BKCa in neurons has been associated with brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, brain tumor, epilepsy, as well as headache. In these diseases, vascular dysfunction is a common characteristic. Notably, endothelial and smooth muscle TRPV4 can mediate BKCa to regulate cerebral blood flow and pressure. Therefore, in this review, we not only discuss the diverse functions of TRPV4 and BKCa in neurons to integrate relative signaling pathways in the context of cerebral physiological and pathological situations respectively, but also reveal the relationship between TRPV4 and BKCa in regulation of cerebral vascular tone as an etiologic factor. Based on these analyses, this review demonstrates the effective mechanisms of compounds targeting these two channels, which may be potential therapeutic strategies for diseases in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Fang Yan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Qingjie Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, PR China.
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Little AG, Loughland I, Seebacher F. What do warming waters mean for fish physiology and fisheries? J Fish Biol 2020; 97:328-340. [PMID: 32441327 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental signals act primarily on physiological systems, which then influence higher-level functions such as movement patterns and population dynamics. Increases in average temperature and temperature variability associated with global climate change are likely to have strong effects on fish physiology and thereby on populations and fisheries. Here we review the principal mechanisms that transduce temperature signals and the physiological responses to those signals in fish. Temperature has a direct, thermodynamic effect on biochemical reaction rates. Nonetheless, plastic responses to longer-term thermal signals mean that fishes can modulate their acute thermal responses to compensate at least partially for thermodynamic effects. Energetics are particularly relevant for growth and movement, and therefore for fisheries, and temperature can have pronounced effects on energy metabolism. All energy (ATP) production is ultimately linked to mitochondria, and temperature has pronounced effects on mitochondrial efficiency and maximal capacities. Mitochondria are dependent on oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor so that cardiovascular function and oxygen delivery link environmental inputs with energy metabolism. Growth efficiency, that is the conversion of food into tissue, changes with temperature, and there are indications that warmer water leads to decreased conversion efficiencies. Moreover, movement and migration of fish relies on muscle function, which is partially dependent on ATP production but also on intracellular calcium cycling within the myocyte. Neuroendocrine processes link environmental signals to regulated responses at the level of different tissues, including muscle. These physiological processes within individuals can scale up to population responses to climate change. A mechanistic understanding of thermal responses is essential to predict the vulnerability of species and populations to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Loughland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Long XY, Wang S, Luo ZW, Zhang X, Xu H. Comparison of three administration modes for establishing a zebrafish seizure model induced by N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid. World J Psychiatry 2020; 10:150-161. [PMID: 32844092 PMCID: PMC7418578 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v10.i7.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures resulting from the sudden abnormal discharge of brain neurons. It leads to transient brain dysfunction, manifested by abnormal physical movements and consciousness. It can occur at any age, affecting approximately 65 million worldwide, one third of which are still estimated to suffer from refractory seizures. There is an urgent need for further establishment of seizure models in animals, which provides an approach to model epilepsy and could be used to identify novel anti-epileptic therapeutics in the future.
AIM To compare three administration modes for establishing a seizure model caused by N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) in zebrafish.
METHODS Three administration routes of NMDA, including immersion, intravitreal injection and intraperitoneal injection, were compared with regard to their effects on inducing seizure-like behaviors in adult zebrafish. We evaluated neurotoxicity by observing behavioral changes in zebrafish and graded those behaviors with a seizure score. In addition, the protective effects of MK-801 (Dizocilpine) and natural active constituent resveratrol against NMDA-induced alterations were studied.
RESULTS The three NMDA-administration methods triggered different patterns of the epileptic process in adult zebrafish. Seizure scores were increased after increasing NMDA concentration regardless of the mode of administration. However, the curve of immersion continuously rose to a high plateau (after 50 min), while the curves of intravitreal injection and intraperitoneal injection showed a spike in the early stage (10-20 min) followed by a steady decrease in seizure scores. Furthermore, pretreatment with resveratrol and MK-801 significantly delayed seizure onset time and lowered seizure scores.
CONCLUSION By comparing the three methods of administration, intravitreal injection of NMDA was the most suitable for establishing an acute epileptic model in zebrafish. Thus, intraperitoneal injection in zebrafish can be applied to simulate diseases such as epilepsy. In addition, NMDA immersion may be an appropriate method to induce persistent seizures. Moreover, MK-801 and resveratrol showed strong anti-epileptic effects; thus, both of them may be clinically valuable treatments for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Long
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
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Thapak P, Vaidya B, Joshi HC, Singh JN, Sharma SS. Therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents targeting TRP channels in CNS disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105026. [PMID: 32562815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), stroke, epilepsy, depression, and bipolar disorder have a high impact on both medical and social problems due to the surge in their prevalence. All of these neuronal disorders share some common etiologies including disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins further disrupt the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis by disrupting the activity of several ion channels including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channel families include non-selective Ca2+ permeable channels, which act as cellular sensors activated by various physio-chemical stimuli, exogenous, and endogenous ligands responsible for maintaining the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. TRP channels are abundantly expressed in the neuronal cells and disturbance in their activity leads to various neuronal diseases. Under the pathological conditions when the activity of TRP channels is perturbed, there is a disruption of the neuronal homeostasis through increased inflammatory response, generation of reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, there is a potential of pharmacological interventions targeting TRP channels in CNS disorders. This review focuses on the role of TRP channels in neurological diseases; also, we have highlighted the current insights into the pharmacological modulators targeting TRP channels.
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Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a nonselective Ca2+-permeable cation channel that is a member of the TRP channel family. It is clear that TRPV4 channels are broadly expressed in the brain. As they are expressed on the plasma membrane, they interact with other channels and play a crucial role in nervous system activity. Under some pathological conditions, TRPV4 channels are upregulated and sensitized via cellular signaling pathways, and this can cause nervous system diseases. In this review, we focus on receptors that cooperate with TRPV4, including large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+(BKca) channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors (AMPARs), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), ryanodine receptors (RyRs), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and other potential cooperative receptors in the brain. The data demonstrate how these channels work together to cause nervous system diseases under pathological conditions. The aim of this review was to discuss the receptors and signaling pathways related to TRPV4 based on recent data on the important physiological functions of TRPV4 channels to provide new clues for future studies and prospective therapeutic targets for related brain diseases.
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Li J, Copmans D, Partoens M, Hunyadi B, Luyten W, de Witte P. Zebrafish-Based Screening of Antiseizure Plants Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine: Magnolia officinalis Extract and Its Constituents Magnolol and Honokiol Exhibit Potent Anticonvulsant Activity in a Therapy-Resistant Epilepsy Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:730-742. [PMID: 32083464 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim to discover interesting lead compounds that could be further developed into compounds active against pharmacoresistant epilepsies, we first collected 14 medicinal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) against epilepsy. Of the six extracts that tested positive in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) behavioral zebrafish model, only the ethanol and acetone extracts from Magnolia officinalis (M. officinalis) also showed effective antiseizure activity in the ethylketopentenoate (EKP) zebrafish model. The EKP model is regarded as an interesting discovery platform to find mechanistically novel antiseizure drugs, as it responds poorly to a large number of marketed anti-epileptics. We then demonstrated that magnolol and honokiol, two major constituents of M. officinalis, displayed an effective behavioral and electrophysiological antiseizure activity in both the PTZ and the EKP models. Out of six structural analogues tested, only 4-O-methylhonokiol was active and to a lesser extent tetrahydromagnolol, whereas the other analogues (3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl, 2,2'-biphenol, 2-phenylphenol, and 3,3',5,5'-tetra-tert-butyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-diol) were not consistently active in the aforementioned assays. Finally, magnolol was also active in the 6 Hz psychomotor mouse model, an acute therapy-resistant rodent model, thereby confirming the translation of the findings from zebrafish larvae to mice in the field of epilepsy. We also developed a fast and automated power spectral density (PSD) analysis of local field potential (LFP) recordings. The PSD results are in agreement with the visual analysis of LFP recordings using Clampfit software and manually counting the epileptiform events. Taken together, screening extracts of single plants employed in TCM, using a combination of zebrafish- and mouse-based assays, allowed us to identify allyl biphenol as a chemical scaffold for the future development of compounds with potential activity against therapy-resistant epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Copmans
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michèle Partoens
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Borbála Hunyadi
- STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing and Data Analytics, Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Burrows DRW, Samarut É, Liu J, Baraban SC, Richardson MP, Meyer MP, Rosch RE. Imaging epilepsy in larval zebrafish. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 24:70-80. [PMID: 31982307 PMCID: PMC7035958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic aetiology of paediatric epilepsies has grown substantially over the last decade. However, in order to translate improved diagnostics to personalised treatments, there is an urgent need to link molecular pathophysiology in epilepsy to whole-brain dynamics in seizures. Zebrafish have emerged as a promising new animal model for epileptic seizure disorders, with particular relevance for genetic and developmental epilepsies. As a novel model organism for epilepsy research they combine key advantages: the small size of larval zebrafish allows high throughput in vivo experiments; the availability of advanced genetic tools allows targeted modification to model specific human genetic disorders (including genetic epilepsies) in a vertebrate system; and optical access to the entire central nervous system has provided the basis for advanced microscopy technologies to image structure and function in the intact larval zebrafish brain. There is a growing body of literature describing and characterising features of epileptic seizures and epilepsy in larval zebrafish. Recently genetically encoded calcium indicators have been used to investigate the neurobiological basis of these seizures with light microscopy. This approach offers a unique window into the multiscale dynamics of epileptic seizures, capturing both whole-brain dynamics and single-cell behaviour concurrently. At the same time, linking observations made using calcium imaging in the larval zebrafish brain back to an understanding of epileptic seizures largely derived from cortical electrophysiological recordings in human patients and mammalian animal models is non-trivial. In this review we briefly illustrate the state of the art of epilepsy research in zebrafish with particular focus on calcium imaging of epileptic seizures in the larval zebrafish. We illustrate the utility of a dynamic systems perspective on the epileptic brain for providing a principled approach to linking observations across species and identifying those features of brain dynamics that are most relevant to epilepsy. In the following section we survey the literature for imaging features associated with epilepsy and epileptic seizures and link these to observations made from humans and other more traditional animal models. We conclude by identifying the key challenges still facing epilepsy research in the larval zebrafish and indicate strategies for future research to address these and integrate more directly with the themes and questions that emerge from investigating epilepsy in other model systems and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R W Burrows
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - É Samarut
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S C Baraban
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M P Richardson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M P Meyer
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R E Rosch
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Alese OO, Rakgantsho C, Mkhize NV, Zulu S, Mabandla MV. Prolonged febrile seizure history exacerbates seizure severity in a pentylenetetrazole rat model of epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2019; 155:137-144. [PMID: 31837458 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological illness that affects all aspect of an individual life. Despite advancement in research there is little reduction in the incidence of this disease. Prolonged febrile seizure (PFS) has been linked to epilepsy however, the pathophysiology of this is still not clear. We therefore looked at the effect of PFS on the development of epilepsy in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) rat model of epilepsy. A total of 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the experiment. On post-natal day (PND) 14, PFS was induced in 14 rats. This was followed by the induction of epilepsy in the 14 PFS animal and 14 animals from the remaining 28 rats by an initial injection of PTZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg on day one followed by 35 mg/kg on alternate day until kindle. We looked at the effect of PFS on the onset and the stage of convulsion at kindle. We also observed it effect on the hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), synaptophysin and metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) expression measured with immunofluorescence, LI Cor Tissue florescence and immunohistochemistry respectively. Our study showed that PFS reduced seizure threshold by decreasing the time it took animals to kindle and also increased the stage of convulsion. The hippocampal GFAP, synaptophysin and mGluR3 expressions where upregulated in PTZ rats with PFS history when compared to PTZ rats alone.These findings indicated that PFS may increase the severity of epilepsy and alter brain expression of GFAP, synaptophysin and mGluR3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Ojo Alese
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Cleopatra Rakgantsho
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nombuso V Mkhize
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Simo Zulu
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
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Liao M, Kundap U, Rosch RE, Burrows DRW, Meyer MP, Ouled Amar Bencheikh B, Cossette P, Samarut É. Targeted knockout of GABA-A receptor gamma 2 subunit provokes transient light-induced reflex seizures in zebrafish larvae. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.040782. [PMID: 31582559 PMCID: PMC6899022 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common primary neurological disorder characterized by the chronic tendency of a patient to experience epileptic seizures, which are abnormal body movements or cognitive states that result from excessive, hypersynchronous brain activity. Epilepsy has been found to have numerous etiologies and, although about two-thirds of epilepsies were classically considered idiopathic, the majority of those are now believed to be of genetic origin. Mutations in genes involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission have been associated with a broad range of epilepsy syndromes. Mutations in the GABA-A receptor gamma 2 subunit gene (GABRG2), for example, have been associated with absence epilepsy and febrile seizures in humans. Several rodent models of GABRG2 loss of function depict clinical features of the disease; however, alternative genetic models more amenable for the study of ictogenesis and for high-throughput screening purposes are still needed. In this context, we generated a gabrg2 knockout (KO) zebrafish model (which we called R23X) that displayed light/dark-induced reflex seizures. Through high-resolution in vivo calcium imaging of the brain, we showed that this phenotype is associated with widespread increases in neuronal activity that can be effectively alleviated by the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid. Moreover, these seizures only occur at the larval stages but disappear after 1 week of age. Interestingly, our whole-transcriptome analysis showed that gabrg2 KO does not alter the expression of genes in the larval brain. As a result, the gabrg2−/− zebrafish is a novel in vivo genetic model of early epilepsies that opens new doors to investigate ictogenesis and for further drug-screening assays. Summary: The authors present a novel in vivo genetic model of idiopathic epilepsy in zebrafish (gabrg2−/−) to aid the study of ictogenesis and provide a convenient genetic tool for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiang Liao
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Uday Kundap
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Richard E Rosch
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Dominic R W Burrows
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Martin P Meyer
- Department for Developmental Neurobiology, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,Department for Developmental Neurobiology, Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bouchra Ouled Amar Bencheikh
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,Neuroscience Department, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Patrick Cossette
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Éric Samarut
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center (CRCHUM), Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada .,Modelis Inc., Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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Men C, Wang Z, Zhou L, Qi M, An D, Xu W, Zhan Y, Chen L. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 is involved in the upregulation of connexin expression following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:128-133. [PMID: 31299321 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by spontaneous seizures. Changes in the expression of the connexins (Cxs) have been reported to be involved in epileptogenesis. It has previously been shown that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) plays an important role in the modulation of neuronal excitability, and that application of a TRPV4 antagonist blocks hyperthermia-induced seizures. Accordingly, in the present study, we sought to explore whether TRPV4 is involved in the regulation of Cx expression following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE) in mice. We observed that TRPV4 protein levels in hippocampi increased 3 h to 30 d following PISE, peaking 1-3 d after induction, and that pre-application of the TRPV4 antagonist HC-067047 increased the latency to develop SE induced by pilocarpine and reduced the success rate of PISE preparation. We demonstrated that Cx43 protein levels followed a time profile similar to that of TRPV4, and further showed that the increase in Cx43 protein levels on 3 d post-PISE was markedly attenuated by HC-067047. In contrast, the corresponding increase in Cx32 protein levels lagged substantially behind, and these levels were unaffected by HC-067047. Similarly, the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A increased the mRNA and protein levels of Cx43, but not those of Cx32. We thus conclude that the upregulation of Cx43 expression by TRPV4 may be involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Men
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhouqing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mengwen Qi
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Weixing Xu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yiyang Zhan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China; Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Siokas V, Dardiotis E, Tsatsakis A, Bowman AB, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Brain diseases in changing climate. Environ Res 2019; 177:108637. [PMID: 31416010 PMCID: PMC6717544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the biggest and most urgent challenges for the 21st century. Rising average temperatures and ocean levels, altered precipitation patterns and increased occurrence of extreme weather events affect not only the global landscape and ecosystem, but also human health. Multiple environmental factors influence the onset and severity of human diseases and changing climate may have a great impact on these factors. Climate shifts disrupt the quantity and quality of water, increase environmental pollution, change the distribution of pathogens and severely impacts food production - all of which are important regarding public health. This paper focuses on brain health and provides an overview of climate change impacts on risk factors specific to brain diseases and disorders. We also discuss emerging hazards in brain health due to mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - João B T da Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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45
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Jin M, Zhang B, Sun Y, Zhang S, Li X, Sik A, Bai Y, Zheng X, Liu K. Involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in anticonvulsant activity of α-asaronol against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in zebrafish. Neuropharmacology 2019; 162:107760. [PMID: 31493468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs), the nuclear hormone receptors, have been reported to be involved in seizure control. Selective agonists and antagonists of PPARs raise seizure thresholds and suppress seizures, respectively. In this study, we evaluated the anticonvulsant effects of α-asaronol, a metabolic product of α-asarone, on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in zebrafish and investigated the underlying mechanisms. As a result, α-asaronol ameliorated seizures with increase of seizure latency, as well as decrease of seizure-like behavior, c-fos expression, and abnormal neuronal discharge in a concentration dependent manner. By comparing gene expression profiles of zebrafish undergoing seizures and α-asaronol pretreated zebrafish, we found that α-asaronol attenuate seizures through increase of PPAR γ expression, while PPAR γ antagonist GW9662 inhibit the anti-seizures actions of α-asaronol. Moreover, molecular docking simulation implied the physical interaction between α-asaronol and PPAR γ. The overall results indicated that the anticonvulsant effects of α-asaronol are regulated through PPAR γ-mediated pathway, which shed light on development of α-asaronol as a potential antiepileptic drug. In addition, it is for first time to report that PPAR γ is associated with seizures in zebrafish, supporting previous evidence that zebrafish is a suitable alternative for studying seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789, East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Baoyue Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789, East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, 710069, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789, East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, NO.44 West Culture Road, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Attila Sik
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary; Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yajun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, 710069, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, 710069, PR China.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789, East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China; Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, 28789 East Jingshi Road, Ji'nan, 250103, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Wang Z, Zhou L, An D, Xu W, Wu C, Sha S, Li Y, Zhu Y, Chen A, Du Y, Chen L, Chen L. TRPV4-induced inflammatory response is involved in neuronal death in pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:386. [PMID: 31097691 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) induces neuronal injury. TRPV4 activation enhances inflammatory response and promotes the proinflammatory cytokine release in various types of tissue and cells. Hyperneuroinflammation contributes to neuronal damage in epilepsy. Herein, we examined the contribution of neuroinflammation to TRPV4-induced neurotoxicity and its involvement in the inflammation and neuronal damage in pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy in mice. Icv. injection of TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (GSK1016790A-injected mice) increased ionized calcium binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein levels and Iba-1-positive (Iba-1+) and GFAP-positive (GFAP+) cells in hippocampi, which indicated TRPV4-induced microglial cell and astrocyte activation. The protein levels of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components NLRP3, apoptosis-related spotted protein (ASC) and cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-1 (caspase-1) were increased in GSK1016790A-injected mice, which indicated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. GSK1016790A also increased proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels, which were blocked by caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk. GSK1016790A-induced neuronal death was attenuated by Ac-YVAD-cmk. Icv. injection of TRPV4-specific antagonist HC-067047 markedly increased the number of surviving cells 3 d post status epilepticus in pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy in mice (pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, PISE). HC-067047 also markedly blocked the increase in Iba-1 and GFAP protein levels, as well as Iba-1+ and GFAP+ cells 3 d post-PISE. Finally, the increased protein levels of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 as well as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were markedly blocked by HC-067047. We conclude that TRPV4-induced neuronal death is mediated at least partially by enhancing the neuroinflammatory response, and this action is involved in neuronal injury following status epilepticus.
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Abstract
Several aspects of thermoregulation play a role in epilepsy. Circuitries involved in thermoregulation are affected by seizures and epilepsy, hyperthermia may be both cause and result of seizures, and hypothermia may prevent or abort seizures. Autonomic manifestations of seizures including thermoregulatory disturbances are common in a variety of clinical epilepsy syndromes. Experimental hyperthermia has been studied extensively, predominantly to investigate febrile seizures of childhood. In particular prolonged or complex febrile seizures have been associated with the later development of epilepsy in adulthood and the pathophysiology of how febrile seizures cause epilepsy is of tremendous interest. Febrile seizures represent an opportunity to potentially intervene early in life in susceptible individuals and affect epileptogenesis. The pathophysiologic underpinnings of how hyperthermia induces seizures and how this in turn results in epilepsy are controversial, but likely involve multiple factors. Both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission is affected, and numerous mutations in genes encoding ion channels have been identified. Cytokines such as interleukin-1β have been implicated in febrile seizures as well as susceptibility to provoked seizures later in life. Hyperthermia is a common feature of generalized convulsive status epilepticus, but may also be seen with nonconvulsive seizures, indicating involvement of thermoregulatory centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pollandt
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Thomas P Bleck
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Medicine, and Anesthesiology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Liu M, Liu X, Wang L, Wang Y, Dong F, Wu J, Qu X, Liu Y, Liu Z, Fan H, Yao R. TRPV4 Inhibition Improved Myelination and Reduced Glia Reactivity and Inflammation in a Cuprizone-Induced Mouse Model of Demyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:392. [PMID: 30455633 PMCID: PMC6230558 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of demyelination and the promotion of remyelination are both considerable challenges in the therapeutic process for many central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation are responsible for myelin sheath damage during demyelinating disorders. It has been revealed that the nonselective cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) profoundly affects a variety of physiological processes, including inflammation. However, its roles and mechanisms in demyelination have remained unclear. Here, for the first time, we found that there was a significant increase in TRPV4 in the corpus callosum in a demyelinated mouse model induced by cuprizone (CPZ). RN-1734, a TRPV4-antagonist, clearly alleviated demyelination and inhibited glial activation and the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) without altering the number of olig2-positive cells. In vitro, RN-1734 treatment clearly inhibited the influx of calcium and decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglial cells by suppressing NF-κB P65 phosphorylation. Apoptosis of oligodendrocyte induced by LPS-activated microglia was also alleviated by RN-1734. The results suggest that activation of TRPV4 in microglia is involved in oligodendrocyte apoptosis through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus revealing a new mechanism of CNS demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuxing Dong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Qu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhian Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Griffin A, Hamling KR, Hong S, Anvar M, Lee LP, Baraban SC. Preclinical Animal Models for Dravet Syndrome: Seizure Phenotypes, Comorbidities and Drug Screening. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:573. [PMID: 29915537 PMCID: PMC5994396 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease affecting almost 3 million people in the United States and 50 million people worldwide. Despite availability of more than two dozen FDA-approved anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), one-third of patients fail to receive adequate seizure control. Specifically, pediatric genetic epilepsies are often the most severe, debilitating and pharmaco-resistant forms of epilepsy. Epileptic syndromes share a common symptom of unprovoked seizures. While some epilepsies/forms of epilepsy are the result of acquired insults such as head trauma, febrile seizure, or viral infection, others have a genetic basis. The discovery of epilepsy associated genes suggests varied underlying pathologies and opens the door for development of new "personalized" treatment options for each genetic epilepsy. Among these, Dravet syndrome (DS) has received substantial attention for both the pre-clinical and early clinical development of novel therapeutics. Despite these advances, there is no FDA-approved treatment for DS. Over 80% of patients diagnosed with DS carry a de novo mutation within the voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN1A and these patients suffer with drug resistant and life-threatening seizures. Here we will review the preclinical animal models for DS featuring inactivation of SCN1A (including zebrafish and mice) with an emphasis on seizure phenotypes and behavioral comorbidities. Because many drugs fail somewhere between initial preclinical discovery and clinical trials, it is equally important that we understand how these models respond to known AEDs. As such, we will also review the available literature and recent drug screening efforts using these models with a focus on assay protocols and predictive pharmacological profiles. Validation of these preclinical models is a critical step in our efforts to efficiently discover new therapies for these patients. The behavioral and electrophysiological drug screening assays in zebrafish will be discussed in detail including specific examples from our laboratory using a zebrafish scn1 mutant and a summary of the nearly 3000 drugs screened to date. As the discovery and development phase rapidly moves from the lab-to-the-clinic for DS, it is hoped that this preclinical strategy offers a platform for how to approach any genetic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliesha Griffin
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kyla R Hamling
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - SoonGweon Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mana Anvar
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Luke P Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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50
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Kumar H, Lee SH, Kim KT, Zeng X, Han I. TRPV4: a Sensor for Homeostasis and Pathological Events in the CNS. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8695-8708. [PMID: 29582401 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) was originally described as a calcium-permeable nonselective cation channel. TRPV4 is now recognized as a polymodal ionotropic receptor: it is a broadly expressed, nonselective cation channel (permeable to calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium) that plays an important role in a multitude of physiological processes. TRPV4 is involved in maintaining homeostasis, serves as an osmosensor and thermosensor, can be activated directly by endogenous or exogenous chemical stimuli, and can be activated or sensitized indirectly via intracellular signaling pathways. Additionally, TRPV4 is upregulated in a variety of pathological conditions. In this review, we focus on the role of TRPV4 in mediating homeostasis and pathological events in the central nervous system (CNS). This review is composed of three parts. Section 1 describes the role of TRPV4 in maintaining homeostatic processes, including the volume of body water, ionic concentrations, volume, and the temperature. Section 2 describes the effects of activation and inhibition of TRPV4 in the CNS. Section 3 focuses on the role of TRPV4 during pathological events in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130, Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea.
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