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Rodríguez-Ibarra C, Díaz-Urbina D, Zagal-Salinas AA, Medina-Reyes EI, Déciga-Alcaraz A, Hernández-Pando R, Chirino YI. Oral exposure to food grade titanium dioxide (E171) induces intestinal and behavioural alterations in adult mice but limited effects in young mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 83:127409. [PMID: 38394968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171), a white colourant widely used in ultra-processed food products, has been banned in the European Union. However, its usage is still permitted in medicines, and in several other countries. The estimated intake of E171 in children is higher than in adults, which led us to hypothesise that E171 induces differential effects depending on age, with adult mice being the most susceptible due to age, despite the lower dose. AIM To evaluate the effects of oral administration of E171 on intestinal permeability, ileum, and colon histology, and how these effects impact anxious and depressive behaviour in young and adult mice of both sexes. METHODS Young and adult mice of both sexes C57BL/6 mice received 10 mg/kgbw E171/3 times per week for 3 months. E171 was administered orally in water by pipetting, while control groups only received drinking water, then intestinal permeability, histology and animal behaviour were analysed. RESULTS E171 showed an amorphous shape, primary particles sized below 1 µm and anatase crystalline structure. Oral administration of E171 disrupted the intestinal permeability in adult male and female mice, but no effects were observed in young mice of both sexes. E171 promoted ileal adenoma formation in half of the adult female population, moreover hyperplastic crypts, and hyperplastic goblet cells at histological level in adult mice of both sexes. The colon presented hyperplastic goblet cells, hyperchromatic nuclei, increased proliferation and DNA damage in adult mice of both sexes. The anxiety and depressive behaviour were only altered in adult mice treated with E171, but no changes were detected in young animals of both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Adult mice displayed higher susceptibility in all parameters analysed in this study compared to young mice of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodríguez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Díaz-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090 Estado de México, Mexico; Laboratory of Neurobiology on Compulsive Behaviors, The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alejandro A Zagal-Salinas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Estefany I Medina-Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Déciga-Alcaraz
- Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, Tlalpan, CP 14080 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090 Estado de México, Mexico.
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Xu K, Phue WH, Basu N, George S. The potential of dietary nanoparticles to enhance allergenicity of milk proteins: an in vitro investigation. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:625-638. [PMID: 37157183 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the popularity of dietary nanoparticles (NPs) in the food industry as additives has raised concerns because of the lack of knowledge about potential adverse health outcomes ensuing from the interactions of NPs with components of the food matrix and gastrointestinal system. In this study, we used a transwell culture system that consisted of human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells in the apical insert and Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 2 mast cells in the basal compartment to study the effect of NPs on milk allergen delivery across the epithelial layer, mast cell responses and signaling between epithelial and mast cells in allergenic inflammation. A library of dietary particles (silicon dioxide NPs, titanium dioxide NPs and silver NPs) that varied in particle size, surface chemistry and crystal structures with or without pre-exposure to milk was used in this investigation. Milk-interacted particles were found to acquire surface corona and increased the bioavailability of milk allergens (casein and β-lactoglobulin) across the intestinal epithelial layer. The signaling between epithelial cells and mast cells resulted in significant changes in the early phase and late-phase activation of the mast cells. This study suggested that antigen challenge in mast cells with the presence of dietary NPs may cause the transition of allergic responses from an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent mechanism to a mixed mechanism (both IgE-dependent and IgE-independent mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Wut Hmone Phue
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Niladri Basu
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Saji George
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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3
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Bruno L, Evariste L, Houdeau E. Dysregulation along the gut microbiota-immune system axis after oral exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A possible environmental factor promoting obesity-related metabolic disorders. Environ Pollut 2023; 330:121795. [PMID: 37187281 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Food additives are one major hallmark of ultra-processed food in the Western-diet, a food habit often associated with metabolic disorders. Among these additives, the whitener and opacifying agent titanium dioxide (TiO2) raises public health issues due to the ability of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to cross biological barriers and accumulate in different systemic organs like spleen, liver and pancreas. However before their systemic passage, the biocidal properties of TiO2 NPs may alter the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, which play a crucial role for the development and maintenance of immune functions. Once absorbed, TiO2 NPs may further interact with immune intestinal cells involved in gut microbiota regulation. Since obesity-related metabolic diseases such as diabetes are associated with alterations in the microbiota-immune system axis, this raises questions about the possible involvement of long-term exposure to food-grade TiO2 in the development or worsening of these diseases. The current purpose is to review the dysregulations along the gut microbiota-immune system axis after oral TiO2 exposure compared to those reported in obese or diabetic patients, and to highlight potential mechanisms by which foodborne TiO2 NPs may increase the susceptibility to develop obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamas Bruno
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Lauris Evariste
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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4
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Kaminski NE, Cohen SM. Comment on Bischoff et al. The Effects of the Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E171) on Tumor Formation and Gene Expression in the Colon of a Transgenic Mouse Model for Colorectal Cancer. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1256. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13091551. [PMID: 37177097 PMCID: PMC10180569 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The publication by Bischoff et al., 2022 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert E Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Rm 165G Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Mohammadparast V, Mallard BL. The effect and underlying mechanisms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on glucose homeostasis: A literature review. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:22-31. [PMID: 35287244 PMCID: PMC10078690 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is used extensively as a white pigment in the food industry, personal care, and a variety of products of everyday use. Although TiO2 has been categorized as a bioinert material, recent evidence has demonstrated different toxicity profiles of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and a potential health risk to humans. Studies indicated that titanium dioxide enters the systemic circulation and accumulates in the lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and central nervous system and may cause oxidative stress and tissue damage in these vital organs. Recently, some studies have raised concerns about the possible detrimental effects of TiO2 NPs on glucose homeostasis. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the methodological issues. This article aims to evaluate current evidence regarding the effects of TiO2 NPs on glucose homeostasis, including possible underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the limitations of current studies are discussed, which may provide a comprehensive understanding and new perspectives for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth L Mallard
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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Lamas B, Evariste L, Houdeau E. Interactions du dioxyde de titane alimentaire avec l’axe microbiote-système immunitaire : un nouvel acteur dans le développement de désordres métaboliques ? Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ammendolia MG, De Berardis B. Nanoparticle Impact on the Bacterial Adaptation: Focus on Nano-Titania. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3616. [PMID: 36296806 PMCID: PMC9609019 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-titania/TiO2 NPs) are used in different fields and applications. However, the release of TiO2 NPs into the environment has raised concerns about their biosafety and biosecurity. In light of the evidence that TiO2 NPs could be used to counteract antibiotic resistance, they have been investigated for their antibacterial activity. Studies reported so far indicate a good performance of TiO2 NPs against bacteria, alone or in combination with antibiotics. However, bacteria are able to invoke multiple response mechanisms in an attempt to adapt to TiO2 NPs. Bacterial adaption arises from global changes in metabolic pathways via the modulation of regulatory networks and can be related to single-cell or multicellular communities. This review describes how the impact of TiO2 NPs on bacteria leads to several changes in microorganisms, mainly during long-term exposure, that can evolve towards adaptation and/or increased virulence. Strategies employed by bacteria to cope with TiO2 NPs suggest that their use as an antibacterial agent has still to be extensively investigated from the point of view of the risk of adaptation, to prevent the development of resistance. At the same time, possible effects on increased virulence following bacterial target modifications by TiO2 NPs on cells or tissues have to be considered.
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Rolo D, Assunção R, Ventura C, Alvito P, Gonçalves L, Martins C, Bettencourt A, Jordan P, Vital N, Pereira J, Pinto F, Matos P, Silva MJ, Louro H. Adverse Outcome Pathways Associated with the Ingestion of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles-A Systematic Review. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12193275. [PMID: 36234403 PMCID: PMC9565478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are widely used, and humans are exposed through food (E171), cosmetics (e.g., toothpaste), and pharmaceuticals. The oral and gastrointestinal (GIT) tract are the first contact sites, but it may be systemically distributed. However, a robust adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has not been developed upon GIT exposure to TiO2-NPs. The aim of this review was to provide an integrative analysis of the published data on cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered after the ingestion of TiO2-NPs, proposing plausible AOPs that may drive policy decisions. A systematic review according to Prisma Methodology was performed in three databases of peer-reviewed literature: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 787 records were identified, screened in title/abstract, being 185 used for data extraction. The main endpoints identified were oxidative stress, cytotoxicity/apoptosis/cell death, inflammation, cellular and systemic uptake, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. From the results, AOPs were proposed where colorectal cancer, liver injury, reproductive toxicity, cardiac and kidney damage, as well as hematological effects stand out as possible adverse outcomes. The recent transgenerational studies also point to concerns with regard to population effects. Overall, the findings further support a limitation of the use of TiO2-NPs in food, announced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Rolo
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Bettencourt
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Vital
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Pinto
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Yamano S, Takeda T, Goto Y, Hirai S, Furukawa Y, Kikuchi Y, Kasai T, Misumi K, Suzuki M, Takanobu K, Senoh H, Saito M, Kondo H, Umeda Y. No evidence for carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in 26-week inhalation study in rasH2 mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14969. [PMID: 36056156 PMCID: PMC9440215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of alternative methods based on the spirit of animal welfare, the publications of animal studies evaluating endpoints such as cancer have been extremely reduced. We performed a 26-week inhalation exposure studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic (rasH2) mice model for detecting carcinogenicity. Male and female rasH2 mice were exposed to 2, 8 or 32 mg/m3 of TiO2 NPs for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 26 weeks. All tissues and blood were collected and subjected to biological and histopathological analyses. TiO2 NPs exposure induced deposition of particles in lungs in a dose-dependent manner in each exposure group. Exposure to TiO2 NPs, as well as other organs, did not increase the incidence of lung tumors in any group, and pulmonary fibrosis and pre-neoplastic lesions were not observed in all groups. Finally, the cell proliferative activity of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells was examined, and it was not increased by exposure to TiO2 NPs. This is the first report showing the lack of pulmonary fibrogenicity and carcinogenicity (no evidence of carcinogenic activity) of TiO2 NPs in 26-week inhalation study in rasH2 mice exposed up to 32 mg/m3, which is considered to be a high concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Yamano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Takeda
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan.
| | - Yuko Goto
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hirai
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kikuchi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kasai
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Kyohei Misumi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Takanobu
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Hideki Senoh
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Misae Saito
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kondo
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yumi Umeda
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
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Karthika C, Sureshkumar R, Sajini DV, Ashraf GM, Rahman MH. 5-fluorouracil and curcumin with pectin coating as a treatment regimen for titanium dioxide with dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer model. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:63202-63215. [PMID: 35459988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer was inducted in Wister rats using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treatment using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and curcumin (CUR), individually and following a synergistic approach. Compatibility studies are evaluated by using FT-IR spectra analysis, and Vero cell lines as well as HCT-116 cell lines are used for evaluating the synergistic approach. It was then followed by induction of colorectal cancer in rats for 70 days and treatment using 5-FU and CUR with pectin coating (individually and in combination) for 28 days. The reports state that 5-FU and CUR combination was found to be compatible. The synergistic effect was evaluated for1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 2:1 ratio of 5-FU:CUR, where 1:4 ratio shows a CI50 value of 0.853, selected further for the animal studies. The 1:4 ratio of 5-FU and CUR (50:200) shows to be effective for the treatment of colorectal cancer within 28 days, proven using histopathology report, bodyweight analysis, and hematological reports. 5-FU and CUR (1:4) ratio with pectin coating was proven effective for the treatment of colorectal cancer induced by TiO2NPs with DMH and was found to produce a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmala Karthika
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Sureshkumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Deepak Vasudevan Sajini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju, 26426, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani Street, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh.
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Baranowska-Wójcik E, Szwajgier D, Winiarska-Mieczan A. A review of research on the impact of E171/TiO 2 NPs on the digestive tract. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 72:126988. [PMID: 35561571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology utilises particles of between 1 and 100 nm in size. In recent years, it has enjoyed widespread application in a variety of areas. However, this has also raised increasing concerns regarding the effects that the use of nanoparticles may have on human health. The nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs) are among the most promising nanomaterials and have already found wide use in cosmetics, medicine and, the food industry. A nano-sized (diameter < 100 nm) fraction of TiO2 is present, at a certain percentage, in the E171 ( in the EU) pigment commonly used as an additive in food, whose presence raises particular concerns in terms of its potential negative health impact. The consumption of E171 food additive is increasingly associated with disorders of the intestinal barrier, including intestinal dysbiosis. It may disrupt the normal functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) including: enzymatic digestion of primary nutrients (lipids, proteins, or carbohydrates). The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and reliable overview of studies conducted in recent years in terms of the substance's potentially negative impact on human and animal alimentary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, Lublin 20-704, Poland.
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, Lublin 20-704, Poland
| | - Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin 20-950, Poland
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Colin-Val Z, Vera-Márquez CD, Herrera-Rodríguez MA, Del Pilar Ramos-Godinez M, López-Saavedra A, Cano-Martínez A, Robledo-Cadena DX, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Correa F, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Chirino YI, López-Marure R. Titanium Dioxide (E171) Induces Toxicity in H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts and Ex Vivo Rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022. [PMID: 35633469 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Food-grade TiO2 (E171) is the most widely used additive in the food industry. Existing evidence shows TiO2 nanoparticles reach systemic circulation through biological barriers, penetrate cell membranes, accumulate in cells of different organs, and cause damage; however, their effects on cardiac cells and the development of heart diseases are still unexplored. Therefore, in this work, we tested E171 toxicity in rat cardiomyoblasts and hearts. E171 internalization and impact on cell viability, proliferation, mitochondria, lysosomes, F-actin distribution, and cell morphology were evaluated in H9c2 cells. Additionally, effects of E171 were measured on cardiac function in ex vivo rat hearts. E171 was uptaken by cells and translocated into the cytoplasm. E171 particles changed cell morphology reducing proliferation and metabolic activity. Higher caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression as well as Tunel-positive cells induced by E171 exposure indicate apoptotic death. Mitochondrial and lysosome alterations resulting from mitophagy were detected after 24 and 48 h exposure, respectively. Additionally, high E171 concentrations caused rearrangements of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Finally, hearts exposed to E171 showed impaired cardiac function. These results support E171 toxicity in cardiac cells in vitro altering cardiac function in an ex vivo model, indicating that consumption of this food additive could be toxic and may lead to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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13
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Tan J, Taitz J, Sun SM, Langford L, Ni D, Macia L. Your Regulatory T Cells Are What You Eat: How Diet and Gut Microbiota Affect Regulatory T Cell Development. Front Nutr 2022; 9:878382. [PMID: 35529463 PMCID: PMC9067578 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.878382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern industrial practices have transformed the human diet over the last century, increasing the consumption of processed foods. Dietary imbalance of macro- and micro-nutrients and excessive caloric intake represent significant risk factors for various inflammatory disorders. Increased ingestion of food additives, residual contaminants from agricultural practices, food processing, and packaging can also contribute deleteriously to disease development. One common hallmark of inflammatory disorders, such as autoimmunity and allergies, is the defect in anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell (Treg) development and/or function. Treg represent a highly heterogeneous population of immunosuppressive immune cells contributing to peripheral tolerance. Tregs either develop in the thymus from autoreactive thymocytes, or in the periphery, from naïve CD4+ T cells, in response to environmental antigens and cues. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that various dietary factors can directly regulate Treg development. These dietary factors can also indirectly modulate Treg differentiation by altering the gut microbiota composition and thus the production of bacterial metabolites. This review provides an overview of Treg ontogeny, both thymic and peripherally differentiated, and highlights how diet and gut microbiota can regulate Treg development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jemma Taitz
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shir Ming Sun
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lachlan Langford
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and The Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Laurence Macia
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14
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Medina‐Reyes EI, Rodríguez‐Ibarra C, Díaz‐Urbina D, Déciga‐Alcaraz A, Delgado‐Buenrostro NL, Chirino YI, Pedraza‐Chaverri J. Food‐grade titanium dioxide decreases hematocrit and hemoglobin and increases compulsive‐like behavior in male mice. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1411-1419. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estefany I. Medina‐Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CP Ciudad de México México
| | - Carolina Rodríguez‐Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, UNAM
| | - Daniel Díaz‐Urbina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
| | - Alejandro Déciga‐Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
- Programa de Cátedras del Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología (COMECyT) Estado de México
| | - Normal L. Delgado‐Buenrostro
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Laboratorio de Carcinogénesis y Toxicología, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Tlalnepantla de Baz Estado de México México
| | - José Pedraza‐Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CP Ciudad de México México
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15
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Naegeli H, Gsell C. "Nano-ghosts": Risk assessment of submicron-sized particles in food biased towards fictional "nano". EXCLI J 2022; 21:279-299. [PMID: 35391919 PMCID: PMC8983856 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Much confusion has been generated in the safety assessment of food-grade TiO2 (E171) by the comingling of studies conducted on submicron-sized particles with those examining the toxicity of more minuscule counterparts. As E171 displays a nano-sized tail in its particle distribution (up to 36 % of particles with a diameter < 100 nm), it was thought that potential hazards of this food additive can be extrapolated from studies on thoroughly nanoscale formulations. This simplistic procedure may, however, overestimate the effects of the nano-sized tail of E171 because TiO2 particles readily aggregate or agglomerate in aqueous suspensions and biological matrices. The resulting larger clusters display a reduced oral bioavailability in comparison to the same material in nano-sized dimensions. Also, even if taken up in trace amounts, the smaller particles likely remain appended to larger particles or clusters and these aggregates or conglomerates may nullify to a great extent their "nano" characteristics. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to reevaluate the literature on the toxicity of TiO2 particles focusing on studies that are directly relevant for the assessment of E171. The purpose is not to avert a ban on the use of E171 in food, which might well be justified in light of the uncertainties associated with this additive employed solely for its colorant properties. Instead, it will be important to avoid in the future this same bias towards a fictional "nano" hazard, especially when evaluating more innovative engineered particles that confer true benefits for example by enhancing nutritional properties, quality, freshness, traceability or sustainability of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Hanspeter Naegeli, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Phone: +41 44 635 87 63, E-mail:
| | - Corina Gsell
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Vieira A, Gramacho A, Rolo D, Vital N, Silva MJ, Louro H. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity of Ingested Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2022; 1357:225-257. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn exponential increase in products containing titanium dioxide nanomaterials (TiO2), in agriculture, food and feed industry, lead to increased oral exposure to these nanomaterials (NMs). Thus, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) emerges as a possible route of exposure that may drive systemic exposure, if the intestinal barrier is surpassed. NMs have been suggested to produce adverse outcomes, such as genotoxic effects, that are associated with increased risk of cancer, leading to a concern for public health. However, to date, the differences in the physicochemical characteristics of the NMs studied and other variables in the test systems have generated contradictory results in the literature. Processes like human digestion may change the NMs characteristics, inducing unexpected toxic effects in the intestine. Using TiO2 as case-study, this chapter provides a review of the works addressing the interactions of NMs with biological systems in the context of intestinal tract and digestion processes, at cellular and molecular level. The knowledge gaps identified suggest that the incorporation of a simulated digestion process for in vitro studies has the potential to improve the model for elucidating key events elicited by these NMs, advancing the nanosafety studies towards the development of an adverse outcome pathway for intestinal effects.
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17
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Shi J, Han S, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen Z, Jia G. Advances in genotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. NanoImpact 2022; 25:100377. [PMID: 35559883 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are currently one of the most widely used nanomaterials. Due to an increasing scope of applications, the exposure of humans to TiO2 NP is inevitable, such as entering the body through the mouth with food additives or drugs, invading the damaged skin with cosmetics, and entering the body through the respiratory tract during the process of production and handling. Compared with TiO2 coarse particles, TiO2 NPs have stronger conductivity, reaction activity, photocatalysis, and permeability, which may lead to greater toxicity to organisms. Given that TiO2 was classified as a category 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to humans), the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs has become the focus of attention. There have been a series of previous studies investigating the potential genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs, but the existing research results are still controversial and difficult to conclude. More than half of studies have shown that TiO2 NPs can cause genotoxicity, suggesting that TiO2 NPs are likely to be genotoxic to humans. And the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs is closely related to the exposure concentration, mode and time, and experimental cells/animals as well as its physicochemical properties (crystal type, size, and shape). This review summarized the latest research progress of related genotoxic effects through in vivo studies and in vitro cell tests, hoping to provide ideas for the evaluation of TiO2 NPs genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
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18
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Barreau F, Tisseyre C, Ménard S, Ferrand A, Carriere M. Titanium dioxide particles from the diet: involvement in the genesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 34330311 PMCID: PMC8323234 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex interface between the external environment and the immune system. Its ability to control uptake across the mucosa and to protect the body from damage of harmful substances from the lumen is defined as the intestinal barrier function (IBF). The IBF involves four elements: the intestinal microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelium and the immune system. Its dysfunction is linked with human diseases including inflammatory, metabolic, infectious, autoimmune and neurologic disorders. Most of these diseases are complex and involve genetic, psychological and environmental factors. Over the past 10 years, many genetic polymorphisms predisposing to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been identified. Yet, it is now clear that they are insufficient to explain the onset of these chronic diseases. Although it has been evidenced that some environmental factors such as cigarette smoking or carbohydrate intake are associated with IBD, other environmental factors also present potential health risks such as ingestion of food additives introduced in the human diet, including those composed of mineral particles, by altering the four elements of the intestinal barrier function. The aim of this review is to provide a critical opinion on the potential of TiO2 particles, especially when used as a food additive, to alter the four elements of the intestinal barrier function, and consequently to evaluate if this additive would likely play a role in the development and/or exacerbation of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Barreau
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Céline Tisseyre
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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19
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Jarmakiewicz-Czaja S, Sokal A, Tabarkiewicz J, Filip R. TiO 2 - do we have to worry about it? One of the important aetiological factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Prz Gastroenterol 2021; 6:106-10. [PMID: 34276836 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2021.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 in the food industry, designated as E171, is widely used in the production of chewing gums, sweets, and icing. It is absorbed through food ingestion and the respiratory tract. There are also reports that TiO2 nanoparticles can reach the dermis through damaged epidermis. It demonstrates the ability to accumulate in some internal organs, like spleen, liver, and kidneys, depending on its size and structure. It may have pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects. A change in the composition of the host's intestinal microflora is also observed after exposure to high doses of TiO2. There are some differences in TiO2 intake with food around the world, but most data indicate higher consumption of this additive by children. Due to the small amount of research and the fact that most of the analyses were carried out using animal models, it is necessary to plan future observations of long-term exposure of the TiO2 molecule.
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20
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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21
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Bischoff NS, de Kok TM, Sijm DT, van Breda SG, Briedé JJ, Castenmiller JJ, Opperhuizen A, Chirino YI, Dirven H, Gott D, Houdeau E, Oomen AG, Poulsen M, Rogler G, van Loveren H. Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010207. [PMID: 33379217 PMCID: PMC7795714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used as a food additive (E171) and can be found in sauces, icings, and chewing gums, as well as in personal care products such as toothpaste and pharmaceutical tablets. Along with the ubiquitous presence of TiO2 and recent insights into its potentially hazardous properties, there are concerns about its application in commercially available products. Especially the nano-sized particle fraction (<100 nm) of TiO2 warrants a more detailed evaluation of potential adverse health effects after ingestion. A workshop organized by the Dutch Office for Risk Assessment and Research (BuRO) identified uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding the gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2, its distribution, the potential for accumulation, and induction of adverse health effects such as inflammation, DNA damage, and tumor promotion. This review aims to identify and evaluate recent toxicological studies on food-grade TiO2 and nano-sized TiO2 in ex-vivo, in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments along the gastrointestinal route, and to postulate an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) following ingestion. Additionally, this review summarizes recommendations and outcomes of the expert meeting held by the BuRO in 2018, in order to contribute to the hazard identification and risk assessment process of ingested TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaj S. Bischoff
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Dick T.H.M. Sijm
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Simone G. van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jacco J. Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jacqueline J.M. Castenmiller
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway;
| | - David Gott
- Food Standard Agency, London SW1H9EX, UK;
| | - Eric Houdeau
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), 75338 Paris, France;
| | - Agnes G. Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Morten Poulsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
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22
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Han HY, Yang MJ, Yoon C, Lee GH, Kim DW, Kim TW, Kwak M, Heo MB, Lee TG, Kim S, Oh JH, Lim HJ, Oh I, Yoon S, Park EJ. Toxicity of orally administered food-grade titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1127-1147. [PMID: 33241596 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This year, France banned the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles as a food additive (hereafter, E171) based on the insufficient oral toxicity data. Here, we investigated the subchronic toxic responses of E171 (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/kg) and tried to elucidate the possible toxic mechanism using AGS cells, a human stomach epithelial cell line. There were no dose-related changes in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development test guideline-related endpoints. Meanwhile, E171 deeply penetrated cells lining the stomach tissues of rats, and the IgM and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels were significantly lower in the blood from rats exposed to E171 compared with the control. The colonic antioxidant protein level decreased with increasing Ti accumulation. Additionally, after 24-h exposure, E171 located in the perinuclear region of AGS cells and affected expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins. However, cell death was not observed up to the used maximum concentration. A gene profile analysis also showed that immune response-related microRNAs were most strongly affected by E171 exposure. Collectively, we concluded that the NOAEL of E171 for 90 days repeated oral administration is between 100 and 1,000 mg/kg for both male and female rats. Additionally, further study is needed to clarify the possible carcinogenesis following the chronic accumulation in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Yun Han
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kwak
- Nanosafety Metrology Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Beom Heo
- Nanosafety Metrology Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Nanosafety Metrology Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Lim
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyung Oh
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Marucco A, Prono M, Beal D, Alasonati E, Fisicaro P, Bergamaschi E, Carriere M, Fenoglio I. Biotransformation of Food-Grade and Nanometric TiO 2 in the Oral-Gastro-Intestinal Tract: Driving Forces and Effect on the Toxicity toward Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10112132. [PMID: 33120920 PMCID: PMC7692287 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oral exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO2) is common since it is widely used in food and pharmaceutical products. Concern on the safety of this substance has been recently raised, due to the presence of an ultrafine fraction in food-grade TiO2. Discrepancy exists among data reported in in vitro and in vivo studies on intestinal acute/chronic toxicity of TiO2. This might be due to the different biological identity of TiO2 in traditional in vitro test by respect in vivo conditions. Methods: One food-grade TiO2 and two nanometric TiO2 samples were treated with a simulated human digestive dystem (SHDS) in order to investigate the bio-transformation occurring to the particles once ingested in term of size distribution (Dynamic Light Scattering—DLS-, Flow Particle Imaging, Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation-AF4-) and surface modification (Electrophoretic Light Scattering—ELS-, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy—EPR-). The effect of SHDS on the cyto-, genotoxicity and potential to induce oxidative stress towards human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells was also assessed. Results: Aggregation as a consequence of the high ionic strength of the gastric and intestinal simulated fluids was observed, together with the formation of a partially irreversible bio-corona containing phosphate ions and proteins. Such bio-corona led to a partial masking of the TiO2 particles surface and reactivity. Pristine and treated TiO2 nanoparticles showed comparable acute toxicity and genotoxicity toward HCT116 cells, whereas a small decrease of the induction of oxidative stress after treatment was observed. Conclusions: Overall the results underline the importance of SHDS as a tool to improve the predictive power of in vitro tests towards intestinal nanomaterial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Marucco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Marion Prono
- Chimie Interface Biologie pour l’Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.P.); (D.B.)
| | - David Beal
- Chimie Interface Biologie pour l’Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Enrica Alasonati
- Département Biomédicale et Chimie Inorganique, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, F-75724 Paris, France; (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Paola Fisicaro
- Département Biomédicale et Chimie Inorganique, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et D’essais, F-75724 Paris, France; (E.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Enrico Bergamaschi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Marie Carriere
- Chimie Interface Biologie pour l’Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.P.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.F.)
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (I.F.)
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24
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Medina-Reyes EI, Rodríguez-Ibarra C, Déciga-Alcaraz A, Díaz-Urbina D, Chirino YI, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Food additives containing nanoparticles induce gastrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and alterations in animal behavior: The unknown role of oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111814. [PMID: 33068655 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food additives such as titanium dioxide (E171), iron oxides and hydroxides (E172), silver (E174), and gold (E175) are highly used as colorants while silicon dioxide (E551) is generally used as anticaking in ultra-processed foodstuff highly used in the Western diets. These additives contain nanosized particles (1-100 nm) and there is a rising concern since these nanoparticles could exert major adverse effects due to they are not metabolized but are accumulated in several organs. Here, we analyze the evidence of gastrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and the impact of microbiota on gut-brain and gut-liver axis induced by E171, E172, E174, E175 and E551 and their non-food grade nanosized counterparts after oral consumption. Although, no studies using these food additives have been performed to evaluate neurotoxicity or alterations in animal behavior, their non-food grade nanosized counterparts have been associated with stress, depression, cognitive and eating disorders as signs of animal behavior alterations. We identified that these food additives induce gastrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and alterations in gut microbiota and most evidence points out oxidative stress as the main mechanism of toxicity, however, the role of oxidative stress as the main mechanism needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany I Medina-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Carolina Rodríguez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Déciga-Alcaraz
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Díaz-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de La Alimentación. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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25
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Medina-Reyes EI, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Díaz-Urbina D, Rodríguez-Ibarra C, Déciga-Alcaraz A, González MI, Reyes JL, Villamar-Duque TE, Flores-Sánchez ML, Hernández-Pando R, Mancilla-Díaz JM, Chirino YI, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) induces anxiety, adenomas in colon and goblet cells hyperplasia in a regular diet model and microvesicular steatosis in a high fat diet model. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111786. [PMID: 33038453 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (E171) is a white additive widely used in solid and liquid food products. There is still debate about E171 toxic effects after oral consumption since this additive is deposited in colon, liver, spleen, testis and brain. The consumption of E171 commonly occurs with Western diets that are characterized by a high fat content. Thus, E171 could worsen adverse effects associated with a high fat diet (HFD) such as anxiety, colon diseases and testicular damage. We aimed to evaluate the effects of E171 on anxiety-like behavior, colon, liver and testis and to analyze if the administration of a HFD could exacerbate adverse effects. E171 was administered at ~5 mg/kgbw by drinking water for 16 weeks and mice were fed with a Regular Diet or a HFD. E171 promoted anxiety, induced adenomas in colon, goblet cells hypertrophy and hyperplasia and mucins overexpression, but had no toxic effects on testicular tissue or spermatozoa in regular diet fed-mice. Additionally, E171 promoted microvesicular steatosis in liver in HFD fed-mice and the only HFD administration decreased the spermatozoa concentration and motility. In conclusion, E171 administration increases the number of adenomas in colon, induces hypertrophy and hyperplasia in goblet cells and microvesicular steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany I Medina-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Norma L Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Díaz-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Carolina Rodríguez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Déciga-Alcaraz
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marisol I González
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José L Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Tomás E Villamar-Duque
- Bioterio de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Lo Flores-Sánchez
- Bioterio de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, CP 14000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan M Mancilla-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Alimentación. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Carriere M, Arnal ME, Douki T. TiO 2 genotoxicity: An update of the results published over the last six years. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2020; 854-855:503198. [PMID: 32660822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 particles are broadly used in daily products, including cosmetics for their UV-absorbing property, food for their white colouring property, water and air purification systems, self-cleaning surfaces and photoconversion electrical devices for their photocatalytic properties. The toxicity of TiO2 nano- and microparticles has been studied for decades, and part of this investigation has been dedicated to the identification of their potential impact on DNA, i.e., their genotoxicity. This review summarizes data retrieved from their genotoxicity testing during the past 6 years, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies, mostly performed on lung and intestinal models. It shows that TiO2 particles, both nano- and micro-sized, produce genotoxic damage to a variety of cell types, even at low, realistic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie-Edith Arnal
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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27
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Brand W, Peters RJB, Braakhuis HM, Maślankiewicz L, Oomen AG. Possible effects of titanium dioxide particles on human liver, intestinal tissue, spleen and kidney after oral exposure. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:985-1007. [PMID: 32619159 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1778809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reported adverse liver effects and intestinal tumor formation after oral exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO2). Other oral toxicological studies, however, observed no effects on liver and intestine, despite prolonged exposure and/or high doses. In the present assessment, we aimed to better understand whether TiO2 can induce such effects at conditions relevant for humans. Therefore, we focused not only on the clinical and histopathological observations, but also used Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to consider earlier steps (Key Events). In addition, aiming for a more accurate risk assessment, the available information on organ concentrations of Ti (resulting from exposure to TiO2) from oral animal studies was compared to recently reported concentrations found in human postmortem organs. The overview obtained with the AOP approach indicates that TiO2 can trigger a number of key events in liver and intestine: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, induction of oxidative stress and inflammation. TiO2 seems to be able to exert these early effects in animal studies at Ti liver concentrations that are only a factor of 30 and 6 times higher than the median and highest liver concentration found in humans, respectively. This confirms earlier conclusions that adverse effects on the liver in humans as a result of (oral) TiO2 exposure cannot be excluded. Data for comparison with Ti levels in human intestinal tissue, spleen and kidney with effect concentrations were too limited to draw firm conclusions. The Ti levels, though, are similar or higher than those found in liver, suggesting these tissues may be relevant too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Brand
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lidka Maślankiewicz
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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28
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Hashem MM, Abo-El-Sooud K, Abd-Elhakim YM, Badr YAH, El-Metwally AE, Bahy-El-Dien A. The long-term oral exposure to titanium dioxide impaired immune functions and triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 60:126473. [PMID: 32142956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Titanium dioxide "TiO2, E171″ is a widely used food additive that exists in various everyday food products all over the world together with vast applications in cosmetics and industry. However, many toxicological aspects particularly following oral exposure still unclear. METHODS Hence, this study was planned to examine the effect of oral exposure of male Wistar rats to two doses of TiO2 (20 or 40 mg/kg b.wt.) through oral gavage once daily for 90 consecutive days on the blood components, immunity, cytotoxic, and genotoxic indicators. RESULTS A dose-dependent leukopenia, eosinophilia, neutrophilia, and thrombocytopenia were noted. Also, the immunoglobins G (IgG) and IgM were significantly elevated in TiO2 treated rats. The phagocytic activities, lysozyme, nitric oxide, and immunoglobulin levels were significantly depleted following TiO2 exposure. A significantly reduced lymphocyte proliferation but elevated LDH activity was prominent in TiO2 treated rats. Different pathological perturbations were observed in both splenic tissue and bone marrow. A marked increase in CD4+ and CD8+ immunolabeling was evident. A significant increase in the comet variables was recorded in response to the exposure of rats to the increasing level of TiO2 at both levels. CONCLUSION Overall, these results indicated that TiO2 could induce hematotoxicity, genotoxic, and immunotoxic alterations with exposure for long durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hashem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abo-El-Sooud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Yahia Abdel-Hamid Badr
- Department of Laser Sciences and interactions, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Bahy-El-Dien
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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29
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Riedle S, Wills JW, Miniter M, Otter DE, Singh H, Brown AP, Micklethwaite S, Rees P, Jugdaohsingh R, Roy NC, Hewitt RE, Powell JJ. A Murine Oral-Exposure Model for Nano- and Micro-Particulates: Demonstrating Human Relevance with Food-Grade Titanium Dioxide. Small 2020; 16:e2000486. [PMID: 32363770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to persistent, nonbiological nanoparticles and microparticles via the oral route is continuous and large scale (1012 -1013 particles per day per adult in Europe). Whether this matters or not is unknown but confirmed health risks with airborne particle exposure warns against complacency. Murine models of oral exposure will help to identify risk but, to date, lack validation or relevance to humans. This work addresses that gap. It reports i) on a murine diet, modified with differing concentrations of the common dietary particle, food grade titanium dioxide (fgTiO2 ), an additive of polydisperse form that contains micro- and nano-particles, ii) that these diets deliver particles to basal cells of intestinal lymphoid follicles, exactly as is reported as a "normal occurrence" in humans, iii) that confocal reflectance microscopy is the method of analytical choice to determine this, and iv) that food intake, weight gain, and Peyer's patch immune cell profiles, up to 18 weeks of feeding, do not differ between fgTiO2 -fed groups or controls. These findings afford a human-relevant and validated oral dosing protocol for fgTiO2 risk assessment as well as provide a generalized platform for application to oral exposure studies with nano- and micro-particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Riedle
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - John W Wills
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Michelle Miniter
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Don E Otter
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Andy P Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stuart Micklethwaite
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rachel E Hewitt
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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30
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Braakhuis HM, Gosens I, Heringa MB, Oomen AG, Vandebriel RJ, Groenewold M, Cassee FR. Mechanism of Action of TiO 2: Recommendations to Reduce Uncertainties Related to Carcinogenic Potential. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:203-223. [PMID: 32284010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101419-100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency issued an opinion on classifying titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a suspected human carcinogen upon inhalation. Recent animal studies indicate that TiO2 may be carcinogenic through the oral route. There is considerable uncertainty on the carcinogenicity of TiO2, which may be decreased if its mechanism of action becomes clearer. Here we consider adverse outcome pathways and present the available information on each of the key events (KEs). Inhalation exposure to TiO2 can induce lung tumors in rats via a mechanism that is also applicable to other poorly soluble, low-toxicity particles. To reduce uncertainties regarding human relevance, we recommend gathering information on earlier KEs such as oxidative stress in humans. For oral exposure, insufficient information is available to conclude whether TiO2 can induce intestinal tumors. An oral carcinogenicity study with well-characterized (food-grade) TiO2 is needed, including an assessment of toxicokinetics and early KEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Minne B Heringa
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; .,Current affiliation: Reckitt Benckiser, 1118 BH Schiphol, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Monique Groenewold
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; .,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lu QG, Zeng L, Li XH, Liu Y, Du XF, Bai GM, Yan X. Protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B signaling pathway inhibition. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1156-1171. [PMID: 32231420 PMCID: PMC7093311 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i11.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is a common digestive tract disease, which is usually treated with hormone medicines. Hormone medicines are effective to some extent, but long-term use of them may bring about many complications.
AIM To explore the protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammatory injury through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway inhibition in rats.
METHODS Colitis rat models were generated via DSS induction, and rats were divided into control (no modeling), DSS, DSS + PNS 50 mg/k, and DSS + PNS 100 mg/kg groups. Then, the intestinal injury, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory indices, tight junction proteins, apoptosis, macrophage polarization, and TLR4/AKT signaling pathway in colon tissues from rats in each of the groups were detected. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the colon tissue of rats was blocked using the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor, LY294002.
RESULTS Compared with rats in the control group, rats in the DSS group showed significantly shortened colon lengths, and significantly increased disease activity indices, oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory indices, as well as significantly decreased expression of tight junction-associated proteins. In addition, the DSS group showed significantly increased apoptotic cell numbers, and showed significantly increased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues. They also showed significantly decreased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, as well as activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (all P < 0.05). Compared with rats in the DSS group, rats in the DSS + PNS group showed significantly lengthened colon lengths, decreased disease activity indices, and significantly alleviated oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory responses. In addition, this group showed significantly increased expression of tight junction-associated proteins, significantly decreased apoptotic cell numbers, and significantly decreased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues. This group further showed significantly increased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, and significantly suppressed activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, as well as a dose dependency (all P < 0.05). When the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited, the apoptosis rate of colon tissue cells in the DSS + LY294002 group was significantly lower than that of the DSS group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION PNS can protect rats against DSS-induced intestinal inflammatory injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and therefore may be potentially used in the future as a drug for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ge Lu
- Department of Anorectal, Tangshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Anorectal, Tangshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hai Li
- Department of Anorectal, Tangshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anorectal, Tangshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xue-Feng Du
- Department of Anorectal, Tangshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guo-Min Bai
- Department of Anorectal, Tangshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tangshan 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei Province, China
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da Silva AB, Miniter M, Thom W, Hewitt RE, Wills J, Jugdaohsingh R, Powell JJ. Gastrointestinal Absorption and Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Microparticles: Myth, Reality and Pitfalls explored through Titanium Dioxide. Curr Opin Toxicol 2020; 19:112-120. [PMID: 32566805 PMCID: PMC7305030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Daily oral exposure to vast numbers (>1013/adult/day) of micron or nano-sized persistent particles has become the norm for many populations. Significant airborne particle exposure is deleterious, so what about ingestion? Titanium dioxide in food grade form (fgTiO2) , which is an additive to some foods, capsules, tablets and toothpaste, may provide clues. Certainly, exposed human populations accumulate these particles in specialised intestinal cells at the base of large lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches) and it's likely that a degree of absorption goes beyond this- i.e. lymphatics to blood circulation to tissues. We critically review the evidence and pathways. Regarding potential adverse effects, our primary message, for today's state-of-art, is that in vivo models have not been good enough and at times woeful. We provide a 'caveats list' to improve approaches and experimentation and illustrate why studies on biomarkers of particle uptake, and lower gut/mesenteric lymph nodes as targets, should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Barreto da Silva
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Michelle Miniter
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - William Thom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Rachel E Hewitt
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - John Wills
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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