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Chen D, Wang Y, Yang J, Ou W, Lin G, Zeng Z, Lu X, Chen Z, Zou L, Tian Y, Wu A, Keating SE, Yang Q, Lin C, Liang Y. Shenling Baizhu San ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1343755. [PMID: 38720776 PMCID: PMC11076757 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1343755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its related mortality is increasing at an unprecedented rate. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to offer potential for early prevention and treatment of NAFLD. The new mechanism of "Shenling Baizhu San" (SLBZS) is examined in this study for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD at the preclinical level. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal diet (ND), western diet + CCl4 injection (WDC), and SLBZS intervention (WDC + SLBZS). Body weights, energy intake, liver enzymes, pro-inflammatory factors, and steatosis were recorded in detail. Meanwhile, TPH1, 5-HT, HTR2A, and HTR2B were tested using qRT-PCR or ELISA. Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites were further detected through the 16S rRNA gene and untargeted metabolomics. Results: SLBZS intervention for 6 weeks could reduce the serum and liver lipid profiles, glucose, and pro-inflammatory factors while improving insulin resistance and liver function indexes in the mice, thus alleviating NAFLD in mice. More importantly, significant changes were found in the intestinal TPH-1, 5-HT, liver 5-HT, and related receptors HTR2A and HTR2B. The 16S rRNA gene analysis suggested that SLBZS was able to modulate the disturbance of gut microbiota, remarkably increasing the relative abundance of probiotics (Bifidobacterium and Parvibacter) and inhibiting the growth of pro-inflammatory bacteria (Erysipelatoclostridium and Lachnoclostridium) in mice with NAFLD. Combined with metabolomics in positive- and negative-ion-mode analyses, approximately 50 common differential metabolites were selected via non-targeted metabolomics detection, which indicated that the targeting effect of SLBZS included lipid metabolites, bile acids (BAs), amino acids (AAs), and tryptophan metabolites. In particular, the lipid metabolites 15-OxEDE, vitamin D3, desoxycortone, and oleoyl ethanol amide were restored by SLBZS. Conclusion: Integrating the above results of multiple omics suggests that SLBZS ameliorates NAFLD via specific gut microbiota, gut-derived 5-HT, and related metabolites to decrease fat accumulation in the liver and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Chen
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wanyi Ou
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guiru Lin
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze Zeng
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zumin Chen
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lili Zou
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaling Tian
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shelley E. Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Qinhe Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chenli Lin
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yinji Liang
- School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Peng N, Wang J, Zhu H, Liu Z, Ren J, Li W, Wang Y. Protective effect of carbon dots as antioxidants on intestinal inflammation by regulating oxidative stress and gut microbiota in nematodes and mouse models. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111871. [PMID: 38492339 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurrent chronic colitis disease with increasing incidence and prevalence year by year. The single efficacy and significant side effects of traditional IBD treatment drugs have promoted the flourishing development of new drugs. Inspired by many health benefits of carbon dots (CDs) based nanomedicine in biomedical applications, a metal-free carbon dots (CP-CDs) was synthesized from citric acid and polyethylene polyamine to treat colitis. Oxidative stress tests at the cellular and nematode levels demonstrated CP-CDs have good antioxidant effects, while the toxicity of CP-CDs to cells and nematodes is low. CP-CDs were further applied to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice models, and it was found that CP-CDs can reduce the disease activity index (DAI) score of colon tissue and restore the intestinal barrier. Further, the anti-colitis mechanisms of CP-CDs were explored, one of which is to regulate intestinal oxidative stress in inflammatory mice, further reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and thus alleviating colitis. Notably, 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Ligilactobacillus and Enterorhabdus) in the intestinal tract increased, while that of harmful bacteria (unclassified_Clostridia_UCG_014) decreased after CP-CDs treatment, indicating that CP-CDs rebalancing the gut microbiota destroyed by DSS is another important mechanism. In short, these non-toxic carbon dots not only have the potential for multi-factor combined relief of colitis but also offer an alternative therapy medicine for patients suffering from IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Haimei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jiayi Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
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Lin N, Chi H, Guo Q, Liu Z, Ni L. Notch Signaling Inhibition Alleviates Allergies Caused by Antarctic Krill Tropomyosin through Improving Th1/Th2 Imbalance and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Foods 2024; 13:1144. [PMID: 38672818 PMCID: PMC11048830 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antarctic krill tropomyosin (AkTM) has been shown in mice to cause IgE-mediated food allergy. The objective of this work was to investigate the role of Notch signaling in AkTM-sensitized mice, as well as to determine the changes in gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the allergic mice. An AkTM-induced food allergy mouse model was built and N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) was used as an γ-secretase inhibitor to inhibit the activation of Notch signaling. Food allergy indices, some key transcription factors, histologic alterations in the small intestine, and changes in gut microbiota composition were examined. The results showed that DAPT inhibited Notch signaling, which reduced AkTM-specific IgE, suppressed mast cell degranulation, decreased IL-4 but increased IFN-γ production, and alleviated allergic symptoms. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses revealed that expressions of Hes-1, Gata3, and IL-4 were down-regulated after DAPT treatment, accompanied by increases in T-bet and IFN-γ, indicating that Notch signaling was active in AkTM-sensitized mice and blocking it could reverse the Th1/Th2 imbalance. Expressions of key transcription factors revealed that Notch signaling could promote Th2 cell differentiation in sensitized mice. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed that AkTM could alter the diversity and composition of gut microbiota in mice, leading to increases in inflammation-inducing bacteria such as Enterococcus and Escherichia-Shigella. Correlation analysis indicated that reduced SCFA concentrations in AkTM-allergic mice may be related to decreases in certain SCFA-producing bacteria, such as Clostridia_UCG-014. The changes in gut microbiota and SCFAs could be partially restored by DAPT treatment. Our findings showed that inhibiting Notch signaling could alleviate AkTM-induced food allergy by correcting Th1/Th2 imbalance and modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lin
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (N.L.); (Q.G.); (L.N.)
| | - Hai Chi
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (N.L.); (Q.G.); (L.N.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Quanyou Guo
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (N.L.); (Q.G.); (L.N.)
| | - Zhidong Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (N.L.); (Q.G.); (L.N.)
| | - Ling Ni
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (N.L.); (Q.G.); (L.N.)
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Apalowo OE, Adegoye GA, Mbogori T, Kandiah J, Obuotor TM. Nutritional Characteristics, Health Impact, and Applications of Kefir. Foods 2024; 13:1026. [PMID: 38611332 PMCID: PMC11011999 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A global epidemiological shift has been observed in recent decades, characterized by an increase in age-related disorders, notably non-communicable chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. An appreciable causal link between changes in the gut microbiota and the onset of these maladies has been recognized, offering an avenue for effective management. Kefir, a probiotic-enriched fermented food, has gained significance in this setting due to its promising resource for the development of functional or value-added food formulations and its ability to reshape gut microbial composition. This has led to increasing commercial interest worldwide as it presents a natural beverage replete with health-promoting microbes and several bioactive compounds. Given the substantial role of the gut microbiota in human health and the etiology of several diseases, we conducted a comprehensive synthesis covering a total of 33 investigations involving experimental animal models, aimed to elucidate the regulatory influence of bioactive compounds present in kefir on gut microbiota and their potential in promoting optimal health. This review underscores the outstanding nutritional properties of kefir as a central repository of bioactive compounds encompassing micronutrients and amino acids and delineates their regulatory effects at deficient, adequate, and supra-nutritional intakes on the gut microbiota and their broader physiological consequences. Furthermore, an investigation of putative mechanisms that govern the regulatory effects of kefir on the gut microbiota and its connections with various human diseases was discussed, along with potential applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Emmanuel Apalowo
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (O.E.A.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Grace Adeola Adegoye
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (O.E.A.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA;
| | - Teresia Mbogori
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA;
| | - Jayanthi Kandiah
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA;
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Mei X, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhai X, Yang Y, Li Z, Li L. Maternal Phlorizin Intake Protects Offspring from Maternal Obesity-Induced Metabolic Disorders in Mice via Targeting Gut Microbiota to Activate the SCFA-GPR43 Pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:4703-4725. [PMID: 38349207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Maternal obesity increases the risk of obesity and metabolic disorders (MDs) in offspring, which can be mediated by the gut microbiota. Phlorizin (PHZ) can improve gut dysbiosis and positively affect host health; however, its transgenerational metabolic benefits remain largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential of maternal PHZ intake in attenuating the adverse impacts of a maternal high-fat diet on obesity-related MDs in dams and offspring. The results showed that maternal PHZ reduced HFD-induced body weight gain and fat accumulation and improved glucose intolerance and abnormal lipid profiles in both dams and offspring. PHZ improved gut dysbiosis by promoting expansion of SCFA-producing bacteria, Akkermansia and Blautia, while inhibiting LPS-producing and pro-inflammatory bacteria, resulting in significantly increased fecal SCFAs, especially butyric acid, and reduced serum lipopolysaccharide levels and intestinal inflammation. PHZ also promoted intestinal GLP-1/2 secretion and intestinal development and enhanced gut barrier function by activating G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) in the offspring. Antibiotic-treated mice receiving FMT from PHZ-regulated offspring could attenuate MDs induced by receiving FMT from HFD offspring through the gut microbiota to activate the GPR43 pathway. It can be regarded as a promising functional food ingredient for preventing intergenerational transmission of MDs and breaking the obesity cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueran Mei
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yi Li
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610101, China
| | - Xiwen Zhai
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengjuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Clinical Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
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Wang D, Zeng J, Wujin C, Ullah Q, Su Z. Lactobacillus reuteri derived from horse alleviates Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea by modulating gut microbiota. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106541. [PMID: 38224920 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a prevalent health issue in farm animals and poses a significant challenge to the progress of animal husbandry. Recent evidence suggested that probiotics can alleviate diarrhea by maintaining gut microbial balance and enhancing the integrity of the intestinal barrier. However, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the efficacy of equine Lactobacillus reuteri in relieving E. coli-induced diarrhea. Hence, this study aimed to examine the potential of equine-derived Lactobacillus reuteri in alleviating E. coli diarrhea from the perspective of gut microbiota. Results demonstrated that supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri had the potential to alleviate diarrhea induced by E. coli infection and restore the decline of tight junction genes, such as Claudin-1 and ZO-1. Additionally, Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation can restore the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and reduce colon inflammatory damage. Diversity analysis, based on amplicon sequencing, revealed a significant reduction in the diversity of gut microbiota during E. coli-induced diarrhea. Moreover, there were notable statistical differences in the composition and structure of gut microbiota among the different treatment groups. E. coli could induce gut microbial dysbiosis by decreasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Ligilactobacillus, Enterorhabdus, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_001, in comparison to the control group. Conversely, supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri could restore the abundance of beneficial bacteria and increase the diversity of the gut microbiota, thereby reshaping gut microbiota. Additionally, we also observed that supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri alone improved the gut microbial composition and structure. In summary, the findings suggest that Lactobacillus reuteri can alleviate E. coli-induced diarrhea by preserving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. These results not only contribute to understanding of the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus reuteri in relieving diarrhea, but also provide valuable insights for the development of probiotic products aimed at alleviating diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, 850009, China
| | - Jiangyong Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, 850009, China
| | - Cuomu Wujin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, 850009, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, 29111, Pakistan
| | - Zhonghua Su
- Tibet Autonomous Region Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Lhasa, Tibet, 850009, China.
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Zou M, Liang Q, Zhang W, Liang J, Zhu Y, Xu Y. Diet-derived circulating antioxidants and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a Mendelian randomization study and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334395. [PMID: 38449867 PMCID: PMC10915022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown conflicting results regarding the impact of circulating antioxidants on the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, our intent was to investigate the causal relationship between circulating antioxidants and IBD using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods Instrumental variables for absolute circulating antioxidants (ascorbate, retinol, lycopene, and β-carotene) and circulating antioxidant metabolites (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, ascorbate, and retinol) were screened from published studies. We obtained outcome data from two genome-wide association study (GWAS) databases, including the international inflammatory bowel disease genetics consortium (IIBDGC, 14,927 controls and 5,956 cases for Crohn's disease (CD), 20,464 controls and 6,968 cases for ulcerative colitis (UC), and 21,770 controls and 12,882 cases for IBD) and the FinnGen study (375,445 controls and 1,665 cases for CD, 371,530 controls and 5,034 cases for UC, and 369,652 controls and 7,625 cases for IBD). MR analysis was performed in each of the two databases and those results were pooled using meta-analysis to assess the overall effect of exposure on each phenotype. In order to confirm the strength of the findings, we additionally conducted a replication analysis using the UK Biobank. Results In the meta-analysis of the IIBDGC and FinnGen, we found that each unit increase in absolute circulating level of retinol was associated with a 72% reduction in the risk of UC (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.78, P=0.015). The UC GWAS data from the UK Biobank also confirmed this causal relationship (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.00, P=0.016). In addition, there was suggestive evidence that absolute retinol level was negatively associated with IBD (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.92, P=0.031). No other causal relationship was found. Conclusion Our results provide strong evidence that the absolute circulating level of retinol is associated with a reduction in the risk of UC. Further MR studies with more instrumental variables on circulating antioxidants, especially absolute circulating antioxidants, are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiaoli Liang
- Department of Oncology, Doumen Qiaoli Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junyao Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Liu W, Wang L, Yuan Q, Hao W, Wang Y, Wu D, Chen X, Wang S. Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides ameliorate ulcerative colitis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and its metabolism. Food Funct 2024; 15:1191-1207. [PMID: 38230753 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04430k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a central role in maintaining human health and has been linked to many gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC). Agaricus bisporus is a famous edible mushroom, and Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides (ABPs) and the two purified fractions (ABP-1 and ABP-2) were demonstrated to exhibit immunomodulatory activity in our previous study. Herein, we further found that ABPs, ABP-1, and ABP-2 possessed therapeutic effects against dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. ABPs, ABP-1, and ABP-2 could relieve body weight loss, colon atrophy, and histological injury, increase tight junction proteins, restore gut-barrier function, and inhibit inflammation. ABP-2 with a lower molecular weight (1.76 × 104 Da) showed a superior therapeutic effect than ABP-1 with a higher molecular weight (8.86 × 106 Da). Furthermore, the effects of ABP-1 and ABP-2 were microbiota-dependent, which worked by inducing Norank_f__Muribaculaceae and Akkermansia and inhibiting Escherichia-Shigella and Proteus. In addition, untargeted fecal metabolomic analysis revealed distinct modulation patterns of ABP-1 and ABP-2. ABP-1 mainly enriched steroid hormone biosynthesis, while ABP-2 significantly enriched bile secretion and tryptophan metabolism. In summary, ABPs, especially low-molecular-weight fraction, represent novel prebiotics for treatment of inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Liju Wang
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Qin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Wei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dingtao Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- Macau Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Tian QB, Chen SJ, Xiao LJ, Xie JQ, Zhao HB, Zhang X. Potential effects of nutrition-induced alteration of gut microbiota on inflammatory bowel disease: A review. J Dig Dis 2024; 25:78-90. [PMID: 38450936 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mainly comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is a group of gradually progressive diseases bringing significant mental anguish and imposes serious economic burdens. Interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Nutrients, as crucial environmental determinants, mainly encompassing carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and micronutrients, are closely related to the pathogenesis and development of IBD. Nutrition is essential for maintaining the dynamic balance of intestinal eco-environments to ensure intestinal barrier and immune homeostasis, while this balance can be disrupted easily by maladjusted nutrition. Research has firmly established that nutrition has the potential to shape the composition and function of gut microbiota to affect the disease course. Unhealthy diet and eating disorders lead to gut microbiota dysbiosis and further destroy the function of intestinal barrier such as the disruption of membrane integrity and increased permeability, thereby triggering intestinal inflammation. Notably, appropriate nutritional interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet, can positively modulate intestinal microecology, which may provide a promising strategy for future IBD prevention. In this review, we provide insights into the interplay between nutrition and gut microbiota and its effects on IBD and present some previously overlooked lines of evidence regarding the role of derived metabolites in IBD processes, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and imidazole propionate. Furthermore, we provide some insights into reducing the risk of onset and exacerbation of IBD by modifying nutrition and discuss several outstanding challenges and opportunities for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bai Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shui Jiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Jun Xiao
- Guangdong Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia Qi Xie
- Hunan Food and Drug Vocational College, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Bo Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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10
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Xiao S, Yan Y, Shao M, Zhou X, Niu Z, Wu Y, Li Y, Cui Y, Long Y, Du Q. Kuijieling decoction regulates the Treg/Th17 cell balance in ulcerative colitis through the RA/RARα signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 318:116909. [PMID: 37451490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic intestinal disease characterized by chronic inflammation with unknown etiology. Kuijieling decoction is a traditional Chinese Medicine with unique therapeutic efficacy for UC. AIM OF THE STUDY To validate the effects of Kuijieling decoction on vitamin A metabolism and retinoic acid (RA) production, along with evaluation of its immunomodulatory activity, and further clarify the upstream mechanisms underlying Treg/Th17 regulation that contribute to therapeutic effects against UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were employed to predict the potential anti-UC targets of Kuijieling and associated pathways. A rat model of UC was generated by treatment with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce inflammation. T lymphocytes were induced to differentiate into Th17 via combined stimulation with the cytokines TGF-β1, IL-6 and IL-23. Expression levels of RA/RARα-related factors (RARα, CRABPII, Smad3, IL-6R and IL-23R) and Treg/Th17 cell-related factors (Foxp3, RORγt) were measured via western blot (WB), quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunohistochemistry analyses. Components of the vitamin A metabolic pathway (vitamin A, retinol, retinoic acid) and Treg/Th17 cell-related cytokines (IL-10, IL-17, IL-21) were evaluated using ELISA. Flow cytometry was performed to determine the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells. RESULTS The action targets of Kuijieling were significantly associated with T cell activation, Th17 cell differentiation and the immune response. IL-2, IL-6, STAT3 and RARα displayed strong binding affinities with the main components of Kuijieling, suggesting an important role in its therapeutic efficacy. Kuijieling promoted vitamin A metabolism and RA/RARα signaling in UC rats and T lymphocytes. Moreover, Kuijieling effectively regulated the Treg/Th17 cell balance in UC rats and T lymphocytes and relieved inflammation. The protective effect of Kuijieling was weakened after inhibition of the RA/RARα signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Kuijieling promotes vitamin A metabolism and RA synthesis, enhances interactions between RA, intracellular binding protein CRABPII and nuclear receptor RARα, and upregulates Smad3 and Foxp3, thus promoting Treg differentiation. Simultaneously, Kuijieling inhibited expression of IL-6R and IL-23R genes and production of RORγt, leading to suppression of Th17 differentiation, and ultimately, reduction of the Th17/Treg cell ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suting Xiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yizhen Yan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mingyin Shao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenyu Niu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanli Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanwu Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Medical Device, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yu Long
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.
| | - Qun Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Cheng J, Liu D, Huang Y, Chen L, Li Y, Yang Z, Fu S, Hu G. Phlorizin Mitigates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting Ferroptosis. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:16043-16056. [PMID: 37856155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Phlorizin (PHZ) is the main active component of apple peel and presents a potential application value. In the past few years, some reports have suggested that PHZ may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we have attempted to assess the protective effects of PHZ on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results suggested that early intervention with PHZ (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) significantly reduced the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice, as presented by a longer colon, improved tight junction protein, decreased disease activity index, and attenuated inflammatory factors. Additionally, early intervention with + (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) significantly inhibited ferroptosis by decreasing the surrogate ferroptosis marker levels (MDA and Iron Content). Additionally, PHZ (80 mg/kg) increased the diversity of intestinal flora in colitic mice by elevating the levels of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillaceae and Muribaculaceae) and reducing the levels of harmful bacteria (Lachnospiraceae). This indirectly led to an increase in the amount of short-chain fatty acids. A fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) test was conducted to show that PHZ (80 mg/kg) ameliorated ulcerative colitis (UC) by regulating gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, early intervention with PHZ decreased DSS-induced colitis in mice by preserving their intestinal barrier and regulating their intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yaping Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lisha Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhanqing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guiqiu Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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12
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Wang J, Qin Y, Jiang J, Shan H, Zhao C, Li S. The Effect of Theaflavins on the Gut Microbiome and Metabolites in Diabetic Mice. Foods 2023; 12:3865. [PMID: 37893758 PMCID: PMC10606624 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of diabetes, the gut microbiome falls into a state of dysbiosis, further affecting its progression. Theaflavins (TFs), a type of tea polyphenol derivative, show anti-diabetic properties, but their effect on the gut microbiome in diabetic mice is unclear. It is unknown whether the improvement of TFs on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice is related to gut microbiota. Therefore, in this study, different concentrations of TFs were intragastrically administered to mice with diabetes induced by a high-fat-diet to investigate their effects on blood glucose, blood lipid, and the gut microbiome in diabetic mice, and the plausible mechanism underlying improvement in diabetes was explored from the perspective of the gut microbiome. The results showed that the TFs intervention significantly improved the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of diabetic mice and affected the structure of the gut microbiome by promoting the growth of bacteria positively related to diabetes and inhibiting those negatively related to diabetes. The changes in short-chain fatty acids in mice with diabetes and functional prediction analysis suggested that TFs may affect carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism by regulating the gut microbiome. These findings emphasize the ability of TFs to shape the diversity and structure of the gut microbiome in mice with diabetes induced by a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin and have practical implications for the development of functional foods with TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (J.W.)
| | - Yixin Qin
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (J.W.)
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (J.W.)
| | - Hongyan Shan
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (J.W.)
| | - Changyu Zhao
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (J.W.)
| | - Songnan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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13
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Zhang L, Wang K, Liang S, Cao J, Yao M, Qin L, Qu C, Miao J. Beneficial effect of ζ-carotene-like compounds on acute UVB irradiation by alleviating inflammation and regulating intestinal flora. Food Funct 2023; 14:8331-8350. [PMID: 37606633 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
ζ-Carotene is a key intermediate in the carotenoid pathway, but owing to its low content and difficulties in isolation, its application is restricted. In this study, three genes (pnCrtE, pnCrtB, and pnCrtP) in the carotenoid pathway of Antarctic moss were identified, recombined, and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21(DE3). The expression product was identified as one of the ζ-carotenes by UV absorbance spectrum, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and super-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrum (UPLC-MS), and was called a ζ-carotene-like compound (CLC). Excessive exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation is one of the main risk factors for skin photodamage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of CLC on UVB-induced skin photodamage in mice. In this paper, through histological examinations (hematoxylin-eosin, HE; Masson and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling, Tunel), biochemical index detection (reactive oxygen species, ROS; inflammatory factors; cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers, CPDs and hyaluronic acid, HA), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and intestinal content flora, etc., it is concluded that CLC has the potential to enhance skin antioxidant capacity by activating the nuclear transcription factor/antioxidant reaction element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway and also reduce skin inflammation and aging by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, the regulation of intestinal flora may potentially mitigate skin damage induced by UVB radiation. This research not only developed a green and sustainable platform for the efficient synthesis of CLC but also laid a foundation for its application in functional food and medicine for skin resistance against UVB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shaoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Junhan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Mengke Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Changfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinlai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Marine Natural Products R&D Laboratory, Qingdao Key Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China
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14
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Mao J, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wu T, Jin Y, Meng J, Zhang M. Sea Cucumber Peptide Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium by Alleviating Gut Microbiota Imbalance and Regulating miR-155/SOCS1 Axis in Mice. Foods 2023; 12:3434. [PMID: 37761144 PMCID: PMC10530247 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumber peptides have been proven to exhibit a variety of biological activities. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the rectum and colon with increasing incidence and long duration, and is difficult to cure. The effect of sea cucumber peptide on UC is currently unknown. In this study, 1.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was added to the drinking water of mice to induce a UC model, and the daily doses of sea cucumber peptide (SP) solution of 200 mg/kg·BW, 500 mg/kg·BW, and 1000 mg/kg·BW were given to UC mice to detect the relieving effect of SP. The results showed that SP can reduce the disease activity index (DAI) of UC mice induced by DSS and can alleviate colon shortening, intestinal tissue damage, and the loss of intestinal tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin). SP decreased the spleen index, pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in UC mice. SP can alleviate the imbalance of gut microbiota in UC mice, increase the abundance of the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and Ligilactobacillus, and reduce the abundance of Bacteroides and the Eubacterium rum group, as well as alleviating the decrease in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in the feces of UC mice. Notably, SP inhibited miR-155 expression in the colon tissue of UC mice and increased its target protein, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), which acts as an inflammatory inhibitor. In summary, the ameliorative effect of SP on UC may be achieved by improving the imbalance of gut microbiota and regulating the miR-155/SOCS1 axis. This study provides a new idea for developing SP as a nutritional supplement to maintain intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lechen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Min Zhang
- China−Russia Agricultural Products Processing Joint Laboratory, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
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15
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Luo P, Zheng L, Zou J, Chen T, Zou J, Li W, Chen Q, Qian B. Insights into vitamin A in bladder cancer, lack of attention to gut microbiota? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1252616. [PMID: 37711628 PMCID: PMC10497765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A has long been associated with bladder cancer, and many exogenous vitamin A supplements, vitamin A derivatives, and synthetic drugs have been investigated over the years. However, the effectiveness of these strategies in clinical practice has not met expectations, and they have not been widely adopted. Recent medical research on intestinal flora has revealed that bladder cancer patients exhibit reduced serum vitamin A levels and an imbalance of gut microbiota. In light of the close relationship between gut microbiota and vitamin A, one can speculate that a complex regulatory mechanism exists between the two in the development and occurrence of bladder cancer. As such, further exploration of their interaction in bladder cancer may help guide the use of vitamin A for preventive purposes. During the course of this review, attention is paid to the influence of intestinal microbiota on the vitamin A metabolism and the RA signaling pathway, as well as the mutual promotion relationships between them in the prevention of bladder cancer, In addition, it emphasizes the importance of intestinal microbiota for bladder cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyue Luo
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liying Zheng
- Department of Graduate, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Zou
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Li
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Chen
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Biao Qian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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16
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Liao N, Pang B, Jin H, Zhao X, Shao D, Jiang C, Shi J. Modifications of Ganoderma lucidum spores into digestive-tissue highly adherent porous carriers with selective affinity to hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122177. [PMID: 37262935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLSs) have been suggested to provide optimal structures for transporting orally bioavailable drugs. However, the double-layer wall and cavities of GLSs are naturally closed. This study aimed to modify GLSs into porous carriers by opening the layers and internal cavity with iturin A (IA) followed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) or hydrochloric acid (HCl). The (IA + KOH)- and (IA + HCl)-treated GLS carriers exhibited a high loading rate of 301.50 ± 2.33 and 268.18 ± 7.72 mg/g for the hydrophilic methylene blue (MB) and hydrophobic rifampicin (RF), respectively. The mechanisms underlying the modification involved the enhancement of the specific surface area with IA and the exposure of hydrophilic groups or hydrophobic groups of the GLSs with KOH or HCl. The sustained 48-h molecule-release profiles of the MB- and RF-loaded GLS carriers were best fitted using a first-order kinetics model in simulated gastric (or intestinal) fluid compared with other models. In mice, the designed GLS carriers had high adhesion capacities onto the mucosa of the digestive tract and long retention times (120 h), and even promoted the secretion of mucus and expression of several key intestinal barrier proteins. This study provided a new method to modify GLSs into oral carriers with selective drug affinity, high loading capacity, sustained drug release, and high adhesion to the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Pang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Jin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhu M, Song Y, Xu Y, Xu H. Manipulating Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment: Clinical and Natural Product Interventions Explored. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11004. [PMID: 37446182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease, that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), having progressively increasing global incidence. Disturbed intestinal flora has been highlighted as an important feature of IBD and offers promising strategies for IBD remedies. A brief overview of the variations occurring in intestinal flora during IBD is presented, and the role of the gut microbiota in intestinal barrier maintenance, immune and metabolic regulation, and the absorption and supply of nutrients is reviewed. More importantly, we review drug research on gut microbiota in the past ten years, including research on clinical and natural drugs, as well as adjuvant therapies, such as Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and probiotic supplements. We also summarize the interventions and mechanisms of these drugs on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yijie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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18
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Chen H, Li Y, Wang J, Zheng T, Wu C, Cui M, Feng Y, Ye H, Dong Z, Dang Y. Plant Polyphenols Attenuate DSS-induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice via Antioxidation, Anti-inflammation and Microbiota Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10828. [PMID: 37446006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota imbalance. Although most researchers have demonstrated the antioxidant bioactivity of the phenolic compounds in plants, their UC-curing ability and underlying mechanisms still need to be further and adequately explored. Herein, we studied the antioxidation-structure relationship of several common polyphenols in plants including gallic acid, proanthocyanidin, ellagic acid, and tannic acid. Furthermore, the in vivo effects of the plant polyphenols on C57BL/6 mice with dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced UC were evaluated and the action mechanisms were explored. Moreover, the interplay of several mechanisms was determined. The higher the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups, the stronger the antioxidant activity. All polyphenols markedly ameliorated the symptoms and pathological progression of UC in mice. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine levels were decreased and the intestinal barrier was repaired. The process was regulated by the antioxidant-signaling pathway of nuclear-erythroid 2-related factor 2. Moreover, the diversity of the intestinal microbiota, Firmicutes-to-Bacteroides ratio, and relative abundance of beneficial bacteria were increased. An interplay was observed between microbiota regulation and oxidative stress, immunity, and inflammatory response. Furthermore, intestinal barrier repair was found to be correlated with inflammatory responses. Our study results can form a basis for comprehensively developing plant-polyphenol-related medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ying Li
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jinrui Wang
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenyang Wu
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyao Cui
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifan Feng
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanyi Ye
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengqi Dong
- Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100094, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Beijing 100700, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yunjie Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger" remains a serious public health problem in most low- and middle-income countries, with severe consequences for child development. Traditional methods of treatment and prevention, such as supplementation and fortification, have not always proven to be effective and may have undesirable side-effects (i.e., digestive troubles with iron supplementation). Commensal bacteria in the gut may increase bioavailability of specific micronutrients (i.e., minerals), notably by removing anti-nutritional compounds, such as phytates and polyphenols, or by the synthesis of vitamins. Together with the gastrointestinal mucosa, gut microbiota is also the first line of protection against pathogens. It contributes to the reinforcement of the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and to a better absorption of micronutrients. However, its role in micronutrient malnutrition is still poorly understood. Moreover, the bacterial metabolism is also dependent of micronutrients acquired from the gut environment and resident bacteria may compete or collaborate to maintain micronutrient homeostasis. Gut microbiota composition can therefore be modulated by micronutrient availability. This review brings together current knowledge on this two-way relationship between micronutrients and gut microbiota bacteria, with a focus on iron, zinc, vitamin A and folate (vitamin B9), as these deficiencies are public health concerns in a global context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorgeles Kouakou Dje Kouadio
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
| | - Frank Wieringa
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
| | - Valérie Greffeuille
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
| | - Christèle Humblot
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
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Li Z, Chen C, Yu W, Xu L, Jia H, Wang C, Pei N, Liu Z, Luo D, Wang J, Lv W, Yuan B, Zhang J, Jiang H. Colitis-Mediated Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Flora and Impaired Vitamin A Absorption Reduce Ovarian Function in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112425. [PMID: 37299390 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the composition and ratio of the flora during colitis have been found to potentially affect ovarian function through nutrient absorption. However, the mechanisms have not been fully explored. To investigate whether colitis-induced dysbacteriosis of the intestinal flora affects ovarian function, mice were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) through drinking water. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to clarify the composition and proportion of bacterial flora as well as gene expression changes in the colon. Changes in follicle type, number, and hormone secretion in the ovary were detected. The results showed that 2.5% DSS could induce severe colitis symptoms, including increased inflammatory cell infiltration, severe damage to the crypt, and high expression of inflammatory factors. Moreover, vitamin A synthesis metabolism-related genes Rdh10, Aldh1a1, Cyp26a1, Cyp26b1, and Rarβ were significantly decreased, as well as the levels of the steroid hormone synthase-related proteins STAR and CYP11A1. The levels of estradiol, progesterone, and Anti-Mullerian hormone as well as the quality of oocytes decreased significantly. The significantly changed abundances of Alistipes, Helicobacter, Bacteroides, and some other flora had potentially important roles. DSS-induced colitis and impaired vitamin A absorption reduced ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chengzhen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haitao Jia
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Na Pei
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zibin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wenfa Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Cheng H, Zhang D, Wu J, Liu J, Tan Y, Feng W, Peng C. Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. volatile oil relieves acute ulcerative colitis via regulating gut microbiota and gut microbiota metabolism. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127785. [PMID: 37205093 PMCID: PMC10187138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AM) is a functional food with strong ant-colitis activity. AM volatile oil (AVO) is the main active ingredient of AM. However, no study has investigated the improvement effect of AVO on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the bioactivity mechanism also remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether AVO has ameliorative activity on acute colitis mice and its mechanism from the perspective of gut microbiota. Methods Acute UC was induced in C57BL/6 mice by dextran sulfate sodium and treated with the AVO. Body weight, colon length, colon tissue pathology, and so on were assessed. The gut microbiota composition was profiled using 16s rRNA sequencing and global metabolomic profiling of the feces was performed. The results showed that AVO can alleviate bloody diarrhea, colon damage, and colon inflammation in colitis mice. In addition, AVO decreased potentially harmful bacteria (Turicibacter, Parasutterella, and Erysipelatoclostridium) and enriched potentially beneficial bacteria (Enterorhabdus, Parvibacter, and Akkermansia). Metabolomics disclosed that AVO altered gut microbiota metabolism by regulating 56 gut microbiota metabolites involved in 102 KEGG pathways. Among these KEGG pathways, many metabolism pathways play an important role in maintaining intestine homeostasis, such as amino acid metabolism (especially tryptophan metabolism), bile acids metabolism, and retinol metabolism. Conclusion In conclusion, our study indicated that AVO can be expected as novel prebiotics to treat ulcerative colitis, and modulating the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota may be its pharmacological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wuwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Wu Y, Liu C, Dong W. Adjunctive therapeutic effects of micronutrient supplementation in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1143123. [PMID: 37077923 PMCID: PMC10106602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that micronutrient status may have some impact on the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, micronutrient deficiencies are easily overlooked during the treatment of IBD patients. There have been many studies on micronutrient supplementation, in which several clinical trials have been conducted targeting vitamin D and iron, but the current research is still preliminary for other vitamins and minerals. This review provides an overview of the adjunctive therapeutic effects of micronutrient supplementation in IBD, to summarize the available evidence, draw the attention of clinicians to micronutrient monitoring and supplementation in patients with IBD, and also provide some perspectives for future research directions.
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Hu S, Ma Y, Xiong K, Wang Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Yang Y, Ma A. Ameliorating Effects of Vitamin K2 on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36769323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory illness of the gastrointestinal system. The purpose of this study was to explore the alleviating effect of vitamin K2 (VK2) on UC, as well as its mechanism. C57BL/6J mice were given 3% DSS for seven days to establish UC, and they then received VK2 (15, 30, or 60 mg/kg·bw) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg/kg·bw) for two weeks. We recorded the clinical signs, body weights, colon lengths, and histological changes during the experiment. We detected the inflammatory factor expressions using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, and we detected the tight junction proteins using Western blotting. We analyzed the intestinal microbiota alterations and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) using 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted metabolomics. According to the results, VK2 restored the colon lengths, improved the colonic histopathology, reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), and boosted the level of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in the colon tissues of the colitis mice. Moreover, VK2 promoted the expression of mucin and tight junction proteins (such as occludin and zonula occludens-1) in order to preserve the intestinal mucosal barrier function and prevent UC in mice. Additionally, after the VK2 intervention, the SCFAs and SCFA-producing genera, such as Eubacterium_ruminantium_group and Faecalibaculum, were elevated in the colon. In conclusion, VK2 alleviated the DSS-induced colitis in the mice, perhaps by boosting the dominant intestinal microflora, such as Faecalibaculum, by reducing intestinal microflora dysbiosis, and by modulating the expression of SCFAs, inflammatory factors, and intestinal barrier proteins.
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24
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Chen W, Li J, Ma Y, Shi R, Yu H, Gantumur MA, Bilawal A, Jiang Z. Binding interaction and stability of alpha-lactalbumin and retinol: Effects of pre- or post-acidification. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xiong HH, Lin SY, Chen LL, Ouyang KH, Wang WJ. The Interaction between Flavonoids and Intestinal Microbes: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020320. [PMID: 36673411 PMCID: PMC9857828 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on the interaction between flavonoids and intestinal microbes have prompted a rash of food science, nutriology and biomedicine, complying with future research trends. The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and human health, but once the intestinal flora dysregulation occurs, it may contribute to various diseases. Flavonoids have shown a variety of physiological activities, and are metabolized or biotransformed by gut microbiota, thereby producing new metabolites that promote human health by modulating the composition and structure of intestinal flora. Herein, this review demonstrates the key notion of flavonoids as well as intestinal microbiota and dysbiosis, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding about how flavonoids regulate the diseases by gut microbiota. Emphasis is placed on the microbiota-flavonoid bidirectional interaction that affects the metabolic fate of flavonoids and their metabolites, thereby influencing their metabolic mechanism, biotransformation, bioavailability and bioactivity. Potentially by focusing on the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota as well as their metabolites such as bile acids, we discuss the influence mechanism of flavonoids on intestinal microbiota by protecting the intestinal barrier function and immune system. Additionally, the microbiota-flavonoid bidirectional interaction plays a crucial role in regulating various diseases. We explain the underlying regulation mechanism of several typical diseases including gastrointestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and guideline for the promotion of gastrointestinal health as well as the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Su-Yun Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ling-Li Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ke-Hui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-83813655
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Zhang Y, Zhu X, Yu X, Novák P, Gui Q, Yin K. Enhancing intestinal barrier efficiency: A novel metabolic diseases therapy. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1120168. [PMID: 36937361 PMCID: PMC10018175 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1120168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically, the intestinal barrier plays a crucial role in homeostasis and nutrient absorption and prevents pathogenic entry, harmful metabolites, and endotoxin absorption. Recent advances have highlighted the association between severely damaged intestinal barriers and diabetes, obesity, fatty liver, and cardiovascular diseases. Evidence indicates that an abated intestinal barrier leads to endotoxemia associated with systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, diabetes, and lipid accumulation, accelerating obesity and fatty liver diseases. Nonetheless, the specific mechanism of intestinal barrier damage and the effective improvement of the intestinal barrier remain to be explored. Here, we discuss the crosstalk between changes in the intestinal barrier and metabolic disease. This paper also highlights how to improve the gut barrier from the perspective of natural medicine, gut microbiota remodeling, lifestyle interventions, and bariatric surgery. Finally, potential challenges and prospects for the regulation of the gut barrier-metabolic disease axis are discussed, which may provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyuan Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xinyuan Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qingjun Gui
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of General Practice, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Qingjun Gui, ; Kai Yin,
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Practice, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Qingjun Gui, ; Kai Yin,
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Zhai Z, Dong W, Sun Y, Gu Y, Ma J, Wang B, Cao H. Vitamin–Microbiota Crosstalk in Intestinal Inflammation and Carcinogenesis. Nutrients 2022; 14:3383. [PMID: 36014889 PMCID: PMC9414212 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) are common diseases of the digestive system. Vitamin deficiencies and gut microbiota dysbiosis have a close relationship with the risk, development, and progression of IBD and CAC. There is a strong link between vitamins and the gut microbiome. Vitamins are extremely crucial for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota, promoting growth and development, metabolism, and innate immunity. Gut microbiota can not only influence the transport process of vitamins, but also produce vitamins to compensate for insufficient food intake. Emerging evidence suggests that oral vitamin supplementation can reduce inflammation levels and improve disease prognosis. In addition, improving the diet structure and consuming foods rich in vitamins not only help to improve the vitamin deficiency, but also help to reduce the risk of IBD. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and the application of vitamin-producing probiotics can better assist in the treatment of intestinal diseases. In this review, we discuss the interaction and therapeutic roles of vitamins and gut microbiota in IBD and CAC. We also summarize the methods of treating IBD and CAC by modulating vitamins. This may highlight strategies to target gut-microbiota-dependent alterations in vitamin metabolism in the context of IBD and CAC therapy.
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He XQ, Liu D, Liu HY, Wu DT, Li HB, Zhang XS, Gan RY. Prevention of Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Sweet Tea ( Lithocarpus litseifolius) via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Butyric-Acid-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Signaling. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112208. [PMID: 35684007 PMCID: PMC9183097 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet tea (Lithocarpus litseifolius [Hance] Chun) is a new resource for food raw materials, with plenty of health functions. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect and potential mechanism of sweet tea extract (STE) against ulcerative colitis (UC). Briefly, BABL/c mice were treated with STE (100 and 400 mg/kg) for 2 weeks to prevent 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC. It was found that STE supplementation significantly prevented DSS-induced UC symptoms; suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as myeloperoxidase and tumor necrosis factor-α; increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines; and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins (Zonula occludens-1 and Occludin). STE also altered the gut microbiota profile of UC mice by increasing Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Alistipes and inhibiting Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Helicobacter, accompanied by a significant increase in the content of butyric acid. Moreover, STE increased the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 43 and GPR109A and inhibited the expression of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) in the colon. In conclusion, this study indicated that STE has a good preventive effect on UC by regulating gut microbiota to activate butyrate-GPR-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling and simultaneously inhibit HDAC3/NF-κB inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin He
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Dan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Xin-Shang Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610212, China
- Correspondence: (X.-S.Z.); (R.-Y.G.)
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (X.-Q.H.); (D.L.); (H.-Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
- Correspondence: (X.-S.Z.); (R.-Y.G.)
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Akinyemi F, Adewole D. Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation. Front Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.775311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors can promote the vulnerability of animals to infections; it is therefore, essential to understand how stressors affect the immune system, the adaptive capacity of animals to respond, and effective techniques in managing stress. This review highlights scientific evidence regarding environmental stress challenge models and the potential effectiveness of vitamin supplementation. The major environmental stressors discussed are heat and cold stress, feed restriction, stocking density, and pollutants. Much work has been done to identify the effects of environmental stress in broilers and layers, while few involved other types of poultry. Studies indicated that chickens' performance, health, and welfare are compromised when challenged with environmental stress. These stressors result in physiological alterations, behavioral changes, decreased egg and meat quality, tissue and intestinal damage, and high mortalities. The application of vitamins with other nutritional approaches can help in combating these environmental stressors in chickens. Poultry birds do not synthesize sufficient vitamins during stressful periods. It is therefore suggested that chicken diets are supplemented with vitamins when subjected to environmental stress. Combination of vitamins are considered more efficient than the use of individual vitamins in alleviating environmental stress in chickens.
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Niu W, Dong Y, Fu Z, Lv J, Wang L, Zhang Z, Huo J, Ju J. Effects of molecular weight of chitosan on anti-inflammatory activity and modulation of intestinal microflora in an ulcerative colitis model. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1927-1936. [PMID: 34748786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of chitosans (CSs) with different molecular weights on ulcerative colitis (UC). Three size classes of CSs (Mw ≤ 3, 50, and 200 kDa) were used in this study. The effect of large CSs (Mw ≤ 200 kDa) on UC was the best, followed by that of medium CSs (Mw ≤ 50 kDa), and that of small CSs (Mw ≤ 3 kDa) was the least in the LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cell model and DSS-induced UC mice model. The therapeutic mechanisms of three CSs are related to anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and regulation of immunoglobulin and intestinal flora by attenuating body weight loss, decreasing the disease activity index (DAI) and MPO activity, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and IgG levels, down-regulating the level of oxidative stress, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, SOD activity and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 levels, and reducing the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Escherichia-Shigella. In general, the molecular weight of CSs influences their efficacy against UC. CSs with an optimal molecular weight demonstrate good development prospects for ameliorating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Niu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuelin Dong
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziwei Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajie Lv
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiege Huo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianming Ju
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Riaz Rajoka MS, Thirumdas R, Mehwish HM, Umair M, Khurshid M, Hayat HF, Phimolsiripol Y, Pallarés N, Martí-Quijal FJ, Barba FJ. Role of Food Antioxidants in Modulating Gut Microbial Communities: Novel Understandings in Intestinal Oxidative Stress Damage and Their Impact on Host Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1563. [PMID: 34679698 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary components have an important role on the structure and function of host gut microbial communities. Even though, various dietary components, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibers, and vitamins, have been studied in depth for their effect on gut microbiomes, little attention has been paid regarding the impact of several food antioxidants on the gut microbiome. The long-term exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause microbial dysbiosis which leads to numerous intestinal diseases such as microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal injury, colorectal cancers, enteric infections, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, it has been shown that the food derived antioxidant compounds might protect the host from intestinal oxidative stress via modulating the composition of beneficial microbial species in the gut. The present review summarizes the impact of food antioxidants including antioxidant vitamins, dietary polyphenols, carotenoids, and bioactive peptides on the structure as well as function of host gut microbial communities. Several in vitro, animal model, and clinical studies indicates that food antioxidants might modify the host gut microbial communities and their health status. However, still further clarification is needed as to whether changes in certain microbial species caused by food additives may lead to changes in metabolism and immune function.
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