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Simón R, Martínez P, González L, Ordás MC, Tafalla C. Differential response of RTGUTGC and RTGILL-W1 rainbow trout epithelial cell lines to viral stimulation. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:433-443. [PMID: 36633210 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces constitute the main route of entry of pathogens into the host. In fish, these mucosal tissues include, among others, the gastrointestinal tract, the gills and the skin. However, knowledge about the mechanisms of regulation of immunity in these tissues is still scarce, being essential to generate a solid base that allows the development of prevention strategies against these infectious agents. In this work, we have used the RTgutGC and RTgill-W1 epithelial-like cell lines, derived from the gastrointestinal tract and the gill of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), respectively, to investigate the transcriptional response of mucosal epithelial cells to a viral mimic, the dsRNA poly I:C, as well as to two important viral rainbow trout pathogens, namely viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Additionally, we have established how the exposure to poly I:C affected the susceptibility of RTgutGC and RTgill-W1 cells to both viruses. Our results reveal important differences in the way these two cell lines respond to viral stimuli, providing interesting information on these cell lines that have emerged in the past years as useful tools to study mucosal responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Simón
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucía González
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Camino Ordás
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Misk E, Huber P, Macinnes JI, Sherif SM, Abo-ismail M, Lumsden JS. Innate response of rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cell line to ultraviolet-inactivated VHSV and FliC and rhabdovirus infection. Fish and Shellfish Immunology Reports 2022; 3:100043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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3
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Liu JT, Pham PH, Wootton SK, Bols NC, Lumsden JS. VHSV IVb infection and autophagy modulation in the rainbow trout gill epithelial cell line RTgill-W1. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:1237-1247. [PMID: 32794227 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy modulation influences the success of intracellular pathogens, and an understanding of the mechanisms involved might offer practical options to reduce the impact of infectious disease. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) can cause high mortality and economic loss in some commercial fish species. VHSV IVb was used to infect a rainbow trout gill cell line, RTgill-W1, followed by the treatment of the cells with different autophagy-modulating reagents. LC3II protein using Western blot was significantly (p < .05) decreased for two days following VHSV infection, and immunofluorescence confirmed that LC3II-positive intracytoplasmic puncta were also decreased. Infection with VHSV resulted in significantly decreased expression of the autophagy-related (Atg) genes atg4, at12, atg13 and becn1 after one day using quantitative PCR. Both viral gene copy number and VHSV N protein were significantly decreased by treating the cells with autophagy-blocking (chloroquine) and autophagy-inhibiting reagents (deoxynivalenol and 3-methyladenine) after three days, while autophagy induction (restricted nutrition and rapamycin) had limited effect. Only treatment of RTgill-W1 with deoxynivalenol resulted in a significant increase in expression of type I interferon. Therefore, the suppression of autophagy initially occurs after VHSV IVb infection, but the modulation of autophagy can also inhibit VHSV IVb infection in RTgill-W1 after three days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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4
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Gorgoglione B, Ringiesn JL, Pham LH, Shepherd BS, Leaman DW. Comparative effects of Novirhabdovirus genes on modulating constitutive transcription and innate antiviral responses, in different teleost host cell types. Virol J 2020; 17:110. [PMID: 32690033 PMCID: PMC7369537 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are highly contagious, pathogenic Novirhabdoviruses affecting fish and are thusly notifiable diseases with the World Organization for Animal Health. This study assessed the relative capacities of IHNV and VHSV genes to modulate host general transcription and explores the abilities of specific IHNV genes to interfere with the interferon pathway in heterogenous teleost cell-lines. METHODS Optimized protocols allowed for efficient transient transfections in EPC, BF-2, RTG-2 and RTgill-W1 cell lines of plasmids encoding IHNV (M genogroup) and VHSV (-IVb genotype) genes, including N, P, M, G and NV. Their impact on general cellular transcription was measured 48 hours post transfection (hpt) with luciferase constructs driven by a modified β-Actin promoter (pCAG). Their modulation of the innate antiviral immune response was characterized 72 hpt, using luciferase constructs measuring rainbow trout Type I IFN or MX-1 promoter augmentation, upon MAVS co-transfection. RESULTS M was generally confirmed as the strongest constitutive transcriptional suppressor while IHNV P, but not VHSV P, augmented constitutive transcription in fibroblastic cell types. Cell-specific effects were observed for viral G gene, with VHSV G exhibiting suppression of basal transcription in EPC and BF-2 but not in trout cells; while IHNV G was stimulatory in RTG-2, but inhibitory in RTgill-W1. NV consistently stimulated constitutive transcription, with higher augmentation patterns seen in fibroblastic compared to epithelial cells, and for IHNV NV compared to VHSV NV. The innate antiviral immune response, focusing on the IFN pathway, was silenced by IHNV M in all cell lines tested. IHNV N showed a dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN, but with minor effects on MX-1. IHNV P and G played minor IFN-inhibitory roles, consistent and dose-dependent only for G in rainbow trout cells. IHNV NV mediated a consistent stimulatory effect on either Type I IFN or MX-1, but much less pronounced in RTgill-W1. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our understanding of Novirhabdoviruses-host interaction, showing differential innate immune responses in heterogenous cell types. Viral regulators of innate immune signaling are identified, either as dose-dependent suppressors (such as M and N) or stimulators (mainly NV), indicating novel targets for the design of more efficient vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, CVM & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, CANR - Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
| | - Jeffery L Ringiesn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Loc H Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- USDA/ARS/School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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5
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Hwang JY, Ahn SJ, Kwon MG, Seo JS, Hwang SD, Jee BY. Whole-genome next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic characterization of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in Korea. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:599-607. [PMID: 32166786 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome next-generation sequencing was used to investigate the local evolution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, a serious pathogen affecting economically important fish such as rainbow trout and turbot in Europe and olive flounder in Asia. Sequence analysis showed that all isolates were genotype IVa, but could be classified further into four subgroups (K1-K4). In addition, genomic regions encompassing the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein and non-virion protein genes, as well as the seven non-coding regions, were relatively conserved, whereas glycoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes were variable in the coding region. Taken together, the data demonstrate that whole-genome next-generation sequencing may be useful for future surveillance, prevention and control strategies against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gijang-gun, Korea
| | - Sang Jung Ahn
- R&D Planning Team, Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gijang-gun, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gijang-gun, Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gijang-gun, Korea
| | - Bo Young Jee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Gijang-gun, Korea
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6
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Abram QH, Rodriguez-Ramos T, Bols NC, Katzenback BA, Dixon B. Effect of suboptimal temperature on the regulation of endogenous antigen presentation in a rainbow trout hypodermal fibroblast cell line. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 100:103423. [PMID: 31254564 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) face low environmental temperatures over winter months and during extreme low temperature events. Suboptimal temperatures are known to negatively impact the teleost immune system, although there is mixed evidence in rainbow trout as to the effect on the endogenous antigen processing and presentation pathway (EAPP). The EAPP is an important pathway for antiviral defense that involves the presentation of endogenous peptides on the cell surface for recognition by cytotoxic T cells. Using a rainbow trout hypodermal fibroblast (RTHDF) cell line as an in vitro model, we determined that constitutive EAPP transcript levels are not impaired at low temperature, but induction of up-regulation of these transcripts is delayed at the suboptimal temperature following exposure to poly(I:C) or viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus IVb, which was still able to enter and replicate in the cell line at 4 °C, albeit with reduced efficiency. The delay in the induction of EAPP mRNA level up-regulation following poly(I:C) stimulation coincided with a delay in ifn1 transcript levels and secretion, which is important since interferon-stimulated response elements were identified in the promoter regions of the EAPP-specific members of the pathway, implying that IFN1 is involved in the regulation of these genes. Our results suggest that the ability of rainbow trout to mount an effective immune response to viral pathogens may be lessened at suboptimal temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn H Abram
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada.
| | | | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada.
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada.
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada.
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7
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Nombela I, Lopez-Lorigados M, Salvador-Mira ME, Puente-Marin S, Chico V, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Mercado L, Coll J, Perez L, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Red Blood Cells from Rainbow Trout Challenged with VHSV Point Towards Novel Immunomodulant Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E63. [PMID: 31324030 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and therefore can propagate cellular responses to exogenous stimuli. RBCs can mount an immune response against a variety of fish viruses, including the viral septicemia hemorrhagic virus (VHSV), which is one of the most prevalent fish viruses resulting in aquaculture losses. In this work, RBCs from blood and head kidney samples of rainbow trout challenged with VHSV were analyzed via transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. We detected an overrepresentation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the type I interferon response and signaling in RBCs from the head kidney and related to complement activation in RBCs from blood. Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen was overrepresented in RBCs from both tissues. DEGs shared by both tissues showed an opposite expression profile. In summary, this work has demonstrated that teleost RBCs can modulate the immune response during an in vivo viral infection, thus implicating RBCs as cell targets for the development of novel immunomodulants.
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8
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Poynter SJ, Leis EM, DeWitte-Orr SJ. In vitro transcribed dsRNA limits viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)-IVb infection in a novel fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) skin cell line. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 86:403-409. [PMID: 30468892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The farming of baitfish, fish used by anglers to catch predatory species, is of economic and ecological importance in North America. Baitfish, including the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), are susceptible to infection from aquatic viruses, such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). VHSV infections can cause mass mortality events and have the potential to be spread to novel water bodies through baitfish as a vector. In this study, a novel skin cell line derived from fathead minnow (FHMskin) is described and its use as a tool to study innate antiviral immune responses and possible therapies is introduced. FHMskin grows optimally in 10% fetal bovine serum and at warmer temperatures, 25-30 °C. FHMskin is susceptible and permissive to VHSV-IVb infection, producing high viral titres of 7.35 × 107 TCID50/mL after only 2 days. FHMskin cells do not experience significant dsRNA-induced death after treatment with 50-500 ng/mL of in vitro transcribed dsRNA for 48 h and respond to dsRNA treatment by expressing high levels of three innate immune genes, viperin, ISG15, and Mx1. Pretreatment with dsRNA for 24 h significantly protected cells from VHSV-induced cell death, 500 ng/mL of dsRNA reduced cell death from 70% to less than 15% at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1. Thus, the novel cell line, FHMskin, represents a new method for producing high tires of VHSV-IVb in culture, and for studying dsRNA-induced innate antiviral responses, with future applications in dsRNA-based antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Poynter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Eric M Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI, USA
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9
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Pham PH, Sokeechand BSH, Hamilton ME, Misk E, Jones G, Lee LEJ, Lumsden JS, Bols NC. VER-155008 induced Hsp70 proteins expression in fish cell cultures while impeding replication of two RNA viruses. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:151-62. [PMID: 30625344 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) inhibitor, VER-155008 (VER), was explored as a potential antiviral agent for two RNA viruses important to fish aquaculture, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Studies were done at a temperature of 14 °C, and with cell lines commonly used to propagate these viruses. These were respectively EPC from fathead minnow for VHSV and CHSE-214 from Chinook salmon embryo for IPNV. Additionally, both viruses were studied with the Atlantic salmon heart endothelial cell line ASHe. For both VHSV and IPNV, 25 μM VER impeded replication. This was evidenced by delays in the development of cytopathic effect (CPE) and the expression of viral proteins, N for VHSV and VP2 for IPNV, and by less production of viral RNA and of viral titre. As VER inhibits the activity of Hsp70 family members, these results suggest that VHSV and IPNV utilize one or more Hsp70s in their life cycles. Yet neither virus induced Hsp70. Surprisingly VER alone induced Hsp70, but whether this induction modulated VER's antiviral effects is unknown. Exploring this apparent paradox in the future should improve the usefulness of VER as an antiviral agent.
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10
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11
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Sever L, Vo NTK, Bols NC, Dixon B. Tapasin's protein interactions in the rainbow trout peptide-loading complex. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 81:262-270. [PMID: 29253558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I receptors play a key role in the immune system by presenting non-self peptides to T cell lymphocytes. In humans, the assembly of the MHC class I with a peptide is mediated by machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum referred as the peptide loading complex (PLC). Although, the identity of the PLC has been widely explored in humans, this complex has not been characterized in fish. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the protein-protein interactions which exist in the human PLC are conserved in the monocyte/macrophage rainbow trout cell line (RTS11), in particular the interaction of tapasin with the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), MHC class I and ERp57. Importantly, a 20 kDa tapasin version that contains an intact C and N terminal domains was found to associate with ERp57 and form a 75 kDa heterodimer. These results suggest a possible novel alternative spliced version of tapasin may regulate the formation of the peptide-loading complex in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Sever
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W. Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W. Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W. Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W. Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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12
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Nombela I, Carrion A, Puente-Marin S, Chico V, Mercado L, Perez L, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus triggers antiviral immune response in rainbow trout red blood cells, despite not being infective. F1000Res 2017; 6:1968. [PMID: 29333244 PMCID: PMC5747336 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12994.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some fish viruses, such as piscine orthoreovirus and infectious salmon anemia virus, target red blood cells (RBCs), replicate inside them and induce an immune response. However, the roles of RBCs in the context of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection have not been studied yet. Methods: Ex vivo rainbow trout RBCs were obtained from peripheral blood, Ficoll purified and exposed to IPNV in order to analyze infectivity and immune response using RT-qPCR, immune fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry and western-blotting techniques. Results: IPNV could not infect RBCs; however, IPNV increased the expression of the INF1-related genes
ifn-1,
pkr and
mx genes. Moreover, conditioned media from IPNV-exposed RBCs conferred protection against IPNV infection in CHSE-214 fish cell line. Conclusions: Despite not being infected, rainbow trout RBCs could respond to IPNV with increased expression of antiviral genes. Fish RBCs could be considered as mediators of the antiviral response and therefore targets of new strategies against fish viral infections. Further research is ongoing to completely understand the molecular mechanism that triggers this antiviral response in rainbow trout RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Aurora Carrion
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Verónica Chico
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Institute of Biology, Catholic Pontifical University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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Nombela I, Puente-Marin S, Chico V, Villena AJ, Carracedo B, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Mercado L, Perez L, Coll J, Estepa A, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Identification of diverse defense mechanisms in rainbow trout red blood cells in response to halted replication of VHS virus. F1000Res 2017; 6:1958. [PMID: 29527292 PMCID: PMC5820608 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12985.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been described that fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) generate a wide variety of immune-related gene transcripts when viruses highly replicate inside them and are their main target cell. The immune response and mechanisms of fish RBCs against viruses targeting other cells or tissues has not yet been explored and is the objective of our study. Methods: Rainbow trout RBCs were obtained from peripheral blood, ficoll purified and exposed to Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus (VHSV). Immune response was evaluated by means of RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) protein profiling. Results: VHSV N gene transcripts incremented early postexposure and were drastically decreased after 6 hours postexposure (hpe). The expression of type I interferon ( ifn1) gene was significantly downregulated at early postexposure (3 hpe), together with a gradual downregulation of interferon-inducible mx and pkr genes until 72 hpe. Type I IFN protein was downregulated and interferon-inducible Mx protein was maintained at basal levels. Co-culture assays of RBCs, previously exposed to UV-inactivated VHSV, and TSS (stromal cell line from spleen) revealed IFN crosstalk between both cell types. On the other hand, anti-microbial peptide β-defensin 1 and neutrophil chemotactic factor interleukin 8 were slightly upregulated in VHSV-exposed RBCs. iTRAQ profiling revealed that VHSV exposure can induce a global protein downregulation in rainbow trout RBCs, mainly related to RNA stability and proteasome pathways. Antioxidant/antiviral response is also suggested to be involved in the response of rainbow trout RBCs to VHSV. Conclusions: A variety of mechanisms are proposed to be implicated in the antiviral response of rainbow trout RBCs against VHSV halted infection. Ongoing research is focused on understanding the mechanisms in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto J. Villena
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Begoña Carracedo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
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14
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Nombela I, Puente-Marin S, Chico V, Villena AJ, Carracedo B, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Mercado L, Perez L, Coll J, Estepa A, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Identification of diverse defense mechanisms in trout red blood cells in response to VHSV halted viral replication. F1000Res 2017; 6:1958. [PMID: 29527292 PMCID: PMC5820608 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12985.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been described that fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) generate a wide variety of immune-related gene transcripts when viruses highly replicate inside them and are their main target cell. The immune response and mechanisms of fish RBCs against viruses targeting other cells or tissues has not yet been explored and is the objective of our study. Methods: Trout RBCs were obtained from peripheral blood, ficoll purified and exposed to Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus (VHSV). Immune response was evaluated by means of RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) protein profiling Results: VHSV N gene transcripts incremented early postexposure and were drastically decreased after 6 hours postexposure (hpe). The expression of the type I interferon ( ifn1) gene was significantly downregulated at early postexposure (3 hpe), together with a gradual downregulation of interferon-inducible mx and pkr genes until 72 hpe. Type I IFN protein was downregulated and interferon-inducible Mx protein was maintained at basal levels. Co-culture assays of RBCs with TSS (stromal cell line from spleen) revealed the IFN crosstalk between both cell types. On the other hand, anti-microbial peptide β-defensin 1 and neutrophil chemotactic factor interleukin 8 were slightly upregulated in VHSV-exposed RBCs Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) revealed that VHSV exposure can induce a global protein downregulation in trout RBCs, mainly related to RNA stability and proteasome pathways. The antioxidant/antiviral response is also suggested to be involved in the response of trout RBCs to VHSV. Conclusions: A variety of mechanisms are proposed to be implicated in the antiviral response of trout RBCs against VHSV halted infection. Ongoing research is focused on understanding the mechanisms in detail. To our knowledge, this is the first report that implicates fish RBCs in the antiviral response against viruses not targeting RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto J. Villena
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Begoña Carracedo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
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15
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Pham PH, Tong WWL, Misk E, Jones G, Lumsden JS, Bols NC. Atlantic salmon endothelial cells from the heart were more susceptible than fibroblasts from the bulbus arteriosus to four RNA viruses but protected from two viruses by dsRNA pretreatment. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 70:214-227. [PMID: 28882807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart diseases caused by viruses are major causes of Atlantic salmon aquaculture loss. Two Atlantic salmon cardiovascular cell lines, an endothelial cell line (ASHe) from the heart and a fibroblast cell line (BAASf) from the bulbus arteriosus, were evaluated for their response to four fish viruses, CSV, IPNV, VHSV IVa and VHSV IVb, and the innate immune agonist, double-stranded RNA mimic poly IC. All four viruses caused cytopathic effects in ASHe and BAASf. However, ASHe was more susceptible to all four viruses than BAASf. When comparing between the viruses, ASHe cells were found to be moderately susceptible to CSV and VHSV IVb, but highly susceptible to IPNV and VHSV IVa induced cell death. All four viruses were capable of propagating in the ASHe cell line, leading to increases in virus titre over time. In BAASf, CSV and IPNV produced more than one log increase in titre from initial infection, but VHSV IVb and IVa did not. When looking at the antiviral response of both cell lines, Mx proteins were induced in ASHe and BAASf by poly IC. All four viruses induced Mx proteins in BAASf, while only CSV and VHSV IVb induced Mx proteins in ASHe. IPNV and VHSV IVa suppressed Mx proteins expression in ASHe. Pretreatment of ASHe with poly IC to allow for Mx proteins accumulation protected the culture from subsequent infections with IPNV and VHSV IVa, resulting in delayed cell death, reduced virus titres and reduced viral proteins expression. These data suggest that endothelial cells potentially can serve as points of infections for viruses in the heart and that two of the four viruses, IPNV and VHSV IVa, have mechanisms to avoid or downregulate antiviral responses in ASHe cells. Furthermore, the high susceptibility of the ASHe cell line to IPNV and VHSV IVa can make it a useful tool for studying antiviral compounds against these viruses and for general detection of fish viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Winnie W L Tong
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Ehab Misk
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ginny Jones
- Elanco Canada Limited, Aqua Business R&D, Victoria, PEI, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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16
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Semple SL, Vo NTK, Li AR, Pham PH, Bols NC, Dixon B. Development and use of an Arctic charr cell line to study antiviral responses at extremely low temperatures. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1423-1439. [PMID: 28261806 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) are the northernmost distributed freshwater fish and can grow at water temperatures as low as 0.2 °C. Other teleost species have impaired immune function at temperatures that Arctic charr thrive in, and thus, charr may maintain immune function at these temperatures. In this study, a fibroblastic cell line, named ACBA, derived from the bulbus arteriosus (BA) of Arctic charr was developed for use in immune studies at various temperatures. ACBA has undergone more than forty passages at 18 °C over 3 years, while showing no signs of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and producing nitric oxide. Remarkably, ACBA cells survived and maintained some mitotic activity even at 1 °C for over 3 months. At these low temperatures, ACBA also continued to produce MH class I proteins. After challenge with poly I:C, only antiviral Mx proteins were induced while MH proteins remained constant. When exposed to live viruses, ACBA was shown to permit viral infection and replication of IPNV, VHSV IVa and CSV at 14 °C. Yet at the preferred temperature of 4 °C, only VHSV IVa was shown to replicate within ACBA. This study provides evidence that Arctic charr cells can maintain immune function while also resisting infection with intracellular pathogens at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Semple
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - N T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - A R Li
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - P H Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - N C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - B Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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17
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Bols NC, Pham PH, Dayeh VR, Lee LEJ. Invitromatics, invitrome, and invitroomics: introduction of three new terms for in vitro biology and illustration of their use with the cell lines from rainbow trout. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:383-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Al-Hussinee L, Pham PH, Russell S, Tubbs L, Tafalla C, Bols NC, Dixon B, Lumsden JS. Temporary protection of rainbow trout gill epithelial cells from infection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus IVb. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1099-1112. [PMID: 26850791 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The branchial epithelium is not only a primary route of entry for viral pathogens, but is also a site of viral replication and subsequent shedding may also occur from the gill epithelium. This study investigated the potential of agents known to stimulate innate immunity to protect rainbow trout epithelial cells (RTgill-W1) from infection with VHSV IVb. RTgill-W1 cells were pretreated with poly I:C, FuGENE(®) HD + poly I:C, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS + poly I:C or heat-killed VHSV IVb and then infected with VHSV IVb 4 days later. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was determined at 2, 3, 4, 7 and 11 days post-infection. Virus in cells and supernatant was detected using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). All of the treatments delayed the onset of CPE (per cent of monolayer destruction), compared with untreated controls; however, killed VHSV or poly I:C combined with LPS was the most effective. Similarly, the detection of viral RNA in the supernatant was delayed, and the quantity was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by all treatments with the exception of LPS alone (4 days). Unlike many of the other treatments, pretreatment of RTgill-W1 with heat-killed VHSV did not upregulate interferon 1, 2 or MX 1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Hussinee
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - P H Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - S Russell
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., Victoria, PEI, Canada
| | - L Tubbs
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., Victoria, PEI, Canada
| | - C Tafalla
- Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - N C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - B Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J S Lumsden
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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19
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Doherty L, Poynter SJ, Aloufi A, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Fish viruses make dsRNA in fish cells: characterization of dsRNA production in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cells infected with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, chum salmon reovirus and frog virus 3. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1133-1137. [PMID: 26775727 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Doherty
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - S J Poynter
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - A Aloufi
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - S J DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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20
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Cano I, Collet B, Pereira C, Paley R, Aerle RV, Stone D, Taylor NGH. In vivo virulence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss correlates inversely with in vitro Mx gene expression. Vet Microbiol 2016; 187:31-40. [PMID: 27066706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro replication of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolates from each VHSV genotype and the associated cellular host Mx gene expression were analysed. All the isolates were able to infect RTG-2 cells and induce increased Mx gene expression (generic assay detecting isoforms 1 and 3 [Mx1/3]). A trout pathogenic, genotype Ia isolate (J167), showing high replication in RTG-2 cells (by infective titre and N gene expression) induced lower Mx1/3 gene expression than observed in VHSV isolates known to be non-pathogenic to rainbow trout: 96-43/8, 96-43/10 (Ib); 1p49, 1p53 (II); and MI03 (IVb). Paired co-inoculation assays were analysed using equal number of plaque forming units per ml (PFU) of J167 (Ia genotype) with other less pathogenic VHSV genotypes. In these co-inoculations, the Mx1/3 gene expression was significantly lower than for the non-pathogenic isolate alone. Of the three rainbow trout Mx isoforms, J167 did not induce Mx1 up-regulation in RTG-2 or RTgill-W1 cells. Co-inoculating isolates resulted in greater inhibition of Mx in both rainbow trout cell lines studied. Up-regulation of sea bream Mx in SAF-1 cells induced by 96-43/8 was also lower in co-inoculation assays with J167. The RTG-P1 cell line, expressing luciferase under the control of the interferon-induced Mx rainbow trout gene promoter, showed low luciferase activity when inoculated with pathogenic strains: J167, DK-5131 (Ic), NO-A-163/68 (Id), TR-206239-1, TR-22207111 (Ie), 99-292 (IVa), and CA-NB00-01 (IVc). Co-inoculation assays showed a J167-dose dependent inhibition of the luciferase activity. The data suggest that virulent VHSV isolates may interfere in the interferon pathways, potentially determining higher pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- Aquatic Animal Disease, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
| | - Clarissa Pereira
- Aquatic Animal Disease, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Paley
- Aquatic Animal Disease, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Aquatic Animal Disease, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - David Stone
- Aquatic Animal Disease, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Nick G H Taylor
- Aquatic Animal Disease, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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21
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Lumsden JS, Dixon B, Bols NC. Differential viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype IVb infection in fin fibroblast and epithelial cell lines from walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), at cold temperatures. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:175-188. [PMID: 25643858 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-cfin11e, with an epithelial-like morphology was developed from a caudal fin of walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), characterized as distinct from the established walleye caudal fin fibroblast-like cell line, WE-cfin11f, and compared with WE-cfin11f for susceptibility to VHSV IVb. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to localize the intermediate filament protein, vimentin, the tight junction protein, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), the extracellular matrix protein, collagen I, and the viral protein, G. Although both cell lines contained vimentin, only WE-cfin11e stained for ZO-1 and only WE-cfin11f stained for collagen I. Ascorbic acid increased the accumulation of collagen I and caused the appearance of collagen fibres only in WE-cfin11f cultures. At 14 °C, both cell lines produced VHSV IVb, but the infection developed more rapidly in WE-cfin11f. At 4 °C, both cell lines became infected with VHSV IVb as judged by the expression of viral proteins, N and G, but only WE-cfin11f produced virus. The results suggest that cold temperatures can modulate viral tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - A W Bender
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J S Lumsden
- Ontario Veterinary College, Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - B Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - N C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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22
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Ammendolia DA, Lumsden JS, Dixon B, Bols NC. Development of a walleye spleen stromal cell line sensitive to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV IVb) and to protection by synthetic dsRNA. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 45:83-93. [PMID: 25701636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-spleen6, has been developed from the stromal layer of primary spleen cell cultures. On conventional plastic, WE-spleen6 cells had a spindle-shaped morphology at low cell density but grew to become epithelial-like at confluency. On the commercial extracellular matrix (ECM), Matrigel, the cells remained spindle-shaped and formed lumen-like structures. WE-spleen6 cells had intermediate filament protein, vimentin and the ECM protein, collagen I, but not smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and lacked alkaline phosphatase and phagocytic activities. WE-spleen6 was more susceptible to infection with VHSV IVb than a fibroblast and epithelial cell lines from the walleye caudal fin, WE-cfin11f and WE-cfin11e, respectively. Viral transcripts and proteins appeared earlier in WE-spleen6 cultures as did cytopathic effect (CPE) and significant virus production. The synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (pIC), induced the antiviral protein Mx in both cell lines. Treating WE-spleen6 cultures with pIC prior to infection with VHSV IVb inhibited the early accumulation of viral transcripts and proteins and delayed the appearance of CPE and significant viral production. Of particular note, pIC caused the disappearance of viral P protein 2 days post infection. WE-spleen6 should be useful for investigating the impact of VHSV IVb on hematopoietic organs and the actions of pIC on the rhabdovirus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aaron W Bender
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - John S Lumsden
- Ontario Veterinary College, Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N2G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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23
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Wang W, Asim M, Yi L, Hegazy AM, Hu X, Zhou Y, Ai T, Lin L. Abortive infection of snakehead fish vesiculovirus in ZF4 cells was associated with the RLRs pathway activation by viral replicative intermediates. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6235-50. [PMID: 25794284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakehead fish vesiculovirus (SHVV) is a negative strand RNA virus which can cause great economic losses in fish culture. To facilitate the study of SHVV-host interactions, the susceptibility of zebrafish embryonic fibroblast cell line (ZF4) to the SHVV was investigated in this report. The results showed that high amount of viral mRNAs and cRNAs were detected at the 3 h post-infection. However, the expressions of the viral mRNAs and cRNA were decreased dramatically after 6 h post-infection. In addition, the expressions of interferon (IFN) and interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx were all up regulated significantly at the late stage of the infection. Meanwhile, the expressions of Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) were also all up-regulated significantly during the infection. Two isoforms of DrLGP2 from zebrafish were also cloned and analyzed. Interestingly, the expression of DrLGP2a but not DrLGP2b was significantly up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels, indicating that the two DrLGP2 isoforms might play different roles during the SHVV infection. Transfection experiment showed that viral replicative intermediates were required for the activation of IFN-α expression. Taken together, the abortive infection of SHVV in ZF4 cells was associated with the activation of RLRs pathway, which was activated by viral replicative intermediates.
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Vo NTK, Bender AW, Lee LEJ, Lumsden JS, Lorenzen N, Dixon B, Bols NC. Development of a walleye cell line and use to study the effects of temperature on infection by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus group IVb. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:121-136. [PMID: 25589167 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell line, WE-cfin11f, with a fibroblast-like morphology was developed from a walleye caudal fin and used to study the intersection of thermobiology of walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill), with the thermal requirements for replication of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) IVb. WE-cfin11f proliferated from 10 to 32 °C and endured as a monolayer for at least a week at 1-34 °C. WE-cfin11f adopted an epithelial shape and did not proliferate at 4 °C. Adding VHSV IVb to cultures at 4 and 14 °C but not 26 °C led to cytopathic effects (CPE) and virus production. At 4 °C, virus production developed more slowly, but Western blotting showed more N protein accumulation. Infecting monolayer cultures at 4 °C for 7 days and then shifting them to 26 °C resulted in the monolayers being broken in small areas by CPE, but with time at 26 °C, the monolayers were restored. These results suggest that at 26 °C, the VHSV IVb life cycle stages responsible for CPE can be completed, but the production of virus and the initiation of infections cannot be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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25
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Luque A, González Granja A, González L, Tafalla C. Establishment and characterization of a rainbow trout heart endothelial cell line with susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 38:255-264. [PMID: 24698994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, we have established and characterized a novel cell line from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The cell line, designated as RTH (rainbow trout heart), was obtained by immortalizing heart cells with recombinant retroviruses that transduced polyoma middle T antigen. This is the first time such a strategy is used to obtain an immortalized fish cell line. The cells showed an endothelial-like morphology and characteristics, constitutively transcribing collagen, selectin and VCAM (vascular cell adhesion molecule), as well as different chemokines and chemokine receptors, but not cytokeratin. As already described for heart endothelial cells, RTH cells actively phagocytized latex beads. Furthermore, RTH cells showed a high susceptibility to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). VHSV modulated the transcription of Mx, major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II), VCAM and many of the chemokine and chemokine receptors expressed in these cells. Therefore, RTH cells constitute an excellent model to study the immune regulation of endothelial cells in fish and their role in leukocyte extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Luque
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucia González
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Kim SH, Thu BJ, Skall HF, Vendramin N, Evensen O. A single amino acid mutation (I1012F) of the RNA polymerase of marine viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus changes in vitro virulence to rainbow trout gill epithelial cells. J Virol 2014; 88:7189-98. [PMID: 24719422 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00423-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is separated into four different genotypes (I to IV) with different sublineages (K. Einer-Jensen, P. Ahrens, R. Forsberg, and N. Lorenzen, J. Gen. Virol. 85:1167-1179, 2004; K. Einer-Jensen, J. Winton, and N. Lorenzen, Vet. Microbiol. 106:167-178, 2005). European marine VHSV strains (of genotypes I to III) are, in general, nonpathogenic or have very low pathogenicity to rainbow trout after a waterborne challenge, and here we also show that genotype IVa is nonpathogenic to trout. Despite several attempts, it has not been possible to link genomic variation to in vivo virulence. In vitro virulence to gill epithelial cells (GECs) has been used as a proxy for in vivo virulence, and here we extend these studies further with the purpose of identifying residues associated with in vitro virulence. Genotype Ia (DK-3592B) and III (NO/650/07) isolates, which are pathogenic to rainbow trout (O. B. Dale, I. Orpetveit, T. M. Lyngstad, S. Kahns, H. F. Skall, N. J. Olesen, and B. H. Dannevig, Dis. Aquat. Organ. 85:93-103, 2009), were compared to two marine strains that are nonpathogenic to trout, genotypes Ib (strain 1p8 [H. F. Mortensen, O. E. Heuer, N. Lorenzen, L. Otte, and N. J. Olesen, Virus Res. 63:95-106, 1999]) and IVa (JF-09). DK-3592 and NO/650/07 were pathogenic to GECs, while marine strains 1p8 and JF-09 were nonpathogenic to GECs. Eight conserved amino acid substitutions contrasting high- and low-virulence strains were identified, and reverse genetics was used in a gain-of-virulence approach based on the JF-09 backbone. Mutations were introduced into the G, NV, and L genes, and seven different virus clones were obtained. For the first time, we show that a single amino acid mutation in conserved region IV of the L protein, I1012F, rendered the virus able to replicate and induce a cytopathic effect in trout GECs. The other six mutated variants remained nonpathogenic. IMPORTANCE This is the first study to clearly link in vitro virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) with an amino acid residue in the L protein, a site located in conserved region IV of the L protein. In vitro virulence is documented by induction of cytopathic effects and viability studies of gill epithelial cells, and the observed cellular responses to infection are associated with increased viral replication levels. There are no previous studies addressing the importance of the L protein or the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for virus virulence in vitro or in vivo. Therefore, the findings reported here should broaden the search for pathogenicity traits in novirhabdoviruses, and there is a possibility that the polymerase participates in defining the host species virulence of various VHSV strains.
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Sever L, Vo NTK, Lumsden J, Bols NC, Dixon B. Induction of rainbow trout MH class I and accessory proteins by viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:154-62. [PMID: 24607971 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility (MH) class I receptors are glycoproteins which play a critical role during responses to intracellular pathogens by presenting endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cell lymphocytes (CD8+). To date, little is known about MH class I regulation at the protein level during viral infections in fish. In this study, we characterised the MH class I pathway response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and upon infection with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVa using the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage cell line RTS11. A 14-day challenge with VHSV IVa at 14°C demonstrated enhanced expression of the class I heavy chain, β2 microglobulin (β2M) and tapasin, while the expression of other accessory molecules ERp57 and calreticulin remained unchanged. However, when infection occurred at 2°C no change in expression levels of any of these molecules was observed. β2M accumulated in the media of RTS11 over time, however the β2M concentrations were 2 fold higher in cultures infected with VHSV 14 days post infection. Strikingly, when cells were maintained at 2°C the secretion of β2M was significantly reduced in both infected and non-infected cultures. These results indicate that VHSV infection alters the kinetics of β2M release as well as the expression of MH class I and suggests that cellular immunity against VHSV can be compromised at low temperatures which may increase host susceptibility to this virus during the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Sever
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - John Lumsden
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1; Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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