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Cao T, Li S, Wang X, Sun Y, Luo C. A novel target-triggered signal chemiluminescence kit for thrombin detection based on fusiform Au/MIL-53(Fe). Talanta 2024; 267:125144. [PMID: 37699268 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a fusiform Au/MIL-53(Fe) catalyst was used to construct a chemiluminescence (CL) kit for the sensitive and rapid detection of thrombin (THR). The porous silica microspheres encapsulated with luminol in holes by thrombin aptamer (THR-APT/Luminol/SPSiO2) and the fusiform Au/MIL-53(Fe) modified with thrombin aptamer complementary chains (Au/MIL-53(Fe)-SSDNA) were prepared. Then, a CL kit for THR detection was constructed by using the prepared composites. When thrombin is added to the reaction system, it binds to its aptamer (THR-APT) to open the holes of SPSiO2, which cause luminol and Au/MIL-53(Fe) release. Released luminol enters the detection system and triggers the reaction of luminol-H2O2-NaOH with the catalyst of Au/MIL-53(Fe), and produces a CL signal. The detection limit and the linear range of the kit were 4.7 × 10-15 M and 1.5 × 10-14 - 3.5 × 10-10 M, respectively. The CL kit also showed high stability, selectivity and reproducibility, and was successfully applied to the determination of THR in serum samples. Therefore, the proposed method for detecting THR has great application potential in the diagnosis of blood-related disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Shurui Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yuanling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
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Li S, Zhang H, Zhu M, Kuang Z, Li X, Xu F, Miao S, Zhang Z, Lou X, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for Whole Blood Analysis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37262362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood, as one of the most significant biological fluids, provides critical information for health management and disease monitoring. Over the past 10 years, advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and biomarker research have spurred the development of powerful miniaturized diagnostic systems for whole blood testing toward the goal of disease monitoring and treatment. Among the techniques employed for whole-blood diagnostics, electrochemical biosensors, as known to be rapid, sensitive, capable of miniaturization, reagentless and washing free, become a class of emerging technology to achieve the target detection specifically and directly in complex media, e.g., whole blood or even in the living body. Here we are aiming to provide a comprehensive review to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of electrochemical sensors for whole blood analysis. Further, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhujun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Ang PC, Perumal V, Ibrahim MNM, Adnan R, Mohd Azman DK, Gopinath SCB, Raja PB. Electrochemical biosensor detection on respiratory and flaviviruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1503-1513. [PMID: 36719432 PMCID: PMC9887245 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have spread throughout the world and cause acute illness or death among millions of people. There is a growing concern about methods to control and combat early-stage viral infections to prevent the significant public health problem. However, conventional detection methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires sample purification and are time-consuming for further clinical diagnosis. Hence, establishing a portable device for rapid detection with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for the specific virus to prevent further spread becomes an urgent need. Many research groups are focusing on the potential of the electrochemical sensor to become a key for developing point-of-care (POC) technologies for clinical analysis because it can solve most of the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods. Herein, this review discusses the current development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of respiratory virus infections and flaviviruses over the past 10 years. Trends in future perspectives in rapid clinical detection sensors on viruses are also discussed. KEY POINTS: • Respiratory related viruses and Flavivirus are being concerned for past decades. • Important to differentiate the cross-reactivity between the virus in same family. • Electrochemical biosensor as a suitable device to detect viruses with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaik Ching Ang
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Veeradasan Perumal
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructures and Nanodevices (COINN), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | - Rohana Adnan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Daruliza Kernain Mohd Azman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
- Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Pandian Bothi Raja
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
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Zhao CC, Chen LY, Chen CJ, Wang QR, Li QH, Kang PD. Does living at high altitude increase the risk of bleeding events after total knee arthroplasty? A retrospective cohort study. Int Orthop 2023; 47:67-74. [PMID: 36318309 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-022-05614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-operative bleeding after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a frequent cause of post-operative complications. This study compared blood loss and indicators of coagulation and fibrinolysis between TKA patients living at low or high altitudes. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 120 patients at our institution who underwent primary TKA from May 2019 to March 2020, and we divided them into those living in areas about 500 m or > 3000 m above sea level. We compared the primary outcome of total blood loss between them. We also compared them in terms of several secondary outcomes: coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters, platelet count, reduction in hemoglobin, hidden blood loss, intra-operative blood loss, transfusion rate, and incidence of thromboembolic events and other complications. RESULTS Total blood loss was significantly higher in the high-altitude group than in the low-altitude group (mean, 748.2 mL [95% CI, 658.5-837.9] vs 556.6 mL [95% CI, 496.0-617.1]; p = 0.001). The high-altitude group also showed significantly longer activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time before surgery and on post-operative day one, as well as increased levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product on post-operative days one and three. Ecchymosis was significantly more frequent in the high-altitude group (41.7 vs 21.7%; relative risk (RR) = 1.923 [95% CI, 1.091-3.389]; p = 0.019). The two groups showed similar transfusion rates, and none of the patients experienced venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, or infection. CONCLUSION High altitude may alter coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters in a way that increases risk of blood loss after TKA. Such patients may benefit from special management to avoid bleeding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yile Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ru Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-de Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Hui H, Gopinath SCB, Ismail ZH, Chen Y, Pandian K, Velusamy P. Cardiovascular biomarker troponin I biosensor: Aptamer-gold-antibody hybrid on a metal oxide surface. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:581-591. [PMID: 35765758 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is highly related to cardiac arrest leading to death and organ damage. Radiological techniques and electrocardiography have been used as preliminary tests to diagnose MI; however, these techniques are not sensitive enough for early-stage detection. A blood biomarker-based diagnosis is an immediate solution, and due to the high correlation of troponin with MI, it has been considered to be a gold-standard biomarker. In the present research, the cardiac biomarker troponin I (cTnI) was detected on an interdigitated electrode sensor with various surface interfaces. To detect cTnI, a capture aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticle probe and detection antibody probe were utilized and compared through an alternating sandwich pattern. The surface metal oxide morphology of the developed sensor was proven by microscopic assessments. The limit of detection with the aptamer-gold-cTnI-antibody sandwich pattern was 100 aM, while it was 1 fM with antibody-gold-cTnI-aptamer, representing 10-fold differences. Further, the high performance of the sensor was confirmed by selective cTnI determination in serum, exhibiting superior nonfouling. These methods of determination provide options for generating novel assays for diagnosing MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Hui
- Department of Geriatrics, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia.,Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| | - Zool H Ismail
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Pandian
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Palaniyandi Velusamy
- Research and Development Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH), Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600044, India
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He J, Jin S, Fan W, Wu L, Gopinath SC, Hu Z. Nanotechnology assisted biomarker analysis to rehabilitate acute ischemic stroke patients by early detection. Process Biochem 2022; 114:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zamanian J, Khoshbin Z, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Hosseinzadeh H, Danesh NM. Current progress in aptamer-based sensing tools for ultra-low level monitoring of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113789. [PMID: 34798498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) as common late-life dementia is pathologically associated with the irreversible and progressive disorder, misfolding, deposition, and accumulation of the brain proteins. Especially, the formation of fibrous amyloid plaques by aggregation of amyloid-β peptides is the pathological cause of this neurologic disorder disease. Besides, tau protein isoforms destabilize the microtubule filaments through post-translational modifications and induce nerve cells' death. Amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins are considered as the critical symptom and reliable molecular biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AD. AD is characterized by impaired thinking proficiencies, cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral disability. Since there is no efficacious therapy for AD at present, the development of precise sensing tools for the early diagnosis of this disease is essential and crucial. Aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) have acquired utmost importance in the field of AD healthcare, due to excellent sensitivity and specificity, ease-of-use, cost-effectiveness, portability, and rapid assay time. Here, we highlight the recent developments and novel perspectives in the field of aptasensor design to quantitatively monitor the AD biomarkers. Finally, some results are represented to achieve a promising viewpoint for introducing the novel aptasensor test kits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Zamanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Khoshbin
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic, Iran
| | - Noor Mohammd Danesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Passive Defense, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Krishnan H, Gopinath SC, Zulhaimi H, Md Arshad M, Subramaniam S. In silico structural analysis of truncated 2’ fluoro-RNA aptamer: Elucidating EGF-1 and EGF-2 binding domains on factor IX protein. Process Biochem 2021; 111:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Jiang P, Wang Z, Yu X, Qin Y, Shen Y, Yang C, Liu F, Ye S, Du X, Ma L, Cao H, Sun P, Su N, Lin F, Zhang R, Li C. Effects of long-term high-altitude exposure on fibrinolytic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:503-509. [PMID: 34238131 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1946265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High altitude (HA), with the main feature of hypobaric hypoxia, is an independent risk factor for thrombosis. However, little is known on the alterations of fibrinolytic system in adaptation to HA. In this study, we investigated changes of fibrinolytic system parameters between individuals permanently living at HA and low altitude (LA) regions, and provided data for further studies on HA-induced thrombotic disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 226 eligible participants, including 103 LA participants, 100 healthy HA subjects and 23 high altitude polycythemia (HAPC) patients, were recruited in this study. Six fibrinolytic parameters, i.e. fibrinogen (Fbg), D-dimer (DDi), antithrombin III (AT-III), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen (PLG) were analyzed respectively. PAI-1 and tPA were performed by using bio-immuno-assays and an automated coagulation analyzer was used to conduct Fbg, DDi, AT-III and PLG tests. RESULTS Plasma levels of Fbg, DDi, PAI-1 and PLG were significantly higher in healthy HA group than in LA group (all p < 0.05), whereas tPA was significantly lower in healthy HA group. No significant difference in AT-III was observed between healthy HA and LA groups (p > 0.05). All these fibrinolytic parameters showed no significant distinctions between healthy HA subjects and HAPC patients (all p > 0.05). HGB showed no relationship with fibrinolytic parameters in HA cohort. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that HA environment has a significant effect on fibrinolytic system and provides a foundation for further studies on HA hypobaric hypoxia-induced thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongkui Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochuan Yu
- Department of Transfusion, People's Hospital of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Barkam, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Qin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhen Shen
- Department of Transfusion, People's Hospital of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Barkam, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjuan Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengliang Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Du
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Cao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Sun
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Su
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhao Lin
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Changqing Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Yin G, Fu B, Xu B, Han J, Xue Y, Chen H, Zhang B, Wang G. Identification of osteosarcoma by microRNA-coupled nuclease digestion on interdigitated electrode sensor. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1094-1100. [PMID: 33987861 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a type of tumor originating from the bone cells, most often from long bones. Children and adolescents are mainly affected by osteosarcoma. Identifying the condition with osteosarcoma is mandatory to provide proper treatment to the affected patients. This research work has introduced an identification of an osteosarcoma biomarker "miRNA-21" on the interdigitated electrochemical sensor by nuclease digestion. The target RNA sequence of miRNA-21 was hybridized to the capture DNA and placed on the sensing electrode surface with the aid of the biotin-streptavidin interaction. The unhybridized immobilized single-standard capture DNA was digested by S1-nuclease. The current response of the digestion level was considered as the duplex formation between the target and capture DNA. Using this technique, the detection limit of the target was reached to 1 fM and a similar response of current was noted with the target RNA-spiked human serum, indicating the selective identification of target RNA. Further, single mismatched, triple mismatched, and random miRNA sequences (miRNA-195) failed to interact with the immobilized capture DNA, representing the specific identification of target RNA. This nuclease digestion technique with miRNA-21 identification helps in detecting osteosarcoma and related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Yin
- Hand-foot Reconstructive Surgery, Dezhou People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Decheng District, Dezhou City, China
| | - Bing Fu
- Department of Medical Affairs, People's Hospital of Dezhou City, Decheng District, Dezhou City, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Surgery, Dezhou People's Hospital, Development Zone No. 888, Jinghua Avenue, Dezhou Economic Development Zone, Dezhou City, China
| | - Jinggang Han
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shandong Dezhou People's Hospital, Dezhou City, China
| | - Yufeng Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Development Division, Dezhou People's Hospital, Shandong Province No. 888, Jinghua Avenue, Dezhou Economic Development Zone, Dezhou City, China
| | - Hulin Chen
- Hand-foot Reconstructive Surgery, Dezhou People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Decheng District, Dezhou City, China
| | - Binxu Zhang
- Department of Traumatology, Dezhou People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Decheng District, Dezhou City, China
| | - Guixin Wang
- Hand-foot Reconstructive Surgery, Dezhou People's Hospital of Shandong Province, Decheng District, Dezhou City, China
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11
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Qiu C, Wang X, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhou Y, Kang J. Sensitive determination of NT-proBNP for diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms incidence on interdigitated electrode sensor. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:865-870. [PMID: 32964560 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a vascular disease found to have progressive growth in the area of aorta. Rupturing of aorta causes excessive bleeding that leads to health-related issues, which can be fatal sometimes. Therefore, it becomes important to make early diagnosis of AAA and its condition and start immediate treatment. Blood-based biomarker helps to diagnose AAA and to monitor the condition after AAA surgery. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a hormone produced in the heart in small quantities and increased when the heart needs to work harder. NT-proBNP was proved to be strongly linked with AAA incidence. Moreover, quantifying the level of NT-proBNP helps to determine the risk factors on cardiovascular system after the surgery. This work is quantifying the NT-proBNP on interdigitated electrode sensor by using NT-proBNP binding aptamer. The detection limit of NT-proBNP was calculated as 1 pg/mL on a linear regression curve [y = 0.2148x + 0.8849; R² = 0.9049]. The linear range with dose-dependent analysis was from 0.01 until 100 ng/mL. Moreover, the control experiment with complementary aptamer sequence did not show the current signal, specifying the detection of NT-proBNP. This research benefits to identify the heart condition of patient after the removal of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Gaomi, Gaomi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Gaomi, Gaomi, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhuan Li
- Department of general surgery, The 5th Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Aviation Medical Office of Air Force Flight Test Bureau, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Li Z, Gopinath SCB, Lakshmipriya T, Anbu P, Perumal V, Wang X. Self-assembled silver nanoparticle-DNA on a dielectrode microdevice for determination of gynecologic tumors. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Zhang W, Li K, Guo J, Ma T, Wang D, Shi S, Gopinath SCB, Gu D. Sensitive identification of prostate-specific antigen by iron oxide nanoparticle antibody conjugates on the gap-finger electrode surface. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:896-901. [PMID: 32822079 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Researches have proved that increasing level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an indicator for the progression of prostate cancer. The present study was focused to determine the PSA level by using anti-PSA antibody conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles, as the probe immobilized on the gap-fingered electrode sensing surface. The detection limit and sensitivity were found at the level of 1.9 pg/mL on the linear regression curve (y = 1.6939x - 0.5671; R² = 0.9878). A dose-dependent liner range was found from 1.9 until 60 pg/mL. Further, PSA was spiked in human serum and did not affect the interaction of PSA and its antibody. This method of detection quantifies the level of PSA, which helps to diagnose prostate cancer at its earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingyang Guo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Sumei Shi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - Deqiang Gu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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14
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Yan LP, Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Kasim FH, Zulhaimi HII, Yaakub ARW. Characterization and anti-bacterial potential of iron oxide nanoparticle processed eco-friendly by plant extract. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:1053-1062. [PMID: 32597353 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1783678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This research comprehends iron-oxide nanoparticle (IONP) production, the apparent metallic nanostructure with unique superparamagnetic properties. Durian-rind-extract was utilized to synthesize IONP and the color of reaction mixture becomes dark brown, indicated the formation of IONPs and the peak was observed at ∼330 nm under UV-visible spectroscopy. The morphological observation under high-resolution microscopies has revealed the spherical shape and the average size (∼10 nm) of IONP. The further support was rendered by EDX-analysis showing apparent iron and oxygen peaks. XRD results displayed the crystalline planes with (110) and (300) planes at 2θ of 35.73° and 63.53°, respectively. XPS-data has clearly demonstrated the presence of Fe2P and O1s peaks. The IONPs were successfully capped by the polyphenol compounds from durian-rind-extract as evidenced by the representative peaks between 1633 and 595 cm-1 from FTIR analysis. The antimicrobial potentials of IONPs were evidenced by the disk-diffusion assay. The obtained results have abundant attention and being actively explored owing to their beneficial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leong Poh Yan
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Farizul Hafiz Kasim
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia
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15
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Ong CC, Siva Sangu S, Illias NM, Chandra Bose Gopinath S, Saheed MSM. Iron nanoflorets on 3D-graphene-nickel: A ‘Dandelion’ nanostructure for selective deoxynivalenol detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Alamrani NA, Greenway GM, Pamme N, Goddard NJ, Gupta R. A feasibility study of a leaky waveguide aptasensor for thrombin. Analyst 2020; 144:6048-6054. [PMID: 31524217 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the feasibility of a leaky waveguide (LW) aptasensor, where aptamers were immobilised in a mesoporous chitosan waveguiding film for the detection of thrombin. This work has demonstrated that aptamers immobilised in hydrogels retain their affinity and selectivity towards their target and thus can be used as bioreceptors. The use of antibodies as bioreceptors for sensing thrombin is not viable because it is a serine protease, which will cleave the antibodies. Currently used assays based on clotting time and chromogenic/fluorogenic substrates have limited potential for thrombin measurement in whole blood. Using the initial binding rate over the first 5 min, the limit of detection of our LW aptasensor for thrombin was ∼22 nM. The sensor was tested with spiked serum samples, giving a reading of 46.1 ± 4.6 nM for a sample containing 50 nM thrombin. Our proposed sensor combines the robustness and low cost of aptamers as molecular recognition elements with the simple fabrication process of the chitosan-based leaky waveguide, making LW aptasensors highly attractive for applications in point-of-care diagnostics and healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Alamrani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Gillian M Greenway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | | | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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18
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Ponce AT, Hong KL. A Mini-Review: Clinical Development and Potential of Aptamers for Thrombotic Events Treatment and Monitoring. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030055. [PMID: 31357413 PMCID: PMC6784064 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique opportunity for aptamer uses in thrombotic events has sparked a considerable amount of research in the area. The short half-lives of unmodified aptamers in vivo remain one of the major challenges in therapeutic aptamers. Much of the incremental successful therapeutic aptamer stories were due to modifications in the aptamer bases. This mini-review briefly summarizes the successes and challenges in the clinical development of aptamers for thrombotic events, and highlights some of the most recent developments in using aptamers for anticoagulation monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Ponce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA
| | - Ka Lok Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W. South Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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19
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Guo S, Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Feng Y. Complementation of ELISA and an Interdigitated Electrode Surface in Gold Nanoparticle Functionalization for Effective Detection of Human Blood Clotting Defects. Nanoscale Res Lett 2019; 14:222. [PMID: 31267309 PMCID: PMC6606688 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing an enhanced diagnosis using biosensors is important for the treatment of patients before disease complications arise. Improving biosensors would enable the detection of various low-abundance disease biomarkers. Efficient immobilization of probes/receptors on the sensing surface is one of the efficient ways to enhance detection. Herein, we introduced the pre-alkaline sensing surface with amine functionalization for capturing gold nanoparticle (GNP) conjugated to human blood clotting factor IX (FIX), and we demonstrated the excellent performance of the strategy. We have chosen the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the interdigitated electrode (IDE), which are widely used, to demonstrate our method. The optimal amount for silanization has been found to be 2.5%, and 15-nm-sized GNPs are ideal and characterized. The limit of FIX detection was attained with ELISA at 100 pM with the premixed GNPs and FIX, which shows 60-fold improvement in sensitivity without biofouling, as compared to the conventional ELISA. Further, FIX was detected with higher specificity in human serum at a 1:1280 dilution, which is equivalent to 120 pM FIX. These results were complemented by the analysis on IDE, where improved detection at 25 pM was achieved, and FIX was detected in human serum at the dilution of 1:640. These optimized surfaces are useful for improving the detection of different diseases on varied sensing surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikui Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032 Yunnan China
| | - Thangavel Lakshmipriya
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751 Republic of Korea
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kumming, 650032 Yunnan China
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20
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Letchumanan I, Gopinath SCB, Md Arshad MK, Anbu P, Lakshmipriya T. Gold nano-urchin integrated label-free amperometric aptasensing human blood clotting factor IX: A prognosticative approach for "Royal disease". Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:128-135. [PMID: 30826647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is clearly presenting the development of a biosensor for human factor IX (FIX) to diagnose the blood clotting deficiency, a so-called 'Royal disease' using an interdigitated electrode (IDE) with the zinc oxide surface modification. Gold nano-urchins (GNUs) with 60 nm in diameter was integrated into a streptavidin-biotinylated aptamer strategy to enhance the active surface area. Two different comparative studies have been done to validate the system to be practiced in the current work holds with a higher capability for the high-performance sense. Whereby, the presence and absence of GNUs in the aptasensing system for FIX interaction were investigated using the amperometric measurement, using a linear sweep voltage of 0-2 V at 0.01 V step voltage. The detection limit was 6 pM based on 3σ calculation when GNUs integrated aptamer assay was utilized for FIX detection, which shows 8 folds sensitivity enhancement comparing the condition in the absence of GNU and 50 folds higher than sensitive radio-isotope and surface plasmon resonance assays. Albeit, the surface and molecular characterizations were well demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, 3D nano-profilometry and further supports were rendered by UV-Vis spectroscopy and Enzyme-linked apta-sorbent assay (ELASA). Furthermore, the spiking experiment was done by FIX-spikes in human blood serum in order to demonstrate the stability with a higher non-fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswary Letchumanan
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - M K Md Arshad
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Thangavel Lakshmipriya
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructure & Nanodevices, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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21
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Li P, Lei Y, Li Q, Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB, Gong X. Diagnosing Perioperative Cardiovascular Risks in Noncardiac Surgery Patients. J Anal Methods Chem 2019; 2019:6097375. [PMID: 31534814 PMCID: PMC6732619 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6097375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Every year, over 200 million adults are undergoing noncardiac surgery. These noncardiac surgery patients may face the risk of cardiac mortality and morbidity during the perioperative and recovery periods. Around ten million patients who underwent noncardiac surgery experience cardiac complications within the first 30 days of the postoperative period; the complications are myocardial infarction, cardiac death, and cardiac arrest. This cardiovascular risk is mostly faced by the patients having cerebrovascular or cardiac disease and the patients with the age greater than 50 years. Monitoring and treating cardiac diseases with a suitable biomarker during the perioperative period is necessary for the early recovery of noncardiac surgery patients. This review discussed the risk factors and the key guidelines to avoid the cardiovascular risks during the perioperative period of noncardiac surgery patients. In addition, the biomarkers and identification strategies for cardiac diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, Ankang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 47, Bashan East Road, Hanbin District, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province 725000, China
| | - Ying Lei
- Department of Functional (ECG Room), Ankang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 47, Bashan East Road, Hanbin District, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province 725000, China
| | - Qiaomei Li
- Operating Room, Ankang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 47, Bashan East Road, Hanbin District, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province 725000, China
| | - Thangavel Lakshmipriya
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Xinwen Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Ankang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 47, Bashan East Road, Hanbin District, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province 725000, China
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