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Lim CX, Redl A, Kleissl L, Pandey RV, Mayerhofer C, El Jammal T, Mazic M, Gonzales K, Sukhbaatar N, Krausgruber T, Bock C, Hengstschläger M, Calender A, Pacheco Y, Stary G, Weichhart T. Aberrant Lipid Metabolism in Macrophages Is Associated with Granuloma Formation in Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:1152-1164. [PMID: 38353578 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202307-1273oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Chronic sarcoidosis is a complex granulomatous disease with limited treatment options that can progress over time. Understanding the molecular pathways contributing to disease would aid in new therapeutic development. Objectives: To understand whether macrophages from patients with nonresolving chronic sarcoidosis are predisposed to macrophage aggregation and granuloma formation and whether modulation of the underlying molecular pathways influence sarcoidosis granuloma formation. Methods: Macrophages were cultivated in vitro from isolated peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes and evaluated for spontaneous aggregation. Transcriptomics analyses and phenotypic and drug inhibitory experiments were performed on these monocyte-derived macrophages. Human skin biopsies from patients with sarcoidosis and a myeloid Tsc2-specific sarcoidosis mouse model were analyzed for validatory experiments. Measurements and Main Results: Monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with chronic sarcoidosis spontaneously formed extensive granulomas in vitro compared with healthy control participants. Transcriptomic analyses separated healthy and sarcoidosis macrophages and identified an enrichment in lipid metabolic processes. In vitro patient granulomas, sarcoidosis mouse model granulomas, and those directly analyzed from lesional patient skin expressed an aberrant lipid metabolism profile and contained increased neutral lipids. Conversely, a combination of statins and cholesterol-reducing agents reduced granuloma formation both in vitro and in vivo in a sarcoidosis mouse model. Conclusions: Together, our findings show that altered lipid metabolism in sarcoidosis macrophages is associated with its predisposition to granuloma formation and suggest cholesterol-reducing therapies as a treatment option in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice X Lim
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics
| | - Anna Redl
- Department of Dermatology, and
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Kleissl
- Department of Dermatology, and
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Thomas El Jammal
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France; and
| | - Mario Mazic
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics
| | - Karine Gonzales
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics
| | | | - Thomas Krausgruber
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alain Calender
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France; and
- Department of Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Yves Pacheco
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR5305, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France; and
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, and
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics
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Yang WB, Luo F, Zhang W, Sun CS, Tan C, Zhou A, Hu W. Inhibition of signal peptidase complex expression affects the development and survival of Schistosoma japonicum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1136056. [PMID: 36936776 PMCID: PMC10020623 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1136056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis, the second most neglected tropical disease defined by the WHO, is a significant zoonotic parasitic disease infecting approximately 250 million people globally. This debilitating disease has seriously threatened public health, while only one drug, praziquantel, is used to control it. Because of this, it highlights the significance of identifying more satisfactory target genes for drug development. Protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is vital to the subsequent localization of secretory and transmembrane proteins. The signal peptidase complex (SPC) is an essential component of the translocation machinery and functions to cleave the signal peptide sequence (SP) of secretory and membrane proteins entering the ER. Inhibiting the expression of SPC can lead to the abolishment or weaker cleavage of the signal peptide, and the accumulation of uncleaved protein in the ER would affect the survival of organisms. Despite the evident importance of SPC, in vivo studies exploring its function have yet to be reported in S. japonicum. Methods The S. japonicum SPC consists of four proteins: SPC12, SPC18, SPC22 and SPC25. RNA interference was used to investigate the impact of SPC components on schistosome growth and development in vivo. qPCR and in situ hybridization were applied to localize the SPC25 expression. Mayer's carmalum and Fast Blue B staining were used to observe morphological changes in the reproductive organs of dsRNA-treated worms. The effect of inhibitor treatment on the worm's viability and pairing was also examined in vitro. Results Our results showed that RNAi-SPC delayed the worm's normal development and was even lethal for schistosomula in vivo. Among them, the expression of SPC25 was significantly higher in the developmental stages of the reproductive organs in schistosomes. Moreover, SPC25 possessed high expression in the worm tegument, testes of male worms and the ovaries and vitellarium of female worms. The SPC25 knockdown led to the degeneration of reproductive organs, such as the ovaries and vitellarium of female worms. The SPC25 exhaustion also reduced egg production while reducing the pathological damage of the eggs to the host. Additionally, the SPC-related inhibitor AEBSF or suppressing the expression of SPC25 also impacted cultured worms' pairing and viability in vitro. Conclusions These data demonstrate that SPC is necessary to maintain the development and reproduction of S. japonicum. This research provides a promising anti-schistosomiasis drug target and discovers a new perspective on preventing worm fecundity and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Song Sun
- Central Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Anhui, China
| | - Cong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - An Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Hu,
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Ganesan N, Ronsmans S, Vanoirbeek J, Hoet PHM. Assessment of Experimental Techniques That Facilitate Human Granuloma Formation in an In Vitro System: A Systematic Review. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050864. [PMID: 35269486 PMCID: PMC8909410 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of granuloma formation is complex, and due to species differences, the validity of animal studies is somewhat questioned. Moreover, the large number of animals needed to observe the different stages of development also raises ethical questions. Therefore, researchers have explored the use of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), a heterogeneous population of immune cells, in an in vitro model. This review included in vitro studies that focused on exposing PBMCs—from healthy, sensitized, or diseased individuals—to antigens derived from infectious agents—such as mycobacteria or Schistosoma spp.—or inorganic antigens—such as beryllium. The reviewed studies mainly explored how human in vitro granuloma models can contribute towards understanding the pathogenesis of granulomatous diseases, especially during the early stages of granuloma formation. The feasibility of granuloma modelling was thus largely assessed via experimental techniques including (1) granuloma scoring indices (GI), (2) cell surface markers and (3) cytokine secretion profiling. While granuloma scoring showed some similarities between studies, a large variability of culture conditions and endpoints measured have been identified. The lack of any standardization currently impedes the success of a human in vitro granuloma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Ganesan
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (N.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (N.G.); (J.V.)
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Peter H. M. Hoet
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (N.G.); (J.V.)
- Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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Liu CY, Ren HN, Song YY, Sun GG, Liu RD, Jiang P, Long SR, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Characterization of a putative glutathione S-transferase of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. Exp Parasitol 2018; 187:59-66. [PMID: 29496524 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the biological characteristics and functions of a putative Trichinella spiralis glutathione S-transferase (TspGST). The results of real-time PCR and immunofluorescent test (IFT) showed that the TspGST gene was expressed at all of T. spiralis different developmental stages (muscle larvae, intestinal infective larvae, adult worms and newborn larvae). When anti-rTspGST serum, mouse infection serum, and pre-immune serum were added to the medium, the inhibition rate of the larvae penetrated into the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) was 25.72%, 49.55%, and 4.51%, respectively (P < 0.01). The inhibition of anti-rTspGST serum on larval invasion of IECs was dose-dependent (P < 0.05). Anti-rTspGST antibodies killed T. spiralis newborn larvae by an ADCC-mediated mechanism. Our results showed that the TspGST seemed to be an indispensable protein for T. spiralis invasion, growth and survival in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ying Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Hua Na Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Liu CY, Song YY, Ren HN, Sun GG, Liu RD, Jiang P, Long SR, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Cloning and expression of a Trichinella spiralis putative glutathione S-transferase and its elicited protective immunity against challenge infections. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:448. [PMID: 28962639 PMCID: PMC5622431 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is a widespread multigene family of detoxification enzymes. The vaccination of mice with recombinant GST of 24 kDa from Trichinella spiralis elicited a low immune protection against challenge infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the T. spiralis putative GST gene (TspGST) encoding a 30.8 kDa protein and to evaluate its potential as a candidate antigen for anti-Trichinella vaccine. Methods The full-length cDNA sequence of TspGST from T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML) was expressed in E. coli. The enzymatic activity and antigenicity of the rTspGST were identified by spectrophotometry, Western blot, and ELISA. The expression of TspGST at T. spiralis various stages was investigated by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescent test (IIFT). Serum level of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies against rTspGST were measured by ELISA. The immune protection produced by vaccination with rTspGST against T. spiralis was evaluated. Results The sequencing results showed that the cDNA of TspGST was 840 bp, and encoded a protein of 279 amino acids, which had a molecular size of 30.8 kDa and a pI of 5.21. Its amino acid sequence shares 37% similarity with TsGST. The rTspGST protein had enzymatic activity of GST. On Western blot and ELISA analysis, the native TspGST protein with 30.8 kDa in crude antigens derived from adult worms (AW), newborn larvae (NBL), infective intestinal larvae (IIL) and ML was recognized by anti-rTspGST sera, but the ML ES antigens could be not recognized by anti-rTspGST sera. Expression of TspGST was found in all of T. spiralis various stages (AW, NBL, ML, and IIL). An immunolocalization analysis identified TspGST in different stages (mainly in cuticles) of the nematode. The mice vaccinated with the rTspGST elicited Th2-predominant immune responses, showed a 34.38% reduction of adult worms and a 43.70% reduction of muscle larvae. Conclusions Immunization with rTspGST produced a partial immune protection, and the rTspGST could be regarded as a potential candidate target for an anti-Trichinella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ying Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hua Na Ren
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ge Ge Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Zhu M, Wang X, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhao W. Mechanism of protective immunity by vaccination with recombinant Echinococcus granulosus glutathione S-transferase (Chinese strain) in mice. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1127-1132. [PMID: 26622451 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoprotective effects of recombinant Echinococcus granulosus glutathione S-transferase (rEgGST) against the development of protoscolices (PSCs), and to determine the mechanisms underlying this protection. ICR mice were subcutaneously immunized three times with rEgGST at weeks 0, 2 and 4, followed by the intraperitoneal administration of E. granulosus PSCs at week 10. Six mice in each group were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 18 and 30 weeks following the initial vaccination in order to observe the macroscopic and microscopic effects of parasite development. Various analyses were subsequently conducted, including determination of the levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and cytokines. Significant differences were observed a number of indices of immune response following immunization with rEgGST. These included reduced cyst formation and elevated levels of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG3, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ, which indicated an increased percentage of immune helper cells. The results of the present study suggest that immunization with rEgGST in mice is able to successfully reduce the PSC-induced formation of cysts and to stimulate an immune response, suggesting that rEgGST possesses potential value as a candidate vaccine for PSC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Zhu
- Center of Scientific Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Experimental Animal Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yana Wang
- Center of Scientific Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center of Scientific Technology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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Bouchery T, Kyle R, Ronchese F, Le Gros G. The Differentiation of CD4(+) T-Helper Cell Subsets in the Context of Helminth Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:487. [PMID: 25360134 PMCID: PMC4197778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are credited with being the major selective force driving the evolution of the so-called “type 2” immune responses in vertebrate animals, with their size and infection strategies presenting unique challenges to the immune system. Originally, type 2 immune responses were defined by the presence and activities of the CD4+ T-helper 2 subset producing the canonical cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. This picture is now being challenged by the discovery of a more complex pattern of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets that appear during infection, including Tregs, Th17, Tfh, and more recently, Th22, Th9, and ThGM. In addition, a clearer view of the mechanisms by which helminths and their products selectively prime the CD4+ T-cell subsets is emerging. In this review, we have focused on recent data concerning the selective priming, differentiation, and functional role of CD4+ T-helper cell subsets in the context of helminth infection. We argue for a re-evaluation of the original Th2 paradigm and discuss how the observed plasticity of the T-helper subsets may enable the parasitized host to achieve an appropriate compromise between elimination, tissue repair, containment, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Ryan Kyle
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research , Wellington , New Zealand ; Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand
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Lenzi HL, Romanha WDS, Santos RMZD, Rosas A, Mota EM, Manso PPA, Caputo LFG, Pelajo-Machado M. Four whole-istic aspects of schistosome granuloma biology: fractal arrangement, internal regulation, autopoietic component and closure. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101 Suppl 1:219-31. [PMID: 17308773 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper centers on some whole-istic organizational and functional aspects of hepatic Schistosoma mansoni granuloma, which is an extremely complex system. First, it structurally develops a collagenic topology, originated bidirectionally from an inward and outward assembly of growth units. Inward growth appears to be originated from myofibroblasts derived from small portal vessel around intravascular entrapped eggs, while outward growth arises from hepatic stellate cells. The auto-assembly of the growth units defines the three-dimensional scaffold of the schistosome granulomas. The granuloma surface irregularity and its border presented fractal dimension equal to 1.58. Second, it is internally regulated by intricate networks of immuneneuroendocrine stimuli orchestrated by leptin and leptin receptors, substance P and Vasoactive intestinal peptide. Third, it can reach the population of +/- 40,000 cells and presents an autopoietic component evidenced by internal proliferation (Ki-67+ Cells), and by expression of c-Kit+ Cells, leptin and leptin receptor (Ob-R), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF-R), and erythropoietin (Epo-R) receptors. Fourth, the granulomas cells are intimately connected by pan-cadherins, occludin and connexin-43, building a state of closing (granuloma closure). In conclusion, the granuloma is characterized by transitory stages in such a way that its organized structure emerges as a global property which is greater than the sum of actions of its individual cells and extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Lenzi
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Dalal I, Karban A, Wine E, Eliakim R, Shirin H, Fridlender M, Shaoul R, Leshinsky-Silver E, Levine A. Polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha promoter and variability in the granulomatous response in patients with Crohn's disease. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:825-8. [PMID: 16641217 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000215028.19269.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Granulomas may be found in 30-70% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). The etiology of granuloma formation in CD is presently unknown. Elevated levels of TNF-alpha are found within granuloma tissue, and are required to maintain granuloma formation in animal models. TNF-alpha production has been shown to influenced by TNF-alpha promoter polymorphisms. We hypothesized that heterogeneity for granulomas in CD might be influenced by the TNF-alpha promoter genotype. Patients with confirmed CD that had undergone full colonoscopy with multiple biopsies and/or surgical resection, served as the study group. One hundred healthy individuals served as a control population for genotyping. Patients and controls underwent genotyping for four TNF-alpha polymorphisms: 238G/A, 308 G/A,857 C/T, and 863 C/A. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were met in 155 patients (1-68 y). Polymorphisms in the TNF promoter were found in 16.6% (238G/A), 14.5% (308 G/A), 36.6% (857 C/T) and 30.7% (863G/A). No significant association was found for any of the individual polymorphisms with presence or absence of granulomas. In conclusion, we did not find an association between individual polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha promoter and presence of granulomas in CD. The reason for heterogeneity in granuloma formation in patients with CD remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dalal
- Department of Pediatrics, E.Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Isreal
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Vigna AF, Almeida SR, Xander P, Freymüller E, Mariano M, Lopes JD. Granuloma formation in vitro requires B-1 cells and is modulated by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp43 antigen. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:589-97. [PMID: 16500129 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that determine granuloma formation and the significance of this type of inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of fungal diseases such as paracoccidioidomycosis are far from fully understood. We developed a granuloma model in vitro using beads to evaluate the role of isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages and B-1 cells. We also investigated granuloma formation in the presence of gp43, the main antigenic component of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which is secreted exocellularly. To determine whether B-1 cells, macrophages, or both, participate in granuloma formation, peritoneal cells from Xid mice, which lack B-1 cells, were used. Granuloma-like structures were not formed with Xid peritoneal cells or with cells from wild type mice that had their peritoneal and pleural cavities irradiated before the cultures were established. Granulomas were observed either when total adherent peritoneal cells or when isolated B-1 cells were added to macrophage cultures. The data strongly suggest that an interaction of B-1 cells and macrophages plays an important role in granuloma-like formation in this experimental model and that the presence of gp43 strongly stimulates this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Vigna
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia e Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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