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Lee J, Nakouzi E, Heo J, Legg BA, Schenter GK, Li D, Park C, Ma H, Chun J. Effects of particle shape and surface roughness on van der Waals interactions and coupling to dynamics in nanocrystals. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1974-1983. [PMID: 37690305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The van der Waals interaction between colloids and nanoparticles is one of the key components to understanding particle aggregation, attachment, and assembly. While the ubiquity of anisotropic particle shapes and surface roughness is well-recognized in nanocrystalline materials, the effects of both on van der Waals forces and torques have not been adequately investigated. In this study, we develop a numerical scheme to determine the van der Waals forces and torques between cubic particles with multiple configurations and relative orientations. Our results show that the van der Waals torque due to anisotropic particle shapes is appreciable at nearly all configurations and mutual angles, outcompeting Brownian torque for various materials systems and conditions. Surface roughness enhances this particle shape effect, resulting in stronger van der Waals interactions ascribed to protrusions on the surfaces. Moreover, a scaling analysis indicates that the surface roughness alters the separation dependence of the van der Waals force and, more importantly, significantly influences the dynamics of two approaching particles. Our results clearly demonstrate that surface roughness and anisotropic shape play a crucial role in the energetics and kinetics of various particle-scale and emergent phenomena, such as crystal growth by oriented attachment, nanomaterials synthesis and assembly, mud flow rheology, as well as the deposition of natural nanocrystals within the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, 416 South 6th Street, Columbia 65211, United States.
| | - Elias Nakouzi
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Benjamin A Legg
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregory K Schenter
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Chanwoo Park
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, 416 South 6th Street, Columbia 65211, United States
| | - Hongbin Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, 416 South 6th Street, Columbia 65211, United States
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States; Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States.
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Argun BR, Statt A. Influence of shape on heteroaggregation of model microplastics: a simulation study. Soft Matter 2023; 19:8081-8090. [PMID: 37817642 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are a growing threat, especially in aqueous habitats. For assessing the influence on the ecosystem and possible solution strategies, it is necessary to investigate the "fate" of microplastics in the environment. Microplastics are typically surrounded by natural organic matter, which can cause aggregation via favorable interactions. However, the effect of shape and flow conditions on heteroaggregation is not well understood. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of different microplastic particle shapes with smaller spherical organic matter. We find that mostly smooth particles formed compact structures with large number of neighbors with weak connection strength and higher fractal dimension. Microplastics with sharper edges and corners aggregated into more fractal structures with fewer neighbors, but with stronger connections. We investigated the behavior of aggregates under shear flow. The critical shear rate at which the aggregates break up is much larger for spherical and rounded cube microplastics, the compact aggregate structure outweighs their weaker connection strength. The rounded cube aggregate exhibited unexpectedly high resistance against breakup under shear. We attribute this to being fairly compact due to weaker, flexible neighbor connections, which are still strong enough to prevent particles to break off during shear flow. Irrespective of stronger connections between neighbouring microplastics, fractal aggregates of cubes break up at lower shear rates. We find that cube aggregates reduced their radius of gyration significantly, indicating restructuring during shear, while most neighbor connections were kept intact. Sphere aggregates, however, kept their overall size while undergoing local rearrangements, breaking a significant portion of their neighbor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruşen Argun
- Mechanical Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, IL, USA
| | - Antonia Statt
- Materials Science and Engineering, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 61801, IL, USA.
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3
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Liu L, Legg BA, Smith W, Anovitz LM, Zhang X, Harper R, Pearce CI, Rosso KM, Stack AG, Bleuel M, Mildner DFR, Schenter GK, Clark AE, De Yoreo JJ, Chun J, Nakouzi E. Predicting Outcomes of Nanoparticle Attachment by Connecting Atomistic, Interfacial, Particle, and Aggregate Scales. ACS Nano 2023; 17:15556-15567. [PMID: 37556761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicting nanoparticle aggregation and attachment phenomena requires a rigorous understanding of the interplay among crystal structure, particle morphology, surface chemistry, solution conditions, and interparticle forces, yet no comprehensive picture exists. We used an integrated suite of experimental, theoretical, and simulation methods to resolve the effect of solution pH on the aggregation of boehmite nanoplatelets, a case study with important implications for the environmental management of legacy nuclear waste. Real-time observations showed that the particles attach preferentially along the (010) planes at pH 8.5 and the (101) planes at pH 11. To rationalize these results, we established the connection between key physicochemical phenomena across the relevant length scales. Starting from molecular-scale simulations of surface hydroxyl reactivity, we developed an interfacial-scale model of the corresponding electrostatic potentials, with subsequent particle-scale calculations of the resulting driving forces allowing successful prediction of the attachment modes. Finally, we scaled these phenomena to understand the collective structure at the aggregate-scale. Our results indicate that facet-specific differences in surface chemistry produce heterogeneous surface charge distributions that are coupled to particle anisotropy and shape-dependent hydrodynamic forces, to play a key role in controlling aggregation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Benjamin A Legg
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - William Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Lawrence M Anovitz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Reed Harper
- College of Computing, Engineering & Construction, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Carolyn I Pearce
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Andrew G Stack
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Markus Bleuel
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20889-6102, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, J. Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David F R Mildner
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20889-6102, United States
| | - Gregory K Schenter
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Aurora E Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Elias Nakouzi
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Gao Z, Mansor MH, Winder N, Demiral S, Maclnnes J, Zhao X, Muthana M. Microfluidic-Assisted ZIF-Silk-Polydopamine Nanoparticles as Promising Drug Carriers for Breast Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1811. [PMID: 37513998 PMCID: PMC10384305 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are heralded as potential nanoplatforms for biomedical applications. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), as one of the most well known MOFs, has been widely applied as a drug delivery carrier for cancer therapy. However, the application of ZIF-8 nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent has been hindered by the challenge of how to control the release behaviour of anti-cancer zinc ions to cancer cells. In this paper, we designed microfluidic-assisted core-shell ZIF-8 nanoparticles modified with silk fibroin (SF) and polydopamine (PDA) for sustained release of zinc ions and curcumin (CUR) and tested these in vitro in various human breast cancer cells. We report that microfluidic rapid mixing is an efficient method to precisely control the proportion of ZIF-8, SF, PDA, and CUR in the nanoparticles by simply adjusting total flow rates (from 1 to 50 mL/min) and flow rate ratios. Owing to sufficient and rapid mixing during microfluidic-assisted nanoprecipitation, our designer CUR@ZIF-SF-PDA nanoparticles had a desired particle size of 170 nm with a narrow size distribution (PDI: 0.08), which is much smaller than nanoparticles produced using traditional magnetic stirrer mixing method (over 1000 nm). Moreover, a properly coated SF layer successfully enhanced the capability of ZIF-8 as a reservoir of zinc ions. Meanwhile, the self-etching reaction between ZIF-8 and PDA naturally induced a pH-responsive release of zinc ions and CUR to a therapeutic level in the MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3, and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, resulting in a high cellular uptake efficiency, cytotoxicity, and cell cycle arrest. More importantly, the high biocompatibility of designed CUR@ZIF-SF-PDA nanoparticles remained low in cytotoxicity on AD-293 non-cancer cells. We demonstrate the potential of prepared CUR@ZIF-SF-PDA nanoparticles as promising carriers for the controlled release of CUR and zinc ions in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Gao
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Muhamad Hawari Mansor
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Natalie Winder
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Secil Demiral
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Jordan Maclnnes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Akada K, Okubo S, Yamada T, Tokuda K, Yamaguchi K, Uemura S, Onoki T, Tejima S, Kobayashi M, Fujita JI. Anisotropic flocculation in shear thickening colloid-polymer suspension via simultaneous observation of rheology and X-ray scattering. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Józó M, Várdai R, Hegyesi N, Móczó J, Pukánszky B. Poly-ε-Caprolactone/Halloysite Nanotube Composites for Resorbable Scaffolds: Effect of Processing Technology on Homogeneity and Electrospinning. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213772. [PMID: 34771328 PMCID: PMC8587687 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL)/halloysite composites were prepared to compare the effect of homogenization technology on the structure and properties of the composites. Halloysite content changed from 0 to 10 vol% in six steps and homogeneity was characterized by various direct and indirect methods. The results showed that the extent of aggregation depends on technology and on halloysite content; the size and number of aggregates increase with increasing halloysite content. Melt mixing results in more homogeneous composites than the simple compression of the component powders or homogenization in solution and film casting. Homogeneity and the extent of aggregation determines all properties, including functionality. The mechanical properties of the polymer deteriorate with increasing aggregation; even stiffness depends on homogeneity. Strength and deformability decreases drastically as the number and size of aggregates increase. Not only dispersed structure, but also the physical state and crystalline structure of the polymer influence homogeneity and properties. The presence of the filler affects the preparation of electrospun fiber scaffolds as well. A part of the filler is excluded from the fibers while another part forms aggregates that complicates fiber spinning and deteriorates properties. The results indicate that spinning is easier and the quality of the fibers is better if a material homogenized previously by melt mixing is used for the production of the fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Józó
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (R.V.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Várdai
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (R.V.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Hegyesi
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (R.V.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Móczó
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (R.V.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Pukánszky
- Laboratory of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (R.V.); (N.H.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH Eötvös Loránd Research Network, P.O. Box 286, H-1519 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-(14)-632015
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Sun Y, Im J, Shobnam N, Fanourakis SK, He L, Anovitz LM, Erickson PR, Sun H, Zhuang J, Löffler FE. Degradation of Adsorbed Bisphenol A by Soluble Mn(III). Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13014-13023. [PMID: 34559517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a high production volume chemical and potential endocrine disruptor, is found to be associated with sediments and soils due to its hydrophobicity (log KOW of 3.42). We used superfine powdered activated carbon (SPAC) with a particle size of 1.38 ± 0.03 μm as a BPA sorbent and assessed degradation of BPA by oxidized manganese (Mn) species. SPAC strongly sorbed BPA, and desorption required organic solvents. No degradation of adsorbed BPA (278.7 ± 0.6 mg BPA g-1 SPAC) was observed with synthetic, solid α-MnO2 with a particle size of 15.41 ± 1.35 μm; however, 89% mass reduction occurred following the addition of 0.5 mM soluble Mn(III). Small-angle neutron scattering data suggested that both adsorption and degradation of BPA occurred in SPAC pores. The findings demonstrate that Mn(III) mediates oxidative transformation of dissolved and adsorbed BPA, the latter observation challenging the paradigm that contaminant desorption and diffusion out of pore structures are required steps for degradation. Soluble Mn(III) is abundant near oxic-anoxic interfaces, and the observation that adsorbed BPA is susceptible to degradation has implications for predicting, and possibly managing, the fate and longevity of BPA in environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeongdae Im
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
| | - Nusrat Shobnam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66503, United States
| | - Sofia K Fanourakis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Lilin He
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lawrence M Anovitz
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - Huihui Sun
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Frank E Löffler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Frungieri G, Vanni M. Aggregation and breakup of colloidal particle aggregates in shear flow: A combined Monte Carlo - Stokesian dynamics approach. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun H, Jiao R, Wang D. The difference of aggregation mechanism between microplastics and nanoplastics: Role of Brownian motion and structural layer force. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115942. [PMID: 33158612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have attracted worldwide attention because of the potential risks they pose to aquatic environments, but there are few studies on the difference of aggregation mechanism between MPs and NPs. In this study, 100 nm and 1 μm polystyrene plastics were selected as models to explore the aggregation mechanism of MPs/NPs under different aquatic environments. The influence of ion species and concentrations on the aggregation behaviors and kinetics were systematically investigated to predict the effects of water quality on the occurrence form of MPs and NPs based on DLVO theory and revised modified Smoluchowski theory. Results showed concentration, valence and hydrated ability of cations jointly affected the aggregation behavior of NPs. The critical coagulation concentration ratio of cations were consistent with Schulze-Hardy rules. But the different aggregation rate coefficients of same valent cations were ascribed to the structural layer force. Anion species played a role in the reaction-controlled regime by producing hydrogen ions to neutralize negative charges on NPs surfaces. Due to the strong Brownian motion and structural layer force, NPs would be stable in freshwater but preferentially aggregated when transport through brackish water, estuaries, eutrophication and high hardness areas and sea water, forming the accumulation hot spots of NPs in the sediment. While for MPs, physical process controlled the aggregation mechanism of them, leading to high stability in natural water and eventually transporting into marine environments. This study provided a theoretical foundation for assessing the transport, distribution, fate and ecological risks of MPs and NPs in realistic aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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