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Hamed I, Tsoukalas D, Jakobsen AN, Zhang J, Asimakopoulos AG, Seyitmuhammedov K, Lerfall J. Edible Sea urchins Echinus esculentus from Norwegian waters- Effect of season on nutritional quality and chemical contaminants. Food Chem 2024; 447:139032. [PMID: 38513489 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize Echinus esculentus gonads in terms of biometric parameters and nutritional quality at two sites in Mid-Norway at four different seasons. The chemical contamination of the gonads was also investigated for the first time through the evaluation of 28 macro- and trace elements and 32 components from the emerging and persistent group per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The spawning period was determined in summer, given that the gonad index was the lowest in this season for both sites. Protein concentrations were constant (8%-10%). However, lipid contents (1%-3%) were noticed to be higher in gonads during autumn and winter. The gonads had high contents of PUFA mainly EPA and DHA, followed by SFA, and MUFA year around for both locations. E. esculentus gonads constitute a good source of fatty acids, macro, and trace elements. This species could also be a bioindicator for the monitoring of marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Hamed
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dionysios Tsoukalas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anita Nordeng Jakobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kyyas Seyitmuhammedov
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Lerfall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Yan PF, Dong S, Pennell KD, Cápiro NL. A review of the occurrence and microbial transformation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted environments. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:171883. [PMID: 38531439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) have been extensively used for extinguishing hydrocarbon-fuel fires at military sites, airports, and fire-training areas. Despite being a significant source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), our understanding of PFAS occurrence in AFFF formulations and AFFF-impacted environments is limited, as is the impact of microbial transformation on the environment fate of AFFF-derived PFAS. This literature review compiles PFAS concentrations in electrochemical fluorination (ECF)- and fluorotelomer (FT)-based AFFFs and provides an overview of PFAS occurrence in AFFF-impacted environments. Our analysis reveals that AFFF use is a predominant point source of PFAS contamination, including primary precursors (polyfluoroalkyl substances as AFFF components), secondary precursors (polyfluoroalkyl transformation products of primary precursors), and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Moreover, there are discrepancies between PFAS concentration profiles in AFFFs and those measured in AFFF-impacted media. For example, primary precursors constitute 52.6 % and 99.5 % of PFAS mass in ECF- and FT-based AFFFs, respectively, whereas they represent only 0.7 % total mass in AFFF-impacted groundwater. Conversely, secondary precursors, which constitute <1 % of PFAS in AFFFs, represent 4.0-27.8 % of PFAS in AFFF-impacted environments. The observed differences in PFAS levels between AFFFs and environmental samples are likely due to in-situ biotransformation processes. Biotransformation rates and pathways reported for AFFF-derived primary and secondary precursors varied among different classes of precursors, consistent with the PFAS occurrence in AFFF-impacted environments. For example, readily biodegradable primary precursors, N-dimethyl ammonio propyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide (AmPr-FASA) and n:2 fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (n:2 FtTAoS), were rarely detected in AFFF-impacted environments. In contrast, key secondary precursors, perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs) and n:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (n:2 FTS), were widely detected, which was attributed to their resistance to biotransformation. Key knowledge gaps and future research priorities are presented to better understand the occurrence, fate, and transport of AFFF-derived PFAS in the environment and to design more effective remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
| | - Sheng Dong
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Natalie L Cápiro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
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3
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Feng G, Zhou B, Yuan R, Luo S, Gai N, Chen H. Influence of soil composition and environmental factors on the adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Sci Total Environ 2024; 925:171785. [PMID: 38508244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered considerable scientific and regulatory scrutiny due to their widespread distribution across environments and their potential toxicological impacts on human health. The pedosphere serves as a vital reservoir for these chemicals, significantly determining their environmental trajectory and chemical transformations. This study offers a comprehensive synthesis of the current understanding regarding the adsorption mechanics of PFASs in soil matrices. Due to their unique molecular structure, PFASs predominantly engage in hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions during soil adsorption. This work thoroughly evaluates the influence of various factors on adsorption efficiency, including soil properties, molecular characteristics of PFASs, and the prevailing environmental conditions. The complex nature of soil environments complicates isolating individual impacts on PFAS behavior, necessitating an integrated approach to understanding their environmental destinies better. Through this exploration, we seek to clarify the complex interplay of factors that modulate the adsorption of PFASs in soils, highlighting the urgent need for future research to disentangle the intricate and combined effects that control the environmental behavior of PFAS compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing 100037, China
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuai Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Lee A, Choe JK, Zoh KD, Lee C, Choi Y. Development of ionic-liquid-impregnated activated carbon for sorptive removal of PFAS in drinking water treatment. Chemosphere 2024; 355:141872. [PMID: 38570046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adsorption of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on activated carbon (AC) is considerably hindered by the surface water constituents, degrading the ability of the AC adsorption process to remove PFAS in drinking water treatment. Herein, we developed ionic-liquid-impregnated AC (IL/AC) as an alternative to AC for PFAS sorption and demonstrated its performance with real surface water for the first time. Ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL(C2)) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (IL(C6)) were selected from among 272 different ILs using the conductor-like screening model for realistic solvents (COSMO-RS) simulation. Impregnation of the ILs in AC was verified using various analytical techniques. Although the synthesized IL/ACs were less effective than pristine AC in treating PFAS in deionized water, their performances were less impacted by the surface water constituents, resulting in comparable or sometimes better performances than pristine AC for treating PFAS in surface water. The removal efficiencies of 10 wt% IL(C6)/AC for six PFAS were 1.40-1.96 times higher than those of pristine AC in a surface water sample containing 2.6 mg/L dissolved organic carbon and millimolar-level divalent cation concentration. PFAS partitioning from the surface water to ILs was not hindered by dissolved organic matter and was enhanced by the divalent cations, indicating the advantages of IL/ACs for treating significant amounts of PFAS in water. The synthesized IL/ACs were effective at treating coexisting pharmaceutical and personal-care products in surface water, showcasing their versatility for treating a broad range of water micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleum Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hamid H, Nicomel NR, Mohamed BA, Abida O, Li LY. Adsorption and leaching of fluorotelomer compounds and perfluoroalkyl acids in aqueous media by activated carbon prepared from municipal biosolids. J Environ Manage 2024; 358:120839. [PMID: 38599091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in nature and pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Limiting PFAA exposure requires novel technology for their effective removal from water. We investigated the efficacy of biosolid-based activated carbon (Bio-SBAC) in removing frequently detected PFAAs and their precursor fluorotelomer compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations (∼50 μg/L). Batch experiments were performed to investigate adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and leachability. Bio-SBAC achieved >95% removal of fluorotelomeric compounds, indicating that the need for PFAA removal from the environment could be minimised if the precursors were targeted. Kinetic data modelling suggested that chemisorption is the dominant PFAA adsorption mechanism. As evidenced by the isotherm modelling results, Freundlich adsorption intensity, n-1, values of <1 (0.707-0.938) indicate chemisorption. Bio-SBAC showed maximum capacities for the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (1429 μg/g) and perfluorononanoic acid (1111 μg/g). Batch desorption tests with 100 mg/L humic acid and 10 g/L NaCl showed that Bio-SBAC effectively retained the adsorbed PFAA with little or no leaching, except perfluorobutanoic acid. Overall, this study revealed that Bio-SBAC is a value-added material with promising characteristics for PFAA adsorption and no leachability. Additionally, it can be incorporated into biofilters to remove PFAAs from stormwater, presenting a sustainable approach to minimise biosolid disposal and improve the quality of wastewater before discharge into receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hamid
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nina Ricci Nicomel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Badr A Mohamed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cairo University, El-Gamma Street, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Otman Abida
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laâyoune 70000, Morocco
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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6
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Mer K, Arachchilage P, Tao W, Egiebor NO. Activation of sawdust biochar with water and wastewater treatment residuals for sorption of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in water. Chemosphere 2024; 358:142160. [PMID: 38685330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has found biochar to be a cost-effective adsorbent for removal of perfluoroalkyl substances in water. To promote cleaner production and sustainable waste management, this study explored the potential to produce activated biochars by co-pyrolyzing sawdust with iron-rich biosolids and polyaluminum sludge. The maximum capacity to adsorb perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) reached 27.2 mg g-1 with biosolids-activated biochar and 19.2 mg g-1 with aluminum sludge-activated biochar, compared to 6.2 mg g-1 with sawdust biochar. The increased adsorption capacities were attributed to electrostatic interactions between the anionic PFOS and metal functionalities on the biochar surface. In contrast, hydrophobic interaction was the dominant adsorption mechanism of sawdust biochar. The presence of dissolved organic matter at 5-50 mg L-1 was found to inhibit adsorption of PFOS in water, while pH as low as 3.0 and sodium chloride concentrations up to 100 mM enhanced removal of PFOS by all the three adsorbents. In batch adsorption tests at environmentally relevant PFOS dosages and adsorbent dosage of 0.25 g L-1, the biosolids-sawdust biochar and Al sludge-sawdust biochar removed 71.4% and 66.9% of PFOS from drinking water and 77.9% and 87.9% of PFOS from filtrate of sludge digestate, respectively. The biosolids-sawdust biochar additionally removed Fe, although the Al sludge-sawdust biochar released Al into the alkaline drinking water and filtrate. Overall, this study proved co-pyrolyzing sawdust and Fe-rich biosolids to be an effective approach to activate sawdust biochar for enhanced removal of PFOS while recycling wastewater treatment residuals and sawdust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Mer
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Pubudu Arachchilage
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Wendong Tao
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Nosa O Egiebor
- Montana Technological University, 1300 W. Park Street, Butte, MT, 59701, USA.
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7
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Feng S, Lu X, Ouyang K, Su G, Li Q, Shi B, Meng J. Environmental occurrence, bioaccumulation and human risks of emerging fluoroalkylether substances: Insight into security of alternatives. Sci Total Environ 2024; 922:171151. [PMID: 38395160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used due to their unique structure and excellent performance, while also posing threats on ecosystem, especially long-chain perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). As the control of conventional PFASs, fluoroalkylether substances (ether-PFASs) as alternatives are constantly emerging. Subsequently, the three representative ether-PFASs, chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (F-53B), hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA), and 4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoicacid (ADONA) are discovered and have received more attention in the environment and ecosystem. But their security is now also being challenged. This review systematically assesses their security from six dimensions including environmental occurrence in water, soil and atmosphere, as well as bioaccumulation and risk in plants, animals and humans. High substitution level is observed for F-53B, whether in environment or living things. Like PFOS or even more extreme, F-53B exhibits high biomagnification ability, transmission efficiency from maternal to infant, and various biological toxicity effects. HFPO-DA still has a relatively low substitution level for PFOA, but its use has emerged in Europe. Although it is less detected in human bodies and has a higher metabolic rate than PFOA, the strong migration ability of HFPO-DA in plants may pose dietary safety concerns for humans. Research on ADONA is limited, and currently, it is detected in Germany frequently while remaining at trace levels globally. Evidently, F-53B has shown increasing risk both in occurrence and toxicity compared to PFOS, and HFPO-DA is relatively safe based on available data. There are still knowledge gaps on security of alternatives that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Feng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Kaige Ouyang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects Research, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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He J, Boersma M, Song Z, Krebsbach S, Fan D, Duin EC, Wang D. Biochar and surfactant synergistically enhanced PFAS destruction in UV/sulfite system at neutral pH. Chemosphere 2024; 353:141562. [PMID: 38417493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The UV/sulfite-based advanced reduction process (ARP) emerges as an effective strategy to combat per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pollution in water. Yet, the UV/sulfite-ARP typically operates at highly alkaline conditions (e.g., pH > 9 or even higher) since the generated reductive radicals for PFAS degradation can be quickly sequestered by protons (H+). To overcome the associated challenges, we prototyped a biochar-surfactant-system (BSS) to synergistically enhance PFAS sorption and degradation by UV/sulfite-ARP. The degradation and defluorination efficiencies of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) depended on solution pH, and concentrations of surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; CTAB), sulfite, and biochar. At high pH (8-10), adding biochar and BSS showed no or even small inhibitory effect on PFOA degradation, since the degradation efficiencies were already high enough that cannot be differentiated. However, at acidic and neutral pH (6-7), an evident enhancement of PFOA degradation and defluorination efficiencies occurred. This is due to the synergies between biochar and CTAB that create favorable microenvironments for enhanced PFOA sorption and deeper destruction by prolonging the longevity of reductive radicals (e.g., SO3•-), which is less affected by ambient pH conditions. The performance of UV/sulfite/BSS was further optimized and used for the degradation of four PFAS. At the optimal experimental condition, the UV/sulfite/BSS system can completely degrade PFOA with >30% defluorination efficiency for up to five continuous cycles (n = 5). Overall, our BSS provides a cost-effective and sustainable technique to effectively degrade PFAS in water under environmentally relevant pH conditions. The BSS-enabled ARP technique can be easily tied into PFAS treatment train technology (e.g., advanced oxidation process) for more efficient and deeper defluorination of various PFAS in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou He
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn university, Auburn, 36849, United States
| | - Melissa Boersma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn university, Auburn, 36849, United States
| | - Ziteng Song
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn university, Auburn, 36849, United States
| | - Samuel Krebsbach
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn university, Auburn, 36849, United States
| | - Dimin Fan
- Geosyntec Consultants, Inc, 10211 Wincopin Circle, 4th Floor, Columbia, 21044, United States
| | - Evert C Duin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn university, Auburn, 36849, United States
| | - Dengjun Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn university, Auburn, 36849, United States.
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9
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Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Héroux P, Cai L, Liu Y. Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water by plasma treatment: Insights into structural effects and underlying mechanisms. Water Res 2024; 253:121316. [PMID: 38377926 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma emerges as a promising technology for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) decomposition due to its notable efficacy and environmentally friendly characteristics. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of a falling film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) system for the removal of 10 PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) oligomer acids. Results showed that compounds with fluoroalkyl chain length>4 were effectively decomposed within 100 min, with long-chain PFAS demonstrating more pronounced removal performance than their short-chain analogues. The superior removal but low defluorination observed in HFPO oligomer acids could be ascribed to their ether-based structural features. The integration of experimental results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the synergistic effects of various reactive species are pivotal to their efficient decomposition, with electrons, OH•, and NO2• playing essential roles. In contrast, the degradation of PFSAs was more dependent on electron attack than that of PFCAs and HFPO oligomer acids. Significantly, the most crucial degradation pathway for HFPO oligomer acids was the cleavage of ether CO, whether through radical or electron attack. Furthermore, the demonstrated effective removal in various water matrices showed the potential of the plasma system for removing PFAS in complex aquatic environments. This study provided mechanistic insights into PFAS degradation behavior in plasma processes, and it underscored the vital influence of molecular structures on degradability, thereby contributing to the further development and regulation of plasma-based technologies for treating PFAS in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Luxiang Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yinyin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Paul Héroux
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Li Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai institute of pollution control and ecological security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Ling AL. Estimated scale of costs to remove PFAS from the environment at current emission rates. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170647. [PMID: 38325453 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This discussion article builds upon existing data to ask whether environmental remediation and treatment is an economically viable solution to manage global environmental stocks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) without extensive use restrictions. Their environmental persistence means that PFAS released into the environment will remain there until actively removed and destroyed. Thus, removing and destroying PFAS from the global environment at the same rate they are currently being added reflects a theoretical steady-state condition where global PFAS stocks remain constant. Current costs to remove perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a subclass of PFAS, from the environment at the same rate they are being added were estimated here at 20 to 7000 trillion USD per year. If the ratio of total PFAS emissions to PFAAs emissions matches current production ratios, total PFAS release rates and associated treatment costs could be 10 to 10,000 higher than presented above for PFAAs only. Thus, current costs to remove and destroy the total PFAS mass released annually into the environment would likely exceed the global GDP of 106 trillion USD. While this level of treatment is not technically or economically achievable, it highlights the unaffordability of using environmental remediation alone to manage environmental PFAS stocks. Without significant reductions in production and emissions, the mass of PFAS present in the global environment will continue to rise. Treating targeted environmental media will be needed to manage human and environmental health impacts, but we are limited to the level of treatment that is practical and affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Ling
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, OSS 100, St. Paul, MN 55105, United States of America.
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11
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Zhu H, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Ding Y, Chen R, Feng H. Distribution characteristics and transformation mechanism of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water sources: A review. Sci Total Environ 2024; 916:169566. [PMID: 38160823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have raised significant concerns within the realm of drinking water due to their widespread presence in various water sources. This prevalence poses potential risks to human health, ecosystems, and the safety of drinking water. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews that systematically categorize the distribution characteristics and transformation mechanisms of PFASs in drinking water sources. This review aims to address this gap by concentrating on the specific sources of PFASs contamination in Chinese drinking water supplies. It seeks to elucidate the migration and transformation processes of PFASs within each source, summarize the distribution patterns of PFASs in surface and subsurface drinking water sources, and analyze how PFASs molecular structure, solubility, and sediment physicochemical parameters influence their presence in both the water phase and sediment. Furthermore, this review assesses two natural pathways for PFASs degradation, namely photolysis and biodegradation. It places particular emphasis on understanding the degradation mechanisms and the factors that affect the breakdown of PFASs by microorganisms. The ultimate goal is to provide valuable insights for the prevention and control of PFAS contamination and the assurance of drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijing Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ying Kang
- Zhejiang Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, 117 Xueyuan Road, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangcheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huajun Feng
- Ecological-Environment & Health College (EEHC), Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Kong K, Wu Q, Ma T, Liang J, Wang R. A Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework with Cooperative Adsorption Domains for PFAS Removal from Water. ChemSusChem 2024:e202400069. [PMID: 38467569 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The removal of toxic poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as persistent pollutants from wastewater is imperative but challenging for water remediation. Many adsorbents including activated carbon, biochar, and clay minerals have been investigated for PFAS removal, but most of these materials are faced with high cost or/and low efficiency. The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as sorbents is attractive for efficient removal of PFAS due to their tailor-made structures and high surface areas. Herein, we synthesized, characterized a water stable Zr-based porphyrinic MOF (PCN-224) with cooperative adsorption domains, and demonstrated its excellent capture performance toward perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). PCN-224 has maximum uptake capacities of 963, 517, and 395 mg g-1 for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFBS, respectively, which are much higher than that of granular activated carbon. Moreover, coexistent anions (Cl-, SO4 2-) and humic acid have negligible effects on PFOS adsorption. The excellent adsorption performance of PCN-224 toward PFOS is due to the orthogonal cationic channel pores with a diameter of 1.9 nm, the hydrophobic porphyrin units, and the Zr6 clusters with acidic sites. PCN-224 can be readily regenerated and reused. This work highlights the potential of MOFs with multiple adsorption domains for water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry F, ujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruihu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 300401, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry F, ujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Kapuscinski RB. Research Needs Regarding the Vapor Intrusion Potential of Volatile Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4056-4059. [PMID: 38393774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Certain per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances [e.g., fluorotelomer alcohols (FtOHs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs)] have sufficient volatility to merit investigation of the vapor intrusion pathway on a site-specific basis, when they occur as subsurface contaminants in sufficient concentrations near occupied buildings. This perspective summarizes some of the evidence that these categories of per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances are volatile and offers specific research questions and objectives, for purposes of further assessing whether FtOHs, FOSAs, and/or FOSEs can pose indoor exposures via soil vapor intrusion and under what circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Kapuscinski
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, William Jefferson Clinton Building (MC 5202T), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, United States
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Liao Q, Huang H, Tang P, Liang J, Chen J, Mu C, Pan D, Lv F, Zhou L, Long J, Chen Q, Zeng X, Liu S, Huang D, Qiu X. Associations of prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fetal sex hormones in the Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort Study: Greater effect of long-chain PFAS. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 272:116054. [PMID: 38310819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Fetal sex hormone homeostasis disruption could lead to reproductive and developmental abnormalities. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association of maternal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure with fetal sex hormone levels. A total of 277 mother-infant pairs from the Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort Study between 2015 and 2019 were selected. We quantified nine PFAS in maternal serum in early pregnancy, and detected three sex hormones, namely, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and testosterone (TT), in cord blood. The generalized linear model (GLM) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model were used for single- and multiple-exposure analyses, respectively. In the GLM, there was no significant association between an individual PFAS and any hormone level or the E2/TT ratio, but a negative association between perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) exposure and P4 levels in female infants was observed after stratification by sex. In the BKMR, a mixture of nine PFAS was positively associated with E2 levels and the E2/TT ratio, with the same main contributors, i.e., perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). And PFAS mixtures were not associated with P4 or TT levels. After stratification by infant sex, positive associations of PFAS mixtures with E2 levels and the E2/TT ratio were observed only in male infants, with the same main contributors, i.e., PFUnA. There was a positive association between PFAS mixtures and P4 levels in male infants, in which PFUnA was the main contributor; but a reverse association between PFAS mixtures and P4 levels in female infants, in which PFDoA was the main contributor. This study suggested that prenatal exposure to PFAS mixtures is associated with fetal sex hormones, and long-chain PFAS may play an important role in this association. Furthermore, sex differences in the association of maternal PFAS exposure with E2 and P4 levels need additional attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Huishen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiehua Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Changhui Mu
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongxiang Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangfang Lv
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinghua Long
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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15
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Hedayati MS, Nicomel NR, Abida O, Li LY. Removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from aqueous media by surfactant-modified clinoptilolites. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:16915-16927. [PMID: 38329667 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmentally persistent, bioaccumulating, and toxic compounds that have attracted global attention. It is challenging to reduce the residual concentrations of these compounds to safe discharge limits. In this study, batch experiments were performed to evaluate natural clinoptilolite and clinoptilolites modified (MC) with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC-MC), didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB-MC), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-MC), and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA-MC) as cost-effective aqueous PFAS adsorbents. The removal capacities of the adsorbents for the majority of the PFASs decreased in the following order: DDAB-MC > CPC-MC ≫ modified natural clinoptilolite with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-MC) ≫ modified natural clinoptilolite with tetramethylammonium chloride (TMA-MC) ≈ natural clinoptilolite modified with NaCl (NC). In particular, CPC-MC and DDAB-MC reduced PFASs concentration in 50 μg/L by up to 98% for perfluorooctane sulphonate. Within 30 min, CPC-MC (30.5 μg/L) and DDAB-MC (32.1 μg/L) met the PFOS water quality criterion of 36 μg/L in inland surface waters. Both adsorbents met this criterion at the highest solution volume (40 mL) and 0.125 g/L (solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:8). PFASs with short hydrocarbon chains competed more for adsorption. PFASs with sulphonate functional groups were also adsorbed more than carboxyl groups in single- and multi-PFAS solutions. The modified surfaces of clinoptilolites controlled PFAS adsorption through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. PFAS removal with surfactant-modified clinoptilolites is cost-effective and protects aquatic environments by using surplus natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh S Hedayati
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nina Ricci Nicomel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Otman Abida
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 70000, Laâyoune, Morocco
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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16
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Liu SS, Cheng SM, Cai QS, Ying GG, Chen CE. Short-term mass loads of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a wastewater treatment plant from South China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:17417-17425. [PMID: 38337116 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the most important sources and sinks for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, limited studies have evaluated short-term temporal variability of PFAS in WWTPs, particularly for their intra-day variations. For this purpose, a time-composite sampling campaign was carried out at a WWTP influent from South China for 1 week. Five out of ten PFAS were found in the influent, i.e., perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOA was the most domain PFAS whereas PFOS was detected occasionally, which might be associated with the prohibition of PFOS use in China. For the first time, we observed significant intra-day fluctuations in mass fluxes for PFOS. Different from a morning peak of pharmaceuticals reported previously, PFOS mass loads fluctuated sharply at noon and night on the weekdays. Furthermore, the mass fluxes of PFOA on the weekend were significantly elevated. For the other PFAS detected, no significant diurnal variations in mass loads were identified. Correlation analysis indicated that domestic activities (e.g., home cleaning) are likely to be the major source of these perfluorocarboxylic acids especially PFOA. In addition, flow fluxes had little effects on these PFAS mass load. These results can aid in future sampling campaigns and optimizing removal strategies for PFAS in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Liu
- School of Environment/Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Cheng
- School of Environment/Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qi-Si Cai
- School of Environment/Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- School of Environment/Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- School of Environment/Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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17
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Riaz R, Abdur Rehman MY, Junaid M, Iqbal T, Khan JA, Dong Y, Yue L, Chen Y, Xu N, Malik RN. First insights into per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance contamination in edible fish species of the Indus water system of Pakistan. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140970. [PMID: 38114020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of emerging contaminants, that have a wide range of applications in industrial and commercial products. The direct discharge of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater into freshwater bodies is a common practice in developing countries, which are the main contributors to PFASs in the aquatic environment. The situation is further worsened due to poor wastewater treatment facilities and weak enforcement of environmental regulations in countries like Pakistan. The current study was designed to assess PFASs contamination in muscle tissues of edible fish species from major tributaries of the Indus System, including Head Panjnad (HP), Head Trimmu (HT), Chashma Barrage (CB), Head Blloki (HB) and Head Qadirabad (HQ). The analysis of target PFAS was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The highest levels of ∑17PFASs were observed in S. seenghala, C. mirigala from HB, and C. mirigala from HQ with a mean value of 45.4 ng g-1, 43.7 ng g-1, and 40.8 ng g-1, respectively. Overall, the compositional profile of fish samples was predominated by long-chain PFASs such as PFOA, PFOS, PFHpS, and PFDS. The accumulation of PFASs in fish species is dependent on the physiochemical properties of PFASs, characteristics of the aquatic environment, and fish species. Significant associations of PFASs with isotopic composition (p < 0.05), feeding habits (p < 0.05), and zones (p < 0.05) indicate that dietary proxies could be an important predictor of PFASs distribution among species. The C7-C10 PFASs exhibited bio-accumulative tendency with an accumulation factor ranging from 0.5 to 3.4. However, none of the fish samples had sufficiently high levels of PFOS to cause human health risk (HR < 1). For future studies, it is s recommended to conduct seasonal monitoring and the bioaccumulation pattern along trophic levels of both legacy and emerging PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Riaz
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Taimoor Iqbal
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Aslam Khan
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yanran Dong
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Linxia Yue
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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18
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Umeh AC, Naidu R, Olisa E, Liu Y, Qi F, Bekele D. A systematic investigation of single solute, binary and ternary PFAS transport in water-saturated soil using batch and 1-dimensional column studies: Focus on mixture effects. J Hazard Mater 2024; 461:132688. [PMID: 37797575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the transport and release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as single solutes and binary and ternary mixtures, and associated competitive sorption effects in water-saturated soil. Batch sorption isotherm and desorption, and one-dimensional miscible displacement studies were conducted. For the batch study, the mixtures exhibited extensive sorption isotherm nonlinearity at aqueous concentrations exceeding 20 µg/L. At and above this threshold, competitive effects significantly decreased PFAS sorption, mostly affecting perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Importantly, mixture effects exacerbated isotherm nonlinearity and may increase the leaching of PFAS in subsurface soil and groundwater. Further, up to 100% desorption occurred for single solutes and mixtures, indicating that the studied PFAS were weakly sorbed. For the column study, at influent concentrations (21 - 27 µg/L, depending on PFAS) near the threshold, PFOA and PFHxS breakthrough curves (BTC) generally exhibited equilibrium (nonlinear) transport, whereas perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exhibited nonequilibrium transport, with minimal or no mixture effects. Nonequilibrium transport of PFOS was driven by rate-limited sorption, especially as flow interruption tests confirmed the absence of physical nonequilibrium. The sorption distribution coefficients (Kd) from moment and frontal analyses, and 2-site modelling of the BTC, were consistent with the batch-derived Kd, although comparatively smaller. Such discrepancies may limit the applicability of batch-derived Kd values for predictive transport modelling purposes. Overall, understanding mixture impacts may aid effective predictive modelling of PFAS transport and leaching, especially in aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)-source zone areas associated with elevated PFAS concentrations. At low or environmental PFAS concentrations, mixture effects can be expected to be play a minor role in influencing PFAS transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Olisa
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Geosyntec Consultants, 211 Wheeler St, Saskatoon, SK S7P 0A4, Canada
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 Beijing East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Dawit Bekele
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Douglas Partners Pty Ltd, 439 Montague Road West End, QLD 4101, Australia
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19
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Ge Y, Wang Z, Chen X, Wang W, Liu Z, Sun H, Zhang L. Comparative Toxicological Effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Its Alternative 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate on Earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024; 43:170-181. [PMID: 37861387 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
High levels of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), which is a substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are detected in various environmental matrices, wildlife, and humans. Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate has received increased attention due to its potential risk to ecosystems. However, its toxicity in the soil organisms remains unclear. In the present study, a comparative investigation was conducted on the toxicities of 6:2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) and PFOS to the earthworm Eisenia. fetida. F-53B was significantly more acutely toxic to earthworms than PFOS, with median lethal concentrations of 1.43 and 1.83 mmol/kg dry soil (~816 and 984 mg/kg dry soil), respectively. Although both F-53B and PFOS, at 0.4 mmol/kg dry soil (=228 and 215 mg/kg dry soil) caused oxidative stress in earthworms, as evidenced by increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities as well as malondialdehyde level, the stress caused by F-53B was higher than that caused by PFOS. In transcriptomic and metabolomic studies, negative effects of PFOS and F-53B were observed on several metabolic processes in earthworms, including protein digestion and amino acid absorption, lipid metabolism, and the immune response. Compared with PFOS, F-53B exhibited a weaker disruption of lipid metabolism, comparable potency for toxicity to the immune response, and a stronger potency in extracellular matrix destruction along with apoptosis and ferroptosis induction. Hence, our data suggest that F-53B is more toxic than PFOS to earthworms. The findings provide some new insights into the potential toxicity of F-53B to soil organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:170-181. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Ge
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuelu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lianying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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20
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Qin C, Xiang L, Wang YZ, Yu PF, Meng C, Li YW, Zhao HM, Hu X, Gao Y, Mo CH. Binding interaction of environmental DNA with typical emerging perfluoroalkyl acids and its impact on bioavailability. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167392. [PMID: 37758138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
As the replacement compounds of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), emerging PFAAs generally exhibit equal or more hazardous toxicity than legacy PFAAs. Numerous DNA as environmental organic matters coexists with emerging PFAAs, but their interactions and the resulting interaction impacts on the bioavailability of emerging PFAAs remain insufficiently understood. Here, we studied the binding strength and mechanism between DNA and emerging PFAAs (perfluorobutyric acid, perfluorobutylsulfonic acid, and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) using perfluorooctanoic acid as the control, and further investigated the impacts of DNA binding on the bioavailability of the emerging PFAAs. Isothermal titration calorimetry and quantum chemical calculation found that the emerging PFAAs could bind with DNA bases (main thymine) by van der Waals force and halogen-bond, showing the binding affinities in the range of 7.87 × 104 to L/mol to 6.54 × 106 L/mol. The PFAAs-DNA binding significantly decreased the bioavailability of the PFAAs in both seedlings and plants of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), with little differences in bioavailability change extent among PFAAs. The findings highlight the universality and similarity of the DNA binding effects on PFAAs bioavailability, which can be the natural detoxification mechanism for response to the PFAAs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-Ze Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Can Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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21
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Ji Y, Choi YJ, Fang Y, Pham HS, Nou AT, Lee LS, Niu J, Warsinger DM. Electric Field-Assisted Nanofiltration for PFOA Removal with Exceptional Flux, Selectivity, and Destruction. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:18519-18528. [PMID: 36657468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose significant environmental and human health risks and thus require solutions for their removal and destruction. However, PFAS cannot be destroyed by widely used removal processes like nanofiltration (NF). A few scarcely implemented advanced oxidation processes can degrade PFAS. In this study, we apply an electric field to a membrane system by placing a nanofiltration membrane between reactive electrodes in a crossflow configuration. The performance of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) rejection, water flux, and energy consumption were evaluated. The reactive and robust SnO2-Sb porous anode was created via a sintering and sol-gel process. The characterization and analysis techniques included field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ion chromatography, mass spectroscopy, porosimeter, and pH meter. The PFOA rejection increased from 45% (0 V) to 97% (30 V) when the electric field and filtration were in the same direction, while rejection capabilities worsened in opposite directions. With saline solutions (1 mM Na2SO4) present, the induced electro-oxidation process could effectively mineralize PFOA, although this led to unstable removal and water fluxes. The design achieved an exceptional performance in the nonsaline feed of 97% PFOA rejection and water flux of 68.4 L/m2 hr while requiring only 7.31 × 10-5 kWh/m3/order of electrical energy. The approach's success is attributed to the proximity of the electrodes and membrane, which causes a stronger electric field, weakened concentration polarization, and reduced mass transfer distances of PFOA near the membrane. The proposed electric field-assisted nanofiltration design provides a practical membrane separation method for PFAS removal from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuhang Fang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hoang Son Pham
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alliyan Tan Nou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Sciences & Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Junfeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - David M Warsinger
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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22
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Xingchun J, Wei Z, Jing P, Guohui L, Dian C, Zhaohe Z, Yiran Z. The occurrence, spatial distribution, and well-depth dependence of PFASs in groundwater from a reclaimed water irrigation area. Sci Total Environ 2023; 901:165904. [PMID: 37527708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
With the growing development of modern agriculture and industry, groundwater is facing more and more complex contaminants. One such contaminant is per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which pose a potential risk to human health, particularly for those who rely on groundwater as their primary source of drinking water. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation on the occurrence, spatial distribution, and source apportionment of PFASs in shallow (<60 m) and deep (>80 m) groundwater samples from a reclaimed water irrigation area in Beijing's suburbs. Our results showed that the average total PFAS concentration (∑10PFAS) for all samples was 10.55 ± 7.77 ng/L, ranging from 1.05 to 34.28 ng/L. The dominant congeners were PFBA, PFOA, and PFBS. No significant linear relationship was observed between PFAS concentrations and the well depth. However, the averaged ΣPFASs in groundwater were highest in the uppermost layer and declined sharply to a few ng/L in the deep aquifer below 80 m. PFASs showed elevated concentration in shallow aquifers in 9 out of 11 paired wells, indicating an overall descending trend of PFASs with increasing aquifer depth. The spatial distribution of PFASs was highly heterogeneous and showed different patterns in shallow and deep groundwater, which may be related to the complicated attenuation behavior of PFAS compounds when they transport and diffuse through overlapping aquifer layers. The influence of the landfill on groundwater PFASs was most pronounced within a 5 km radius. Source apportionment results indicated that reclaimed water irrigation is the main non-point source of PFASs in shallow groundwater. In contrast, deep groundwater is primarily subject to point sources and lateral recharge flow. This investigation of PFASs in shallow and deep wells provides a foundation for further exploration of PFASs transportation and risk prevention in regions where groundwater is a major water resource for domestic and industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xingchun
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China.
| | - Zhao Wei
- Beijing Institute of Geological Environment Monitoring, China
| | - Pan Jing
- Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China
| | - Lu Guohui
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China
| | - Chen Dian
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Zhaohe
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yiran
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China
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23
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Meng X, Yu G, Luo T, Zhang R, Zhang J, Liu Y. Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) exposure effect during pregnancy and lactation on lipid metabolism in rat offspring. Chemosphere 2023; 341:140120. [PMID: 37696479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging epidemiological evidence indicates potential associations between gestational perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) exposure and adverse metabolic outcomes in offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate PFBS exposure effects during pregnancy and lactation on rat offspring lipid profiles and the possible underlying mechanisms. Although the biochemical index difference including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and fasting blood glucose between exposed groups and the control group was not significant, transcriptome analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 50 mg/kg/day PFBS exposure group were significantly related to protein digestion and absorption, peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, bile secretion, unsaturated fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis, and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Untargeted metabolomics analyses identified 17 differential metabolites in the 50 mg/kg/day PFBS exposure group. Among these, phosphatidylserine [PS (18:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z))], lysoPE (18:1(11Z)/0:0), and PS (14:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) were significantly correlated with phospholipid metabolism disorders. Correlation analysis indicated the DEGs, including FA binding protein (Fabp4), spermine oxidase (Smox), Fabp2, acyl-CoA thioesterase 5 (Acot5), sarcosine dehydrogenase (Sardh), and amine oxidase, copper-containing 3 (Aoc3) that significantly enriched in xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism signaling pathways were highly related to the differential metabolite pantetheine 4'-phosphate. Pantetheine 4'-phosphate was significantly negatively associated with non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) and TC levels. Collectively, our study indicated that maternal PFBS exposure at a relatively low level could alter gene expression and metabolic molecules in lipid metabolism-related pathway series in rat offspring, although the effects on metabolic phenotypes were not significant within the limited observational period, using group-wise and trend analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Meng
- Ministry of Education -Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guoqi Yu
- Ministry of Education -Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Global Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Tingyu Luo
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education -Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education -Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Ministry of Education -Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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24
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Biondo O, Tomei G, Saleem M, Sretenović GB, Magarotto M, Marotta E, Paradisi C. Products, reactive species and mechanisms of PFOA degradation in a self-pulsing discharge (SPD) plasma reactor. Chemosphere 2023; 341:139972. [PMID: 37640214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma is a promising tool for novel technologies to treat water contaminated by recalcitrant pollutants. We report here on products, reactive species and mechanisms of the efficient degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) achieved with a self-pulsing discharge developed previously in our lab. Air or argon were used as plasma feed gas, ultrapure or tap water as aqueous medium. Identified organic intermediate products arise from chain-shortening and defluorination reactions, the latter achieving not only C-F to C-H exchange (hydro-de-fluorination), as reported in the literature, but also C-F to C-OH exchange (hydroxy-de-fluorination). In contrast with chain-shortening, yielding lower homologues of PFOA via selective cleavage of the C-C bond at the carboxylate group, defluorination occurs at various sites of the alkyl chain giving mixtures of different isomeric products. Plasma generated reactive species were investigated under all experimental conditions tested, using specific chemical probes and optical emission spectroscopy. Cross-analysis of the results revealed a striking direct correlation of energy efficiency for PFOA degradation and for production of plasma electrons. In contrast, no correlation was observed for emission bands of either Ar+ or OH radical. These results indicate a prevalent role of plasma electrons in initiating PFOA degradation using self-pulsing discharge plasma above the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Biondo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Tomei
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mubbshir Saleem
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Goran B Sretenović
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physics, PO Box 44, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Magarotto
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy; Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6/b, 35135, Padova, Italy
| | - Ester Marotta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Cristina Paradisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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25
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Song D, Qiao B, Yao Y, Zhao L, Wang X, Chen H, Zhu L, Sun H. Target and nontarget analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water, groundwater and sediments of three typical fluorochemical industrial parks in China. J Hazard Mater 2023; 460:132411. [PMID: 37666171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to identify both legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from three typical fluoridated industrial parks (FIPs) in China, and to assess their environmental occurrence and fate. Complementary suspect target and nontarget screening were implemented, and a total of 111 emerging PFAS were identified. Based on the multi-mass scale analysis, 25 emerging PFAS were identified for the first time, including 24 per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) and 1 ultra-short chlorinated perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (Cl-PFCAs, C2), with a maximum percentage of 48.2 % in nontarget PFAS (exclude target PFAS). The composition of PFAS identified in different media was influenced by functional groups, carbon chain length, substituents and ether bond insertion, with poly-hydrogen substituted being preferably in water and a more diverse pattern of PFECAs in sediments. The patterns of PFAS homologs revealed distinct differences among the three typical FIPs in the shift of PFAS production patterns. The C4-PFAS and short-chain carboxylic acids (≤C6) were the main PFAS in the Fuxin and Changshu, respectively. In contrast, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8) remained dominant in Zibo, and the highest point concentrations in water and sediment were up to 706 µg/L and 553 µg/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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26
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Cui J, Deng Y. Enhanced coagulation coupled with cyclic IX adsorption-ARP regeneration for removal of PFOA in drinking water treatment. Water Environ Res 2023; 95:e10928. [PMID: 37740247 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory investigations were conducted to demonstrate a potentially transformative, cost-efficient per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) treatment approach, consisting of enhanced coagulation and repeated ion exchange (IX)-advanced reduction process (ARP) for concurrent PFAS removal and IX resin regeneration. Enhanced alum coagulation at the optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 60 mg/L alum) could preferentially remove high molecular-weight, hydrophobic natural organic matter (NOM) from 5.0- to ~1.2-mg/L DOC in simulated natural water. This facilitated subsequent IX adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, a model PFAS in this study) (20 μg/L) using IRA67 resin by minimizing the competition of NOM for functional sites on the resin. The PFOA/NOM-laden resin was then treated by ARP, generating hydrated electrons (eaq - ) that effectively degraded PFOA. The combined IX-ARP regeneration process was applied over six cycles to treat PFOA in pre-coagulated simulated natural water, nearly doubling the PFOA removal compared with the control group without ARP regeneration. This study underscores the potential of enhanced coagulation coupled with cyclic IX-ARP regeneration as a promising, cost-effective solution for addressing PFOA pollution in water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Enhanced alum coagulation can substantially mitigate NOM to favor the following IX removal of PFOA in water. Cyclic IX adsorption-ARP regeneration offers an effective, potentially economical solution to the PFOA pollution in water. ARP can effectively degrade PFOA during the ARP regeneration of PFOA/NOM-laden resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkui Cui
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
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27
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Sim KH, Oh HS, Lee C, Eun H, Lee YJ. Evaluation of the Effect of Perfluorohexane Sulfonate on the Proliferation of Human Liver Cells. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6868. [PMID: 37835138 PMCID: PMC10572997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a widely detected replacement for legacy long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment and human blood samples. Its potential toxicity led to its recent classification as a globally regulated persistent organic pollutant. Although animal studies have shown a positive association between PFHxS levels and hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular hypertrophy, the link with liver toxicity, including end-stage liver cancer, remains inconclusive. In this study, we examined the effects of PFHxS on the proliferation of Hep3B (human hepatocellular carcinoma) and SK-Hep1 (human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells). Cells were exposed to different PFHxS concentrations for 24-48 h to assess viability and 12-14 days to measure colony formation. The viability of both cell lines increased at PFHxS concentrations <200 μM, decreased at >400 μM, and was highest at 50 μM. Colony formation increased at <300 μM and decreased at 500 μM PFHxS. Consistent with the effect on cell proliferation, PFHxS increased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cell-cycle molecules (CDK2, CDK4, cyclin E, and cyclin D1). In summary, PFHxS exhibited a biphasic effect on liver cell proliferation, promoting survival and proliferation at lower concentrations and being cytotoxic at higher concentrations. This suggests that PFHxS, especially at lower concentrations, might be associated with HCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Hwa Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeon Seo Oh
- Department of Neurology, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea;
| | - Heesoo Eun
- Research Center for Advanced Analysis, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
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28
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Ellis AC, Boyer TH, Fang Y, Liu CJ, Strathmann TJ. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of anion exchange and granular activated carbon systems for remediation of groundwater contaminated by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Water Res 2023; 243:120324. [PMID: 37451124 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange resin (AER) and granular activated carbon (GAC) have emerged as prominent technologies for treatment of waters contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This study compares the life cycle environmental impacts and life cycle costs of remediating PFAS-contaminated groundwater with these competing technologies, using field pilot data to inform model inputs. Comparative analysis indicates that AER systems employing single-use "PFAS-selective" resins have lower environmental impacts and costs than systems using regenerable resins or GAC adsorbents, supporting its use in future remediation efforts. Use of GAC operated as a single-use adsorbent led to the highest emissions as well as the highest treatment costs, with thermally-reactivated GAC proving to be less impactful than regenerable AER treatment. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the dominance of media usage rate (MUR), which is highly dependent on the selected PFAS treatment goals, to determine environmental impacts and costs over a 30-year system life cycle. Selection of very stringent changeout criteria (e.g., detection of any PFASs in effluent) significantly reduces the advantages of single-use resins. For regenerable AER, environmental impacts were dominated by management of the PFAS-contaminated brine/co-solvent waste stream used to regenerate the adsorbent, as well as the cosolvent content of the regenerant mixture and the cosolvent recovery efficiency achieved via on-site distillation. High impacts estimated for GAC adsorption, the result of high MUR relative to ion exchange media, can be significantly reduced if spent adsorbents are reused after thermal reactivation, but impacts are still greater than those predicted for single-use ion exchange systems. Findings are expected to hold across a range of diverse sites, including drinking water systems treating more dilute sources of PFAS contamination, as PFAS breakthrough was not found to be highly sensitive to sourcewater PFAS concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson C Ellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Treavor H Boyer
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment (SSEBE), Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Yida Fang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States; CDM Smith, Bellevue, WA 98807, United Stats
| | - Charlie J Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States; Kennedy Jenks Consultants, San Francisco, CA 94118, United States
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
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29
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Lukić Bilela L, Matijošytė I, Krutkevičius J, Alexandrino DAM, Safarik I, Burlakovs J, Gaudêncio SP, Carvalho MF. Impact of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) on the marine environment: Raising awareness, challenges, legislation, and mitigation approaches under the One Health concept. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 194:115309. [PMID: 37591052 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have long been known for their detrimental effects on the ecosystems and living organisms; however the long-term impact on the marine environment is still insufficiently recognized. Based on PFAS persistence and bioaccumulation in the complex marine food network, adverse effects will be exacerbated by global processes such as climate change and synergies with other pollutants, like microplastics. The range of fluorochemicals currently included in the PFAS umbrella has significantly expanded due to the updated OECD definition, raising new concerns about their poorly understood dynamics and negative effects on the ocean wildlife and human health. Mitigation challenges and approaches, including biodegradation and currently studied materials for PFAS environmental removal are proposed here, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and bridging research gaps. The PFAS EU regulations, good practices and legal frameworks are discussed, with emphasis on recommendations for improving marine ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Lukić Bilela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Inga Matijošytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jokūbas Krutkevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Diogo A M Alexandrino
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P. Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juris Burlakovs
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Józefa Wybickiego 7 A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, NOVA Faculty for Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria F Carvalho
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Vitale DS, Reeves DM, Coffin ES, Link GW, Cassidy DP, Rochow SM. Long-duration monitoring and mass balance of PFAS at a wastewater treatment plant following the release of aqueous film-forming foam concentrate. Water Res 2023; 242:120268. [PMID: 37390657 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 760 liters (200 gallons) of first-generation, PFOS-dominant, Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) concentrate entered the sanitary sewer after an accidental release at the Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport and migrated 11.4 km to the Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant. Near-daily sampling of influent, effluent, and biosolids generated a high-frequency, long-duration dataset used to understand the transport and fate of accidental PFAS releases to wastewater treatment plants, identify AFFF concentrate composition, and perform a plant-wide PFOS mass balance. Monitored influent concentrations exhibited sharp PFOS declines after 7 days post-spill, yet effluent discharges remained elevated due to return activated sludge (RAS) recirculation, resulting in the exceedance of Michigan's Surface Water Quality Value for 46 days. Mass balance estimates indicate 1.292 kg PFOS entering the plant and 1.368 kg leaving. Effluent discharge and sorption to biosolids account for 55% and 45% of estimated PFOS outputs, respectively. Identification of AFFF formulation and reasonable agreement between computed influent mass and reported spill volume demonstrates effective isolation of the AFFF spill signal and increases confidence in the mass balance estimates. These findings and related considerations provide critical insight for performing PFAS mass balances and developing operational procedures for accidental spills that minimize PFAS releases to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan S Vitale
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, USA
| | - Donald M Reeves
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, USA.
| | - Ethan S Coffin
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, USA
| | - Garrett W Link
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, USA
| | - Daniel P Cassidy
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, 1903W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, USA
| | - Steven M Rochow
- Department of Public Service, City of Kalamazoo, 1415 Harrison Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
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Moavenzadeh Ghaznavi S, Zimmerman C, Shea ME, MacRae JD, Peckenham JM, Noblet CL, Apul OG, Kopec AD. Management of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-laden wastewater sludge in Maine: Perspectives on a wicked problem. Biointerphases 2023; 18:041004. [PMID: 37602771 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the challenges and potential solutions for managing wastewater sludge that contains per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), using the experience in Maine as a guide toward addressing the issue nationally. Traditional wastewater treatment, designed to remove excess organic waste and nutrients, does not eliminate persistent toxic pollutants like PFAS, instead partitioning the chemicals between discharged effluent and the remaining solids in sludge. PFAS chemistry, the molecular size, the alkyl chain length, fluorine saturation, the charge of the head group, and the composition of the surrounding matrix influence PFAS partitioning between soil and water. Land application of sludge, incineration, and storage in a landfill are the traditional management options. Land application of Class B sludge on agricultural fields in Maine peaked in the 1990s, totaling over 2 × 106 cu yd over a 40-year period and has contaminated certain food crops and animal forage, posing a threat to the food supply and the environment. Additional Class A EQ (Exceptional Quality) composted sludge was also applied to Maine farmland. The State of Maine banned the land application of wastewater sludge in August 2022. Most sludge was sent to the state-owned Juniper Ridge Landfill, which accepted 94 270 tons of dewatered sludge in 2022, a 14% increase over 2019. Between 2019 and 2022, the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations in sludge sent to the landfill ranged from 1.2 to 104.9 ng/g dw. In 2022, the landfill generated 71.6 × 106 l of leachate. The concentration of sum of six PFAS in the leachate increased sixfold between 2021 and 2022, reaching 2 441 ng/l. The retention of PFAS within solid-waste landfills and the potential for long-term release of PFAS through liners into groundwater require ongoing monitoring. Thermal treatment, incineration, or pyrolysis can theoretically mineralize PFAS at high temperatures, yet the strong C-F bond and reactivity of fluorine require extreme temperatures for complete mineralization. Future alternatives may include interim options such as preconditioning PFAS with nonpolar solvents prior to immobilization in landfills, removing PFAS from leachate, and interrupting the cycle of PFAS moving from landfill, via leachate, to wastewater treatment, and then back to the landfill via sludge. Long-term solutions may involve destructive technologies such as electron beam irradiation, electrochemical advanced oxidation, or hydrothermal liquefaction. The article highlights the need for innovative and sustainable solutions for managing PFAS-contaminated wastewater sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Moavenzadeh Ghaznavi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
| | - Charity Zimmerman
- School of Economics, University of Maine, 5782 Winslow Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
| | - Molly E Shea
- School of Economics, University of Maine, 5782 Winslow Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
| | - Jean D MacRae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
| | - John M Peckenham
- Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, 5710 Norman Smith Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
| | - Caroline L Noblet
- School of Economics, University of Maine, 5782 Winslow Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
| | - Onur G Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
| | - A Dianne Kopec
- Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, 5710 Norman Smith Hall, Orono, Maine 04473
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Liu J, Song L, Zhan J, Zhong Y, Shi Z. Occurrence of legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum from high exposure population and their disrupting effects on serum lipids and thyroid function. Sci Total Environ 2023; 878:162988. [PMID: 36958558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
High exposure of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been reported in main chemical production areas in China, while epidemiological study on exposure risk of PFAS is still limited. In this study, legacy and alternative PFAS were measured in serum samples from 161 adults living in Laizhou Bay, a famous chemical production area located in Shandong province, Northern China. Based on the concentrations of serum PFAS, the disrupting effects of PFAS on serum lipids and thyroid function were further explored. The results showed that the serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (geometric mean (GM): 60 ng/mL) in this region was even higher than serum PFOA of residents living in PFOA contaminated water districts in United States and Sweden. 100 % of the serum PFOA was higher than the reference dose for increased total cholesterol (TC). Consistently, higher serum PFOA was marginally correlated with increased TC level (p = 0.062) and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.065). In addition, higher perfluoroisopropyl perfluorooctanesulfonate and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates (6,2 Cl-PFESA) were significantly correlated with increased high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.040, 0.022). No significant association was observed between individual PFAS and any thyroid function biomarker. However, using the principal component analysis derived factors to represent the co-exposure patterns, co-exposure of legacy long-chain PFAS showed synergistic effects on the free thyroxine, while the mixture of alternative PFAS showed a synergistic influence on the total and free triiodothyronine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlin Song
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunxin Zhong
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Roesch P, Vogel C, Wittwer P, Huthwelker T, Borca CN, Sommerfeld T, Kluge S, Piechotta C, Kalbe U, Simon FG. Taking a look at the surface: μ-XRF mapping and fluorine K-edge μ-XANES spectroscopy of organofluorinated compounds in environmental samples and consumer products. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2023. [PMID: 37335293 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, μ-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) mapping combined with fluorine K-edge μ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (μ-XANES) spectroscopy was applied to depict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination and inorganic fluoride in sample concentrations down to 100 μg kg-1 fluoride. To demonstrate the matrix tolerance of the method, several PFAS contaminated soil and sludge samples as well as selected consumer product samples (textiles, food contact paper and permanent baking sheets) were investigated. μ-XRF mapping allows for a unique element-specific visualization at the sample surface and enables localization of fluorine containing compounds to a depth of 1 μm. Manually selected fluorine rich spots were subsequently analyzed via fluorine K-edge μ-XANES spectroscopy. To support spectral interpretation with respect to inorganic and organic chemical distribution and compound class determination, linear combination (LC) fitting was applied to all recorded μ-XANES spectra. Complementarily, solvent extracts of all samples were target-analyzed via LC-MS/MS spectrometry. The detected PFAS sum values range from 20 to 1136 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw). All environmentally exposed samples revealed a higher concentration of PFAS with a chain length > C8 (e.g. 580 μg kg-1 dw PFOS for Soil1), whereas the consumer product samples showed a more uniform distribution with regard to chain lengths from C4 to C8. Independent of quantified PFAS amounts via target analysis, μ-XRF mapping combined with μ-XANES spectroscopy was successfully applied to detect both point-specific concentration maxima and evenly distributed surface coatings of fluorinated organic contaminants in the corresponding samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Roesch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Vogel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Sources, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Swiss Light Sources, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kluge
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Piechotta
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Kalbe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franz-Georg Simon
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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Rudin E, Glüge J, Scheringer M. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) registered under REACH-What can we learn from the submitted data and how important will mobility be in PFASs hazard assessment? Sci Total Environ 2023; 877:162618. [PMID: 36907396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The EU is planning to restrict the manufacture, placing on the market and use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) as a class. For such a broad regulatory approach, a lot of different data are required, including data on the hazardous properties of PFASs. Here, we analyze substances that fulfill the OECD definition of PFASs and that are registered under the regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) in the EU to obtain a better data basis for PFASs and to elucidate the range of PFASs on the market in the EU. As of September 2021, at least 531 PFASs had been registered under REACH. Our hazard assessment of the PFASs registered under REACH shows that the currently available data are not sufficient to identify those PFASs that are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB). Using some basic assumptions - which are 1) PFASs or their metabolites do not mineralize, 2) neutral hydrophobic substances bioaccumulate unless they are metabolized and 3) all chemicals exhibit baseline toxicity, and effect concentrations cannot be above effect concentrations for baseline toxicity - shows that at least 17 of the 177 PFASs with full registration are PBT substances, 14 more than currently identified. Moreover, if mobility is considered as a hazard criterion, at least 19 additional substances will need to be considered hazardous. The regulation of persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) and very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) substances would therefore also affect PFASs. However, many of the substances that have not been identified as PBT, vPvB, PMT or vPvM are either persistent and toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative or persistent and mobile. The planned PFASs restriction will therefore be important for a more effective regulation of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Rudin
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute for Ecopreneurship, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Kalyn M, Lee H, Curry J, Tu W, Ekker M, Mennigen JA. Effects of PFOS, F-53B and OBS on locomotor behaviour, the dopaminergic system and mitochondrial function in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Pollut 2023; 326:121479. [PMID: 36958660 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) has widely been reported to persist in the environment and to elicit neurotoxicological effects in wildlife and humans. Following the restriction of PFOS use, 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) have emerged as novel PFOS alternatives and have been detected in the environment. However, knowledge on the toxicological effects of these alternatives remains scarce. Using developing transgenic Tg(dat:eGFP) zebrafish, we evaluated the consequences of exposure to 0, 0.1 and 1 mg/l PFOS, F-53B and OBS on the dopaminergic system, locomotor behaviour and mitochondrial function. All compounds generally reduced locomotor activity under light conditions irrespective of exposure concentration. Exposure to OBS (at all concentrations), as well as PFOS and F-53B (at 1 mg/l), significantly reduced subpallial dopaminergic neuron abundance. PFOS also significantly reduced dat and pink1 expression irrespective of exposure concentration, while F-53B and OBS tended to reduce mitochondrial pink1 and fis1 expression across concentrations without reaching statistical significance. Mitochondrial function, in the form of reduced oxygen consumption rate and marginally inhibited ATP-linked oxygen consumption rate, was affected only in response to 1 mg/l PFOS. Together, PFOS and the emerging contaminants F-53B and OBS inhibit locomotion at similar concentrations, a finding correlated with decreased dopaminergic neuron numbers in the subpallium and decreased expression of pink1. These findings are relevant to wildlife and human health, as they suggest that PFOS as well as replacement compounds affect locomotion likely in part by negatively impacting the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalyn
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, K1N6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hyojin Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, K1N6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Jory Curry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, K1N6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wenqing Tu
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, K1N6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jan A Mennigen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 20 Marie-Curie Private, K1N6N5, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Griffin EK, Hall LM, Brown MA, Taylor-Manges A, Green T, Suchanec K, Furman BT, Congdon VM, Wilson SS, Osborne TZ, Martin S, Schultz EA, Lukacsa DT, Greenberg JA, Bowden JA. PFAS surveillance in abiotic matrices within vital aquatic habitats throughout Florida. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 192:115011. [PMID: 37236089 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of manufactured chemicals that are resistant to degradation and thus persistent in the environment. The presence, uptake, and accumulation of PFAS is dependent upon the physiochemical properties of the PFAS and matrix, as well as the environmental conditions since the time of release. The objective of this study was to measure the extent of PFAS contamination in surface water and sediment from nine vulnerable aquatic systems throughout Florida. PFAS were detected at all sampling locations with sediment exhibiting greater PFAS concentrations when compared to surface water. At most locations, elevated concentrations of PFAS were identified around areas of increased human activity, such as airports, military bases, and wastewater effluents. The results from the present study highlight the ubiquitous presence of PFAS in vital Florida waterways and filled an important gap in understanding the distribution of PFAS in dynamic, yet vulnerable, aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Griffin
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Lauren M Hall
- St. Johns River Water Management District, Palm Bay, FL 32909, USA.
| | - Melynda A Brown
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, FL 33955, USA.
| | - Arielle Taylor-Manges
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Charlotte Harbor Aquatic Preserves, Punta Gorda, FL 33955, USA.
| | - Trisha Green
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Crystal River, FL 34429, USA.
| | - Katherine Suchanec
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserves, Crystal River, FL 34429, USA.
| | - Bradley T Furman
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Victoria M Congdon
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Sara S Wilson
- Division of Coastlines and Oceans, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Todd Z Osborne
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystems, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
| | - Shawn Martin
- Department of Marine and Environmental Technology, College of the Florida Keys, Key West, FL 33040, USA.
| | - Emma A Schultz
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Dylan T Lukacsa
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Justin A Greenberg
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - John A Bowden
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Wang Y, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Lin Q, Zhu Y, Ni Z, Qiu R. Electroreductive Defluorination of Unsaturated PFAS by a Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant-Modified Cathode via Direct Cathodic Reduction. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:7578-7589. [PMID: 37116179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater remains a technological challenge due to the trace concentrations of PFAS and the strength of their C-F bonds. This study investigated an electroreductive system with a quaternary ammonium surfactant-modified cathode for degrading (E)-perfluoro(4-methylpent-2-enoic acid) (PFMeUPA) at a low cathodic potential. A removal efficiency of 99.81% and defluorination efficiency of 78.67% were achieved under -1.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl) at the cathode modified by octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB). The overall degradation procedure started with the adsorption of PFMeUPA onto the modified cathode. This adsorption process was promoted by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the surfactants and PFMeUPA, of which the binding percentage, binding mode, and binding energy were determined via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The step-wise degradation pathway of PFMeUPA, including reductive defluorination and hydrogenation, was derived. Meanwhile, C-F bond breaking with direct electron transfer only was achieved for the first time in this study, which also showed that the C═C bond structure of PFAS facilitates the C-F cleavage. Overall, this study highlights the crucial role of quaternary ammonium surfactants in electron transfer and electrocatalytic activities in the electroreductive system and provides insights into novel remediation approaches on PFAS-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingqi Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuobiao Ni
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Baldaguez Medina P, Ardila Contreras V, Hartmann F, Schmitt D, Klimek A, Elbert J, Gallei M, Su X. Investigating the Electrochemically Driven Capture and Release of Long-Chain PFAS by Redox Metallopolymer Sorbents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:22112-22122. [PMID: 37114898 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is an urgent challenge due to their prevalence and persistence in the environment. Electrosorption is a promising approach for wastewater treatment and water purification, especially through the use of redox polymers to control the binding and release of target contaminants without additional external chemical inputs. However, the design of efficient redox electrosorbents for PFAS faces the significant challenge of balancing a high adsorption capacity while maintaining significant electrochemical regeneration. To overcome this challenge, we investigate redox-active metallopolymers as a versatile synthetic platform to enhance both electrochemical reversibility and electrosorption uptake capacity for PFAS removal. We selected and synthesized a series of metallopolymers bearing ferrocene and cobaltocenium units spanning a range of redox potentials to evaluate their performance for the capture and release of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Our results demonstrate that PFOA uptake and regeneration efficiency increased with more negative formal potential of the redox polymers, indicating possible structural correlations with the electron density of the metallocenes. Poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl cobaltoceniumcarboxylate hexafluorophosphate) (PMAECoPF6) showed the highest affinity toward PFOA, with an uptake capacity of more than 90 mg PFOA/g adsorbent at 0.0 V vs Ag/AgCl and a regeneration efficiency of more than 85% at -0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl. Kinetics of PFOA release showed that electrochemical bias greatly enhanced the regeneration efficiency when compared to open-circuit desorption. In addition, electrosorption of PFAS from different wastewater matrices and a range of salt concentrations demonstrated the capability of PFAS remediation in complex water sources, even at ppb levels of contaminants. Our work showcases the synthetic tunability of redox metallopolymers for enhanced electrosorption capacity and regeneration of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Baldaguez Medina
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Valentina Ardila Contreras
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Frank Hartmann
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Deborah Schmitt
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Angelique Klimek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Campus C4 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Modiri-Gharehveran M, Choi Y, Zenobio JE, Lee LS. Perfluoroalkyl acid transformation and mitigation by nNiFe-activated carbon nanocomposites in steady-state flow column studies. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:678-687. [PMID: 36522096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing contamination of groundwater with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has resulted in a global and rapidly growing interest in PFAS groundwater remediation. Preferred technologies that lead to PFAS destruction are often limited by not addressing all PFAS, being energy-intensive or not being suited for in-situ application. We developed nNiFe-activated carbon (AC) nanocomposites and demonstrated varying degrees of PFAS reduction and fluoride generation with these nanocomposites in batch reactors for several PFAS. Here we explore nNiFe-AC's effectiveness to transform perfluoroalkyl acid acids (PFAAs) under steady-state flow (0.0044 to 0.15 mL/min) in nNiFe-AC:sand packed columns. Column experiments included, two perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in deionized water and two PFAA mixtures in deionized water or bicarbonate buffer containing five perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs, C5-C9) and three perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs, C4, C6 and C8) at temperatures of 50 or 60°C were evaluated. PFOS transformation was similar in PFOS-only and PFAA mixture column experiments. Overall, % PFAA transformation under flow conditions exceeded what we observed previously in batch reactors with up to 53% transformation of a PFAA mixture with ∼ 8% defluorination. Longer chain PFAS dominated the PFAAs transformed and a bicarbonate matrix appeared to reduce overall transformation. PFAA breakthrough was slower than predicted from only sorption due to transformation; some longer chain PFAS like PFOS did not breakthrough. Here, nNiFe-AC technology with both in-situ and ex-situ potential application was shown to be a plausible part of a treatment train needed to address the ongoing challenge for cleaning up PFAS-contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Younjeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jenny E Zenobio
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Ecological Sciences & Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Ecological Sciences & Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Murray CC, Safulko A, Vatankhah H, Liu CJ, Tajdini B, Marshall RE, Bellona C. PFAS adsorbent selection: The role of adsorbent use rate, water quality, and cost. J Hazard Mater 2023; 454:131481. [PMID: 37146339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contamination in aqueous matrices has intensified the search for PFAS adsorbents with elevated capacity, selectivity, and cost effectiveness. A novel surface modified organoclay (SMC) adsorbent was evaluated for PFAS removal performance in parallel with granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange resin (IX) for the treatment of five distinct PFAS impaired waters including groundwater, landfill leachate, membrane concentrate and wastewater effluent. Rapid small scale column tests (RSSCTs) and breakthrough modeling were coupled to provide insight on adsorbent performance and cost for multiple PFAS and water types. IX exhibited the best performance with respect to adsorbent use rates in treatment of all tested waters. IX was nearly four times more effective than GAC and two times more effective than SMC in the treatment of PFOA from water types excluding groundwater. Employed modeling strengthened the comparison of adsorbent performance and water quality to infer adsorption feasibility. Further, evaluation of adsorption was extended beyond PFAS breakthrough with the inclusion of unit adsorbent cost as a decision metric influencing adsorbent selection. An analysis of levelized media cost indicated treatment of landfill leachate and membrane concentrate was at least three times more expensive than groundwaters or wastewaters evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner C Murray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Hazen and Sawyer, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
| | - Andrew Safulko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA; Brown and Caldwell, Lakewood, CO 80401, USA
| | - Hooman Vatankhah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Charlie J Liu
- Kennedy Jenks Consultants, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Bahareh Tajdini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Christopher Bellona
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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Tang L, Qiu W, Zhang S, Wang J, Yang X, Xu B, Magnuson JT, Xu EG, Wu M, Zheng C. Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances Induce Immunotoxicity via the TLR Pathway in Zebrafish: Links to Carbon Chain Length. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:6139-6149. [PMID: 37017313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but it remains a significant challenge to assess over 10,000 distinct PFASs registered in the distributed structure-searchable toxicity (DSSTox) database. We aim to reveal the mechanisms of immunotoxicity of different PFASs and hypothesize that PFAS immunotoxicity is dependent on the carbon chain length. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) representing different carbon chain lengths (4-9) at environmentally relevant levels strongly reduced the host's antibacterial ability during the zebrafish's early-life stage. Innate and adaptive immunities were both suppressed after PFAS exposures, exhibiting a significant induction of macrophages and neutrophils and expression of immune-related genes and indicators. Interestingly, the PFAS-induced immunotoxic responses were positively correlated to the carbon chain length. Moreover, PFASs activated downstream genes of the toll-like receptor (TLR), uncovering a seminal role of TLR in PFAS immunomodulatory effects. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) morpholino knock-down experiments and MyD88 inhibitors alleviated the immunotoxicity of PFASs. Overall, the comparative results demonstrate differences in the immunotoxic responses of PFASs due to carbon chain length in zebrafish, providing new insights into the prediction and classification of PFASs mode of toxic action based on carbon chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiazhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bentuo Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Måltidets Hus - Richard Johnsens gate 4, Stavanger 4021, Norway
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Minghong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- EIT Institute for Advanced Study, 568 Tongxin Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315410, China
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Ren Z, Bergmann U, Uwayezu JN, Carabante I, Kumpiene J, Lejon T, Leiviskä T. Combination of adsorption/desorption and photocatalytic reduction processes for PFOA removal from water by using an aminated biosorbent and a UV/sulfite system. Environ Res 2023; 228:115930. [PMID: 37076033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are stable organic chemicals, which have been used globally since the 1940s and have caused PFAS contamination around the world. This study explores perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) enrichment and destruction by a combined method of sorption/desorption and photocatalytic reduction. A novel biosorbent (PG-PB) was developed from raw pine bark by grafting amine groups and quaternary ammonium groups onto the surface of bark particles. The results of PFOA adsorption at low concentration suggest that PG-PB has excellent removal efficiency (94.8%-99.1%, PG-PB dosage: 0.4 g/L) to PFOA in the concentration range of 10 μg/L to 2 mg/L. The PG-PB exhibited high adsorption efficiency regarding PFOA, being 456.0 mg/g at pH 3.3 and 258.0 mg/g at pH 7 with an initial concentration of 200 mg/L. The groundwater treatment reduced the total concentration of 28 PFAS from 18 000 ng/L to 9900 ng/L with 0.8 g/L of PG-PB. Desorption experiments examined 18 types of desorption solutions, and the results showed that 0.05% NaOH and a mixture of 0.05% NaOH + 20% methanol were efficient for PFOA desorption from the spent PG-PB. More than 70% (>70 mg/L in 50 mL) and 85% (>85 mg/L in 50 mL) of PFOA were recovered from the first and second desorption processes, respectively. Since high pH promotes PFOA degradation, the desorption eluents with NaOH were directly treated with a UV/sulfite system without further adjustment. The final PFOA degradation and defluorination efficiency in the desorption eluents with 0.05% NaOH + 20% methanol reached 100% and 83.1% after 24 h reaction. This study proved that the combination of adsorption/desorption and a UV/sulfite system for PFAS removal is a feasible solution for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfei Ren
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-99020, Finland
| | - Jean Noel Uwayezu
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ivan Carabante
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jurate Kumpiene
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Tore Lejon
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Tiina Leiviskä
- Chemical Process Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
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Zhang M, Bi X, Liu S, Liu Y, Wang Q. The novel polyfluoroalkyl benzenesulfonate OBS exposure induces cell cycle arrest and senescence of rat pituitary cell GH3 via the p53/p21/RB pathway. Toxicology 2023; 490:153511. [PMID: 37059347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS), an economical alternative to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in multiple industrial fields, is widely detected in the environment. The toxicity of OBS has received increasing attention. Pituitary cells are components of the endocrine system and act as vital regulators of homeostatic endocrine balance. However, the effects of OBS on pituitary cells remain unknown. The present study explores the effects of OBS (0.5, 5, and 50μM) on GH3 rat pituitary cells after treatment for 24, 48, and 72h. We found that OBS significantly inhibited cell proliferation in GH3 cells with remarkable senescent phenotypes, including enhanced SA-β-gal activity and expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related genes, cell cycle arrest, and upregulation of the senescence-related proteins γ-H2A.X and Bcl-2. OBS caused significant cell cycle arrest of GH3 cells at the G1-phase and concomitantly downregulated the expression of some key proteins for the G1/S transition, including cyclin D1 and cyclin E1. Consistently, the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (RB), which plays a central role in regulating the cell cycle, was prominently reduced after OBS exposure. Furthermore, OBS notably activated the p53-p21 signalling pathway in GH3 cells, as evidenced by increased p53 and p21 expressions, enhanced p53 phosphorylation, and augmented p53 nuclear import. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal that OBS triggers senescence in pituitary cells via the p53-p21-RB signalling pathway. Our study demonstrates a novel toxic effect of OBS in vitro, and provides new perspectives for understanding the potential toxicity of OBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Xiaowen Bi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
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Morrison AL, Strezov V, Niven RK, Taylor MP, Wilson SP, Wang J, Burns DJ, Murphy PJC. Impact of Salinity and Temperature on Removal of PFAS Species from Water by Aeration in the Absence of Additional Surfactants: A Novel Application of Green Chemistry Using Adsorptive Bubble Fractionation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Morrison
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Vladimir Strezov
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Robert K. Niven
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales at Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2610, Australia
| | - Mark P. Taylor
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, Victoria 3085, Australia
| | - Scott P. Wilson
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jianlong Wang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales at Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2610, Australia
| | - David J. Burns
- EPOC Enviro, 48-50/7 Narabang Way, Belrose, New South Wales 2085, Australia
| | - Peter J. C. Murphy
- EPOC Enviro, 48-50/7 Narabang Way, Belrose, New South Wales 2085, Australia
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Shah MM, Ahmad K, Boota S, Jensen T, La Frano MR, Irudayaraj J. Sensor technologies for the detection and monitoring of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1141523. [PMID: 37051269 PMCID: PMC10083357 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1141523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a class of man-made substances with potential to disrupt the standard function of the endocrine system. These EDCs include phthalates, perchlorates, phenols, some heavy metals, furans, dimethoate, aromatic hydrocarbons, some pesticides, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). EDCs are widespread in the environment given their frequent use in daily life. Their production, usage, and consumption have increased many-fold in recent years. Their ability to interact and mimic normal endocrine functions makes them a potential threat to human health, aquatics, and wild life. Detection of these toxins has predominantly been done by mass spectroscopy and/or chromatography-based methods and to a lesser extent by advanced sensing approaches such as electrochemical and/or colorimetric methods. Instrument-based analytical techniques are often not amenable for onsite detection due to the lab-based nature of these detecting systems. Alternatively, analytical approaches based on sensor/biosensor techniques are more attractive because they are rapid, portable, equally sensitive, and eco-friendly. Advanced sensing systems have been adopted to detect a range of EDCs in the environment and food production systems. This review will focus on advances and developments in portable sensing techniques for EDCs, encompassing electrochemical, colorimetric, optical, aptamer-based, and microbial sensing approaches. We have also delineated the advantages and limitations of some of these sensing techniques and discussed future developments in sensor technology for the environmental sensing of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Musaddiq Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- College of Food Sciences and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Sonia Boota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Tor Jensen
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Roy J Carver Biotechnology Center, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph Irudayaraj,
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Dong Q, Guo Y, Yuan J, Zhong S, Ni H, Liu J, Zhang M, Sun J, Yuan S, Yu H, Zhong Y, Jiang Q. Hexafluoropropylene oxide tetramer acid (HFPO-TeA)-induced developmental toxicities in chicken embryo: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Alpha (PPARα) is involved. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 253:114671. [PMID: 36822062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide tetramer acid (HFPO-TeA) is an emerging environmental contaminant, with environmental presence but limited toxicological information. To investigate its potential developmental toxicities, various doses of HFPO-TeA exposure were achieved in chicken embryos via air cell injection, and the exposed embryos were incubated until hatch. Within 24 h of hatch, the hatchling chickens were assessed with electrocardiography and histopathology for toxicological evaluation. For mechanistic investigation, in ovo silencing of PPARα was achieved via lentivirus microinjection, then the morphological/functional endpoints along with protein expression levels of PPARα-regulated genes were assessed. HFPO-TeA exposure in chicken embryo resulted in developmental cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Specifically, decreased right ventricular wall thickness, increased heart rate and hepatic steatosis were observed, whereas silencing of PPARα resulted in alleviation of observed toxicities. Western blotting for EHHADH and FABPs suggested that developmental exposure to HFPO-TeA effectively increased the expression levels of both targets in hatchling chicken heart and liver tissue samples, while PPARα silencing prevented such changes, suggesting that PPARα and its downstream genes are playing critical roles in HFPO-TeA induced developmental toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Dong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuping Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Ni
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuqi Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, China.
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, China.
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Liu S, Qiu W, Li R, Chen B, Wu X, Magnuson JT, Xu B, Luo S, Xu EG, Zheng C. Perfluorononanoic Acid Induces Neurotoxicity via Synaptogenesis Signaling in Zebrafish. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3783-3793. [PMID: 36797597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), commonly used as an alternative polyfluorinated compound (PFC) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been widely detected in the aquatic environment. Previous ecotoxicological and epidemiological results suggested that some neurobehavioral effects were associated with PFC exposure; however, the ecological impacts and underlying neurotoxicity mechanisms remain unclear, particularly in aquatic organisms during sensitive, early developmental stages. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PFNA for 120 h, and the neurological effects of PFNA were comprehensively assessed using transcriptional, biochemical, morphological, and behavioral assays. RNA sequencing and advanced bioinformatics analyses predicted and characterized the key biological processes and pathways affected by PFNA exposure, which included the synaptogenesis signaling pathway, neurotransmitter synapse, and CREB signaling in neurons. Neurotransmitter levels (acetylcholine, glutamate, 5-hydroxytryptamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and noradrenaline) were significantly decreased in zebrafish larvae, and the Tg(gad67:GFP) transgenic line revealed a decreased number of GABAergic neurons in PFNA-treated larvae. Moreover, the swimming distance, rotation frequency, and activity degree were also significantly affected by PFNA, linking molecular-level changes to behavioral consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Changdong Avenue 7777, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang 330012, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuandadao 1088, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongzhen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuandadao 1088, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Haishan Road 7, Huli District, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuandadao 1088, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Måltidets Hus-Richard Johnsens gate 4, Stavanger 4021, Norway
| | - Bentuo Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shusheng Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuandadao 1088, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuandadao 1088, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- EIT Institute for Advanced Study, Tongxin Road 568, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315200, China
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48
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Zhou Y, Li Q, Wang P, Li J, Zhao W, Zhang L, Wang H, Cheng Y, Shi H, Li J, Zhang Y. Associations of prenatal PFAS exposure and early childhood neurodevelopment: Evidence from the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort. Environ Int 2023; 173:107850. [PMID: 36857906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data on the effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on infant neurodevelopment trajectories are far from being sufficiently addressed. In this study, 1285 mother-child pairs were recruited during 2016-2017. A high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to measure 16 PFAS levels in cord serum. Ages and Stages Questionnaires were used to examine children's neurodevelopment at 2, 6, 12, and 24 months of age. Group-based trajectory models were applied to derive the neurodevelopmental trajectories. Children with relatively low scores from 2 to 24 months were classified into a low-score group and were used as a risk group in each domain. Multiple linear regression, logistic regression, and quantile-based g-computation were performed to assess associations of single or mixture PFAS exposures with neurodevelopment and trajectories. Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2Cl-PFESA) were detected in over 90 % samples. PFOA had the highest concentration (median: 4.61 μg/L). Each ln-unit (μg/L) increase of PFAS (e.g., PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, 6:2Cl-PFESA) was associated with poor scores of communication domain at 6 months, with the effect size ranging from -0.69 to -0.44. PFOS (OR: 1.14, (1.03, 1.26), PFDA (OR:1.08, (1.02, 1.15)), PFHxS (OR:1.31, (1.12, 1.56)), and 6:2Cl-PFESA (OR:1.08, (1.00, 1.16)) were associated with an increased risk of being in the low-score group in the early childhood communication domain's trajectory. Each mixture quartile increment was associated with a 1.60 (-2.76, -0.45) decrease in communication domain scores of 6-month-old infants, and the mixture effect was mainly attributed to PFOS. Each mixture quartile increase was associated with a 1.23-fold (1.03, 1.46) risk of being in the low-score group of the communication domain, and the mixture effect was mainly attributed to PFOS. In conclusion, PFAS and their mixtures might adversely affect childhood neurodevelopment. The gender-specific associations existed in the above associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhou
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Putuo District Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200333, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yukai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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49
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Sivagami K, Sharma P, Karim AV, Mohanakrishna G, Karthika S, Divyapriya G, Saravanathamizhan R, Kumar AN. Electrochemical-based approaches for the treatment of forever chemicals: Removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 861:160440. [PMID: 36436638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical based approaches for the treatment of recalcitrant water borne pollutants are known to exhibit superior function in terms of efficiency and rate of treatment. Considering the stability of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are designated as forever chemicals, which generating from various industrial activities. PFAS are contaminating the environment in small concentrations, yet exhibit severe environmental and health impacts. Electro-oxidation (EO) is a recent development that treats PFAS, in which different reactive species generates at anode due to oxidative reaction and reductive reactions at the cathode. Compared to water and wastewater treatment methods those being implemented, electrochemical approaches demonstrate superior function against PFAS. EO completely mineralizes (almost 100 %) non-biodegradable organic matter and eliminate some of the inorganic species, which proven as a robust and versatile technology. Electrode materials, electrolyte concentration pH and the current density applying for electrochemical processes determine the treatment efficiency. EO along with electrocoagulation (EC) treats PFAS along with other pollutants from variety of industries showed highest degradation of 7.69 mmol/g of PFAS. Integrated approach with other processes was found to exhibit improved efficiency in treating PFAS using several electrodes boron-doped diamond (BDD), zinc, titanium and lead based with efficiency the range of 64 to 97 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
| | - Pranshu Sharma
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ansaf V Karim
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Gunda Mohanakrishna
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubli 580031, India.
| | - S Karthika
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - G Divyapriya
- Swiss Government Excellence Postdoctoral Scholar, Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Saravanathamizhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University, India
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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50
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Marquínez-Marquínez AN, Loor-Molina NS, Quiroz-Fernández LS, Maddela NR, Luque R, Rodríguez-Díaz JM. Recent advances in the remediation of perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated contaminated sites. Environ Res 2023; 219:115152. [PMID: 36572331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are compounds used since 1940 in various formulations in the industrial and consumer sectors due to their high chemical and thermal stability. In recent years, PFASs have caused global concern due to their presence in different water and soil matrices, which threatens the environment and human health. These compounds have been reported to be linked to the development of serious human diseases, including but not limited to cancer. For this reason, PFASs have been considered as persistent organic compounds (COPs) and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, this work aims to present the advances in remediation of PFASs-contaminated soil and water by addressing the current literature. The performance and characteristics of each technique were addressed deeply in this work. The reviewed literature found that PFASs elimination studies in soil and water were carried out at a laboratory and pilot-scale in some cases. It was found that ball milling, chemical oxidation and thermal desorption are the most efficient techniques for the removal of PFASs in soils, however, phyto-microbial remediation is under study, which claims to be a promising technique. For the remediation of PFASs-contaminated water, the processes of electrocoagulation, membrane filtration, ozofractionation, catalysis, oxidation reactions - reduction, thermolysis and destructive treatments with plasma have presented the best results. It is noteworthy that hybrid treatments have also proved to be efficient techniques in the removal of these contaminants from soil and water matrices. Therefore, the improvisation and implication of existing techniques on a field-scale are greatly warranted to corroborate the yields obtained on a pilot- and laboratory-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Noe Marquínez-Marquínez
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, S/N, Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, 130104, Ecuador.
| | - Nikolt Stephanie Loor-Molina
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, S/N, Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, 130104, Ecuador.
| | | | - Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador.
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014, Cordoba, Spain; Universidad ECOTEC, Km. 13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón, EC092302, Ecuador
| | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, S/N, Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, 130104, Ecuador.
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