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Santana DJ, Zhao G, O’Meara TR. The many faces of Candida auris: Phenotypic and strain variation in an emerging pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012011. [PMID: 38427609 PMCID: PMC10906884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen with unusual evolutionary history-there are multiple distinct phylogeographic clades showing a near simultaneous transition from a currently unknown reservoir to nosocomial pathogen. Each of these clades has experienced different selective pressures over time, likely resulting in selection for genotypes with differential fitness or phenotypic consequences when introduced to new environments. We also observe diversification within clades, providing additional opportunities for phenotypic differences. These differences can have large impacts on pathogenic potential, drug resistance profile, evolutionary trajectory, and transmissibility. In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of strain-specific behavior in other microbes, including bacterial and fungal pathogens, and we have an opportunity to take this strain variation into account when describing aspects of C. auris biology. Here, we critically review the literature to gain insight into differences at both the strain and clade levels in C. auris, focusing on phenotypes associated with clinical disease or transmission. Our goal is to integrate clinical and epidemiological perspectives with molecular perspectives in a way that would be valuable for both audiences. Identifying differences between strains and understanding which phenotypes are strain specific will be crucial for understanding this emerging pathogen, and an important caveat when describing the analysis of a singular isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darian J. Santana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guolei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Teresa R. O’Meara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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2
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Omardien S, Teska P. Skin and hard surface disinfection against Candida auris - What we know today. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1312929. [PMID: 38384416 PMCID: PMC10879571 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1312929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris has emerged as a global healthcare threat, displaying resistance to important healthcare antifungal therapies. Infection prevention and control protocols have become paramount in reducing transmission of C. auris in healthcare, of which cleaning and disinfection plays an important role. Candida albicans is used as a surrogate yeast for yeasticidal claims of disinfection products, but reports have been made that sensitivity to disinfectants by C. auris differs from its surrogate. In this review, we aimed to compile the information reported for products used for skin and hard surface disinfection against C. auris in its planktonic or biofilm form. A comparison was made with other Candida species, and information were gathered from laboratory studies and observations made in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Teska
- Diversey Holdings Ltd., Fort Mill, SC, United States
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3
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Gugsch F, Tan CK, Oh DY, Paßvogel L, Steinhauer K. Efficacy of octenidine- and chlorhexidine-based wash-mitts against Candida albicans and Candida auris - a comparative study. J Hosp Infect 2024; 143:91-96. [PMID: 37949371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of outbreaks of the newly emerging pathogen Candida auris may include use of antimicrobial wash-mitts for decolonization. However, currently there is little clinical evidence to support the wide adoption of 'whole-body decolonization' as part of the protocol to effectively manage C. auris outbreaks. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical tolerance of C. auris compared with the surrogate test organism Candida albicans as established in the European Standards (EN). METHODS Two commercially available antiseptic-impregnated wash-mitts based on either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) or octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) were studied. Comparison of susceptibility of C. auris and C. albicans was investigated based on the standardized test protocol EN 13624. Experiments were conducted using the impregnation liquid squeezed from the wash-mitts at a contact time of 30 s at different concentrations between 0.5% and 97% in the presence of low organic soiling. FINDINGS Yeasticidal efficacy according to EN 13624 was found for the OCT wash-mitts at 30 s at ≥10% concentration with C. albicans. In comparison, reduction ≥4 log10 was found at a much lower concentration of ≥1% for both C. auris strains. For the CHG wash-mitts, efficacy against C. albicans was below 2 log10 reduction at 97% concentration within 30 s. Efficacy against the two C. auris strains was around 3 log10 reduction. CONCLUSION Both C. auris strains were found to be significantly more susceptible when compared with C. albicans. Data also demonstrate that not all antiseptic-impregnated wash-mitts are equally effective against C. auris with OCT having a higher efficacy compared with CHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gugsch
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - C K Tan
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - D Y Oh
- Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - L Paßvogel
- Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - K Steinhauer
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany; University of Applied Sciences, Kiel, Germany.
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4
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. Emerging infectious diseases, focus on infection prevention, environmental survival and germicide susceptibility: SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris. Am J Infect Control 2023; 51:A22-A34. [PMID: 37890950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New and emerging infectious diseases continue to represent a public health threat. Emerging infectious disease threats include pathogens increasing in range (eg, Mpox), zoonotic microbes jumping species lines to cause sustained infections in humans via person-to-person transmission (SARS-CoV-2) and multidrug-resistant pathogens (eg, Candida auris). MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the published English literature and reviewed the selected articles on SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris with a focus on environmental survival, contamination of the patient's hospital environment, susceptibility of the pathogen to antiseptics and disinfectants and infection prevention recommendations. RESULTS All three pathogens (ie, SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and Candida auris) can survive on surfaces for minutes to hours and for Mpox and C auris for days. Currently available antiseptics (eg, 70%-90% alcohol hand hygiene products) are active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and C auris. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency provides separate lists of surface disinfectants active against SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris. DISCUSSION The risk of environment-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox and Candida auris, is very low, low-moderate and high, respectively. In the absence of appropriate patient isolation and use of personal protection equipment, the risk of patient-to-health care provider transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris is high, moderate and low, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate patient isolation, use of personal protective equipment by health care personnel, hand hygiene, and surface disinfection can protect patients and health care personnel from acquiring SARS-CoV-2, Mpox, and C auris from infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - William A Rutala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily Sickbert-Bennett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Infection Prevention, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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5
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Castro VDP, Thomaz DY, Vieira KDL, Lopes LG, Rossi F, Del Negro GMB, Benard G, Pires RH. In vitro activity of sanitizers against mono- and polymicrobial biofilms of C. parapsilosis and S. aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0053423. [PMID: 37681981 PMCID: PMC10583669 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00534-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of disinfectant-resistant microorganisms poses a significant threat to public health. These resilient pathogens can survive and thrive in hospital settings despite routine disinfection practices, leading to persistent infections and the potential for outbreaks. In this study, we investigated the impact of 11 different commercial sanitizers at various concentrations and exposure times on biofilms consisting of clinical and nosocomial environmental isolates of Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the sanitizers tested, 0.5% and 2.0% chlorhexidine (CLX), 10% polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP-I), a disinfectant based on quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), 2% glutaraldehyde, and 0.55% orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) demonstrated efficacy against both C. parapsilosis and S. aureus in monospecies and mixed biofilms. Analysis showed that 0.5% CLX and 10% PVP-I had fungicidal and bactericidal activity against all biofilms. However, the sanitizer based on QAC and 0.55% OPA proved to be bacteriostatic and fungicidal against both monospecies and mixed biofilms. In mixed biofilms, despite the last four sanitizers exerting fungicidal action, the reduction of fungal cells was approximately 4 log10 CFU/mL compared to monospecies biofilms, showing that the interaction provided more resistance of the yeast to the sanitizer. Formation of mixed biofilms in hospital settings can create an ecological niche that enhances the survival of pathogens against routine sanitization procedures. Therefore, effective sanitization practices, including regular cleaning with effective sanitizers, should be implemented to prevent C. parapsilosis/S. aureus biofilm formation in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Paula Castro
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Yamamoto Thomaz
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology (LIM-53), Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kayro de Lima Vieira
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Guedes Lopes
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Rossi
- Central Laboratory Division (LIM 03) – Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilda M. B. Del Negro
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology (LIM-53), Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology (LIM-53), Instituto de Medicina Tropical e Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Universidade de Franca, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bolten A, Schmidt V, Steinhauer K. Use of the European standardization framework established by CEN/TC 216 for effective disinfection strategies in human medicine, veterinary medicine, food hygiene, industry, and domestic and institutional use - a review. GMS Hyg Infect Control 2022; 17:Doc14. [PMID: 36157383 PMCID: PMC9487781 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic illustrates the necessity of effective preventive measures for existing and newly emerging pathogens. When confronted with pathogens or spoilage agents, especially if they are not yet well studied, effective hygiene protocols are needed immediately. In the medical field, effective preventive measures are key to prevent vulnerable patients from infections. In production areas, effective hygiene measures are needed to protect goods from spoilage or microbial contamination. The European standardization framework established by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) ensures that effective hygiene measures are available and can be immediately implemented when needed. Based on a broad portfolio of standards/laboratory tests, activity claims specifically addressing the special features of applications of antimicrobial formulations are substantiated. In this review, the concept of using standardized surrogate test organisms is explained, and the European standardized test approach to claim microbicidal and virucidal efficacy, the specificity of claims and their relevance for infection prevention measures is illustrated. Furthermore, relevance of the European Norm test methods is elucidated in the light of legal requirements. Finally, the review explains the systematics of the standardized methodological portfolio of CEN, Technical Committee 216, which is very useful when effective strategies for fighting or preventing microbial and viral induced infections, contaminations or spoilage are needed on an immediate basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verona Schmidt
- Chemische Fabrik Dr. Weigert GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Steinhauer
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Kiel, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Katrin Steinhauer, bactologicum GmbH, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany, Phone: +49 4821 13636 36, E-mail:
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7
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Bandara HMHN, Samaranayake LP. Emerging strategies for environmental decontamination of the nosocomial fungal pathogen Candida auris. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35687657 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a recently emerged multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening infections to the human population worldwide. Recent rampant outbreaks of C. auris in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, together with outbreaks in over 45 countries, highlight its threat to patients and healthcare economies. Unlike other pathogenic Candida species, C. auris is capable of surviving in abiotic surfaces of healthcare facilities for prolonged periods, leading to increased risk of transmission within nosocomial settings. C. auris is resistant to multiple classes of antifungal agents, forms dry biofilms and transmits independently to regional epicentres, making its eradication from nosocomial environment arduous. The lack of strategies for environmental decontamination of C. auris from nosocomial settings is evident from the generic guidance and recommendations provided by leading global healthcare bodies. Therefore, this minireview discusses the current guidelines for environmental decontamination of C. auris and compounds and strategies currently under investigation for potential future use. While established guidelines recommend the use of products mainly consisting of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide, initial works have been reported on the promising anti-C. auris properties of various other compounds and some biocompatible alternatives. Further validation of these approaches, coupled up with environmentally friendly decontamination protocols, are warranted to achieve superior elimination of C. auris from healthcare settings.
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8
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Tyski S, Bocian E, Laudy AE. The application of normative documents for determination of biocidal activity of disinfectants and antiseptics dedicated for medical area: a narrative review. J Hosp Infect 2022; 125:75-91. [PMID: 35460800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disinfectants and antiseptics are important weapons to reduce the number of microorganisms and thus to limit the number of infections. Different methods of antimicrobial activity testing, often not standardised, without appropriate controls and not validated are applied. To address these issues, several European Standards (EN) have been developed, describing the test methods to determine whether chemical disinfectants or antiseptic products have appropriate bactericidal, sporicidal, mycobactericidal or tuberculocidal activity; fungicidal or yeasticidal activity; or virucidal activity. In this narrative review, the 17 EN concerning evaluation of the above-mentioned antimicrobial activity of preparations dedicated to the medical area are briefly reviewed, together with recent publications on this topic. Suspension and carrier tests have been performed in clean and dirty conditions simulating the medical area. In addition, a wide range of applications of these standards has been presented in the research of biocides for hand antisepsis, surfaces disinfection, including airborne disinfection as well as medical device and medical textile disinfection. The role of normative documents in the investigation of antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics to limit infections has been underestimated. This narrative review aims to persuade researchers to conduct antimicrobial activity testing in line with validated EN and highlights an existing gap in ongoing research. It also aims to raise awareness of the wide range of biocidal activity tests with standardised methods in medical area. We also pay attention to the recently developed European Pharmacopoeia monography concerning the testing of bactericidal and fungicidal activity of antiseptics classified as medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tyski
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, Chełmska str. 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Oczki str. 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bocian
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, Chełmska str. 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka E Laudy
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Oczki str. 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Aldejohann AM, Wiese-Posselt M, Gastmeier P, Kurzai O. Expert recommendations for prevention and management of Candida auris transmission. Mycoses 2022; 65:590-598. [PMID: 35437832 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Candida auris was first described as a yeast pathogen in 2009. Since then, the new species has emerged worldwide. In contrast to most other Candida spp., C. auris frequently exhibits multi-drug resistance and is readily transmitted in hospital settings. While most isolations so far are from colonized patients, C. auris does cause life-threatening invasive infections. During management of the first documented C. auris transmission in a German hospital, experts from the National Reference Centers for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk) and the National Reference Center for Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections screened available literature and integrated available knowledge on infection prevention and C. auris epidemiology and biology to enable optimal containment. Relevant recommendations developed during this process are summarized in this guidance document, intended to assist in management of C. auris transmission and potential outbreak situations. Rapid and effective measures to contain C. auris spread require a multidisciplinary approach that includes clinical specialists of the affected unit, nursing staff, hospital hygiene, diagnostic microbiology, cleaning staff, hospital management and experts in diagnostic mycology / fungal infections. Action should be initiated in a step-wise process and relevant interventions differ between management of singular C. auris colonized / infected patients and detection of potential C. auris transmission or nosocomial outbreaks. [word count 205].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Wiese-Posselt
- Nationales Referenzzentrum für Surveillance von nosokomialen Infektionen, Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Petra Gastmeier
- Nationales Referenzzentrum für Surveillance von nosokomialen Infektionen, Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg.,Nationales Referenzzentrum für Invasive Pilzinfektionen, Leibniz Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie - Hans-Knöll-Institut, Jena
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10
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Hinrichs C, Wiese-Posselt M, Graf B, Geffers C, Weikert B, Enghard P, Aldejohann A, Schrauder A, Knaust A, Eckardt KU, Gastmeier P, Kurzai O. Successful control of Candida auris transmission in a German COVID-19 intensive care unit. Mycoses 2022; 65:643-649. [PMID: 35419847 PMCID: PMC9115290 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida auris is a frequently multi-drug resistant yeast species that poses a global health threat due to its high potential for hospital outbreaks. While C. auris has become endemic in parts of Asia and Africa, transmissions have so far rarely been reported in Western Europe except for Great Britain and Spain. We describe the first documented patient-to-patient transmission of C. auris in Germany in a COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) and infection control measures implemented to prevent further spread of the pathogen. METHODS Identification of C. auris was performed by MALDI-TOF and confirmed by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was carried out. We conducted repeated cross-sectional examinations for the presence of C. auris in the patients of the affected ICU and investigated possible routes of transmission. RESULTS The index patient had been transferred to Germany from a hospital in Northern Africa and was found to be colonised with C. auris. The contact patient developed C. auris sepsis. Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures included strict isolation of the two C. auris patients and regular screening of non-affected patients. No further case occurred during the subsequent weeks. Reusable blades used in video laryngoscope-guided intubation were considered as the most likely vehicle of transmission. CONCLUSIONS In view of its high risk of transmission, vigilance regarding C. auris colonisation in patients referred from endemic countries is crucial. Strict and immediate IPC measures may have the potential to prevent C. auris outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hinrichs
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Wiese-Posselt
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Graf
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Geffers
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Weikert
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Aldejohann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural product research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Gastmeier
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural product research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
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11
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Tarka P, Nitsch-Osuch A. Evaluating the Virucidal Activity of Disinfectants According to European Union Standards. Viruses 2021; 13:534. [PMID: 33804814 PMCID: PMC8063834 DOI: 10.3390/v13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disinfection of surfaces in medical facilities is an important element of infection control, including the control of viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Preparations used for surface disinfection are typically characterized via their activity against test organisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria and fungi) in the laboratory. Typically, these methods use a suspension of the test organism to assess the bactericidal, fungicidal or virucidal activity of a given preparation. However, such suspension methods do not fully imitate real-life conditions. To address this issue, carrier methods have been developed, in which microorganisms are applied to the surface of a carrier (e.g., stainless steel, glass and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) and then dried. Such methods more accurately reflect the applications in real-life clinical practice. This article summarizes the available methods for assessing the virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants for use in medical facilities based on the current European standards, including the activity against coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Tarka
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki Street 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland;
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12
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Steinhauer K, Meister TL, Todt D, Krawczyk A, Paßvogel L, Becker B, Paulmann D, Bischoff B, Eggers M, Pfaender S, Brill FHH, Steinmann E. Virucidal efficacy of different formulations for hand and surface disinfection targeting SARS CoV-2. J Hosp Infect 2021; 112:27-30. [PMID: 33771601 PMCID: PMC7986349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the ongoing SARS CoV-2 pandemic, effective disinfection measures are needed, and guidance based on the methodological framework of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) may enable the choice of effective disinfectants on an immediate basis. This study aimed to elucidate whether disinfectants claiming ‘virucidal activity against enveloped viruses’ as specified in the European Standard EN 14476 as well as in the German Association for the Control of Viral Diseases/Robert Koch Institute (DVV/RKI) guideline are effectively inactivating SARS-CoV-2. Two commercially available formulations for surface disinfection and one formulation for hand disinfection were studied regarding their virucidal activity. Based on the data of this study the enveloped SARS-CoV-2 is at least equally susceptible compared to the standard test virus vaccinia used in the EN 14476 and DVV/RKI guidelines. Thus, chemical disinfectants claiming ‘virucidal activity against enveloped viruses’ based on the EN 14476 and DVV/RKI guidelines will be an effective choice to target enveloped SARS-CoV-2 as a preventive measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steinhauer
- Department Research & Scientific Services, Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kiel University of Applied Sciences, Kiel, Germany.
| | - T L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - D Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany
| | - A Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - L Paßvogel
- Department Research & Scientific Services, Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - B Becker
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institut for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Paulmann
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institut for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Bischoff
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institut for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Eggers
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders MVZ GbR, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - F H H Brill
- Dr. Brill + Partner GmbH Institut for Hygiene and Microbiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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