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Duta L, Grumezescu V. The Effect of Doping on the Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Hydroxyapatite for Medical Applications: From Powders to Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:640. [PMID: 38591446 PMCID: PMC10856152 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the favorable electrical properties of biomaterials have been acknowledged as crucial for various medical applications, including both bone healing and growth processes. This review will specifically concentrate on calcium phosphate (CaP)-based bioceramics, with a notable emphasis on hydroxyapatite (HA), among the diverse range of synthetic biomaterials. HA is currently the subject of extensive research in the medical field, particularly in dentistry and orthopedics. The existing literature encompasses numerous studies exploring the physical-chemical, mechanical, and biological properties of HA-based materials produced in various forms (i.e., powders, pellets, and/or thin films) using various physical and chemical vapor deposition techniques. In comparison, there is a relative scarcity of research on the electrical and dielectric properties of HA, which have been demonstrated to be essential for understanding dipole polarization and surface charge. It is noteworthy that these electrical and dielectric properties also offer valuable insights into the structure and functioning of biological tissues and cells. In this respect, electrical impedance studies on living tissues have been performed to assess the condition of cell membranes and estimate cell shape and size. The need to fill the gap and correlate the physical-chemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics with the electrical and dielectric properties could represent a step forward in providing new avenues for the development of the next-generation of high-performance HA-doped biomaterials for future top medical applications. Therefore, this review focuses on the electrical and dielectric properties of HA-based biomaterials, covering a range from powders and pellets to thin films, with a particular emphasis on the impact of the various dopants used. Therefore, it will be revealed that each dopant possesses unique properties capable of enhancing the overall characteristics of the produced structures. Considering that the electrical and dielectric properties of HA-based biomaterials have not been extensively explored thus far, the aim of this review is to compile and thoroughly discuss the latest research findings in the field, with special attention given to biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu Duta
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Han Z, Xiong J, Jin X, Dai Q, Han M, Wu H, Yang J, Tang H, He L. Advances in reparative materials for infectious bone defects and their applications in maxillofacial regions. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:842-871. [PMID: 38173410 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02069j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Infectious bone defects are characterized by the partial loss or destruction of bone tissue resulting from bacterial contaminations subsequent to diseases or external injuries. Traditional bone transplantation and clinical methods are insufficient in meeting the treatment demands for such diseases. As a result, researchers have increasingly focused on the development of more sophisticated biomaterials for improved therapeutic outcomes in recent years. This review endeavors to investigate specific reparative materials utilized for the treatment of infectious bone defects, particularly those present in the maxillofacial region, with a focus on biomaterials capable of releasing therapeutic substances, functional contact biomaterials, and novel physical therapy materials. These biomaterials operate via heightened antibacterial or osteogenic properties in order to eliminate bacteria and/or stimulate bone cells regeneration in the defect, ultimately fostering the reconstitution of maxillofacial bone tissue. Based upon some successful applications of new concept materials in bone repair of other parts, we also explore their future prospects and potential uses in maxillofacial bone repair later in this review. We highlight that the exploration of advanced biomaterials holds promise in establishing a solid foundation for the development of more biocompatible, effective, and personalized treatments for reconstructing infectious maxillofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jingdi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaohan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qinyue Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mingyue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hongkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Haiqin Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Libang He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Roy VC, Islam MR, Sadia S, Yeasmin M, Park JS, Lee HJ, Chun BS. Trash to Treasure: An Up-to-Date Understanding of the Valorization of Seafood By-Products, Targeting the Major Bioactive Compounds. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:485. [PMID: 37755098 PMCID: PMC10532690 DOI: 10.3390/md21090485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishery production is exponentially growing, and its by-products negatively impact industries' economic and environmental status. The large amount of bioactive micro- and macromolecules in fishery by-products, including lipids, proteins, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, carotenoids, enzymes, collagen, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, and fucoidan, need to be utilized through effective strategies and proper management. Due to the bioactive and healthy compounds in fishery discards, these components can be used as functional food ingredients. Fishery discards have inorganic or organic value to add to or implement in various sectors (such as the agriculture, medical, and pharmaceutical industries). However, the best use of these postharvest raw materials for human welfare remains unelucidated in the scientific community. This review article describes the most useful techniques and methods, such as obtaining proteins and peptides, fatty acids, enzymes, minerals, and carotenoids, as well as collagen, gelatin, and polysaccharides such as chitin-chitosan and fucoidan, to ensure the best use of fishery discards. Marine-derived bioactive compounds have biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These high-value compounds are used in various industrial sectors, such as the food and cosmetic industries, owing to their unique functional and characteristic structures. This study aimed to determine the gap between misused fishery discards and their effects on the environment and create awareness for the complete valorization of fishery discards, targeting a sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Chandra Roy
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rakibul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Sultana Sadia
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Momota Yeasmin
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Jin-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hee-Jeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro Namgu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
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Majzoobi GH, Mohammadi M, Rahmani K. Microstructural examination and mechanical characterization of Ti/HA and Ti/SiO 2 functionally graded materials fabricated at different loading rates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105497. [PMID: 36219991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Functionally graded material (FGM) is a heterogeneous composite material that consists of two or more constituent phases with continuous changes in the microstructure from one material to another with adjustable through thickness properties. FGMs are utilized in medical applications, such as dental implants, due to their excellent mechanical and tribological properties. In this study, the powder metallurgy method (PMM) is used to produce Titanum/Hydroxyapatite (Ti/HA) and Titanum/Silicon dioxide (Ti/SiO2) FGM samples. A new designed blender is employed to mix the particles constituting the FGM samples. The mixed particles are then compacted at different strain rates from quasi static loading, using a universal testing apparatus, to dynamic loadings, using a drop hammer and a split Hopkinson bar. The effect of strain rate on mechanical properties and microstructure of specimens is studied by conducting various tests such as indentation and compression tests and by microstructural examinations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the relative density of fabricated specimens was increased with the increase of the strain rate. The highest relative density for the Ti/HA composite was achieved for the specimens produced by the split Hopkinson bar. For both of Ti/HA and Ti/SiO2 FGMs the maximum indentation force and indentation energy, obtained from the load-penetration depth curve, and the ultimate strength, obtained from the compressive stress-strain curve, were increased with the increase in strain rate. The results also indicated that the increase in volume fraction of reinforcing ceramic particles (HA or SiO2) led to the decrease of the maximum indentation force and indentation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Majzoobi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - M Mohammadi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - K Rahmani
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; Basa Pars Sanat Company, R&D Center, Takestan, Qazvin, Iran
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Ogura N, Berger MB, Srivas P, Hwang S, Li J, Cohen DJ, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD, Sandhage KH. Tailoring of TiAl6V4 Surface Nanostructure for Enhanced In Vitro Osteoblast Response via Gas/Solid (Non-Line-of-Sight) Oxidation/Reduction Reactions. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030117. [PMID: 36134921 PMCID: PMC9496476 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An aging global population is accelerating the need for better, longer-lasting orthopaedic and dental implants. Additive manufacturing can provide patient-specific, titanium-alloy-based implants with tailored, three-dimensional, bone-like architecture. Studies using two-dimensional substrates have demonstrated that osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) is enhanced on surfaces possessing hierarchical macro/micro/nano-scale roughness that mimics the topography of osteoclast resorption pits on the bone surface. Conventional machined implants with these surfaces exhibit successful osseointegration, but the complex architectures produced by 3D printing make consistent nanoscale surface texturing difficult to achieve, and current line-of-sight methods used to roughen titanium alloy surfaces cannot reach all internal surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a new, non-line-of-sight, gas/solid-reaction-based process capable of generating well-controlled nanotopographies on all open (gas-exposed) surfaces of titanium alloy implants. Dense 3D-printed titanium-aluminum-vanadium (TiAl6V4) substrates were used to evaluate the evolution of surface nanostructure for development of this process. Substrates were either polished to be smooth (for easier evaluation of surface nanostructure evolution) or grit-blasted and acid-etched to present a microrough biomimetic topography. An ultrathin (90 ± 16 nm) conformal, titania-based surface layer was first formed by thermal oxidation (600 °C, 6 h, air). A calciothermic reduction (CaR) reaction (700 °C, 1 h) was then used to convert the surface titania (TiO2) into thin layers of calcia (CaO, 77 ± 16 nm) and titanium (Ti, 51 ± 20 nm). Selective dissolution of the CaO layer (3 M acetic acid, 40 min) then yielded a thin nanoporous/nanorough Ti-based surface layer. The changes in surface nanostructure/chemistry after each step were confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and mass change analyses. In vitro studies indicated that human MSCs on CaR-modified microrough surfaces exhibited increased protein expression associated with osteoblast differentiation and promoted osteogenesis compared to unmodified microrough surfaces (increases of 387% in osteopontin, 210% in osteocalcin, 282% in bone morphogenic protein 2, 150% in bone morphogenic protein 4, 265% in osteoprotegerin, and 191% in vascular endothelial growth factor). This work suggests that this CaR-based technique can provide biomimetic topography on all biologically facing surfaces of complex, porous, additively manufactured TiAl6V4 implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Ogura
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael B. Berger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Pavan Srivas
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sunghwan Hwang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (B.D.B.); (K.H.S.)
| | - Barbara D. Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (B.D.B.); (K.H.S.)
| | - Kenneth H. Sandhage
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (B.D.B.); (K.H.S.)
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Moroi A, Takayama A, Kobayashi G, Ueki K. Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on beta-tricalcium phosphate as a bone graft substitute. Odontology 2022. [PMID: 35332382 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of various materials using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation improves their wettability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wettability of a β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) surface and the composition changes and bioactivity of β-TCP after UV irradiation. We applied 172 nm UV treatment to a β-TCP surface and measured the contact angle before and after UV irradiation. Energy-dispersive X-ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy examinations were performed on the β-TCP disk with or without UV treatment. In an adhesion test of bone marrow cells using β-TCP disks with and without UV irradiation, cell attachment was measured 10, 30, 50, and 70 h after β-TCP insertion. UV-irradiated β-TCP osteogenesis and absorption of bone substitutes were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining in a rabbit sinus model. The contact angle on the TCP surface decreased from 70° to 10° owing to UV irradiation. Conversely, UV irradiation did not change the composition of carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus. In the cell adhesion test, UV-irradiated β-TCP significantly increased cell adhesion compared with UV-unirradiated β-TCP after 10 to 30 h of culture. In the rabbit sinus model, TRAP staining showed that UV-irradiated β-TCP significantly increased the number of TRAP-positive cells compared with unirradiated β-TCP granules in the central part of β-TCP. Our results indicate that the UV irradiation of β-TCP improves its clinical utility for surgical bone augmentation in the oral and maxillofacial region.
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Radulescu DE, Neacsu IA, Grumezescu AM, Andronescu E. Novel Trends into the Development of Natural Hydroxyapatite-Based Polymeric Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050899. [PMID: 35267722 PMCID: PMC8912671 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of people needing bone replacements for the treatment of defects caused by chronic diseases or accidents has continuously increased. To solve these problems, tissue engineering has gained significant attention in the biomedical field, by focusing on the development of suitable materials that improve osseointegration and biologic activity. In this direction, the development of an ideal material that provides good osseointegration, increased antimicrobial activity and preserves good mechanical properties has been the main challenge. Currently, bone tissue engineering focuses on the development of materials with tailorable properties, by combining polymers and ceramics to meet the necessary complex requirements. This study presents the main polymers applied in tissue engineering, considering their advantages and drawbacks. Considering the potential disadvantages of polymers, improving the applicability of the material and the combination with a ceramic material is the optimum pathway to increase the mechanical stability and mineralization process. Thus, ceramic materials obtained from natural sources (e.g., hydroxyapatite) are preferred to improve bioactivity, due to their similarity to the native hydroxyapatite found in the composition of human bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Elena Radulescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.-E.R.); (A.-M.G.); (E.A.)
| | - Ionela Andreea Neacsu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.-E.R.); (A.-M.G.); (E.A.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandru-Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.-E.R.); (A.-M.G.); (E.A.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (D.-E.R.); (A.-M.G.); (E.A.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Duta L, Dorcioman G, Grumezescu V. A Review on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Materials Derived from Fish Discards. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2856. [PMID: 34835621 PMCID: PMC8620776 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the results reported on the production of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) materials derived from fish wastes (i.e., heads, bones, skins, and viscera), known as fish discards, and offers an in-depth discussion on their promising potential for various applications in many fields, especially the biomedical one. Thus, considerable scientific and technological efforts were recently focused on the capability of these sustainable materials to be transformed into economically attractive and highly valuable by-products. As a consequence of using these wastes, plenty of beneficial social effects, with both economic and environmental impact, will arise. In the biomedical field, there is a strong and continuous interest for the development of innovative solutions for healthcare improvement using alternative materials of biogenic origin. Thus, the orthopedic field has witnessed a significant development due to an increased demand for a large variety of implants, grafts, and/or scaffolds. This is mainly due to the increase of life expectancy and higher frequency of bone-associated injuries and diseases. As a consequence, the domain of bone-tissue engineering has expanded to be able to address a plethora of bone-related traumas and to deliver a viable and efficient substitute to allografts or autografts by combining bioactive materials and cells for bone-tissue ingrowth. Among biomaterials, calcium phosphate (CaP)-based bio-ceramics are widely used in medicine, in particular in orthopedics and dentistry, due to their excellent bioactive, osteoconductive, and osteointegrative characteristics. Recently, BCP materials (synthetic or natural), a class of CaP, which consist of a mixture of two phases, hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), in different concentrations, gained increased attention due to their superior overall performances as compared to single-phase formulations. Moreover, the exploitation of BCP materials from by-products of fish industry was reported to be a safe, cheap, and simple procedure. In the dedicated literature, there are many reviews on synthetic HA, β-TCP, or BCP materials, but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first collection of results on the effects of processing conditions on the morphological, compositional, structural, mechanical, and biological properties of the fish discard-derived BCPs along with the tailoring of their features for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valentina Grumezescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (L.D.); (G.D.)
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Hussain M, Askari Rizvi SH, Abbas N, Sajjad U, Shad MR, Badshah MA, Malik AI. Recent Developments in Coatings for Orthopedic Metallic Implants. Coatings 2021; 11:791. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Titanium, stainless steel, and CoCrMo alloys are the most widely used biomaterials for orthopedic applications. The most common causes of orthopedic implant failure after implantation are infections, inflammatory response, least corrosion resistance, mismatch in elastic modulus, stress shielding, and excessive wear. To address the problems associated with implant materials, different modifications related to design, materials, and surface have been developed. Among the different methods, coating is an effective method to improve the performance of implant materials. In this article, a comprehensive review of recent studies has been carried out to summarize the impact of coating materials on metallic implants. The antibacterial characteristics, biodegradability, biocompatibility, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties for performance evaluation are briefly summarized. Different effective coating techniques, coating materials, and additives have been summarized. The results are useful to produce the coating with optimized properties.
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Graziani G, Barbaro K, Fadeeva IV, Ghezzi D, Fosca M, Sassoni E, Vadalà G, Cappelletti M, Valle F, Baldini N, Rau JV. Ionized jet deposition of antimicrobial and stem cell friendly silver-substituted tricalcium phosphate nanocoatings on titanium alloy. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2629-42. [PMID: 34027240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopedic infections pose severe societal and economic burden and interfere with the capability of the implanted devices to integrate in the host bone, thus significantly increasing implants failure rate. To address infection and promote integration, here nanostructured antibacterial and bioactive thin films are proposed, obtained, for the first time, by Ionized Jet Deposition (IJD) of silver-substituted tricalcium phosphate (Ag-TCP) targets on titanium. Coatings morphology, composition and mechanical properties are characterized and proof-of-concept of biocompatibility is shown. Antimicrobial efficacy is investigated against four Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains and against C. albicans fungus, by investigating the modifications in planktonic bacterial growth in the absence and presence of silver. Then, for all bacterial strains, the capability of the film to inhibit bacterial adhesion is also tested. Results indicate that IJD permits a fine control over films composition and morphology and deposition of films with suitable mechanical properties. Biological studies show a good efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and against fungus Candida albicans, with evidences of efficacy against planktonic growth and significant reduction of bacterial cell adhesion. No cytotoxic effects are evidenced for equine adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), as no reductions are caused to cells viability and no interference is assessed in cells differentiation towards osteogenic lineage, in the presence of silver. Instead, thanks to nanostructuration and biomimetic composition, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) coatings favor cells viability, also when silver-substituted. These findings show that silver-substituted nanostructured coatings are promising for orthopedic implant applications. Silver-substituted TCP films on titanium are prepared by Ionized Jet Deposition Films are nanostructured, hard, with submicron thickness Adipose mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteogenic lineage on the surface of films Films show antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activity against several microorganisms Films are promising for application in orthopedic titanium implants
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Pantaroto HN, Cordeiro JM, Pereira LT, de Almeida AB, Nociti Junior FH, Rangel EC, Azevedo Neto NF, da Silva JHD, Barão VAR. Sputtered crystalline TiO 2 film drives improved surface properties of titanium-based biomedical implants. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2020; 119:111638. [PMID: 33321676 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Different crystalline phases in sputtered TiO2 films were tailored to determine their surface and electrochemical properties, protein adsorption and apatite layer formation on titanium-based implant material. Deposition conditions of two TiO2 crystalline phases (anatase and rutile) were established and then grown on commercially pure titanium (cpTi) by magnetron sputtering to obtain the following groups: A-TiO2 (anatase), M-TiO2 (anatase and rutile mixture), R-TiO2 (rutile). Non-treated commercially pure titanium (cpTi) was used as a control. Surfaces characterization included: chemical composition, topography, crystalline phase and surface free energy (SFE). Electrochemical tests were conducted using simulated body fluid (SBF). Albumin adsorption was measured by bicinchoninic acid method. Hydroxyapatite (HA) precipitation was evaluated after 28 days of immersion in SBF. MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, morphology and spreading onto the experimental surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Sputtering treatment modified cpTi topography by increasing its surface roughness. CpTi and M-TiO2 groups presented the greatest SFE. In general, TiO2 films displayed improved electrochemical behavior compared to cpTi, with M-TiO2 featuring the highest polarization resistance. Rutile phase exhibited a greater influence on decreasing the current density and corrosion rate, while the presence of a bi-phasic polycrystalline condition displayed a more stable passive behavior. M-TiO2 featured increased albumin adsorption. HA morphology was dependent on the crystalline phase, being more evident in the bi-phasic group. Furthermore, M-TiO2 displayed normal cell adhesion and morphology. The combination of anatase and rutile structures to generate TiO2 films is a promising strategy to improve biomedical implants properties including greater corrosion protection, higher protein adsorption, bioactivity and non-cytotoxicity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Navarro Pantaroto
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Jairo Matozinho Cordeiro
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil; Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), Brazil
| | - Lucas Toniolo Pereira
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Amanda Bandeira de Almeida
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti Junior
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Cipriano Rangel
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Três de Março, 511, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Nilton Francelosi Azevedo Neto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Physics, Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo C. Coube, 14-01, Bauru, São Paulo 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Jose Humberto Dias da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Physics, Av. Eng. Luís Edmundo C. Coube, 14-01, Bauru, São Paulo 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil; Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), Brazil.
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12
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Fathi AM, Mandour HS, Abd El-Hamid HK. Corrosion Protection of Nano-biphasic Calcium Phosphate Coating on Titanium Substrate. CNANO 2020; 16:779-792. [DOI: 10.2174/1573413715666191113145322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Increasing the bioactivity of metallic implants is necessary for biomaterial
applications where hydroxyapatite (HA) is used as a surface coating. In industry, HA is currently
coated by plasma spraying, but this technique has a high cost and produces coating with short-term
stability.
Objectives:
In the present study, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used to deposit nano-biphasic
calcium phosphate compound (β-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) /hydroxyapatite (HA)) bio-ceramics
on the titanium surface. The microstructural, chemical compositions and bioactivity of the β-
TCP/HA coatings were studied in a simulated body fluid solution (SBF).
Methods:
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used. Additionally, the antibacterial
effect was studied by the agar diffusion method. The corrosion behavior of the β-TCP/HA coating on
titanium surface (Ti) in the SBF solution at 37oC was investigated by means of electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests.
Results:
The Ti surface modification increased its biocompatibility and corrosion resistance in the
simulated body fluid. The antibacterial inhibition activity of the β-TCP/HA bio-ceramic was enhanced
by electroless silver deposition. The enhanced properties could be attributed to the use of
nano-sized biphasic calcium phosphates in a low-temperature EPD process.
Conclusions:
The β-TCP/HA and β-TCP/HA/Ag coatings well protect Ti from the corrosion in SBF and
endow Ti with biocompatibility. The β-4-TCP/HA/Ag/Ti substrate shows good antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam M. Fathi
- Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Howida S. Mandour
- Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanaa K. Abd El-Hamid
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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13
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De Bonis A, Uskoković V, Barbaro K, Fadeeva I, Curcio M, Imperatori L, Teghil R, Rau JV. Pulsed laser deposition temperature effects on strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite thin films for biomedical implants. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 36:537-551. [PMID: 32377851 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Substituting small molecule drugs with abundant and easily affordable ions may have positive effects on the way countless disease treatments are approached. The interest in strontium cation in bone therapies soared in the wake of the success of strontium ranelate in the treatment of osteoporosis. A new method for producing thin strontium-containing hydroxyapatite (Sr-HA, Ca9Sr(PO4)6(OH)2) films as coatings that render bioinert titanium implant bioactive is reported here. The method is based on the combination of a mechanochemical synthesis of Sr-HA targets and their deposition in form of thin films on top of titanium with the use of laser ablation at low pressure. The films were 1-2 μm in thickness and their formation was studied at different temperatures, including 25, 300, and 500 °C. Highly crystalline Sr-HA target transformed during pulsed laser deposition to a fully amorphous film, whose degree of long-range order recovered with temperature. Particle edges became somewhat sharper and surface roughness moderately increased with temperature, but the (Ca+Sr)/P atomic ratio, which increased 1.5 times during the film formation, remained approximately constant at different temperatures. Despite the mostly amorphous structure of the coatings, their affinity for capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide and accommodating it as carbonate ions that replace both phosphates and hydroxyls of HA was confirmed in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. As the film deposition temperature increased, the lattice voids got reduced in concentration and the structure gradually "closed," becoming more compact and entailing a linear increase in microhardness with temperature, by 0.03 GPa/°C for the entire 25-500 °C range. Biocompatibility and bioactivity of Sr-HA thin films deposited on titanium were confirmed in an interaction with dental pulp stem cells, suggesting that these coatings, regardless of the processing temperature, may be viable candidates for the surface components of metallic bone implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Bonis
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, Engineering Gateway 4200, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Katia Barbaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Inna Fadeeva
- AA Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 49, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Mariangela Curcio
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luca Imperatori
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Teghil
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Behera RR, Das A, Hasan A, Pamu D, Pandey LM, Sankar MR. Effect of TiO 2 addition on adhesion and biological behavior of BCP-TiO 2 composite films deposited by magnetron sputtering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2020; 114:111033. [PMID: 32994014 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation focuses on the deposition of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and titania (TiO2) composite films on Ti-6Al-4V substrates using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Three different compositions such as 100% BCP, 25% TiO2-75% BCP and 50% TiO2-50% BCP films were fabricated, and the physical, mechanical and biological behaviors of the films were analyzed. Post deposition, the films were annealed at 700 °C for 2 h to induce the crystallinity and to study its effect on different properties. The wettability was found to be 95°(±3°) for 100% BCP, 73°(±2°) for 25% TiO2-75% BCP and 35°(±1°) for 50% TiO2-50% BCP films, indicating improvement in wettability with an increase of TiO2 weight percent in the composite films. The value of critical load (Lc2) for 100 BCP film improved from 8.7 N to 14.8 N (25 TiO2-BCP) and >19 N (50 TiO2-BCP film), indicating improvement in bonding strength with TiO2 addition. The fetal bovine serum (FBS) adsorption decreased from 7.11 ± 0.25 to 4.42 ± 0.17 μg/cm2 with TiO2 weight percent from 0 to 50%. Cell adhesion and proliferation significantly improved in 100% BCP, 25% TiO2-75% BCP and 50% TiO2-50% BCP films as compared to uncoated Ti-6Al-4V. The maximum cell proliferation was found on the surface of 50% TiO2-50% BCP film (210.1 ± 6.5%) after 6 days of incubation. However, after annealing all the films exhibited less cell adhesion and cytocompatibility presumably due to change in composition. Globular apatite structure was observed on all modified surfaces after 7 days immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF); however, the growth rate was higher for 50 TiO2-BCP films. All these results revealed that the addition of TiO2 in BCP film (without annealing) is advantageous for improving the bonding strength as well as the bioactivity of implants, which can be used for long-term dental and orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Behera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; School of Mechanical Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - A Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - A Hasan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - D Pamu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - L M Pandey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - M R Sankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India.
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15
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Das A, Pamu D. A comprehensive review on electrical properties of hydroxyapatite based ceramic composites. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2019; 101:539-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Ding Z, He Q, Ding Z, Liao C, Chen D, Ou L. Fabrication and Performance of ZnO Doped Tantalum Oxide Multilayer Composite Coatings on Ti6Al4V for Orthopedic Application. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E685. [PMID: 31052573 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ti6Al4V titanium alloy has been widely used as medical implant material in orthopedic surgery, and one of the obstacles preventing it from wide use is toxic metal ions release and bacterial implant infection. In this paper, in order to improve corrosion resistance and antibacterial performance of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, ZnO doped tantalum oxide (TaxOy) multilayer composite coating ZnO-TaxOy/TaxOy/TaxOy-TiO2/TiO2/Ti (ZnO-TaxOy) was deposited by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. As a comparison, monolayer TaxOy coating was prepared on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy. The morphology and phase composition of the coatings were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the elemental chemical states of coating surfaces were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The adhesion strength and corrosion resistance of the coatings were examined by micro-scratch tester and electrochemical workstations, respectively. The results show that the adhesion strength of multilayer ZnO-TaxOy coating is 16.37 times higher than that of single-layer TaxOy coating. The ZnO-TaxOy composite coating has higher corrosion potential and lower corrosion current density than that of TaxOy coating, showing better corrosion inhibition. Furthermore, antibacterial test revealed that multilayer ZnO-TaxOy coating has a much better antibacterial performance by contrast.
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17
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Lu J, Zhang W, Huo W, Zhao Y, Cui W, Zhang Y. Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Ti⁻6Al⁻4V Alloy Induced by Sliding Friction Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12050760. [PMID: 30841630 PMCID: PMC6427322 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A nanograined (NG) layer with an average grain size of less than 100 nm has been successfully prepared on a Ti–6Al–4V sheet surface by sliding friction treatment (SFT). The electrochemical corrosion/passive behavior and mechanical properties of an NG Ti–6Al–4V sheet were examined in this study. A bi-layer passive film that consisted of an outer TiO2-rich layer and an inner Al2O3-rich layer was formed on either an NG or coarse-grained (CG) surface. The improved corrosion was mainly caused by the enhanced stability and thickness of the passive layer. Tensile experiments were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties at ambient temperature. The NG Ti–6Al–4V sample exhibited the high yield strength (956 MPa) with a moderate elongation of 8%. These superior comprehensive properties demonstrated its potential as a biomedical material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Lu
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China.
| | - Wangtu Huo
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China.
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China.
| | - Wenfang Cui
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Advanced Materials Research Central, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China.
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18
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Huang HY, Manga YB, Huang WN, Lin CK, Tseng CL, Huang HM, Wu CY, Wu CC. Effect of Hydroxyapatite Formation on Titanium Surface with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Loading through Electrochemical Deposition on MG-63 Cells. Materials (Basel) 2018; 11:E1897. [PMID: 30287747 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate ceramics used in dentistry and orthopedics are some of the most valuable biomaterials, owing to their excellent osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osseointegration. Osteoconduction and osteoinduction are critical targets for bone regeneration, and osseointegration is essential for any dental implantations. In this study, a hydroxyapatite (HAp) hybrid coating layer with the sequential release of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) was deposited onto an etched titanium substrate by electrochemical deposition. The resulting release of BMP-2 from Ti⁻HAp was assessed by immersing samples in a simulated buffer fluid solution. Through coculture, human osteosarcoma cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were assessed. The characteristics and effect on cell proliferation of the hybrid coatings were investigated for their functionality through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cell proliferation assays. Findings revealed that -0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) exhibited the optimal HAp properties and a successfully coated HAp layer. XRD confirmed the crystallinity of the deposited HAp on the titanium surface. Ti-0.8 V Ti⁻HAp co-coating BMP sample exhibited the highest cell proliferation efficiency and was more favorable for cell growth. A successful biocompatible hybrid coating with optimized redox voltage enhanced the osseointegration process. The findings suggest that this technique could have promising clinical applications to enhance the healing times and success rates of dental implantation.
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