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Han Q, Li W, Chen P, Wang L, Bao X, Huang R, Liu G, Chen X. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation and therapeutic strategies in depression. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1890-1898. [PMID: 38227513 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a bidirectional relationship between inflammation and depression. Activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes is closely related to the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. In patients with major depressive disorder, NLRP3 inflammasome levels are significantly elevated. Understanding the role that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation plays in the pathogenesis of depression may be beneficial for future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms that lead to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in depression as well as to provide insight into therapeutic strategies that target the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, we outlined various therapeutic strategies that target the NLRP3 inflammasome, including NLRP3 inflammatory pathway inhibitors, natural compounds, and other therapeutic compounds that have been shown to be effective in treating depression. Additionally, we summarized the application of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in clinical trials related to depression. Currently, there is a scarcity of clinical trials dedicated to investigating the applications of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors in depression treatment. The modulation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in microglia holds promise for the management of depression. Further investigations are necessary to ascertain the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic approaches as potential novel antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqin Han
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqing Chen
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiwen Bao
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Renyan Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guobin Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China
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Wang P, Li Y, Song Y, Gao Y, Hao C, Zhou Y, Bao S, Guo J, Li X. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reverse depression in rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress combined with lipopolysaccharide. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14644. [PMID: 38433020 PMCID: PMC10909725 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered crucial to the pathogenesis of depression. Rat models of depression can be created by combined treatments of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Behaviors associated with depression could be improved by treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) owing to immunomodulatory functions of the cells. Therapeutic potentials of the MSCs to reverse pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins, and metabolites were identified by transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis, respectively. METHODS A depression model was established in male SD rats by 2 weeks of CUMS combined with LPS. The models were verified by behavioral tests, namely SPT, OFT, EPM, and qRT-PCR for pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such depressed rats were administered human umbilical cord MSCs (hUC-MSCs) via the tail vein once a week for 2 and 4 weeks. The homing capacity was confirmed by detection of the fluorescent dye on day 7 after the hUC-MSCs were labeled with CM-Dil and administered. The expression of GFAP in astrocytes serves as a biomarker of CNS disorders and IBA1 in microglia serves as a marker of microglia activation were detected by immunohistochemistry at 2 and 4 weeks after final administration of hUC-MSCs. At the same time, transcriptomics of rat hippocampal tissue, proteomic and metabolomic analysis of the serum from the normal, depressed, and treated rats were also compared. RESULTS Reliable models of rat depression were successfully induced by treatments of CUMS combined with LPS. Rat depression behaviors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and morphological disorders of the hippocampus associated with depression were reversed in 4 weeks by hUC-MSC treatment. hUC-MSCs could reach the hippocampus CA1 region through the blood circulation on day 7 after administration owing to the disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) by microglial activation from depression. Differentiations of whole-genome expression, protein, and metabolite profiles between the normal and depression-modeled rats, which were analyzed by transcriptomic, proteomics, and metabolomics, further verified the high association with depression behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Rat depression can be reversed or recovered by treatment with hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yunxia Li
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic AnimalHohhotChina
| | - Yongli Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yuan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Chunxia Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Siqin Bao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Jitong Guo
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic AnimalHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Yihong Medical Research Co. LtdHohhotChina
| | - Xihe Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland LivestockInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Research Center for Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia PlateauCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Institute of Breeding and Reproductive Biotechnology in Domestic AnimalHohhotChina
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3
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Boyle CC, Bower JE, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Stress to inflammation and anhedonia: Mechanistic insights from preclinical and clinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105307. [PMID: 37419230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, as evidenced by impaired pleasurable response to reward, reduced reward motivation, and/or deficits in reward-related learning, is a common feature of depression. Such deficits in reward processing are also an important clinical target as a risk factor for depression onset. Unfortunately, reward-related deficits remain difficult to treat. To address this gap and inform the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies, it is critical to understand the mechanisms that drive impairments in reward function. Stress-induced inflammation is a plausible mechanism of reward deficits. The purpose of this paper is to review evidence for two components of this psychobiological pathway: 1) the effects of stress on reward function; and 2) the effects of inflammation on reward function. Within these two areas, we draw upon preclinical and clinical models, distinguish between acute and chronic effects of stress and inflammation, and address specific domains of reward dysregulation. By addressing these contextual factors, the review reveals a nuanced literature which might be targeted for additional scientific inquiry to inform the development of precise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C Boyle
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA.
| | - Julienne E Bower
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Irwin
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA
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4
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Fan B, Bryant RH, Greer AW. Automatically Identifying Sickness Behavior in Grazing Lambs with an Acceleration Sensor. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2086. [PMID: 37443882 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute disease of grazing animals can lead to alterations in behavioral patterns. Relatively recent advances in accelerometer technology have resulted in commercial products, which can be used to remotely detect changes in animals' behavior, the pattern and extent of which may provide an indicator of disease challenge and animal health status. The objective of this study was to determine if changes in behavior during use of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge model can be detected using ear-mounted accelerometers in grazing lambs. LPS infusion elevated rectal temperatures from 39.31 °C to 39.95 °C, indicating successful establishment of an acute fever response for comparison with groups (p < 0.001). For each of the five recorded behaviors, time spent eating, ruminating, not active, active, and highly active, the accelerometers were able to detect an effect of LPS challenge. Compared with the control, there were significant effects of LPS infusion by hour interaction on durations of eating (-6.71 min/h, p < 0.001), inactive behavior (+16.00 min/h, p < 0.001), active behavior (-8.39 min/h, p < 0.001), and highly active behavior (-2.90 min/h, p < 0.001) with a trend for rumination time (-1.41 min/h, p = 0.075) in lambs after a single LPS infusion. Results suggest that current sensors have the capability to correctly identify behaviors of grazing lambs, raising the possibility of detecting changes in animals' health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Fan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Racheal H Bryant
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Andrew W Greer
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
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Jach ME, Serefko A, Szopa A, Sajnaga E, Golczyk H, Santos LS, Borowicz-Reutt K, Sieniawska E. The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073213. [PMID: 37049975 PMCID: PMC10096791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and complex mental and emotional disorder that causes disability, morbidity, and quite often mortality around the world. Depression is closely related to several physical and metabolic conditions causing metabolic depression. Studies have indicated that there is a relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, known as the gut–brain axis. While this microbiota–gut–brain connection is disturbed, dysfunctions of the brain, immune system, endocrine system, and gastrointestinal tract occur. Numerous studies show that intestinal dysbiosis characterized by abnormal microbiota and dysfunction of the microbiota–gut–brain axis could be a direct cause of mental and emotional disorders. Traditional treatment of depression includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, and it mainly targets the brain. However, restoration of the intestinal microbiota and functions of the gut–brain axis via using probiotics, their metabolites, prebiotics, and healthy diet may alleviate depressive symptoms. Administration of probiotics labeled as psychobiotics and their metabolites as metabiotics, especially as an adjuvant to antidepressants, improves mental disorders. It is a new approach to the prevention, management, and treatment of mental and emotional illnesses, particularly major depressive disorder and metabolic depression. For the effectiveness of antidepressant therapy, psychobiotics should be administered at a dose higher than 1 billion CFU/day for at least 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Elżbieta Jach
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Street 1I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Serefko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Street 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Street 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Sajnaga
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Street 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hieronim Golczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Street 1I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Leandro Soares Santos
- Department of Animal and Rural Technology, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga 45700-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Kinga Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Unit of Experimental Neuropathophysiology, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Street 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Hernández-Arrambide PE, Carrasco-Carballo A, Parra I, Chamorro-Arenas D, Martínez I, Luna F, Sartillo-Piscil F, Tizabi Y, Mendieta L. Antidepressant and Neuroprotective Effects of 3-Hydroxy Paroxetine, an Analog of Paroxetine in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:230-239. [PMID: 36433759 PMCID: PMC10032298 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxetine (PX) is a widely used antidepressant with side effects such as weakness, dizziness, and trouble sleeping. In search of novel compounds with better efficacy and fewer side effects, we synthesized 3HPX, a hydroxylated analog of PX, and compared the 2 in silico for their pharmacokinetic and binding properties and in vivo for their antidepressant and potential neuroprotective effects. METHODS In silico studies compared pharmacological properties as well as interactions of PX and 3HPX with the serotonin transporter. In vivo studies utilized an animal model of comorbid depression-Parkinson disease. Adult male Wistar rats were injected (sterotaxically) with lipopolysaccharide in the striatum (unilaterally), followed by 14 days of once-daily injections (i.p.) of 10 mg/kg PX or 3HPX. Animals were tested for motor asymmetry and locomotor activity as well as indices of anhedonia and helplessness using sucrose preference and forced swim tests, respectively. Brains of these animals were collected after the last test, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and Iba-1-positive stained microglia in ipsilateral striatum were measured. RESULTS In silico findings indicated that 3HPX could bind stronger to serotonin transporter and also have a better clearance and hence less toxicity compared with PX. In vivo results revealed a more effective reversal of immobility in the swim test, substantial increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and more ramified Iba-1+ cells by 3HPX compared with PX. CONCLUSION The findings suggest superior effectiveness of 3HPX as an antidepressant and neuroprotectant compared with PX and hence potential utility in Parkinson disease depression co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Carrasco-Carballo
- Laboratorio de Elucidación y Síntesis en Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Irving Parra
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Delfino Chamorro-Arenas
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Félix Luna
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Fernando Sartillo-Piscil
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Liliana Mendieta
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Faustmann TJ, Wawrzyniak M, Faustmann PM, Corvace F, Ismail FS. Inhibition of Microglial Activation by Amitriptyline and Doxepin in Interferon-β Pre-Treated Astrocyte–Microglia Co-Culture Model of Inflammation. Brain Sci 2023; 13:493. [PMID: 36979303 PMCID: PMC10046476 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression may occur in patients with multiple sclerosis, especially during interferon-β (IFN-β) treatment, and therapy with antidepressants may be necessary. Interactions of IFN-β with antidepressants concerning glia-mediated inflammation have not yet been studied. Primary rat co-cultures of astrocytes containing 5% (M5, consistent with “physiological” conditions) or 30% (M30, consistent with “pathological, inflammatory” conditions) of microglia were incubated with 10 ng/mL amitriptyline or doxepin for 2 h, or with 2000 U/mL IFN-β for 22 h. To investigate the effects of antidepressants on IFN-β treatment, amitriptyline or doxepin was added to IFN-β pre-treated co-cultures. An MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to measure the glial cell viability, immunocytochemistry was performed to evaluate the microglial activation state, and ELISA was performed to measure pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine concentrations. Incubation of inflammatory astrocyte–microglia co-cultures with amitriptyline, doxepin or IFN-β alone, or co-incubation of IFN-β pre-treated co-cultures with both antidepressants, significantly reduced the extent of inflammation, with the inhibition of microglial activation. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were not affected. Accordingly, the two antidepressants did not interfere with the anti-inflammatory effect of IFN-β on astrocytes and microglia. Furthermore, no cytotoxic effects on glial cells were observed. This is the first in vitro study offering novel perspectives in IFN-β treatment and accompanying depression regarding glia.
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Forte ARCC, Lessa PHC, Chaves Filho AJM, Aquino PEAD, Brito LM, Pinheiro LC, Juruena MF, Lucena DFD, de Rezende PHF, de Vasconcelos SMM. Oxidative stress and inflammatory process in borderline personality disorder (BPD): a narrative review. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12484. [PMID: 36946840 PMCID: PMC10021502 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric condition that affects up to 2.7% of the population and is highly linked to functional impairment and suicide. Despite its severity, there is a lack of knowledge about its pathophysiology. Studies show genetic influence and childhood violence as factors that may contribute to the development of BPD; however, the involvement of neuroinflammation in BPD remains poorly investigated. This article aimed to explore the pathophysiology of BPD according to the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress substances that exacerbate neuronal damage. Few articles have been published on this theme. They show that patients with BPD have a lower level of BDNF and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in peripheral blood, associated with increased plasma levels of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Therefore, more research on the topic is needed, mainly with a pre-clinical and clinical focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R C C Forte
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P H C Lessa
- Curso de Medicina, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (DCBS), Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | - A J M Chaves Filho
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P E A de Aquino
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - L M Brito
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - L C Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M F Juruena
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D F de Lucena
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P H F de Rezende
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S M M de Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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Nicolai L, Nettesheim P, de Witte LD, Snijders G. Antidepressants as a potential candidate to reduce microglia activation in neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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10
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Tan C, Yan Q, Ma Y, Fang J, Yang Y. Recognizing the role of the vagus nerve in depression from microbiota-gut brain axis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1015175. [PMID: 36438957 PMCID: PMC9685564 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1015175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a worldwide disease causing severe disability, morbidity, and mortality. Despite abundant studies, the precise mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression remain elusive. Recently, cumulate research suggests that a disturbance of microbiota-gut-brain axis may play a vital role in the etiology of depression while correcting this disturbance could alleviate depression symptoms. The vagus nerve, linking brain and gut through its afferent and efferent branches, is a critical route in the bidirectional communication of this axis. Directly or indirectly, the vagus afferent fibers can sense and relay gut microbiota signals to the brain and induce brain disorders including depression. Also, brain changes in response to stress may result in gut hyperpermeability and inflammation mediating by the vagal efferents, which may be detrimental to depression. Notably, vagus nerve stimulation owns an anti-inflammatory effect and was proved for depression treatment. Nevertheless, depression was accompanied by a low vagal tone, which may derive from response to stress and contribute to pathogenesis of depression. In this review, we aim to explore the role of the vagus nerve in depression from the perspective of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, highlighting the relationship among the vagal tone, the gut hyperpermeability, inflammation, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoren Tan
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Yan
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiliang Fang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
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St-Laurent T, Hammami R. The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:2523. [PMID: 35745252 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the ginseng (Panax) root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry’s potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry’s application in supporting mental health via the gut–brain axis is compiled and discussed.
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Zhang MM, Guo MX, Zhang QP, Chen XQ, Li NZ, Liu Q, Cheng J, Wang SL, Xu GH, Li CF, Zhu JX, Yi LT. IL-1R/C3aR signaling regulates synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex of depression. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:90. [PMID: 35715851 PMCID: PMC9205119 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder is characterized by not only monoamine neurotransmitters deficiencies but also persistent neuroinflammation. The complement system is an attractive therapeutic target for various inflammation-related diseases due to its early activation in inflammatory processes. Results In the present study, the dynamic alteration of complement C3 and its receptor C3aR during the occurrence of depression and the mechanism of astrocyte-microglia IL-1R/C3/C3aR on synaptic pruning were investigated. The proteomic analysis firstly showed that chronic stress caused an elevation of C3. GO analysis indicated that complement system-mediated synaptic pruning signaling was involved in depression. The dynamic observation indicated that C3/C3aR was activated in the early onset and throughout the course of depression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chronic stress. In contrast, C3aR blockade inhibited the hyperactivation of microglial APT2/DHHC7 palmitoylation cycle, which mediated the translocation of STAT3 and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, C3aR blockade also attenuated the synaptic pruning and enhanced the synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Moreover, the blockade of IL-1R/NF-κB signaling pathway reduced the release of C3 from astrocyte. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that astrocyte-microglia IL-1R/C3/C3aR activation causes the abnormal synaptic pruning in depression, and suggests that the activation of complement C3/C3aR may be particularly helpful in predicting the onset stage of depression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00832-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Xia Guo
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ping Zhang
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Zhi Li
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Le Wang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hui Xu
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen, 361008, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Fu Li
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, Fujian province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Xiao Zhu
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Tao Yi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian province, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that microglial activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. In fact, neuroinflammation is associated with a phenotypic change of microglia, consisting of morphological differences, increased release of cytokines and oxidative stress products, which may contribute to the development and maintenance of depression. Antidepressants, including selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, have been shown to act on the immune and oxidative stress mechanisms commonly found to be disrupted in depression. Thus, the inhibition of microglial activation may be one of the mechanisms through which they exert an antidepressant action. AIM This is the first review summarising in vitro and ex vivo studies investigating the effects of different classes of antidepressants on microglia activation, by examining cellular changes and/or via measuring the production of immune and/or oxidative stress signalling molecules, in microglia models of neuroinflammation with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. A total of 23 studies were identified, 18 using LPS stimulation and 5 using cytokines stimulation. RESULTS Overall, the studies show that antidepressants, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants prevented microglial activation, including reduced microglial reactivity and decreased immune and oxidative stress products, in both models. However, specific antidepressants, such as bupropion and agomelatine did not prevent interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced microglial activation; and for other antidepressants, including phenelzine, venlafaxine and sertraline, the results of different studies were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Overall, results summarised in this review support the hypothesis that the action of at least certain classes of antidepressants may involve regulation of microglial activation, especially when in presence of increased levels of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mariani
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Everson
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Borsini
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Moudio S, Willis A, Pytka K, Abulkassim R, Brett RR, Webster JF, Wozny C, Barbour M, Jiang HR, Watson DG, van Kralingen JC, MacKenzie SM, Daniels M, McColl BW, Sossick S, Nuthall HN, Bushell TJ. Protease-activated receptor 2 activation induces behavioural changes associated with depression-like behaviour through microglial-independent modulation of inflammatory cytokines. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:229-42. [PMID: 34888704 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide but currently prescribed treatments do not adequately ameliorate the disorder in a significant portion of patients. Hence, a better appreciation of its aetiology may lead to the development of novel therapies. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we have built on our previous findings indicating a role for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in sickness behaviour to determine whether the PAR2 activator, AC264613, induces behavioural changes similar to those observed in depression-like behaviour. METHODS AC264613-induced behavioural changes were examined using the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition test (NOR). Whole-cell patch clamping was used to investigate the effects of PAR2 activation in the lateral habenula with peripheral and central cytokine levels determined using ELISA and quantitative PCR. RESULTS Using a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable PAR2 activator, we reveal that AC-264613 (AC) injection leads to reduced locomotor activity and sucrose preference in mice but is without effect in anxiety and memory-related tasks. In addition, we show that AC injection leads to elevated blood sera IL-6 levels and altered cytokine mRNA expression within the brain. However, neither microglia nor peripheral lymphocytes are the source of these altered cytokine profiles. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that PAR2 activation results in behavioural changes often associated with depression-like behaviour and an inflammatory profile that resembles that seen in patients with MDD and therefore PAR2 may be a target for novel antidepressant therapies.
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Shafer MER, Sawh AN, Schier AF. Gene family evolution underlies cell-type diversification in the hypothalamus of teleosts. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:63-76. [PMID: 34824389 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of cell types form the vertebrate brain but it is largely unknown how similar cellular repertoires are between or within species or how cell-type diversity evolves. To examine cell-type diversity across and within species, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of ~130,000 hypothalamic cells from zebrafish (Danio rerio) and surface and cave morphs of Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus). We found that over 75% of cell types were shared between zebrafish and Mexican tetra, which diverged from a common ancestor over 150 million years ago. Shared cell types displayed shifts in paralogue expression that were generated by subfunctionalization after genome duplication. Expression of terminal effector genes, such as neuropeptides, was more conserved than the expression of their associated transcriptional regulators. Species-specific cell types were enriched for the expression of species-specific genes and characterized by the neofunctionalization of expression patterns of members of recently expanded or contracted gene families. Comparisons between surface and cave morphs revealed differences in immune repertoires and transcriptional changes in neuropeptidergic cell types associated with genomic differences. The single-cell atlases presented here are a powerful resource to explore hypothalamic cell types and reveal how gene family evolution and shifts in paralogue expression contribute to cellular diversity.
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16
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Duarte-Silva E, de Melo MG, Maes M, Filho AJMC, Macedo D, Peixoto CA. Shared metabolic and neuroimmune mechanisms underlying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Major Depressive Disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110351. [PMID: 34000290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with symptoms that go beyond the domain of glucose metabolism. In fact, research has shown that T2DM is accompanied by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Interestingly, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a mood disorder characterized mainly by depressed mood and anhedonia is a key feature of T2DM. A body of evidence demonstrates that there are many shared neuroimmune mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of T2DM and MDD. Therefore, here we review the state-of-art regarding the underlying factors common to both T2DM and MDD. Furthermore, we briefly discuss how depressive symptoms in diabetic patients could be tackled by using novel therapeutic approaches uncovered by these shared mechanisms. Understanding the comorbidity of depression in diabetic patients is essential to fully address T2DM pathophysiology and treatment.
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Tang Y, Yang J, Ye C, Xu X, Cai M, Zhang Y, Lu H, Mo F, Li H, Shen H. miR-182 mediated the inhibitory effects of NF-κB on the GPR39/CREB/BDNF pathway in the hippocampus of mice with depressive-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2021; 418:113647. [PMID: 34743948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress is one of the most important causes of depression, accompanied by neuroinflammation and hippocampal injuries. Long-term elevation of glucocorticoid leads to activation of NF-κB and inhibition of GPR39/CREB/BDNF pathway, which is pivotal for neuroprotection and neurogenesis. The present study thus was designed to determine the relationship between NF-κB and GPR39/CREB/BDNF pathway. METHODS Depressive-like behaviors were induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS) in mice. Corticosterone, inflammatory cytokines, and GPR39/CREB/BDNF pathway were determined by ELISA and Western Blot assays. The activation of NF-κB and inhibition of GPR39 were connected by bioinformatic analysis and experimentally validated in hippocampus cells by knock-in and knock-down techniques. RESULTS CUMS and CRS led to an elevation of serum corticosterone and depressive-like behaviors in mice, with activation of NF-κB subunit p65 in the hippocampus and elevations of TNFα and IL-6. The expression of GPR39/CREB/BDNF pathway in the hippocampus was inhibited. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that four miRNAs, miR-96, miR-143, miR-150, and miR-182, were potentially transcribed by NF-κB and bound with GPR39 mRNA. NF-κB overexpression increased miR-182 expression and decreased GPR39 expression in hippocampus cells. Its inhibitor led to reverse effects. miR-182 mimics or inhibitors also regulated GPR39 expression in hippocampus cells and more importantly, blocked the regulation of NF-κB on GPR39. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that activation of NF-κB inhibited GPR39/CREB/BDNF pathway through increasing miR-182 in chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. The negative-regulation features of miRNAs might be important for neuroinflammation-induced inhibition of neurofunction in depression.
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18
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Della Vecchia S, Marchese M, Santorelli FM, Sicca F. Kir4.1 Dysfunction in the Pathophysiology of Depression: A Systematic Review. Cells 2021; 10:2628. [PMID: 34685608 PMCID: PMC8534194 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A serotonergic dysfunction has been largely postulated as the main cause of depression, mainly due to its effective response to drugs that increase the serotonergic tone, still currently the first therapeutic line in this mood disorder. However, other dysfunctional pathomechanisms are likely involved in the disorder, and this may in part explain why some individuals with depression are resistant to serotonergic therapies. Among these, emerging evidence suggests a role for the astrocytic inward rectifier potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1) as an important modulator of neuronal excitability and glutamate metabolism. To discuss the relationship between Kir4.1 dysfunction and depression, a systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA statement. Searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science by two independent reviewers. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, analyzing Kir4.1 relationships with depression, through in vitro, in vivo, and post-mortem investigations. Increasing, yet not conclusive, evidence suggests a potential pathogenic role for Kir4.1 upregulation in depression. However, the actual contribution in the diverse subtypes of the disorder and in the comorbid conditions, for example, the epilepsy-depression comorbidity, remain elusive. Further studies are needed to better define the clinical phenotype associated with Kir4.1 dysfunction in humans and the molecular mechanisms by which it contributes to depression and implications for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Della Vecchia
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Marchese
- Department of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Via dei Giacinti 2, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Federico Sicca
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, USL Centro Toscana, 59100 Prato, Italy
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Mello BSF, Chaves Filho AJM, Custódio CS, Rodrigues PDA, Carletti JV, Vasconcelos SMM, Sousa FCFD, Sanders LLO, Macedo DS. Doxycycline at subantimicrobial dose combined with escitalopram reverses depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammatory hippocampal alterations in the lipopolysaccharide model of depression. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:733-745. [PMID: 34161892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Doxycycline (DOXY) is a second-generation tetracycline with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. A proinflammatory profile seems to predict the severity of depressive symptoms. In the present study, we aimed at determining whether the anti-inflammatory action of subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline (SDD) (DOXY, 10mg/kg), alone or combined with the antidepressant escitalopram (ESC), could revert lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like alterations in mice. Male Swiss mice received saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for ten consecutive days. From the 6th day of LPS exposure, they were treated with DOXY 10 mg/kg, ESC 4 mg/kg, DOXY 10 mg/kg plus ESC 4 mg/kg (DOXY+ESC), or saline. On the 10th day, we assessed behavioral despair (forced swimming test), anhedonia (sucrose preference test), brain oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory and protective pathways related to depression, such as NF-kB and phospho-CREB. Our results showed that DOXY alone or combined with ESC reduced hippocampal Iba-1 expression and interleukin (IL)-1β levels. Only DOXY+ESC successfully reversed the LPS-induced increase in NF-kBp65 expression and TNFα levels. DOXY caused a marked increase in the hippocampal expression of phospho-CREB and GSH concentrations. DOXY and DOXY+ESC showed a tendency to modulate the functional status of mitogen-activated kinase p42-44 (Phospho-p44/42 MAPK) and of the phosphorylated form of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), revealing a protective profile against inflammation. In conclusion, SDD, combined with ESC, seems to be a good strategy for reverting inflammatory changes and protecting against depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Stefânia Ferreira Mello
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Charllyany Sabino Custódio
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Araújo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline V Carletti
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lia Lira Olivier Sanders
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Réus GZ, Giridharan VV, de Moura AB, Borba LA, Botelho MEM, Behenck JP, Generoso JS, Selvaraj S, Bhatti G, Barichello T, Quevedo J. The impact of early life stress and immune challenge on behavior and glia cells alteration in late adolescent rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:407-415. [PMID: 33788296 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) is known to be related to long-term changes that could influence the onset of psychiatric disorders. Studies have demonstrated that early life stress makes the cells in the brain more susceptible to subsequent stressors. To test it, we used an animal model of MD conducted from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 10. Deprived and non-deprived rats (control) were randomized to receive or not lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 5 mg/kg on PND 50. The behavior and glial cells activation were evaluated in all groups from 51 to 53 PND. There was an increase in the immobility time in the MD and MD+LPS groups. The spontaneous locomotor activity was not changed between groups. We found elevated ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1)-positive cells levels in the control+LPS and MD+LPS groups. In the MD+LPS group, it was found an increase in Iba-positive cells compared to the MD+sal group. The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were also increased in the MD+LPS, compared to control+sal, control+LPS, and MD+sal groups. Immune challenge by LPS in late adolescence, which was subjected to MD, did not influence the depressive-like behavior but exerted a pronounced effect in the microglial activation and astrocyte atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Airam B de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Laura A Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda M Botelho
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Behenck
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Louis Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gursimrat Bhatti
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Generoso JS, Giridharan VV, Lee J, Macedo D, Barichello T. The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 43:293-305. [PMID: 32667590 PMCID: PMC8136391 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional signaling mechanism between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The complexity of the intestinal ecosystem is extraordinary; it comprises more than 100 trillion microbial cells that inhabit the small and large intestine, and this interaction between microbiota and intestinal epithelium can cause physiological changes in the brain and influence mood and behavior. Currently, there has been an emphasis on how such interactions affect mental health. Evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota are involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review covers evidence for the influence of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior in Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. The primary focus is on the pathways involved in intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that can activate the host’s immune system. We also list clinical evidence regarding prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as adjuvant therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Brown SJ, Huang XF, Newell KA. The kynurenine pathway in major depression: What we know and where to next. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:917-27. [PMID: 34029552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a serious psychiatric disorder, occurring in up to 20 % of the population. Despite its devastating burden, the neurobiological changes associated with depression are not fully understood. A growing body of evidence suggests the kynurenine pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. In this review, we bring together the literature examining elements of the kynurenine pathway in depression and explore the implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of depression, while highlighting the gaps in the current knowledge. Current research indicates an increased potential for neurotoxic activity of the kynurenine pathway in peripheral blood samples but an increased activation of the putative neuroprotective arm in some brain regions in depression. The disconnect between these findings requires further investigation, with a greater research effort on elucidating the central effects of the kynurenine pathway in driving depression symptomology. Research investigating the benefits of targeting the kynurenine pathway centred on human brain findings and the heterogenous subtypes of depression will help guide the identification of effective drug targets in depression.
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Suleymanova EM. Behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy and neuroinflammation: Evidence from experimental and clinical studies. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 117:107869. [PMID: 33684786 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, a significant amount of data is accumulated showing that neuroinflammation is one of the key processes in the development of brain pathology in trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy. Various brain insults, such as prolonged seizure activity, trigger the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the brain. These cells, in turn, begin to synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory response to the insult causes a cascade of processes leading to a wide range of pathological effects, including changes in neuronal excitability, long-term plastic changes, astrocyte dysfunction, impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurodegeneration. These effects may ultimately contribute to the development of chronic spontaneous seizures. On the other hand, neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, neuroinflammation can be a link between epilepsy and its comorbidities, such as mood and anxiety disorders and memory impairment. The mechanisms behind these behavioral and cognitive impairments remain not fully understood. In this paper, clinical evidence of an important role of neuroinflammation in epilepsy and potentially comorbid neurological disorders is reviewed, as well as possible mechanisms of its involvement in the pathogenesis of these conditions obtained from experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Suleymanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 117485 Butlerova 5A, Moscow, Russia.
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24
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Li CC, Gan L, Tan Y, Yan MZ, Liu XM, Chang Q, Pan RL. Chronic restraint stress induced changes in colonic homeostasis-related indexes and tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in rats. J Proteomics 2021; 240:104190. [PMID: 33766670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stressors represented risk factors for the etiology or exacerbation of several gastrointestinal diseases. The goal of the present study was to examine whether chronic restraint stress (CRS) could initiate and aggravate colonic inflammation, integrity damage and metabolic disturbance of rats. Firstly, increased inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-10(IL-10)) and decreased tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin and zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1)) in rat colon were observed. Secondly, untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) revealed that TRP metabolism was the most prominently affected. Thirdly, quantification of TRP and its metabolites via prominence ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled with a QTRAP 5500 mass (UFLC-QTRAP-5500/MS) showed that TRP, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) were significantly increased. At the same time, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was unchanged and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly decreased in the colon of CRS rats. Besides, TRP metabolic enzyme changes were with the same trends as the corresponding metabolites. Thus, our data showed that CRS could initiate colonic inflammation, integrity damage and colonic metabolism disturbance, especially TRP-KYN metabolism pathway of rats, which may provide an experimental background for future research on stress-related gastrointestinal dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic exposure to psychological stress could induce metabolic imbalance of the body, and stressful life events were intimately correlated with frequent relapses in patients with intestinal disorders. The present study showed that chronic restraint stress (CRS) could initiate and aggravate colonic inflammation, integrity damage and metabolic disturbance, especially tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism of rats. Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway may be involved in the initiation and development of diseases induced by chronic stress. This research may shed light on future research on stress-related gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Long Gan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rui-Le Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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25
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Alboni S, Benatti C, Colliva C, Radighieri G, Blom JMC, Brunello N, Tascedda F. Vortioxetine Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Memory Impairment Without Inhibiting the Initial Inflammatory Cascade. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:603979. [PMID: 33613281 PMCID: PMC7890663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vortioxetine is a novel multimodal antidepressant that modulates a wide range of neurotransmitters throughout the brain. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that vortioxetine exerts positive effects on different cognitive domains and neuroprotective effects. Considering the key role of microglial cells in brain plasticity and cognition, we aimed at investigating the effects of pretreatment with vortioxetine in modulating behavioral and molecular effects induced by an immune challenge: peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To this purpose, C57BL/6J male mice were first exposed to a 28-day standard diet or vortioxetine-enriched diet, which was followed by an acute immune challenge with LPS. Sickness symptoms and depressive-like behaviors (anhedonia and memory impairment) were tested 6 and 24 h after exposure to LPS, respectively. Moreover, the expressions of markers of immune activation and M1/M2 markers of microglia polarization were measured in the dorsal and ventral parts of the hippocampus. The pretreatment with vortioxetine did not affect both LPS-induced sickness behavior and anhedonia but prevented the deficit in the recognition memory induced by the immune challenge. At the transcriptional level, chronic exposure to vortioxetine did not prevent LPS-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines 6 h after the immune challenge but rather seemed to potentiate the immune response to the challenge also by affecting the levels of expression of markers of microglia M1 phenotype, like cluster of differentiation (CD)14 and CD86, in an area-dependent manner. However, at the same time point, LPS injection significantly increased the expression of the M2 polarization inducer, interleukin 4, only in the hippocampus of animals chronically exposed to vortioxetine. These results demonstrate that a chronic administration of vortioxetine specifically prevents LPS-induced memory impairment, without affecting acute sickness behavior and anhedonia, and suggest that hippocampal microglia may represent a cellular target of this novel antidepressant medication. Moreover, we provide a useful model to further explore the molecular mechanisms specifically underlying cognitive impairments following an immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alboni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Benatti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Colliva
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G Radighieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - J M C Blom
- Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - N Brunello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F Tascedda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Trieste, Italy
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26
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Li Y, Wang X, Chen J, Li Z, Yang P, Qin L. Aberrant Auditory Steady-State Response of Awake Mice Induced by Chronic Interferon-α Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:584425. [PMID: 33584262 PMCID: PMC7873645 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients receiving the cytokine immunotherapy of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) frequently present with depression. This is one of the excellent models to explore the action of peripheral cytokine on central nervous system (CNS) and to study the development of depression. The auditory steady-state response (ASSR), electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations induced by periodic acoustic stimulation, is an effective approach to evaluate the neural function in mental illness including depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of IFN-α on the cortical ASSR and its correlation with depressive-like behavior. Methods: Chronic electrodes were implanted on the skull over the auditory cortex (AC) of male C57BL/6 mice. The animals were treated with daily injection of IFN-α or saline (vehicle) for three weeks. EEGs were recorded in AC of the same mouse before and after the injection treatment to monitor the changes of ASSR induced by IFN-α. Depressive-like behavior was analyzed in the forced swim test (FST). Immunohistochemical staining was used to examine the status of neuron and glia in the hippocampus and AC. Results: Compared to pretreatment condition, injection of IFN-α significantly reduced the power of 40 Hz ASSR in the mouse AC from the second week. Such a decrease continued to the third week. The immobility times of FST were significantly increased by a 3-week treatment of IFN-α and the immobility time was negatively correlated with the power of 40 Hz ASSR. Astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus and AC were activated by IFN-α, but the density of neuron was not significantly affected. Conclusion: Our results suggest that EEG measurement of ASSR may be used as a biomarker to monitor the CNS side effects of IFN-α treatment and to search a novel intervention with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuo Li
- Department of Physiology, China Medical Univeristy, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, China Medical Univeristy, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, China Medical Univeristy, Shenyang, China
| | - Zijie Li
- Department of Physiology, China Medical Univeristy, Shenyang, China
| | - Pingting Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, China Medical Univeristy, Shenyang, China
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27
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Florensa-Zanuy E, Garro-Martínez E, Adell A, Castro E, Díaz Á, Pazos Á, Mac-Dowell KS, Martín-Hernández D, Pilar-Cuéllar F. Cannabidiol antidepressant-like effect in the lipopolysaccharide model in mice: Modulation of inflammatory pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114433. [PMID: 33513342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major Depression is a severe psychiatric condition with a still poorly understood etiology. In the last years, evidence supporting the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression has increased. In the current clinical scenario, in which the available treatments for depression is far from optimal, there is an urgent need to develop fast-acting drugs with fewer side effects. In this regard, recent pieces of evidence suggest that cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa with anti-inflammatory properties, appears as a drug with antidepressant properties. In this work, CBD 30 mg/kg was administered systemically to mice 30 min before lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.83 mg/kg) administration as a neuroinflammatory model, and behavioral tests for depressive-, anhedonic- and anxious-like behavior were performed. NF-ĸB, IκBα and PPARγ levels were analyzed by western blot in nuclear and cytosolic fractions of cortical samples. IL-6 and TNFα levels were determined in plasma and prefrontal cortex using ELISA and qPCR techniques, respectively. The precursor tryptophan (TRP), and its metabolites kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in hippocampus and cortex by HPLC. The ratios KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT were used to estimate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and the balance of both metabolic pathways, respectively. CBD reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test and increased sucrose preference in the LPS model, without affecting locomotion and central activity in the open-field test. CBD diminished cortical NF-ĸB activation, IL-6 levels in plasma and brain, and the increased KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT ratios in hippocampus and cortex in the LPS model. Our results demonstrate that CBD produced antidepressant-like effects in the LPS neuroinflammatory model, associated to a reduction in the kynurenine pathway activation, IL-6 levels and NF-ĸB activation. As CBD stands out as a promising antidepressant drug, more research is needed to completely understand its mechanisms of action in depression linked to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Florensa-Zanuy
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Emilio Garro-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Albert Adell
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Elena Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Ángel Pazos
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Karina S Mac-Dowell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Departmento de Farmacología y Toxicología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IUIN-UCM, Imas12 Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuéllar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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28
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Veit C, Janczak AM, Ranheim B, Vas J, Valros A, Sandercock DA, Piepponen P, Dulgheriu D, Nordgreen J. The Effect of LPS and Ketoprofen on Cytokines, Brain Monoamines, and Social Behavior in Group-Housed Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:617634. [PMID: 33585605 PMCID: PMC7873924 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.617634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor health is a risk factor for damaging behaviors, but the mechanisms behind this link are unknown. Injection of pigs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can be used to model aspects of poor health. Recent studies have shown that LPS-injected pigs perform more tail- and ear-directed behavior compared to saline-injected pigs and suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in these behaviors. The aims of this study were to test the effect of LPS on the social behavior of pigs and the neurotransmitters and modulators in their brains and to test the effect of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the effects of LPS. Fifty-two female pigs (11-12 weeks) were allocated to four treatments comprising two injections: saline-saline (SS), saline-LPS (SL), ketoprofen-saline (KS), and ketoprofen-LPS (KL). Activity was scan-sampled every 5 min for 6 h after the last injection in the pen. Social behavior was observed continuously in 10 × 15-min bouts between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. 1 day before (baseline) and 1 and 2 days after the injection. Saliva was analyzed for cortisol and plasma for tryptophan and kynurenine. The frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and brain stem were sampled 72 h after the injection and analyzed for cytokines and monoamines. LPS activated the HPA axis and decreased the activity within 6 h after the injection. Ketoprofen lowered the effect of LPS on cortisol release and attenuated the behavioral signs of sickness in challenged pigs. SL pigs manipulated the ears of their pen mates significantly longer than SS pigs 2 days after the injection. LPS had no observed effect on IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-18. At 72 h after the injection, plasma tryptophan was depleted in SL pigs, and tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations in the frontal cortex and brain stem of SL pigs were significantly lower compared to those in SS pigs. Dopamine concentrations in the hypothalamus of SL pigs were significantly lower compared to those in SS pigs. Serotonin concentrations in the hypothalamus and noradrenaline concentrations in the hippocampus of SL pigs were significantly lower compared to those in KL pigs. In conclusion, LPS influenced the different neurotransmitters and modulators in the brain that are hypothesized to play an important role in the regulation of mood and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Veit
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew M Janczak
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgit Ranheim
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Judit Vas
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anna Valros
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dale A Sandercock
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College, Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Petteri Piepponen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniela Dulgheriu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Gagne C, Piot A, Brake WG. Depression, Estrogens, and Neuroinflammation: A Preclinical Review of Ketamine Treatment for Mood Disorders in Women. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:797577. [PMID: 35115970 PMCID: PMC8804176 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.797577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine has been shown to acutely and rapidly ameliorate depression symptoms and suicidality. Given that women suffer from major depression at twice the rate of men, it is important to understand how ketamine works in the female brain. This review explores three themes. First, it examines our current understanding of the etiology of depression in women. Second, it examines preclinical research on ketamine's antidepressant effects at a neurobiological level as well as how ovarian hormones present a unique challenge in interpreting these findings. Lastly, the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression is highlighted to help better understand how ovarian hormones might interact with ketamine in the female brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Gagne
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Piot
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wayne G Brake
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Abstract
In the last three decades, the robust scientific data emerged, demonstrating that the immune-inflammatory response is a fundamental component of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Psychological stress and various inflammatory comorbidities contribute to such immune activation. Still, this is not uncommon that patients with depression do not have defined inflammatory comorbidities, and alternative mechanisms of immune activation need to take place. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, along with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), constitutes the largest lymphatic organ in the human body and forms the biggest surface of contact with the external environment. It is also the most significant source of bacterial and food-derived antigenic material. There is a broad range of reciprocal interactions between the GI tract, intestinal microbiota, increased intestinal permeability, activation of immune-inflammatory response, and the CNS that has crucial implications in brain function and mental health. This intercommunication takes place within the microbiota-gut-immune-glia (MGIG) axis, and glial cells are the main orchestrator of this communication. A broad range of factors, including psychological stress, inflammation, dysbiosis, may compromise the permeability of this barrier. This leads to excessive bacterial translocation and the excessive influx of food-derived antigenic material that contributes to activation of the immune-inflammatory response and depressive psychopathology. This chapter summarizes the role of increased intestinal permeability in MDD and mechanisms of how the "leaky gut" may contribute to immune-inflammatory response in this disorder.
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31
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Jiang W, Luo Z, Stephenson S, Li H, Di Germanio C, Norris PJ, Fuchs D, Zetterberg H, Gisslen M, Price RW. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Lipopolysaccharide Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Associations With Inflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, and Neuronal Injury. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1612-1620. [PMID: 33320240 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with increased systemic microbial translocation, neuroinflammation, and occasionally, neuronal injury. Whether systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) penetrates into the brain and contributes to neuroinflammation remain unknown in HIV. Here, we measured plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) LPS levels along with biomarkers of neuroinflammation (white blood cell counts and 40 soluble markers) and neurofilament light chain (NfL). Notably, CSF LPS was undetectable in all samples, including 3 HIV-infected individuals with dementia. Increased plasma LPS, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction were found in untreated HIV-infected individuals, but not in healthy or treated HIV-infected individuals. Plasma LPS levels were directly correlated with various markers of inflammation in both plasma and CSF, as well as with degree of BBB permeability but not with CSF NfL in HIV-infected subjects. These results suggest that the magnitude of microbial translocation associates with neuroinflammation and BBB permeability in HIV without direct penetration into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sophie Stephenson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Public Health Sciences, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institut für Biologische Chemie, Biozentrum, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
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32
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Lim DW, Park J, Han D, Lee J, Kim YT, Lee C. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Asian Fawn Lily ( Erythronium japonicum) Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3809. [PMID: 33322645 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with an increased risk of depression. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment is known to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and a depressive-like phenotype in mice. Although Erythronium japonicum exhibits various health benefits, the role of E. japonicum extract (EJE) in inflammation-associated depression is unknown. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of EJE on LPS-induced depressive symptoms in mice using the open field test (OFT), passive avoidance test (PAT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST). LPS-treated mice had significantly increased immobility time in the TST and FST, decreased step-through latency time in the PAT, and decreased locomotor activity in the OFT. However, administration of 100 and 300 mg/kg of EJE significantly improved these depressive-like behaviors. EJE also prevented the increase in mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the decrease in IL-10 levels by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65 phosphorylation. Additionally, LPS-treated mice showed markedly decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, while EJE treatment significantly increased these levels in the hippocampus. These results suggest that EJE ameliorated LPS-induced depressive-like behavior by reducing LPS-induced neuroinflammation and activating the BDNF-PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Duarte-Silva E, Maes M, Macedo D, Savino W, Peixoto CA. Shared neuroimmune and oxidative pathways underpinning Chagas disease and major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:419. [PMID: 33268766 PMCID: PMC7710744 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular basis to understand the relationship between Chagas disease (CD), a infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and depression, a common psychiatric comorbidity in CD patients, is largely unknown. Clinical studies show an association between CD and depression and preclinical evidence suggests that depressive-like behaviors in T. cruzi infected mice are due, at least partially, to immune dysregulation. However, mechanistic studies regarding this issue are still lacking. Herein, we present and discuss the state of art of data on CD and depression, and revise the mechanisms that may explain the development of depression in CD. We also discuss how the knowledge generated by current and future data may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms underlying depressive symptoms associated with CD and, hence, to the identification of new therapeutic targets, which ultimately may change the way we see and treat CD and its psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure. Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure. Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ghosh I, Sankhe R, Mudgal J, Arora D, Nampoothiri M. Spermidine, an autophagy inducer, as a therapeutic strategy in neurological disorders. Neuropeptides 2020; 83:102083. [PMID: 32873420 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spermidine is a naturally occurring endogenous polyamine synthesized from diamine putrescine. It is a well-known autophagy inducer that maintains cellular and neuronal homeostasis. Healthy brain development and function are dependent on brain polyamine concentration. Polyamines interact with the opioid system, glutamatergic signaling and neuroinflammation in the neuronal and glial compartments. Among the polyamines, spermidine is found highest in the human brain. Age-linked fluctuations in the spermidine levels may possibly contribute to the impairments in neural network and neurogenesis. Exogenously administered spermidine helps in the treatment of brain diseases. Further, current studies highlight the ability of spermidine to promote longevity by inducing autophagy. Still, the causal neuroprotective mechanism of spermidine in neuronal dysfunction remains unidentified. This review aims to summarize various neuroprotective effects of spermidine related to anti-aging/ anti-inflammatory properties and the prevention of neurotoxicity that helps in achieving beneficial effects in age-related neurological disorder. We also expose the signaling cascades modulated by spermidine which might result in therapeutic action. The present review highlights clinical studies along with in-vivo and in-vitro preclinical studies to provide a new dimension for the therapeutic potential of spermidine in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Runali Sankhe
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, MHIQ, QUM Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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Pitsillou E, Liang J, Hung A, Karagiannis TC. Molecular docking utilising the OliveNet™ library reveals novel phenolic compounds which may potentially target key proteins associated with major depressive disorder. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 86:107234. [PMID: 32220809 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant medications that are currently prescribed to patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) have limitations and as a result, there is an urgent need to increase the options that are available. A number of studies have found that natural polyphenols have neuroprotective properties and there is evidence to suggest that they modulate neurotransmitter systems. There are more than 200 phenolic compounds that have been identified in Olea europaea, many of which have not yet been investigated for their potential biological effects. In this study, in silico methods were used to screen the phenolic library from the OliveNet™ database and identify novel lead compounds for proteins implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD. The molecular docking results revealed that the monoamine oxidase enzyme isoforms (MAO-A/MAO-B) had binding specificities for certain phenolic subclasses. The lead ligands that were identified from these subclasses were positioned near the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, interacting in a similar manner as known inhibitors. In addition to the MAO enzymes, several phenolic compounds were docked to neurotransmitter transporters and postsynaptic receptors, as well as proteins involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the endocannabinoid system. Based on the binding affinity, position, orientation and interactions of the lead phenolic compounds identified in this study, it is predicted that they may have antidepressant properties. The results should be validated further using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, as well as in vivo and in vitro techniques.
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Simeonova D, Stoyanov D, Leunis JC, Carvalho AF, Kubera M, Murdjeva M, Maes M. Increased Serum Immunoglobulin Responses to Gut Commensal Gram-Negative Bacteria in Unipolar Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder Type 1, Especially When Melancholia Is Present. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:338-348. [PMID: 31802379 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is accompanied by higher serum IgM/IgA responses to LPS of Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting increased bacterial translocation and gut dysbiosis while the latter may occur in bipolar disorder (BD). There are differences between MDD and BD type 1 (BP1) and 2 (BP2) in nitro-oxidative stress biomarkers associated with leaky gut. This study examines serum IgM/IgA responses directed to LPS of 6 Gram-negative bacteria as well as IgG responses to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in 29 BP1, 37 BP2, 44 MDD, and 30 healthy individuals. Increased IgM/IgA responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly discriminated patients with affective disorders (MDD plus BD) from controls. BP1 patients showed higher IgM responses to Morganella morganii as compared with MDD and BP2 patients. Patients with melancholia showed higher IgA responses to Citrobacter koseri as compared to controls and non-melancholic depression. The total score on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was significantly associated with IgA responses to C. koseri. IgG to oxLDL was significantly associated with increased bacterial translocation. In conclusion, MDD, BP1, and BP2 are accompanied by an immune response due to the increased load of LPS while these aberrations in the gut-brain axis are most pronounced in BP1 and melancholia. Activated oxidative stress pathways and autoimmune responses to oxidative specific epitopes in mood disorders may be driven by a breakdown in gut paracellular, transcellular, and/or vascular pathways. If replicated, drugs that protect the integrity of the gut barrier may offer novel therapeutic opportunities for BP1 and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Simeonova
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marianna Murdjeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Section of Immunological Assessment of Chronic Stress, Technological Center of Emergency Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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Roomruangwong C, Carvalho AF, Geffard M, Maes M. The menstrual cycle may not be limited to the endometrium but also may impact gut permeability. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:294-304. [PMID: 31364524 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between IgA responses to Gram-negative gut commensal bacteria and peri-menstrual symptoms and sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle in women with and without premenstrual symptoms. METHODS Forty women aged 18-45 years completed the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) during all 28 consecutive days of the menstrual cycle. We assayed, in plasma, IgA responses to six Gram-negative bacteria, that is, Hafnei alvei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas putida and Citobacter koseri, progesterone and oestradiol at days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Significant changes in Δ (actual - 1 week earlier) IgA to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the six Gram-negative bacteria during the menstrual cycle were observed with peak IgA levels at T4 (day 28) and lows at T1 or T2 (day 7 or 14). The ΔIgA changes in H. alvei, M. Morganii, P. putida during the menstrual cycle were significantly and positively associated with changes in the total DRSP score, and severity of physio-somatic, anxiety and breast-craving, but not depressive, symptoms. The changes in IgA responses to LPS were largely predicted by changes in progesterone and steady-state levels of progesterone averaged over the luteal phase. DISCUSSION Menstrual cycle-associated changes in IgA directed against LPS and by inference bacterial translocation may be driven by the effects of progesterone on transcellular, paracellular and vascular pathways (leaky gut) thereby contributing to the severity of physio-somatic and anxiety symptoms as well as fatigue, breast swelling and food cravings.
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Verdonk F, Petit AC, Abdel-Ahad P, Vinckier F, Jouvion G, de Maricourt P, De Medeiros GF, Danckaert A, Van Steenwinckel J, Blatzer M, Maignan A, Langeron O, Sharshar T, Callebert J, Launay JM, Chrétien F, Gaillard R. Microglial production of quinolinic acid as a target and a biomarker of the antidepressant effect of ketamine. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:361-373. [PMID: 31255681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a complex multifactorial condition with a so far poorly characterized underlying pathophysiology. Consequently, the available treatments are far from satisfactory as it is estimated that up to 30% of patients are resistant to conventional treatment. Recent comprehensive evidence has been accumulated which suggests that inflammation may be implied in the etiology of this disease. Here we investigated ketamine as an innovative treatment strategy due to its immune-modulating capacities. In a murine model of LPS-induced depressive-like behavior we demonstrated that a single dose of ketamine restores the LPS-induced depressive-like alterations. These behavioral effects are associated with i/ a reversal of anxiety and reduced self-care, ii/ a decrease in parenchymal cytokine production, iii/ a modulation of the microglial reactivity and iv/ a decrease in microglial quinolinic acid production that is correlated with plasmatic peripheral production. In a translational approach, we show that kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio is a predictor of ketamine response in treatment-resistant depressed patients and that the reduction in quinolinic acid after a ketamine infusion is a predictor of the reduction in MADRS score. Our results suggest that microglia is a key therapeutic target and that quinolinic acid is a biomarker of ketamine response in major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Verdonk
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Petit
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France; Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Abdel-Ahad
- Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM, Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, CPN U894, Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), Paris, France
| | - Fabien Vinckier
- Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM, Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, CPN U894, Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), Paris, France
| | - Gregory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Pierre de Maricourt
- Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM, Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, CPN U894, Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Danckaert
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, UtechS Photonic BioImaging (Imagopole) - C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Van Steenwinckel
- Inserm, U1141 Paris, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1141, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Michael Blatzer
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Anna Maignan
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Olivier Langeron
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, INSERM U942, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, INSERM U942, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire hospitalo-universitaire de Neuropathologie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France.
| | - Raphael Gaillard
- Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France; Service Hospitalo Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Cai L, He Q, Lu Y, Hu Y, Chen W, Wei L, Hu Y. Comorbidity of Pain and Depression in a Lumbar Disc Herniation Model: Biochemical Alterations and the Effects of Fluoxetine. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31616368 PMCID: PMC6768967 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary of Background Data: Depression is one of the most common comorbidities in patients with chronic low back pain. However, the mechanisms of depression in chronic low back pain patients and the effect of antidepressants on the comorbidity of pain and depression need to be further explored. The establishment of the appropriate animal models and of more effective therapies is critical for this comorbidity. Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the most common disease that causes low back pain. The current study examined whether an LDH model shows behavioral and biochemical alterations that are in accordance with the characteristics of the comorbidity of pain and depression and tested the effect of fluoxetine (FLX) on these measures. Objective: The current study examined whether an LDH model showed the behavioral and biochemical alterations that were in accordance with the characteristics of the comorbidity of pain and depression and tested the effect of FLX on these measures. Methods: The LDH animal model was generated by the implantation of the autologous nucleus pulposus on the left L5 nerve root just proximal to the dorsal root ganglion in Wistar rats. Pain intensity was evaluated by mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and changes in depressive behavior were examined by the taste preference and forced swim tests. Hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) levels were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA was quantified using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Results: LDH resulted in chronic pain, which further induced depressive behavior that persisted for 6 weeks after surgery. There were decreased 5-HT concentrations and upregulated TNF-α mRNA levels that were accompanied by behavioral changes. FLX treatment improved depressive behavior and moderately alleviated pain through increased 5-HT concentrations, and inhibited TNF-α mRNA expression. Conclusions: In summary, our studies provide initial evidence that the LDH chronic pain model might serve as a model of the comorbidity of low back pain and depression. The finding that FLX improved depressive behavior and pain through normalized 5-HT concentrations and TNF-α mRNA expression establishes the initial mechanism of the comorbidity of pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qianchao He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yongjing Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Yuying Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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Chaves-Filho AJM, Macedo DS, de Lucena DF, Maes M. Shared microglial mechanisms underpinning depression and chronic fatigue syndrome and their comorbidities. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:111975. [PMID: 31136774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, it was reviewed that a) there is a strong co-occurrence between major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), with fatigue and physio-somatic symptoms being key symptoms of depression, and depressive symptoms appearing during the course of CFS; and b) the comorbidity between both disorders may in part be explained by activated immune-inflammatory pathways, including increased translocation of Gram-negative bacteria and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1. Nevertheless, the possible involvement of activated microglia in this comorbidity has remained unclear. This paper aims to review microglial disturbances in major depression, CFS and their comorbidity. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed / MEDLINE database to identify studies, which are relevant to this current review. Depressed patients present neuroinflammatory alterations, probably related to microglial activation, while animal models show that a microglial response to immune challenges including lipopolysaccharides is accompanied by depressive-like behaviors. Recent evidence from preclinical studies indicates that activated microglia have a key role in the onset of fatigue. In chronic inflammatory conditions, such as infections and senescence, microglia orchestrate an inflammatory microenvironment thereby causing fatigue. In conclusion, based on our review we may posit that shared immune-inflammatory pathways and especially activated microglia underpin comorbid depression and CFS. As such, microglial activation and neuro-inflammation may be promising targets to treat the overlapping manifestations of both depression and CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves-Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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