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Grimwood RM, Fortune-Kelly G, Holmes EC, Ingram T, Geoghegan JL. Host specificity shapes fish viromes across lakes on an isolated remote island. Virology 2023; 587:109884. [PMID: 37757732 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Fish viromes often provide insights into the origin and evolution of viruses affecting tetrapods, including those associated with imporant human diseases. However, despite fish being the most diverse vertebrate group, their viruses are still understudied. We investigated the viromes of fish on Chatham Island (Rēkohu), a geographically isolated island housing 9% of New Zealand's threatened endemic fish species. Using metatranscriptomics, we analyzed samples from seven host species across 16 waterbodies. We identified 19 fish viruses, including 16 potentially novel species, expanding families such as the Coronaviridae, Hantaviridae, Poxviridae, and the recently proposed Tosoviridae. Surprisingly, virome composition was not influenced by the ecological factors measured and smelt (Retropinna retropinna) viromes were consistent across lakes despite differences in host life history, seawater influence, and community richness. Overall, fish viromes across Rēkohu were highly diverse and revealed a long history of co-divergence between host and virus despite their unique and geographically isolated ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Grimwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | | | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Travis Ingram
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand; Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, 5018, New Zealand.
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2
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McTernan PM, Siggins RW, Catinis A, Amedee AM, Simon L, Molina PE. Chronic Binge Alcohol and Ovarian Hormone Loss Dysregulate Circulating Immune Cell SIV Co-Receptor Expression and Mitochondrial Homeostasis in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Biomolecules 2022; 12:946. [PMID: 35883501 PMCID: PMC9313096 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transitioned HIV to a chronic disease, with more than 50% of people living with HIV (PLWH) being over the age of 50. HIV targets activated CD4+ T cells expressing HIV-specific co-receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). Previously, we reported that chronic binge alcohol (CBA)-administered male rhesus macaques had a higher percentage of gut CD4+ T cells expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) co-receptor CXCR4. Evidence also suggests that gonadal hormone loss increased activated peripheral T cells. Further, mitochondrial function is critical for HIV replication and alcohol dysregulates mitochondrial homeostasis. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that CBA and ovariectomy (OVX) increase circulating activated CD4+ T cells expressing SIV co-receptors and dysregulate mitochondrial homeostasis in SIV-infected female rhesus macaques. Results showed that at the study end-point, CBA/SHAM animals had increased peripheral CD4+ T cell SIV co-receptor expression, and a lower CD4+ T cell count compared to CBA/OVX animals. CBA and OVX animals had altered peripheral immune cell gene expression important for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. These results provide insights into how at-risk alcohol use could potentially impact viral expression in cellular reservoirs, particularly in SIV-infected ovariectomized rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. McTernan
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (P.M.M.); (R.W.S.); (A.M.A.); (L.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Robert W. Siggins
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (P.M.M.); (R.W.S.); (A.M.A.); (L.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Anna Catinis
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Angela M. Amedee
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (P.M.M.); (R.W.S.); (A.M.A.); (L.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (P.M.M.); (R.W.S.); (A.M.A.); (L.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (P.M.M.); (R.W.S.); (A.M.A.); (L.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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3
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Levitt DE, Ferguson TF, Primeaux SD, Zavala JA, Ahmed J, Marshall RH, Simon L, Molina PE. Skeletal muscle bioenergetic health and function in people living with HIV: association with glucose tolerance and alcohol use. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R781-R790. [PMID: 34585616 PMCID: PMC8616628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00197.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At-risk alcohol use is prevalent and increases dysglycemia among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Skeletal muscle (SKM) bioenergetic dysregulation is implicated in dysglycemia and type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between at-risk alcohol, glucose tolerance, and SKM bioenergetic function in PLWH. Thirty-five PLWH (11 females, 24 males, age: 53 ± 9 yr, body mass index: 29.0 ± 6.6 kg/m2) with elevated fasting glucose enrolled in the ALIVE-Ex study provided medical history and alcohol use information [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)], then underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and SKM biopsy. Bioenergetic health and function and mitochondrial volume were measured in isolated myoblasts. Mitochondrial gene expression was measured in SKM. Linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and smoking was performed to examine the relationship between glucose tolerance (2-h glucose post-OGTT), AUDIT, and their interaction with each outcome measure. Negative indicators of bioenergetic health were significantly (P < 0.05) greater with higher 2-h glucose (proton leak) and AUDIT (proton leak, nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption, and bioenergetic health index). Mitochondrial volume was increased with the interaction of higher 2-h glucose and AUDIT. Mitochondrial gene expression decreased with higher 2-h glucose (TFAM, PGC1B, PPARG, MFN1), AUDIT (MFN1, DRP1, MFF), and their interaction (PPARG, PPARD, MFF). Decreased expression of mitochondrial genes were coupled with increased mitochondrial volume and decreased bioenergetic health in SKM of PLWH with higher AUDIT and 2-h glucose. We hypothesize these mechanisms reflect poorer mitochondrial health and may precede overt SKM bioenergetic dysregulation observed in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Levitt
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tekeda F Ferguson
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Stefany D Primeaux
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Joint Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism Center, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jeanette A Zavala
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jameel Ahmed
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Richard H Marshall
- Department of Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Liz Simon
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Maxi JK, Foret BL, Amedee AM, McDaniel LS, Nelson S, Simon L, Edwards S, Molina PE. Antiretroviral therapy administration reduces neuroinflammation without restoring brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in alcohol-administered simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. AIDS 2021; 35:1343-1353. [PMID: 33813553 PMCID: PMC8243820 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined interactions between simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), chronic binge alcohol (CBA), and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on growth factor signaling, neuroinflammatory markers, viral loads (VL), and CD4+ cell counts. DESIGN Adult male rhesus macaques were administered CBA (13-14 g ethanol (EtOH)/kg per week) or sucrose (SUC) 3 months prior to SIVmac251 infection until the study endpoint. At viral setpoint, a subset of CBA/SIV+ and SUC/SIV+ macaques were randomized to receive daily ART (9-[2-Phosphonyl-methoxypropyly]adenine [PMPA] 20 mg/kg, 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (FTC), 30 mg/kg). Frontal cortex (FC) and basal ganglia (BG) were collected for gene and protein expression. METHODS Relationships between brain and plasma VL or CD4+ cell counts were determined using linear regression. Effects of SIV, CBA, and ART on markers of neuroinflammation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling were determined by ANOVA and linear regression. RESULTS SIV increased FC and BG neuroinflammatory and glial cell gene expression (CX3CR1, B2M), and reduced FC protein kinase B phosphorylation. CBA decreased FC and BG tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) phosphorylation, and increased full-length TrkB (TrkB-FL) and SLC1A3 expression in FC and BG, respectively. ART suppressed plasma and brain VL, reduced neuroinflammatory gene expression in FC (IBA1, CX3CR1, and GFAP), and BG (CD74 and CD11ß), and did not restore FC or BG BDNF signaling deficits. CONCLUSIONS Results show ART-mediated reduction in VL and neuroinflammatory gene expression, irrespective of CBA administration. ART did not attenuate SIV- and CBA-mediated BDNF signaling deficits, suggesting these deficits, despite effective neuroinflammation suppression, may explain CBA- and SIV-associated neurocognitive deficits. Therapeutics targeting growth factor signaling may be important adjuvants in treating HIV-associated neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Maxi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center
| | - Brittany L Foret
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center
| | - Angela M Amedee
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine
| | - Lee S McDaniel
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center
- Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center
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5
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Grimwood RM, Holmes EC, Geoghegan JL. A Novel Rubi-Like Virus in the Pacific Electric Ray ( Tetronarce californica) Reveals the Complex Evolutionary History of the Matonaviridae. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040585. [PMID: 33807136 PMCID: PMC8067182 DOI: 10.3390/v13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RuV) is the causative agent of rubella ("German measles") and remains a global health concern. Until recently, RuV was the only known member of the genus Rubivirus and the only virus species classified within the Matonaviridae family of positive-sense RNA viruses. Recently, two new rubella-like matonaviruses, Rustrela virus and Ruhugu virus, have been identified in several mammalian species, along with more divergent viruses in fish and reptiles. To screen for the presence of additional novel rubella-like viruses, we mined published transcriptome data using genome sequences from Rubella, Rustrela, and Ruhugu viruses as baits. From this, we identified a novel rubella-like virus in a transcriptome of Tetronarce californica-order Torpediniformes (Pacific electric ray)-that is more closely related to mammalian Rustrela virus than to the divergent fish matonavirus and indicative of a complex pattern of cross-species virus transmission. Analysis of host reads confirmed that the sample analysed was indeed from a Pacific electric ray, and two other viruses identified in this animal, from the Arenaviridae and Reoviridae, grouped with other fish viruses. These findings indicate that the evolutionary history of the Matonaviridae is more complex than previously thought and highlights the vast number of viruses that remain undiscovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Grimwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Jemma L. Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington 5018, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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6
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Vastrad B, Vastrad C, Tengli A. Bioinformatics analyses of significant genes, related pathways, and candidate diagnostic biomarkers and molecular targets in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Gene Rep 2020; 21:100956. [PMID: 33553808 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a leading cause of pneumonia and death. The aim of this investigation is to identify the key genes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and uncover their potential functions. We downloaded the expression profiling by high throughput sequencing of GSE152075 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Normalization of the data from primary SARS-CoV-2 infected samples and negative control samples in the database was conducted using R software. Then, joint analysis of the data was performed. Pathway and Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed, and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, target gene - miRNA regulatory network, target gene - TF regulatory network of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were constructed using Cytoscape software. Identification of diagnostic biomarkers was conducted using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. 994 DEGs (496 up regulated and 498 down regulated genes) were identified. Pathway and GO enrichment analysis showed up and down regulated genes mainly enriched in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, Ribosome, response to external biotic stimulus and viral transcription in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Down and up regulated genes were selected to establish the PPI network, modules, target gene - miRNA regulatory network, target gene - TF regulatory network revealed that these genes were involved in adaptive immune system, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, influenza A and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. In total, ten genes (CBL, ISG15, NEDD4, PML, REL, CTNNB1, ERBB2, JUN, RPS8 and STUB1) were identified as good diagnostic biomarkers. In conclusion, the identified DEGs, hub genes and target genes contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the advancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection and they may be used as diagnostic and molecular targets for the treatment of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the future.
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Key Words
- Bioinformatics
- CBL, Cbl proto-oncogene
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- Diagnosis
- GO, Gene ontology
- ISG15, ISG15 ubiquitin like modifier
- Key genes
- NEDD4, NEDD4 E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- PML, promyelocyticleukemia
- PPI, protein-protein interaction
- Pathways
- REL, REL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- SARS-CoV-2 infection
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2
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7
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Levitt DE, Chalapati N, Prendergast MJ, Simon L, Molina PE. Ethanol-Impaired Myogenic Differentiation is Associated With Decreased Myoblast Glycolytic Function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2166-2176. [PMID: 32945016 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myopathy affects nearly half of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and impaired skeletal muscle regenerative potential is a probable contributing factor. Previous findings from our laboratory indicate that chronic in vivo and in vitro ethanol (EtOH) treatment decreases myogenic potential of skeletal muscle myoblasts. Myogenesis, a highly coordinated process, requires shifts in cellular metabolic state allowing for myoblasts to proliferate and differentiate into mature myotubes. The objective of this study was to determine whether alcohol interferes with myoblast mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism and impairs myogenic differentiation. METHODS Myoblasts were isolated from vastus lateralis muscle excised from alcohol-naïve adult male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) rhesus macaques. Myoblasts were proliferated for 3 days (day 0 differentiation; D0) and differentiated for 5 days (D5) with or without 50 mM EtOH. Metabolism was assessed using a mitochondrial stress test to measure oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification (ECAR) rates at D0. Differentiation was examined at D5. Expression of mitochondrial and glycolytic genes and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was measured at D0 and D5. RESULTS Ethanol significantly (p < 0.05) increased myoblast maximal OCR and decreased ECAR at D0, and decreased fusion index, myotubes per field, and total nuclei at D5. The EtOH-induced decrease in ECAR was associated with the EtOH-mediated decreases in fusion index and myotubes per field. EtOH did not alter the decrease in glycolytic gene expression and increase in mtDNA from D0 to D5. CONCLUSION During myoblast proliferation, EtOH decreased glycolytic metabolism and increased maximal OCR, suggesting that myoblast metabolic phenotype was dysregulated with EtOH. The EtOH-induced decrease in ECAR was associated with decreased differentiation. These findings suggest that EtOH-mediated shifts in metabolic phenotype may underlie impaired differentiation, which has important clinical implications for myogenesis in those affected by alcoholic myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Levitt
- From the, Department of Physiology, (DEL, NC, MJP, LS, PEM), School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, (DEL, LS, PEM), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Naveena Chalapati
- From the, Department of Physiology, (DEL, NC, MJP, LS, PEM), School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew J Prendergast
- From the, Department of Physiology, (DEL, NC, MJP, LS, PEM), School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- From the, Department of Physiology, (DEL, NC, MJP, LS, PEM), School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, (DEL, LS, PEM), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia E Molina
- From the, Department of Physiology, (DEL, NC, MJP, LS, PEM), School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, (DEL, LS, PEM), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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8
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Levitt DE, Yeh AY, Prendergast MJ, Budnar, Jr. RG, Adler KA, Cook G, Molina PE, Simon L. Chronic Alcohol Dysregulates Skeletal Muscle Myogenic Gene Expression after Hind Limb Immobilization in Female Rats. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E441. [PMID: 32178412 PMCID: PMC7175129 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use and aging are risk factors for falls requiring immobilization and leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Skeletal muscle regeneration is integral to post-immobilization recovery. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of alcohol and ovarian hormone loss on the expression of genes implicated in muscle regeneration. Three-month-old female rats received an ovariectomy or a sham surgery, consumed an alcohol-containing or control diet for 10 weeks, were subjected to unilateral hind limb immobilization for seven days, and finally were allowed a three (3d)- or 14 (14d)-day recovery. Immobilization decreased the quadriceps weight at 3d and 14d, and alcohol decreased the quadriceps weight at 14d in the nonimmobilized hind limb (NI). At 3d, alcohol decreased gene expression of myoblast determination protein (MyoD) in the immobilized hind limb (IMM) and myocyte enhancer factor (Mef)2C and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α in NI, and ovariectomy increased MyoD and decreased TNFα expression in NI. At 14d, alcohol increased the gene expression of Mef2C, MyoD, TNFα, and transforming growth factor (TFG)β in IMM and decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)1 expression in NI; ovariectomy increased TNFα expression in NI, and alcohol and ovariectomy together increased Mef2C expression in NI. Despite increased TGFβ expression, there was no concomitant alcohol-mediated increase in collagen in IMM at 14d. Overall, these data indicate that alcohol dysregulated the post-immobilization alteration in the expression of genes implicated in regeneration. Whether alcohol-mediated molecular changes correspond with post-immobilization functional alterations remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (D.E.L.); (A.Y.Y.); (M.J.P.); (R.G.B.J.); (K.A.A.); (G.C.); (P.E.M.)
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9
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Adler K, Molina PE, Simon L. Epigenomic mechanisms of alcohol-induced impaired differentiation of skeletal muscle stem cells; role of Class IIA histone deacetylases. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:471-479. [PMID: 31398085 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00043.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional metabolic muscle mass remains a strong and consistent predictor of mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). PLWH have a higher incidence of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and myopathy is a significant clinical comorbidity due to AUD. One mechanism of skeletal muscle (SKM) mass maintenance and repair is by differentiation and fusion of satellite cells (SCs) to existing myofibers. Previous studies demonstrated that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) administration decreases SC differentiation potential, myogenic gene expression, and miR-206 expression in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected male rhesus macaques and that miR-206 targets the Class IIA histone deacetylase, HDAC4. The aim of this study was to determine whether alcohol-induced increases in Class IIA HDACs mediate the observed decrease in differentiation potential of SCs. Data show that CBA dysregulated HDAC gene expression in SKM and myoblasts of SIV-infected macaques. CBA and antiretroviral therapy increased HDAC activity in SKM and this was positively correlated with HDAC4 gene expression. In vitro ethanol (ETOH) treatment increased HDAC expression during differentiation and decreased differentiation potential of myoblasts. HDAC expression was negatively correlated with fusion index and myotube formation, indicators of differentiation potential. Treatment with a Class II HDAC inhibitor, TMP195, restored differentiation in ETOH-treated myoblasts. MEF2C expression at day 3 of differentiation was positively correlated with fusion index and myotube formation. These findings suggest that an alcohol-mediated increase in Class IIA HDAC expression contributes to decreased myoblast differentiation by downregulating MEF2C, a transcription factor critical for myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Adler
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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10
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Delery E, Bohannon DG, Irons DL, Allers C, Sugimoto C, Cai Y, Merino KM, Amedee AM, Veazey RS, MacLean A, Kuroda MJ, Kim WK. Lack of susceptibility in neonatally infected rhesus macaques to simian immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:578-588. [PMID: 31119711 PMCID: PMC6751025 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00755-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite combination antiretroviral therapies making HIV a chronic rather than terminal condition for many people, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is increasing. This is especially problematic for children living with HIV. Children diagnosed HAND rarely display the hallmark pathology of HIV encephalitis in adults, namely infected macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in the brain. This finding has also been documented in rhesus macaques infected perinatally with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, the extent and mechanisms of lack of susceptibility to encephalitis in perinatally HIV-infected children remain unclear. In the current study, we compared brains of macaques infected with pathogenic strains of SIV at different ages to determine neuropathology, correlates of neuroinflammation, and potential underlying mechanisms. Encephalitis was not found in the macaques infected within 24 h of birth despite similar high plasma viral load and high monocyte turnover. Macaques developed encephalitis only when they were infected after 4 months of age. Lower numbers of CCR5-positive cells in the brain, combined with a less leaky blood-brain barrier, may be responsible for the decreased virus infection in the brain and consequently the absence of encephalitis in newborn macaques infected with SIV.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/virology
- Brain Stem/immunology
- Brain Stem/pathology
- Brain Stem/virology
- Capillary Permeability/immunology
- Disease Resistance
- Encephalitis, Viral/genetics
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Frontal Lobe/immunology
- Frontal Lobe/pathology
- Frontal Lobe/virology
- Gene Expression
- Macaca mulatta/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Macrophages/virology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Monocytes/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Delery
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Diana G Bohannon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Derek L Irons
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | - Chie Sugimoto
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Angela M Amedee
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Andrew MacLean
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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11
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Maxi JK, Mercante D, Foret B, Oberhelman S, Ferguson TF, Bagby GJ, Nelson S, Amedee AM, Edwards S, Simon L, Molina PE. Chronic Binge Alcohol-Associated Differential Brain Region Modulation of Growth Factor Signaling Pathways and Neuroinflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Male Macaques. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:477-486. [PMID: 31322648 PMCID: PMC6751413 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Microarray analysis of hippocampal tissue from chronic binge alcohol (CBA)-administered, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected male macaques identified altered immune response and neurogenesis as potential mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in macaques. This study investigated the differential brain region associations between markers of neuroinflammation and growth factor signaling with microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression. METHODS Adult male rhesus macaques were administered CBA (13-14 g EtOH/kg/week, n = 8) or sucrose (SUC, n = 7) beginning 3 months prior to SIV infection and continued until animals reached end-stage disease criteria (3-24 months post infection). Expression of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and viral loads were determined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), caudate (CD), and hippocampus (HP). Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression and phosphorylation of intracellular kinases downstream of BDNF were investigated in the PFC. RESULTS Our results show reduced MAP2 expression in the PFC of longer-surviving, CBA/SIV macaques. BDNF expression was most closely associated with MAP2 expression in the PFC. In the caudate, significant positive associations were observed between MAP2 and BDNF, time to end-stage and set-point viral load and significant negative associations for CBA. In the hippocampus, positive associations were observed between MAP2 and inflammatory cytokines, and negative associations for brain viral load and CBA. CONCLUSIONS CBA differentially affects growth factor and inflammatory cytokine expression and viral load across brain regions. In the PFC, suppression of growth factor signaling may be an important neuropathological mechanism, while inflammatory processes may play a more important role in the CD and HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Maxi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Don Mercante
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Brittany Foret
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah Oberhelman
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tekeda F Ferguson
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Gregory J Bagby
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Steve Nelson
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- School of Medicine
| | - Angela M Amedee
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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12
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Amedee AM, Phillips B, Jensen K, Robichaux S, Lacour N, Burke M, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Kozlowski PA, Van Rompay KK, De Paris K. Early Sites of Virus Replication After Oral SIV mac251 Infection of Infant Macaques: Implications for Pathogenesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:286-299. [PMID: 29237287 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite optimization of preventative measures for vertical HIV-1 transmission, daily, roughly 400 infants become HIV infected, most of them through breastfeeding. Viral entry has been presumed to occur in the gastrointestinal tract; however, the exact entry site(s) have not been defined. Therefore, we quantified simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) RNA and DNA in oral, intestinal, and systemic tissues of 15 infant macaques within 48-96 h after oral SIVmac251 exposure. SIV DNA was detected as early as 48 h, whereas SIV RNA was typically detected at later time points (72-96 h). Transmitted founder viruses were identical or very similar to a single genotype in the SIVmac251 challenge stock. SIV RNA and DNA were most frequently found in lymph nodes (LNs) draining the oral cavity and in the ileum. Using in situ hybridization, SIV-infected cells in LNs were exclusively represented by CD3+ T cells. SIV RNA and DNA were also detected in the lungs of 20% of the animals, and 60% of the animals had detectable SIV DNA in the cerebrum. The early detection of viral RNA or DNA in lung and brain tissues emphasizes the need for early treatment of pediatric HIV infection to prevent damage not only to the immune system but also to the respiratory tract and central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bonnie Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Spencer Robichaux
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nedra Lacour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mark Burke
- Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Koen K.A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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13
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Tang PA, Duan JY, Wu HJ, Ju XR, Yuan ML. Reference gene selection to determine differences in mitochondrial gene expressions in phosphine-susceptible and phosphine-resistant strains of Cryptolestes ferrugineus, using qRT-PCR. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7047. [PMID: 28765619 PMCID: PMC5539111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptolestes ferrugineus is a serious pest of stored grain and has developed high levels of resistance to phosphine fumigants in many countries. Measuring differences in expression levels of certain 'resistant' genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) may provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to phosphine in C. ferrugineus, but reliable qRT-PCR results depend on suitable reference genes (RGs). We evaluated the stability of nine candidate RGs across different developmental stages and phosphine strains of C. ferrugineus, using four softwares. The results showed that RPS13 and EF1α were the most stable RGs, whereas α-TUB was the least under developmental stages. Across the different strains, RPS13 and γ-TUB were the most stable RGs, whereas CycA and GAPDH were the least. We confirmed the reliability of the selected RGs by qRT-PCR analyses of the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Expression of cox1 was not significantly different in the phosphine-resistant strain compared with the phosphine-susceptible strain, but three mitochondrial genes (nad3, atp6 and cob) were significantly down-regulated. These results suggest that alterations in the expressions of these three genes may be associated with phosphine resistance in C. ferrugineus. The findings will facilitate future functional genomics studies on the development and phosphine resistance in C. ferrugineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-An Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Yan Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hai-Jing Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xing-Rong Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.
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14
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Simon L, Ford SM, Song K, Berner P, Vande Stouwe C, Nelson S, Bagby GJ, Molina PE. Decreased myoblast differentiation in chronic binge alcohol-administered simian immunodeficiency virus-infected male macaques: role of decreased miR-206. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28637658 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00146.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells play a critical role in regeneration of myofibers. We previously demonstrated that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) markedly attenuates myoblast differentiation potential and myogenic gene expression. Muscle-specific microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in regulation of myogenic genes. The aim of this study was to determine whether myoblasts isolated from asymptomatic CBA-administered simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) showed similar impairments and, if so, to elucidate potential underlying mechanisms. Myoblasts were isolated from muscle at 11 mo after SIV infection from CBA/SIV macaques and from time-matched sucrose (SUC)-treated SIV-infected (SUC/SIV) animals and age-matched controls. Myoblast differentiation and myogenic gene expression were significantly decreased in myoblasts from SUC/SIV and CBA/SIV animals compared with controls. SIV and CBA decreased muscle-specific miR-206 in plasma and muscle and SIV decreased miR-206 expression in myoblasts, with no statistically significant changes in other muscle-specific miRs. These findings were associated with a significant increase in histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and decrease in myogenic enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) expression in CBA/SIV muscle. Transfection with miR-206 inhibitor decreased myotube differentiation, increased expression of HDAC4, and decreased MEF2C, suggesting a critical role of miR-206 in myogenesis. Moreover, HDAC4 was confirmed to be a direct miR-206 target. These results support a mechanistic role for decreased miR-206 in suppression of myoblast differentiation resulting from chronic alcohol and SIV infection. The parallel changes in skeletal muscle and circulating levels of miR-206 warrant studies to establish the possible use of plasma miR-206 as an indicator of impaired muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; .,Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - S M Ford
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - K Song
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - P Berner
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - C Vande Stouwe
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - S Nelson
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and.,School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - G J Bagby
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and.,School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - P E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
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