1
|
Mesaros EF, Dugan BJ, Gao M, Sheraz M, McGovern-Gooch K, Xu F, Fan KY, Nguyen D, Kultgen SG, Lindstrom A, Stever K, Tercero B, Binder RJ, Liu F, Micolochick Steuer HM, Mani N, Harasym TO, Thi EP, Cuconati A, Dorsey BD, Cole AG, Lam AM, Sofia MJ. Discovery of C-Linked Nucleoside Analogues with Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38651692 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic underscored the limitations of currently available direct-acting antiviral treatments against acute respiratory RNA-viral infections and stimulated major research initiatives targeting anticoronavirus agents. Two novel nsp5 protease (MPro) inhibitors have been approved, nirmatrelvir and ensitrelvir, along with two existing nucleos(t)ide analogues repurposed as nsp12 polymerase inhibitors, remdesivir and molnupiravir, but a need still exists for therapies with improved potency and systemic exposure with oral dosing, better metabolic stability, and reduced resistance and toxicity risks. Herein, we summarize our research toward identifying nsp12 inhibitors that led to nucleoside analogues 10e and 10n, which showed favorable pan-coronavirus activity in cell-infection screens, were metabolized to active triphosphate nucleotides in cell-incubation studies, and demonstrated target (nsp12) engagement in biochemical assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugen F Mesaros
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Benjamin J Dugan
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Min Gao
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Muhammad Sheraz
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | | | - Fran Xu
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Duyan Nguyen
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Steven G Kultgen
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Aaron Lindstrom
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Kim Stever
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Breanna Tercero
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Randall J Binder
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | | | - Nagraj Mani
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Troy O Harasym
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Emily P Thi
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Andrea Cuconati
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Bruce D Dorsey
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Andrew G Cole
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Angela M Lam
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| | - Michael J Sofia
- Arbutus Biopharma, Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, Pennsylvania 18974, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Castro F, Ciardullo G, Fanizzi FP, Prejanò M, Benedetti M, Marino T. Incorporation of N7-Platinated Guanines into Thermus Aquaticus (Taq) DNA Polymerase: Atomistic Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9849. [PMID: 37372996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we elucidated some key aspects of the mechanism of action of the cisplatin anticancer drug, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2], involving direct interactions with free nucleotides. A comprehensive in silico molecular modeling analysis was conducted to compare the interactions of Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase with three distinct N7-platinated deoxyguanosine triphosphates: [Pt(dien)(N7-dGTP)] (1), cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl(N7-dGTP)] (2), and cis-[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)(N7-dGTP)] (3) {dien = diethylenetriamine; dGTP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine-triphosphate}, using canonical dGTP as a reference, in the presence of DNA. The goal was to elucidate the binding site interactions between Taq DNA polymerase and the tested nucleotide derivatives, providing valuable atomistic insights. Unbiased molecular dynamics simulations (200 ns for each complex) with explicit water molecules were performed on the four ternary complexes, yielding significant findings that contribute to a better understanding of experimental results. The molecular modeling highlighted the crucial role of a specific α-helix (O-helix) within the fingers subdomain, which facilitates the proper geometry for functional contacts between the incoming nucleotide and the DNA template needed for incorporation into the polymerase. The analysis revealed that complex 1 exhibits a much lower affinity for Taq DNA polymerase than complexes 2-3. The affinities of cisplatin metabolites 2-3 for Taq DNA polymerase were found to be quite similar to those of natural dGTP, resulting in a lower incorporation rate for complex 1 compared to complexes 2-3. These findings could have significant implications for the cisplatin mechanism of action, as the high intracellular availability of free nucleobases might promote the competitive incorporation of platinated nucleotides over direct cisplatin attachment to DNA. The study's insights into the incorporation of platinated nucleotides into the Taq DNA polymerase active site suggest that the role of platinated nucleotides in the cisplatin mechanism of action may have been previously underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Castro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giada Ciardullo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, Centro Ecotekne, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Laboratorio PROMOCS cubo 14C, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Castro F, Stefàno E, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum-Nucleos(t)ide Compounds as Possible Antimetabolites for Antitumor/Antiviral Therapy: Properties and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030941. [PMID: 36986802 PMCID: PMC10058173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a family of compounds which include a variety of purine and pyrimidine derivatives, widely used as anticancer and antiviral agents. For their ability to compete with physiological nucleosides, NAs act as antimetabolites exerting their activity by interfering with the synthesis of nucleic acids. Much progress in the comprehension of their molecular mechanisms has been made, including providing new strategies for potentiating anticancer/antiviral activity. Among these strategies, new platinum-NAs showing a good potential to improve the therapeutic indices of NAs have been synthesized and studied. This short review aims to describe the properties and future perspectives of platinum-NAs, proposing these complexes as a new class of antimetabolites.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shannon A, Canard B. Kill or corrupt: Mechanisms of action and drug-resistance of nucleotide analogues against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105501. [PMID: 36567022 PMCID: PMC9773703 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside/tide analogues (NAs) have long been used in the fight against viral diseases, and now present a promising option for the treatment of COVID-19. Once activated to the 5'-triphosphate state, NAs act by targeting the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase for incorporation into the viral RNA genome. Incorporated analogues can either 'kill' (terminate) synthesis, or 'corrupt' (genetically or chemically) the RNA. Against coronaviruses, the use of NAs has been further complicated by the presence of a virally encoded exonuclease domain (nsp14) with proofreading and repair capacities. Here, we describe the mechanism of action of four promising anti-COVID-19 NAs; remdesivir, molnupiravir, favipiravir and bemnifosbuvir. Their distinct mechanisms of action best exemplify the concept of 'killers' and 'corruptors'. We review available data regarding their ability to be incorporated and excised, and discuss the specific structural features that dictate their overall potency, toxicity, and mutagenic potential. This should guide the synthesis of novel analogues, lend insight into the potential for resistance mutations, and provide a rational basis for upcoming combinations therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Shannon
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, Case 925, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eistrikh-Heller PA, Rubinsky SV, Samygina VR, Lashkov AA. Calculation of Free Energy of Binding for Widely Specific Pyrimidine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase and Suspected Inhibitors. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
6
|
Patel D, Cox BD, Kasthuri M, Mengshetti S, Bassit L, Verma K, Ollinger-Russell O, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. In silico design of a novel nucleotide antiviral agent by free energy perturbation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 99:801-815. [PMID: 35313085 PMCID: PMC9175506 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are the backbone of antiviral therapies. Drugs from this class undergo processing by host or viral kinases to form the active nucleoside triphosphate species that selectively inhibits the viral polymerase. It is the central hypothesis that the nucleoside triphosphate analog must be a favorable substrate for the viral polymerase and the nucleoside precursor must be a satisfactory substrate for the host kinases to inhibit viral replication. Herein, free energy perturbation (FEP) was used to predict substrate affinity for both host and viral enzymes. Several uridine 5'-monophosphate prodrug analogs known to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) were utilized in this study to validate the use of FEP. Binding free energies to the host monophosphate kinase and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) were calculated for methyl-substituted uridine analogs. The 2'-C-methyl-uridine and 4'-C-methyl-uridine scaffolds delivered favorable substrate binding to the host kinase and HCV RdRp that were consistent with results from cellular antiviral activity in support of our new approach. In a prospective evaluation, FEP results suggest that 2'-C-dimethyl-uridine scaffold delivered favorable monophosphate and triphosphate substrates for both host kinase and HCV RdRp, respectively. Novel 2'-C-dimethyl-uridine monophosphate prodrug was synthesized and exhibited sub-micromolar inhibition of HCV replication. Using this novel approach, we demonstrated for the first time that nucleoside analogs can be rationally designed that meet the multi-target requirements for antiviral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bryan D. Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mahesh Kasthuri
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Seema Mengshetti
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kiran Verma
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Olivia Ollinger-Russell
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giri D, Raut SK, Behera CK, Patra SK. Diketopyrrollopyrrole anchored carbazole-alt-thiophene based Fe3+-coordinated metallopolymer for the selective recognition of ATP. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
8
|
Ward AS, Hsiung CH, Kesterson DG, Kamath VG, McKee EE. Entecavir competitively inhibits deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria and the perfused rat heart. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101876. [PMID: 35358513 PMCID: PMC9097457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) is reported responsible for the phosphorylation of deoxyadenosine (dA) and deoxyguanosine (dG) in the mitochondrial purine salvage pathway. Antiviral nucleoside analogs known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) must be phosphorylated by host enzymes for the analog to become active. We address the possibility that NRTI purine analogs may be competitive inhibitors of dGK. From a group of such analogs, we demonstrate that entecavir (ETV) competitively inhibited the phosphorylation of dG and dA in rat mitochondria. Mitochondria from the brain, heart, kidney, and liver showed a marked preference for phosphorylation of dG over dA (10-30-fold) and ETV over dA (2.5-4-fold). We found that ETV inhibited the phosphorylation of dG with an IC50 of 15.3 ± 2.2 μM and that ETV and dG were both potent inhibitors of dA phosphorylation with IC50s of 0.034 ± 0.007 and 0.028 ± 0.006 μM, respectively. In addition, the phosphorylation of dG and ETV followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and each competitively inhibited the phosphorylation of the other. We observed that the kinetics of dA phosphorylation were strikingly different from those of dG phosphorylation, with an exponentially lower affinity for dGK and no effect of dA on dG or ETV phosphorylation. Finally, in an isolated heart perfusion model, we demonstrated that dG, dA, and ETV were phosphorylated and dG phosphorylation was inhibited by ETV. Taken together, these data demonstrate that dGK is inhibited by ETV and that the primary role of dGK is in the phosphorylation of dG rather than dA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avery S Ward
- Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Chia-Heng Hsiung
- Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA; School of Science, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Daniel G Kesterson
- Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA; Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vasudeva G Kamath
- Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York, USA
| | - Edward E McKee
- Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Frisk J, Pejler G, Eriksson S, Wang L. Structural and functional analysis of human thymidylate kinase isoforms. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2022; 41:321-332. [PMID: 34994281 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.2023748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate kinase (TMPK) phosphorylates deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) and plays an important role in genome stability. Deficiency in TMPK activity due to genetic alterations of DTYMK, i.e., the gene coding for TMPK, causes severe microcephaly in humans. However, no defects were observed in other tissues, suggesting the existence of a compensatory enzyme for dTTP synthesis. In search for this compensatory enzyme we analyzed 6 isoforms of TMPK mRNA deposited in the GenBank. Of these, only isoform 1 has been characterized and represents the known human TMPK. Our results reveal that isoform 2, 3, 4 and 5 lack essential structural elements for substrate binding and, thus, they are considered as nonfunctional isoforms. Isoform 6, however, has intact catalytic centers, i.e., dTMP-binding, DRX motif, ATP-binding p-loop and lid region, which are the key structural elements of an active TMPK, suggesting that isoform 6 may function as TMPK. When isoform 6 was expressed and purified, it showed only minimal activity (<0.1%) as compared with isoform 1. A putative isoform 6 was detected in a cancer cell line, in addition to the dominant isoform 1. However, because of its low activity, isoform 6 is unlikely be able to compensate for the loss of TMPK activity caused by deletions and/or point mutations of the DTYMK gene. Thereby, future studies to identify and characterize the compensatory TMPK enzyme found in patients with DTYMK mutations may contribute to the understanding of dTTP synthesis and of the pathophysiological role of DTYMK mutations in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Hu Frisk
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Eriksson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Xiao Z, Puré E. Imaging of T-cell Responses in the Context of Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:490-502. [PMID: 33941536 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which promotes the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and enhances their infiltration into and function within tumors, is a rapidly expanding and evolving approach to treating cancer. However, many of the critical denominators for inducing effective anticancer immune responses remain unknown. Efforts are underway to develop comprehensive ex vivo assessments of the immune landscape of patients prior to and during response to immunotherapy. An important complementary approach to these efforts involves the development of noninvasive imaging approaches to detect immune targets, assess delivery of immune-based therapeutics, and evaluate responses to immunotherapy. Herein, we review the merits and limitations of various noninvasive imaging modalities (MRI, PET, and single-photon emission tomography) and discuss candidate targets for cellular and molecular imaging for visualization of T-cell responses at various stages along the cancer-immunity cycle in the context of immunotherapy. We also discuss the potential use of these imaging strategies in monitoring treatment responses and predicting prognosis for patients treated with immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fehlau M, Kaspar F, Hellendahl KF, Schollmeyer J, Neubauer P, Wagner A. Modular Enzymatic Cascade Synthesis of Nucleotides Using a (d)ATP Regeneration System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:854. [PMID: 32903716 PMCID: PMC7438870 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-5'-triphosphates (NTPs) and their analogs are building blocks of DNA and are important compounds in both pharmaceutical and molecular biology applications. Currently, commercially available base or sugar modified NTPs are mainly synthesized chemically. Since the chemical production of NTPs is time-consuming and generally inefficient, alternative approaches are under development. Here we present a simple, efficient and generalizable enzymatic synthesis method for the conversion of nucleosides to NTPs. Our one-pot method is modular, applicable to a wide range of natural and modified nucleotide products and accesses NTPs directly from cheap nucleoside precursors. Nucleoside kinases, nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinases and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase were applied as biocatalysts. Enzymes with different substrate specificities were combined to produce derivatives of adenosine and cytidine triphosphate with conversions of 4 to 26%. The implementation of a (deoxy)ATP recycling system resulted in a significant increase in the conversion to all NTP products, furnishing 4 different NTPs in quantitative conversion. Natural (deoxy)NTPs were synthesized with 60 to >99% conversion and sugar- and base-modified NTPs were produced with 69 to >99% and 27 to 75% conversion, respectively. The presented method is suitable for the efficient synthesis of a wide range of natural and modified NTPs in a sustainable one-pot process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryke Fehlau
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Kaspar
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja F Hellendahl
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schollmeyer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Wagner
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,BioNukleo GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saftić D, Studzińska M, Paradowska E, Piantanida I, Baranović G, Białek-pietras M, Leśnikowski ZJ. Comparative study of the effects of ortho-, meta- and para-carboranes (C2B10H12) on the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of uridine and 2′-deoxyuridine boron cluster conjugates. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Ferey J, Da Silva D, Colas C, Lafite P, Topalis D, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA, Daniellou R, Maunit B. Monitoring of phosphorylation using immobilized kinases by on-line enzyme bioreactors hyphenated with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 205:120120. [PMID: 31450426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides analogues are the cornerstone of the treatment of several human diseases. They are especially at the forefront of antiviral therapy. Their therapeutic efficiency depends on their capacity to be converted to the active nucleoside triphosphate form through successive phosphorylation steps catalyzed by nucleoside/nucleotide kinases. In this context, it is mandatory to develop a rapid, reliable and sensitive enzyme activity test to evaluate their metabolic pathways. In this study, we report a proof of concept to directly monitor on-line nucleotide multiple phosphorylation. The methodology was developed by on-line enzyme bioreactors hyphenated with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry detection. Human Thymidylate Kinase (hTMPK) and human Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (hNDPK) were covalently immobilized on functionalized silica beads, and packed into micro-bioreactors (40 μL). By continuous infusion of substrate into the bioreactors, the conversion of thymidine monophosphate (dTMP) into its di- (dTDP) and tri-phosphorylated (dTTP) forms was visualized by monitoring their Extracted Ion Chromatogram (EIC) of their [M - H]- ions. Both bioreactors were found to be robust and durable over 60 days (storage at 4 °C in ammonium acetate buffer), after 20 uses and more than 750 min of reaction, making them suitable for routine analysis. Each on-line conversion step was shown rapid (<5 min), efficient (conversion efficiency > 55%), precise and repeatable (CV < 3% for run-to-run analysis). The feasibility of the on-line multi-step conversion from dTMP to dTTP was also proved. In the context of selective antiviral therapy, this proof of concept was then applied to the monitoring of specificity of conversion of two synthesized Acyclic Nucleosides Phosphonates (ANPs), regarding human Thymidylate Kinase (hTMPK) and vaccina virus Thymidylate Kinase (vvTMPK).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Ferey
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France.
| | - David Da Silva
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France; CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, Univ-Orléans, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Pierre Lafite
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | - Dimitrios Topalis
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 1043, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Roy
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| | | | | | - Benoît Maunit
- Univ. Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mieczkowski A, Kierozalska A, Białek-pietras M, Goszczyński TM, Janczak S, Olejniczak AB, Studzińska M, Paradowska E, Leśnikowski ZJ. Comparative study of inorganic, boron-rich cluster and organic, phenyl adenosine modifications: synthesis and properties. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1267-84. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nucleoside analogs are important class of chemotherapeutics. One of the original openings in the nucleoside medicinal chemistry was derivatives comprising a boron cluster component. Results: A series of adenosine derivative pairs containing inorganic boron cluster or alternatively its mimic, organic phenyl modification were synthesized and their physicochemical and biological properties compared. Marked effects of boron clusters, which are qualitatively and quantitatively different from the phenyl group effects, were detected. The studied characteristics include syn/ anti conformation, lipophilicity, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, as well as phosphorylation by adenosine kinase. Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrate usefulness of the boron clusters for tuning properties of biomolecules and prove their potential as modifying units in design of future therapeutics based on nucleoside structures.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferey J, Da Silva D, Colas C, Nehmé R, Lafite P, Roy V, Morin P, Daniellou R, Agrofoglio L, Maunit B. Monitoring of successive phosphorylations of thymidine using free and immobilized human nucleoside/nucleotide kinases by Flow Injection Analysis with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1049:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Qasrawi A, Bahaj W, Qasrawi L, Abughanimeh O, Foxworth J, Gaur R. Cladribine in the remission induction of adult acute myeloid leukemia: where do we stand? Ann Hematol 2019; 98:561-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
18
|
Hedger AK, Oomen ME, Liu V, Moazami MP, Rhind N, Dekker J, Watts JK. Progress toward an amplifiable metabolic label for DNA: conversion of 4-thiothymidine (4sT) to 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine and synthesis of a 4sT phosphorodiamidate prodrug. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to metabolically label DNA in a way that produces a latent change from one nucleobase to another would create a signal that can be amplified by PCR — this in turn would allow studies of newly synthesized DNA using high-throughput sequencing. To function as an amplifiable metabolic label, a nucleotide analogue would need to be taken up by cells and incorporated into cellular DNA; after purification of DNA, it could be converted into a different nucleobase with a different base pairing pattern. We selected 4-thiothymidine (4sT) as a candidate metabolic label: 4sT is readily taken up by a large number of polymerases in vitro, and we present a method that allows 4sT to be converted into 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5mC) after incorporation into DNA. Encouraged by these results, we treated cells with 4sT nucleoside; however, we found that 4sT is not incorporated into DNA in bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells to useful levels under the conditions we tested. A phosphorodiamidate prodrug of 4sTMP was successfully synthesized but did not measurably improve incorporation into cellular DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. Hedger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Marlies E. Oomen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Program in Systems Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Victor Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Michael P. Moazami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Nicholas Rhind
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Program in Systems Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Watts
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qiu L, Patterson SE, Bonnac LF, Geraghty RJ. Nucleobases and corresponding nucleosides display potent antiviral activities against dengue virus possibly through viral lethal mutagenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006421. [PMID: 29672522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus affects millions of people worldwide each year. To date, there is no drug for the treatment of dengue-associated disease. Nucleosides are effective antivirals and work by inhibiting the accurate replication of the viral genome. Nucleobases offer a cheaper alternative to nucleosides for broad antiviral applications. Metabolic activation of nucleobases involves condensation with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to give the corresponding nucleoside-5’-monophosphate. This could provide an alternative to phosphorylation of a nucleoside, a step that is often rate limiting and inefficient in activation of nucleosides. We evaluated more than 30 nucleobases and corresponding nucleosides for their antiviral activity against dengue virus. Five nucleobases and two nucleosides were found to induce potent antiviral effects not previously described. Our studies further revealed that nucleobases were usually more active with a better tissue culture therapeutic index than their corresponding nucleosides. The development of viral lethal mutagenesis, an antiviral approach that takes into account the quasispecies behavior of RNA viruses, represents an exciting prospect not yet studied in the context of dengue replication. Passage of the virus in the presence of the nucleobase 3a (T-1105) and corresponding nucleoside 3b (T-1106), favipiravir derivatives, induced an increase in apparent mutations, indicating lethal mutagenesis as a possible antiviral mechanism. A more concerted and widespread screening of nucleobase libraries is a very promising approach to identify dengue virus inhibitors including those that may act as viral mutagens. Dengue virus is a world-wide public health menace estimated to infect hundreds of millions of people per year. Vaccines to prevent dengue virus infection have had limited success due in part to the requirement to elicit effective immune responses against the four dengue serotypes. There is an urgent unmet need for anti-dengue virus therapies. Nucleosides are effective antiviral small molecules which usually work by inhibiting the accurate replication of the viral genome. Typically, nucleosides must be converted within the cell to their triphosphate form to inhibit virus replication, thus inefficient phosphorylation often leads to suboptimal activity. We screened a small library of nucleobases that require an activation pathway different from nucleosides to achieve the same active form. We identified some known and previously undescribed dengue virus nucleobase inhibitors and their corresponding nucleosides. Our investigation of the mechanism of action of one nucleobase and its corresponding nucleoside found evidence for enhanced mutagenesis of the dengue virus genome in the presence of the compounds in cell culture. A wide screening of nucleobases libraries is a promising strategy to discover dengue virus inhibitors including potential viral mutagens.
Collapse
|
20
|
Maize KM, Shah R, Strom A, Kumarapperuma S, Zhou A, Wagner CR, Finzel BC. A Crystal Structure Based Guide to the Design of Human Histidine Triad Nucleotide Binding Protein 1 (hHint1) Activated ProTides. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3987-3997. [PMID: 28968488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues that incorporate a metabolically labile nucleoside phosphoramidate (a ProTide) have found utility as prodrugs. In humans, ProTides can be cleaved by human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (hHint1) to expose the nucleotide monophosphate. Activation by this route circumvents highly selective nucleoside kinases that limit the use of nucleosides as prodrugs. To better understand the diversity of potential substrates of hHint1, we created and studied a series of phosphoramidate nucleosides. Using a combination of enzyme kinetics, X-ray crystallography, and isothermal titration calorimetry with both wild-type and inactive mutant enzymes, we have been able to explore the energetics of substrate binding and establish a structural basis for catalytic efficiency. Diverse nucleobases are well tolerated, but portions of the ribose are needed to position substrates for catalysis. Beneficial characteristics of the amine leaving group are also revealed. Structural principles revealed by these results may be exploited to tune the rate of substrate hydrolysis to strategically alter the intracellular release of the product nucleoside monophosphate from the ProTide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Maize
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rachit Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alex Strom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sidath Kumarapperuma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andrew Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carston R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Barry C Finzel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ueda K, Masuda A, Fukuda M, Tanaka S, Hosokawa M, Iwakawa S. Monophosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase affects apparent cellular uptake of decitabine in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:301-310. [PMID: 29174536 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decitabine (DAC), a nucleoside-related DNA methylation inhibitor, is taken up into cancer cells via equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), and is then monophosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). In the present study, we examined the contribution of dCK to the uptake of DAC in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Irinotecan and etoposide inhibited the uptake of [3H]-uridine and [3H]-DAC at 10 s and 5 min, while cytarabine and gemcitabine only inhibited that of [3H]-DAC at 5 min. Irinotecan and etoposide inhibited [3H]-DAC uptake in negative control small interfering RNA (siRNA)- or dCK siRNA-transfected cells at 10 s, whereas cytarabine and gemcitabine did not. Cytarabine and gemcitabine inhibited DAC monophosphate generation by the cytosolic proteins of HCT116 cells and recombinant human dCK protein, assessed using polyethylenimine cellulose thin-layered chromatography. Simulations using simple kinetic models showed that apparent DAC uptake in dCK and ENT1 siRNA-treated cells was attributed to its conversion to monophosphates or a decrease in the cellular flux, respectively, and that the apparent uptake of DAC in dCK-knockdown and ENT1-knockdown cells was similar at longer times, but differed at a very short time. These results suggest that the apparent uptake of DAC is affected by ENT1 and dCK in HCT116 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ueda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Ayasa Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Misaki Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Mika Hosokawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Seigo Iwakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu K, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Chu J, Zhang Y, He B. A thermostable pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Brevibacillus borstelensis LK01 for synthesizing halogenated nucleosides. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1903-10. [PMID: 28871515 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate a thermostable pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase (PyNP) from mesophilic bacteria by gene mining. RESULTS BbPyNP from Brevibacillus borstelensis LK01 was isolated by gene mining. BbPyNP had a highest 60% identity with that of reported PyNPs. BbPyNP could catalyze the phosphorolysis of thymidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, uridine and 5-methyuridine. BbPyNP had good thermostability and retained 73% of its original activity after 2 h incubation at 50 °C. BbPyNP had the highest activity at an optimum alkaline pH of 8.5. BbPyNP was stable from pH 7 to 9.8. Under preliminary optimized conditions, the biosynthesis of various 5-halogenated pyrimidine nucleosides by BbPyNP reached the yield of 61-84%. CONCLUSION An efficient approach was estimated in isolating thermostable PyNP from mesophilic bacteria.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yssel AEJ, Vanderleyden J, Steenackers HP. Repurposing of nucleoside- and nucleobase-derivative drugs as antibiotics and biofilm inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:2156-2170. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
24
|
Abstract
Cancer treatment is becoming more and more individually based as a result of the large inter-individual differences that exist in treatment outcome and toxicity when patients are treated using population-based drug doses. Polymorphisms in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters can significantly influence uptake, metabolism, and elimination of anticancer drugs. As a result, the altered pharmacokinetics can greatly influence drug efficacy and toxicity. Pharmacogenetic screening and/or drug-specific phenotyping of cancer patients eligible for treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs, prior to the start of anticancer treatment, can identify patients with tumors that are likely to be responsive or resistant to the proposed drugs. Similarly, the identification of patients with an increased risk of developing toxicity would allow either dose adaptation or the application of other targeted therapies. This review focuses on the role of genetic polymorphisms significantly altering the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs. Polymorphisms in DPYD, TPMT, and UGT1A1 have been described that have a major impact on the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil, mercaptopurine, and irinotecan, respectively. For other drugs, however, the association of polymorphisms with pharmacokinetics is less clear. To date, the influence of genetic variations on the pharmacokinetics of the increasingly used monoclonal antibodies has hardly been investigated. Some studies indicate that genes encoding the Fcγ-receptor family are of interest, but more research is needed to establish if screening before the start of therapy is beneficial. Considering the profound impact of polymorphisms in drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic drugs and hence, their toxicity and efficacy, pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic profiling should become the standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André B P van Kuilenburg
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, F0-220, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Meinsma R, van Kuilenburg ABP. Purification, activity, and expression levels of two uridine-cytidine kinase isoforms in neuroblastoma cell lines. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2017; 35:613-618. [PMID: 27906629 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1124998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Uridine-cytidine kinase (UCK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine, cytidine, and several pyrimidine ribonucleoside analogs. We overexpressed and purified the two known isoforms of human UCK in Escherichia coli, produced a specific antibody against UCK1 and characterized the kinetic properties of UCK1 and 2. The Vmax of purified recombinant UCK2 was 22- and 8-fold higher with uridine and cytidine, respectively, compared to those observed for the purified recombinant UCK1 enzyme. The Km of UCK1 was 39- and 40-fold higher with uridine and cytidine, respectively, compared to those observed for the purified recombinant UCK2 enzyme. The UCK1 antibody showed no cross reactivity against UCK2. Our data showed that UCK1 and 2 are both expressed in several neuroblastoma cell lines, including four MYCN single copy cell lines and five MYCN amplified cell lines, with the exception that UCK1 was not expressed in SJNB8. These results indicate that UCK2 in neuroblastoma might be used as a selective target for chemotherapy using UCK2-dependent pyrimidine analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Meinsma
- a Academic Medical Center, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - A B P van Kuilenburg
- a Academic Medical Center, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kanber E, Yamada H, Loretz B, Lepeltier E, Lehr CM. Design of Polyamine-Grafted Starches for Nucleotide Analogue Delivery: In Vitro Evaluation of the Anticancer Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2431-2440. [PMID: 27633934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues are a therapeutic class that is very promising and currently used in clinics, notably against viral infectious diseases and cancer. However, their therapeutic potential is often restricted by a poor stability in vivo, the induction of severe side effects, and limited passive intracellular diffusion due to their hydrophilicity. Polysaccharide-based polymers (e.g., starch) have considerable advantages, including a lack of toxicity and the absence of antigenicity. The aim of this study was to develop new cationic starches able to form complexes with nucleotide analogues, thus protecting them and increasing their cell uptake. At the same time, the material should demonstrate good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. Different polyamines, (TREN, TEPA, and spermine) were grafted to starch to evaluate the impact of side-chain properties. The resulting cationic starch derivatives were characterized (e.g., degree of modification) and compared in their ability to form polyplexes with ATP as a model nucleotide. Among the tested candidates, the formulation of starch-TEPA and ATP with an N/P ratio of 2 led to nanoparticles with a size of 429 nm, a PdI of 0.054, and a ζ potential of -9 mV. MTT and LDH assays on A549 cell line showed low toxicity for this polymer. Confocal microscopy study proved that the cell internalization was an incubation-time- and energy-dependent process. Most important, starch-TEPA complexed with ddGTP showed significant biological activity on A549 cancer cells compared to that of plain ddGTP at the same concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Kanber
- Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hiroe Yamada
- Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- INSERM U1066 Micro & Nanomed Biomimetique , 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yoneshima Y, Abolhassani N, Iyama T, Sakumi K, Shiomi N, Mori M, Shiomi T, Noda T, Tsuchimoto D, Nakabeppu Y. Deoxyinosine triphosphate induces MLH1/PMS2- and p53-dependent cell growth arrest and DNA instability in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32849. [PMID: 27618981 PMCID: PMC5020429 DOI: 10.1038/srep32849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyinosine (dI) occurs in DNA either by oxidative deamination of a previously incorporated deoxyadenosine residue or by misincorporation of deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) from the nucleotide pool during replication. To exclude dITP from the pool, mammals possess specific hydrolysing enzymes, such as inosine triphosphatase (ITPA). Previous studies have shown that deficiency in ITPA results in cell growth suppression and DNA instability. To explore the mechanisms of these phenotypes, we analysed ITPA-deficient human and mouse cells. We found that both growth suppression and accumulation of single-strand breaks in nuclear DNA of ITPA-deficient cells depended on MLH1/PMS2. The cell growth suppression of ITPA-deficient cells also depended on p53, but not on MPG, ENDOV or MSH2. ITPA deficiency significantly increased the levels of p53 protein and p21 mRNA/protein, a well-known target of p53, in an MLH1-dependent manner. Furthermore, MLH1 may also contribute to cell growth arrest by increasing the basal level of p53 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Yoneshima
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Nona Abolhassani
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Teruaki Iyama
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Sakumi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Research Center for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Naoko Shiomi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiko Mori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Shiomi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuchimoto
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Research Center for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Research Center for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
van Kuilenburg AB, Meinsma R. The pivotal role of uridine-cytidine kinases in pyrimidine metabolism and activation of cytotoxic nucleoside analogues in neuroblastoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1504-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
29
|
Rodriguez-Ruiz V, Maksimenko A, Anand R, Monti S, Agostoni V, Couvreur P, Lampropoulou M, Yannakopoulou K, Gref R. Efficient "green" encapsulation of a highly hydrophilic anticancer drug in metal-organic framework nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2016; 23:759-67. [PMID: 26453171 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1073294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination polymers of interest for biomedical applications. Of particular importance, nanoparticles made of iron(III) trimesate (MIL-100, MIL standing for Material Institut Lavoisier) (nanoMOFs) can be conveniently synthesised under mild and green conditions. They were shown to be biodegradable, biocompatible and efficient to encapsulate a variety of active molecules. We have addressed here the challenges to encapsulate a highly hydrophilic anticancer prodrug, phosphated gemcitabin (Gem-MP) known for its instability and inability to bypass cell membranes. MIL-100 nanoMOFs acted as efficient "nanosponges", soaking Gem-MP from its aqueous solution with almost perfect efficiency (>98%). Maximal loadings reached ∼30 wt% reflecting the strong interaction between the drug and the iron trimesate matrices. Neither degradation nor loss of crystalline structure was observed after the loading process. Storage of the loaded nanoMOFs in water did not result in drug release over three days. However, Gem-MP was released in media containing phosphates, as a consequence to particle degradation. Drug-loaded nanoMOFs were effective against pancreatic PANC-1 cells, in contrast to free drug and empty nanoMOFs. However, an efflux phenomenon could contribute to reduce the efficacy of the nanocarriers. Size optimization and surface modification of the nanoMOFs are expected to further improve these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei Maksimenko
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Resmi Anand
- b National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Ag. Paraskevi , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Sandra Monti
- c Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività-CNR , Bologna , Italy
| | - Valentina Agostoni
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Maria Lampropoulou
- b National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Ag. Paraskevi , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- b National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Ag. Paraskevi , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- a Institut Galien (UMR CNRS 8612), Université Paris-Sud , Châtenay-Malabry , France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Benedetti M, Romano A, De Castro F, Girelli CR, Antonucci D, Migoni D, Verri T, Fanizzi FP. N7-platinated ribonucleotides are not incorporated by RNA polymerases. New perspectives for a rational design of platinum antitumor drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 163:143-146. [PMID: 27421694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we assessed the capacity of RNA polymerases to use platinated ribonucleotides as substrates for RNA synthesis by testing the incorporation of the model compound [Pt(dien)(N7-5'-GTP)] (dien=diethylenetriamine; GTP=5'-guanosine triphosphate) into a natural RNA sequence. The yield of in vitro transcription operated by T7 RNA polymerase, on the LacZ (Escherichia coli gene encoding for β-galactosidase) sequence, decreases progressively with decreasing the concentration of natural GTP, in favor of the platinated nucleotide, [Pt(dien)(N7-5'-GTP)]. Comparison of the T7 RNA polymerase transcription activities for [Pt(dien)(N7-5'-GTP)] compound incorporation reaction test, with respect to the effect of a decreasing concentration of natural GTP, showed no major differences. A specific inhibitory effect of compound [Pt(dien)(N7-5'-GTP)] (which may pair the complementary base on the DNA strand, without being incorporated in the RNA by the T7 RNA polymerase) was evidenced. Our findings therefore suggest that RNA polymerases, unlike DNA polymerases, are unable to incorporate N7-platinated nucleotides into newly synthesized nucleic acids. In this respect, specifically designed N7-platinated nucleotides based compounds could be used in alternative to the classical platinum based drugs. This approach may offer a possible strategy to target specifically DNA, without affecting RNA, and is potentially able to better modulate pharmacological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Romano
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology and Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica De Castro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Chiara R Girelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniela Antonucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco P Fanizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Focusing on the recent literature (since 2000), this review outlines the main synthetic approaches for the preparation of 5'-mono-, 5'-di-, and 5'-triphosphorylated nucleosides, also known as nucleotides, as well as several derivatives, namely, cyclic nucleotides and dinucleotides, dinucleoside 5',5'-polyphosphates, sugar nucleotides, and nucleolipids. Endogenous nucleotides and their analogues can be obtained enzymatically, which is often restricted to natural substrates, or chemically. In chemical synthesis, protected or unprotected nucleosides can be used as the starting material, depending on the nature of the reagents selected from P(III) or P(V) species. Both solution-phase and solid-support syntheses have been developed and are reported here. Although a considerable amount of research has been conducted in this field, further work is required because chemists are still faced with the challenge of developing a universal methodology that is compatible with a large variety of nucleoside analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Roy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Anaïs Depaix
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Périgaud
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM , Campus Triolet, cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Beyaert M, Starczewska E, Van Den Neste E, Bontemps F. A crucial role for ATR in the regulation of deoxycytidine kinase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 100:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
33
|
Patel PL, Rana NK, Patel MR, Kozuch SD, Sabatino D. Nucleic Acid Bioconjugates in Cancer Detection and Therapy. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:252-69. [PMID: 26663095 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside- and nucleotide-based chemotherapeutics have been used to treat cancer for more than 50 years. However, their inherent cytotoxicities and the emergent resistance of tumors against treatment has inspired a new wave of compounds in which the overall pharmacological profile of the bioactive nucleic acid component is improved by conjugation with delivery vectors, small-molecule drugs, and/or imaging modalities. In this manner, nucleic acid bioconjugates have the potential for targeting and effecting multiple biological processes in tumors, leading to synergistic antitumor effects. Consequently, tumor resistance and recurrence is mitigated, leading to more effective forms of cancer therapy. Bioorthogonal chemistry has led to the development of new nucleoside bioconjugates, which have served to improve treatment efficacy en route towards FDA approval. Similarly, oligonucleotide bioconjugates have shown encouraging preclinical and clinical results. The modified oligonucleotides and their pharmaceutically active formulations have addressed many weaknesses of oligonucleotide-based drugs. They have also paved the way for important advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer-targeting ligands such as small-molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibody fragments have all been successfully applied in oligonucleotide bioconjugation and have shown promising anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the application of bioorthogonal chemistry will, in all likelihood, continue to supply a promising pipeline of nucleic acid bioconjugates for applications in cancer detection and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar L Patel
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Inc., Analytical Research and Development, 270 Prospect Plains Road, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Niki K Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Mayurbhai R Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Stephen D Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Coulibaly ST, Rossolillo P, Winter F, Kretzschmar FK, Brayé M, Martin DP, Lener D, Negroni M. Potent Sensitisation of Cancer Cells to Anticancer Drugs by a Quadruple Mutant of the Human Deoxycytidine Kinase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140741. [PMID: 26485161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying enzymes that, once introduced in cancer cells, lead to an increased efficiency of treatment constitutes an important goal for biomedical applications. Using an original procedure whereby mutant genes are generated based on the use of conditional lentivector genome mobilisation, we recently described, for the first time, the identification of a human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) mutant (G12) that sensitises a panel of cancer cell lines to treatment with the dCK analogue gemcitabine. Here, starting from the G12 variant itself, we generated a new library and identified a mutant (M36) that triggers even greater sensitisation to gemcitabine than G12. With respect to G12, M36 presents an additional mutation located in the region that constitutes the interface of the dCK dimer. The simple presence of this mutation halves both the IC50 and the proportion of residual cells resistant to the treatment. Furthermore, the use of vectors with self-inactivating LTRs leads to an increased sensitivity to treatment, a result compatible with a relief of the transcriptional interference exerted by the U3 promoter on the internal promoter that drives the expression of M36. Importantly, a remarkable effect is also observed in treatments with the anticancer compound cytarabine (AraC), for which a 10,000 fold decrease in IC50 occurred. By triggering the sensitisation of various cancer cell types with poor prognosis to two commonly used anticancer compounds M36 is a promising candidate for suicide gene approaches.
Collapse
|
35
|
Wierzchowski J, Antosiewicz JM, Shugar D. 8-Azapurines as isosteric purine fluorescent probes for nucleic acid and enzymatic research. Mol Biosyst 2015; 10:2756-74. [PMID: 25124808 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 8-azapurines, and their 7-deaza and 9-deaza congeners, represent a unique class of isosteric (isomorphic) analogues of the natural purines, frequently capable of substituting for the latter in many biochemical processes. Particularly interesting is their propensity to exhibit pH-dependent room-temperature fluorescence in aqueous medium, and in non-polar media. We herein review the physico-chemical properties of this class of compounds, with particular emphasis on the fluorescence emission properties of their neutral and/or ionic species, which has led to their widespread use as fluorescent probes in enzymology, including enzymes involved in purine metabolism, agonists/antagonists of adenosine receptors, mechanisms of catalytic RNAs, RNA editing, etc. They are also exceptionally useful fluorescent probes for analytical and clinical applications in crude cell homogenates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wierzchowski
- Department of Biophysics, University of Varmia & Masuria, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Doepner AM, Aboagye EO, Barrett AG. 2′-Deoxy-2′,2′-difluorothymidine analogues for radiolabeling with fluorine-18 and other biomedical applications. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Benedetti M, Antonucci D, De Castro F, Girelli CR, Lelli M, Roveri N, Fanizzi FP. Metalated nucleotide chemisorption on hydroxyapatite. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 153:279-283. [PMID: 26050880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The experiments here reported evidence on the importance of the residual charge of a nucleotide derivative, for the adsorption on nHAP (hydroxyapatite nanocrystals), in water solution. We found that the simple presence of phosphates on the nucleotide derivative does not guarantee adsorption on nHAP. On the other hand, we demonstrated that a cationic or neutral charge on a nucleotide derivative produces a strongly reduced chemical adsorption (chemisorption) whereas, in the presence of a net negative charge, relevant adsorption on nHAP is observed. The number of phosphates can only modulate the adsorption efficiency of a molecule provided that this latter bears an overall negative charge. The neutral zwitterionic nucleotide Pt(II) complexes, bearing negatively charged phosphates, are unable to give stable chemisorption. Previous considerations are important to model the binding ability of phosphate bearing nucleotide derivatives or molecules on hydroxyapatite. The findings reported in the present paper could be relevant in bone tissue targeting or nHAP mediated drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Benedetti
- University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Daniela Antonucci
- University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Federica De Castro
- University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Chiara R Girelli
- University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Lelli
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna Italy
| | - Norberto Roveri
- University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna Italy
| | - Francesco P Fanizzi
- University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
A reversible boronate-diol interaction provides a versatile synthetic platform for molecular recognitions whose binding specificity can be molecularly tailored. We found that boronate derivatives with relatively strong acidity generally undergo a diphosphate-specific recognition among other phosphates under weakly acidic pH conditions, a feature relevant to DNA sequencing. (11)B and (31)P NMR studies identified "tetrahedral boronate and divalent diphosphate" as a pair responsible for forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex, which manifests as a unique pH-dependent stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Sanjoh
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Kanda-surugadai 2-3-10, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu Z, Li Z. Molecular imaging in tracking tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:990-1001. [PMID: 25157278 PMCID: PMC4142291 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress of adoptive T cell therapy in cancer treatment, there remains an urgent need for the noninvasive tracking of the transfused T cells in patients to determine their biodistribution, viability, and functionality. With emerging molecular imaging technologies and cell-labeling methods, noninvasive in vivo cell tracking is experiencing impressive progress toward revealing the mechanisms and functions of these cells in real time in preclinical and clinical studies. Such cell tracking methods have an important role in developing effective T cell therapeutic strategies and steering decision-making process in clinical trials. On the other hand, they could provide crucial information to accelerate the regulatory approval process on the T cell therapy. In this review, we revisit the advances in tracking the tumor-specific CTLs, highlighting the latest development in human studies and the key challenges.
Collapse
|
40
|
Gazivoda Kraljević T, Ilić N, Stepanić V, Sappe L, Petranović J, Kraljević Pavelić S, Raić-malić S. Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative evaluation of novel N-alkylated 6-isobutyl- and propyl pyrimidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2913-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
41
|
Amsailale R, Beyaert M, Smal C, Janssens V, Van Den Neste E, Bontemps F. Protein phosphatase 2A regulates deoxycytidine kinase activityviaSer-74 dephosphorylation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:727-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
Iyidogan P, Sullivan TJ, Chordia MD, Frey KM, Anderson KS. Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation of Chimeric Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1183-8. [PMID: 24900627 DOI: 10.1021/ml4002979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In a continuing study of potent bifunctional anti-HIV agents, we rationally designed a novel chimeric inhibitor utilizing thymidine (THY) and a TMC derivative (a diarylpyrimidine NNRTI) linked via a polymethylene linker (ALK). The nucleoside, 5'-hydrogen-phosphonate (H-phosphonate), and 5'-triphosphate forms of this chimeric inhibitor (THY-ALK-TMC) were synthesized and the antiviral activity profiles were evaluated at the enzyme and cellular level. The nucleoside triphosphate (11) and the H-phosphonate (10) derivatives inhibited RT polymerization with an IC50 value of 6.0 and 4.3 nM, respectively. Additionally, chimeric nucleoside (9) and H-phosphonate (10) derivatives reduced HIV replication in a cell-based assay with low nanomolar antiviral potencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Iyidogan
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Todd J. Sullivan
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Kathleen M. Frey
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stoyanov A, Petrova P, Lyutskanova D, Lahtchev K. Structural and functional analysis of PUR2,5 gene encoding bifunctional enzyme of de novo purine biosynthesis in Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha CBS 4732T. Microbiol Res 2013; 169:378-87. [PMID: 24135445 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the cloning, sequencing and functional characterization of gene PUR2,5, involved in de novo purine biosynthesis of the yeast Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha. This gene (2369 bp) was cloned by genetic complementation of adenine requiring mutation. It encodes a bifunctional enzyme of 789 amino acids (85 kDa) that catalyzes the second and the fifth steps of de novo purine biosynthesis pathway and shows dual enzymatic activity - of glycinamide ribotide synthetase (GARS, EC 6.3.4.13) and of aminoimidazole ribotide synthetase (AIRS, EC 6.3.3.1). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence of putative regulatory elements located in the adjacent 5' region. Canonical motives that function as binding sites for BAS1 transcription activator were found at positions (-593) and (-389). The putative TAATTA-box was located at (-20) to (-14) and AT-rich heteroduplex was found in the 3'-non-translated region. We compared the amino acid sequence of OpPUR2,5p with those of the corresponding enzymes of other yeast species as well as with distant organisms like bacteria Escherichia coli and human Homo sapiens. A successful disruption of OpPUR2,5 gene was done. It was found that OpPUR2,5::LEU2 replacement affects both mating and sporulation processes. OpPUR2,5 sequence is deposited in the GenBank of NCBI with accession no. JF967633.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Stoyanov
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Penka Petrova
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitrinka Lyutskanova
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kantcho Lahtchev
- The Stefan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bonnac LF, Mansky LM, Patterson SE. Structure–Activity Relationships and Design of Viral Mutagens and Application to Lethal Mutagenesis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9403-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent F. Bonnac
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology,
Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Murphy JM, Armijo AL, Nomme J, Lee CH, Smith QA, Li Z, Campbell DO, Liao HI, Nathanson DA, Austin WR, Lee JT, Darvish R, Wei L, Wang J, Su Y, Damoiseaux R, Sadeghi S, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Czernin J, Alexandrova AN, Jung ME, Lavie A, Radu CG. Development of new deoxycytidine kinase inhibitors and noninvasive in vivo evaluation using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6696-708. [PMID: 23947754 DOI: 10.1021/jm400457y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Combined inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) in multiple cancer cell lines depletes deoxycytidine triphosphate pools leading to DNA replication stress, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Evidence implicating dCK in cancer cell proliferation and survival stimulated our interest in developing small molecule dCK inhibitors. Following a high throughput screen of a diverse chemical library, a structure-activity relationship study was carried out. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using (18)F-L-1-(2'-deoxy-2'-FluoroArabinofuranosyl) Cytosine ((18)F-L-FAC), a dCK-specific substrate, was used to rapidly rank lead compounds based on their ability to inhibit dCK activity in vivo. Evaluation of a subset of the most potent compounds in cell culture (IC50 = ∼1-12 nM) using the (18)F-L-FAC PET pharmacodynamic assay identified compounds demonstrating superior in vivo efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, §Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, #California NanoSystems Institute, △Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 650 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Welin M, Lehtiö L, Johansson A, Flodin S, Nyman T, Trésaugues L, Hammarström M, Gräslund S, Nordlund P. Substrate specificity and oligomerization of human GMP synthetase. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4323-33. [PMID: 23816837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Guanine monophosphate (GMP) synthetase is a bifunctional two-domain enzyme. The N-terminal glutaminase domain generates ammonia from glutamine and the C-terminal synthetase domain aminates xanthine monophosphate (XMP) to form GMP. Mammalian GMP synthetases (GMPSs) contain a 130-residue-long insert in the synthetase domain in comparison to bacterial proteins. We report here the structure of a eukaryotic GMPS. Substrate XMP was bound in the crystal structure of the human GMPS enzyme. XMP is bound to the synthetase domain and covered by a LID motif. The enzyme forms a dimer in the crystal structure with subunit orientations entirely different from the bacterial counterparts. The inserted sub-domain is shown to be involved in substrate binding and dimerization. Furthermore, the structural basis for XMP recognition is revealed as well as a potential allosteric site. Enzymes in the nucleotide metabolism typically display an increased activity in proliferating cells due to the increased need for nucleotides. Many drugs used as immunosuppressants and for treatment of cancer and viral diseases are indeed nucleobase- and nucleoside-based compounds, which are acting on or are activated by enzymes in this pathway. The information obtained from the crystal structure of human GMPS might therefore aid in understanding interactions of nucleoside-based drugs with GMPS and in structure-based design of GMPS-specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Welin
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ponomareva AG, Yurenko YP, Zhurakivsky RO, Mourik TV, Hovorun DM. Structural and energetic properties of the potential HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors d4A and d4G: a comprehensive theoretical investigation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:730-40. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.789401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
48
|
Koczor CA, Torres RA, Fields EJ, Boyd A, He S, Patel N, Lee EK, Samarel AM, Lewis W. Thymidine kinase and mtDNA depletion in human cardiomyopathy: epigenetic and translational evidence for energy starvation. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:590-6. [PMID: 23695887 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00014.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses how depletion of human cardiac left ventricle (LV) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and epigenetic nuclear DNA methylation promote cardiac dysfunction in human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) through regulation of pyrimidine nucleotide kinases. Samples of DCM LV and right ventricle (n = 18) were obtained fresh at heart transplant surgery. Parallel samples from nonfailing (NF) controls (n = 12) were from donor hearts found unsuitable for clinical use. We analyzed abundance of mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) using qPCR. LV mtDNA was depleted in DCM (50%, P < 0.05 each) compared with NF. No detectable change in RV mtDNA abundance occurred. DNA methylation and gene expression were determined using microarray analysis (GEO accession number: GSE43435). Fifty-seven gene promoters exhibited DNA hypermethylation or hypomethylation in DCM LVs. Among those, cytosolic thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) was hypermethylated. Expression arrays revealed decreased abundance of the TK1 mRNA transcript with no change in transcripts for other relevant thymidine metabolism enzymes. Quantitative immunoblots confirmed decreased TK1 polypeptide steady state abundance. TK1 activity remained unchanged in DCM samples while mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2) activity was significantly reduced. Compensatory TK activity was found in cardiac myocytes in the DCM LV. Diminished TK2 activity is mechanistically important to reduced mtDNA abundance and identified in DCM LV samples here. Epigenetic and genetic changes result in changes in mtDNA and in nucleotide substrates for mtDNA replication and underpin energy starvation in DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Koczor
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Giacalone G, Bochot A, Fattal E, Hillaireau H. Drug-induced nanocarrier assembly as a strategy for the cellular delivery of nucleotides and nucleotide analogues. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:737-42. [PMID: 23351139 DOI: 10.1021/bm301832v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nucleotide analogues such as azidothymidine triphosphate (AZT-TP) display important pharmacological activities for the treatment of ischemia and HIV infections, respectively. Their clinical use is, however, limited mostly due to their hydrophilicity, which highly restricts their diffusion into the target cells. Few nanocarriers have been proposed to address the challenge of ATP/AZT-TP cellular delivery, but the loading efficiency, preparation complexity, and efficient cellular delivery remain important barriers to their development. In this study, we propose an original, straightforward and versatile design of nucleotide and nucleotide analogue nanocarriers based on the natural polysaccharide chitosan (CS). We show that the drugs ATP and AZT-TP can induce ionotropic gelation of CS, leading to CS/ATP and CS/AZT-TP nanoparticles with high drug entrapment efficiency and loading rate-up to 44%. Such nanocarriers release ATP and AZT-TP in physiological media and allow an efficient in vitro cellular delivery of these molecules down to the cell cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Giacalone
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu S, Song D, Gong C, Tang P, Li X, Wang J, Zheng G. Biosynthesis of nucleoside analogues via thermostable nucleoside phosphorylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:6769-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|