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Murck H, Karailiev P, Karailievova L, Puhova A, Jezova D. Treatment with Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract Induces Anxiolytic Effects Associated with Reduced Salt Preference and Changes in Barrier Protein Gene Expression. Nutrients 2024; 16:515. [PMID: 38398838 PMCID: PMC10893552 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified that low responsiveness to antidepressive therapy is associated with higher aldosterone/cortisol ratio, lower systolic blood pressure, and higher salt preference. Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) contains glycyrrhizin, an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type-2 and antagonist of toll-like receptor 4. The primary hypothesis of this study is that food enrichment with GG extract results in decreased anxiety behavior and reduced salt preference under stress and non-stress conditions. The secondary hypothesis is that the mentioned changes are associated with altered gene expression of barrier proteins in the prefrontal cortex. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to chronic mild stress for five weeks. Both stressed and unstressed rats were fed a diet with or without an extract of GG roots for the last two weeks. GG induced anxiolytic effects in animals independent of stress exposure, as measured in elevated plus maze test. Salt preference and intake were significantly reduced by GG under control, but not stress conditions. The gene expression of the barrier protein claudin-11 in the prefrontal cortex was increased in control rats exposed to GG, whereas stress-induced rise was prevented. Exposure to GG-enriched diet resulted in reduced ZO-1 expression irrespective of stress conditions. In conclusion, the observed effects of GG are in line with a reduction in the activity of central mineralocorticoid receptors. The treatment with GG extract or its active components may, therefore, be a useful adjunct therapy for patients with subtypes of depression and anxiety disorders with heightened renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and/or inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Karailiev
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.K.); (L.K.); (A.P.); (D.J.)
| | - Lucia Karailievova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.K.); (L.K.); (A.P.); (D.J.)
| | - Agnesa Puhova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.K.); (L.K.); (A.P.); (D.J.)
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.K.); (L.K.); (A.P.); (D.J.)
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Deuter CE, Kaczmarczyk M, Hellmann-Regen J, Kuehl LK, Wingenfeld K, Otte C. The influence of pharmacological mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor blockade on the cortisol response to psychological stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110905. [PMID: 38043634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid cortisol is the end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and crucial for the stress response in humans. Cortisol regulates numerous biological functions by binding to two different types of receptors: the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Both receptors are found in the brain where they are crucially involved in various mental functions and in feedback inhibition of cortisol release. The precise role of both receptors in the human stress response is not completely understood. In this study, we examined the effects of pharmacological blockade of the MR or the GR on stress-induced cortisol release in a sample of 318 healthy young men (M = 25.42, SD = 5.01). Participants received the MR antagonist spironolactone (300 mg), the GR antagonist mifepristone (600 mg), or a placebo and were subjected 90 min later to a social-evaluative stressor (Trier Social Stress Test) or a non-stressful control condition. We found significantly higher stress-induced cortisol release in the spironolactone group, whereas participants after mifepristone administration did not differ from the control groups. These results suggest that MR blockade results in attenuated fast negative feedback processes and emphasize the important role of the MR during the early phase of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Deuter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Kaczmarczyk
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Hellmann-Regen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Germany
| | | | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Germany
| | - Christian Otte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Germany
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Katsu Y, Zhang J, Baker ME. Reduced steroid activation of elephant shark GR and MR after inserting four amino acids from the DNA-binding domain of lamprey corticoid receptor-1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290159. [PMID: 37611044 PMCID: PMC10446182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic sea lamprey contains two corticoid receptors (CRs), CR1 and CR2, that have identical amino acid sequences, except for a four amino acid insert (Thr-Arg-Gln-Gly) in the CR1 DNA-binding domain (DBD). Steroids are stronger transcriptional activators of CR2 than of CR1 suggesting that the insert reduces the transcriptional response of lamprey CR1 to steroids. The DBD in elephant shark mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which are descended from a CR, lack these four amino acids, suggesting that a CR2 is their common ancestor. To determine if, similar to lamprey CR1, the presence of this insert in elephant shark MR and GR decreases transcriptional activation by corticosteroids, we inserted these four CR1-specific residues into the DBD of elephant shark MR and GR. Compared to steroid activation of wild-type elephant shark MR and GR, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol had lower transcriptional activation of these mutant MR and GR receptors, indicating that the absence of this four-residue segment in the DBD in wild-type elephant shark MR and GR increases transcriptional activation by corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Katsu
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E. Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Katsu Y, Lin X, Ji R, Chen Z, Kamisaka Y, Bamba K, Baker ME. N-terminal domain influences steroid activation of the Atlantic sea lamprey corticoid receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 228:106249. [PMID: 36646152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lampreys are jawless fish that evolved about 550 million years ago at the base of the vertebrate line. Modern lampreys contain a corticoid receptor (CR), the common ancestor of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which first appear in cartilaginous fish, such as sharks. Until recently, 344 amino acids at the amino terminus of adult lamprey CR were not present in the lamprey CR sequence in GenBank. A search of the recently sequenced lamprey germline genome identified two CR sequences, CR1 and CR2, containing the 344 previously un-identified amino acids. CR1 also contains a novel four amino acid insertion in the DNA-binding domain (DBD). We studied corticosteroid and progesterone activation of CR1 and CR2 and found their strongest response was to 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, the two circulating corticosteroids in lamprey. Based on steroid specificity, both CRs are close to elephant shark MR and distant from elephant shark GR. HEK293 cells that were transfected with full-length CR1 or CR2 and the MMTV promoter have about 3-fold higher steroid-mediated activation compared to HEK293 cells transfected with these CRs and the TAT3 promoter. Deletion of the amino-terminal domain (NTD) of lamprey CR1 and CR2 to form truncated CRs decreased transcriptional activation by about 70% in HEK293 cells that were transfected with MMTV, but increased transcription by about 6-fold in cells transfected with TAT3. This indicated that the promoter has an important effect on NTD regulation of transcriptional activation of the CR by steroids. Our results also indicate that the entire lamprey CR sequence is needed for an accurate determination of steroid-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaozhi Lin
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ruigeng Ji
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ze Chen
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yui Kamisaka
- Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koto Bamba
- Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michael E Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension Department of Medicine, 0693 University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Menezes IC, von Werne Baes C, Fígaro-Drumond FV, Dias Macedo BB, Bueno AC, Lacchini R, Feijó de Mello M, de Castro M, Juruena MF. Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1476. [PMID: 36358401 PMCID: PMC9688727 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have assessed biomarkers for the differentiation of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, some elements of depression such as hormones and receptors of the renin-angiotensin-adrenal system (RAAS), the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and history of early-life stress (ELS) could be considered for differential diagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to assess aldosterone and cortisol levels, MR and GR gene polymorphisms, and ELS as potential biomarkers for differentiating MDD and BD. This study presents a case-control design. Groups comprised samples for genetic, cortisol, and aldosterone analysis: healthy control (HC; n = 113/97/103), MDD (n = 78/69/67) and BD (n = 82/68/65) subjects. Furthermore, all subjects were assessed for diagnostic screening, the severity of depression, and history of ELS by applying MINI-PLUS, GRID-HDRS, and CTQ, respectively. In addition, genotype and allelic frequencies of GR (N363S, R22/23K and BclI) and MR (MI180V and -2G/C) polymorphisms were evaluated via PCR. Our findings demonstrate that basal aldosterone levels may be a biomarker for differentiating BD and MDD. Furthermore, ELS affects the HPA axis in BD, cortisol may be considered a biomarker for distinguishing BD and MDD, but only in the absence of ELS, and, finally, history of ELS and MR-2G/C variant alleles are factors that contribute to the severity of depressive symptoms in MDD and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itiana Castro Menezes
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14015-130, Brazil
| | - Cristiane von Werne Baes
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14015-130, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viana Fígaro-Drumond
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, Brazil
| | - Brisa Burgos Dias Macedo
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14015-130, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Bueno
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14015-130, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-902, Brazil
| | | | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14015-130, Brazil
| | - Mario Francisco Juruena
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Paul SN, Wingenfeld K, Otte C, Meijer OC. Brain Mineralocorticoid receptor in health and disease: from molecular signaling to cognitive and emotional function. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3205-3219. [PMID: 35297038 PMCID: PMC9323486 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate effects of glucocorticoid hormones in stress adaptation, as well as the effects of aldosterone itself in relation to salt homeostasis. Brain stem MRs respond to aldosterone, whereas forebrain MRs mediate rapid and delayed glucocorticoid effects in conjunction with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). MR‐mediated effects depend on age, gender, genetic variations, and environmental influences. Disturbed MR activity through chronic stress, certain (endocrine) diseases or during glucocorticoid therapy can cause deleterious effects on affective state, cognitive and behavioural function in susceptible individuals. Considering the important role MR plays in cognition and emotional function in health and disease, MR modulation by pharmacological intervention could relieve stress‐ and endocrine‐related symptoms. Here, we discuss recent pharmacological interventions in the clinic and genetic developments in the molecular underpinnings of MR signalling. Further understanding of MR‐dependent pathways may help to improve psychiatric symptoms in a diversity of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana N Paul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Otte
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Baker ME. Divergent Evolution of Progesterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Terrestrial Vertebrates and Fish Influences Endocrine Disruption. Biochem Pharmacol 2022;:114951. [PMID: 35149051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is much concern about disruption of endocrine physiology regulated by steroid hormones in humans, other terrestrial vertebrates and fish by industrial chemicals, such as bisphenol A, and pesticides, such as DDT. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals influence steroid-mediated physiology in humans and other vertebrates by competing with steroids for receptor binding sites, disrupting diverse responses involved in reproduction, development and differentiation. Here I discuss that due to evolution of the progesterone receptor (PR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) after ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates diverged from a common ancestor, each receptor evolved to respond to different steroids in ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates. In elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish that diverged before the separation between ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, both progesterone and 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone activate the PR. During the evolution of ray-finned fish and terrestrial vertebrates, the PR in terrestrial vertebrates continued responding to progesterone and evolved to weakly respond to 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone. In contrast, the physiological progestin for the PR in zebrafish and other ray-finned fish is 17,20β-dihydroxy-progesterone, and ray-finned fish PR responds weakly to progesterone. The MR in fish and terrestrial vertebrates also diverged to have different responses to progesterone. Progesterone is a potent agonist for elephant shark MR, zebrafish MR and other fish MRs, in contrast to progesterone's opposite activity as an antagonist for aldosterone, the physiological mineralocorticoid for human MR. These different physiological ligands for fish and terrestrial vertebrate PR and MR need to be considered in applying data for their disruption by chemicals in fish and terrestrial vertebrates to each other.
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Gao J, Xu G, Xu P. Full-length transcriptomic analysis reveals osmoregulatory mechanisms in Coilia nasus eyes reared under hypotonic and hyperosmotic stress. Sci Total Environ 2021; 799:149333. [PMID: 34352462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, sea-level rise, caused by global warming, will trigger salinity changes. This will threaten the survival of aquatic animals. Till now, the osmoregulatory mechanism of Coilia nasus eyes has not been yet explored. Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing was performed in C. nasus eyes during hypotonic and hyperosmotic stress for the first time. 22.5G clean reads and 26,884 full-length non-redundant sequences were generated via ONT sequencing. AS events, APA, TF, and LncRNA were identified. During hypotonic stress, 46 up-regulated DEGs and 28 down-regulated DEGs were identified. During hypertonic stress, 190 up-regulated DEGs and 182 down-regulated DEGs were identified. These DEGs were associated with immune, metabolism, and transport responses. The expression of these DEGs indicated that apoptosis and inflammation were triggered during hypotonic and hyperosmotic stress. To resist hypotonic stress, polyamines metabolism and transport of Na+ and Cl- from inter-cellular to extra-cellular were activated. During hyperosmotic stress, amino acids metabolism and transport of myo-inositol and Na+ from extra-cellular to inter-cellular were activated, while Cl- transport was inhibited. Moreover, different transcript isoforms generated from the same gene performed different expression patterns during hypotonic and hypertonic stress. These findings will be beneficial to understand osmoregulatory mechanism of C. nasus eyes, and can also improve our insights on the adaptation of aquatic animals to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China.
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9
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Hartmann J, Bajaj T, Klengel C, Chatzinakos C, Ebert T, Dedic N, McCullough KM, Lardenoije R, Joëls M, Meijer OC, McCann KE, Dudek SM, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Daskalakis NP, Klengel T, Gassen NC, Schmidt MV, Ressler KJ. Mineralocorticoid receptors dampen glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity to stress via regulation of FKBP5. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109185. [PMID: 34077736 PMCID: PMC8244946 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Responding to different dynamic levels of stress is critical for mammalian survival. Disruption of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling is proposed to underlie hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation observed in stress-related psychiatric disorders. In this study, we show that FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5) plays a critical role in fine-tuning MR:GR balance in the hippocampus. Biotinylated-oligonucleotide immunoprecipitation in primary hippocampal neurons reveals that MR binding, rather than GR binding, to the Fkbp5 gene regulates FKBP5 expression during baseline activity of glucocorticoids. Notably, FKBP5 and MR exhibit similar hippocampal expression patterns in mice and humans, which are distinct from that of the GR. Pharmacological inhibition and region- and cell type-specific receptor deletion in mice further demonstrate that lack of MR decreases hippocampal Fkbp5 levels and dampens the stress-induced increase in glucocorticoid levels. Overall, our findings demonstrate that MR-dependent changes in baseline Fkbp5 expression modify GR sensitivity to glucocorticoids, providing insight into mechanisms of stress homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Neurons/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/genetics
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Thomas Bajaj
- Research Group Neurohomeostasis, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Klengel
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Chris Chatzinakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tim Ebert
- Research Group Neurohomeostasis, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Dedic
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Kenneth M McCullough
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Roy Lardenoije
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Serena M Dudek
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - R Angela Sarabdjitsingh
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils C Gassen
- Research Group Neurohomeostasis, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Research Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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10
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Murck H, Luerweg B, Hahn J, Braunisch M, Jezova D, Zavorotnyy M, Konrad C, Jansen A, Kircher T. Ventricular volume, white matter alterations and outcome of major depression and their relationship to endocrine parameters - A pilot study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:104-118. [PMID: 32306867 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1757754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brain morphology and its relation to endocrine parameters were examined, in order to determine the link of these parameters to treatment outcome to psychopharmacological treatment in depressed patients. METHODS We examined the potentially predictive value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) parameters related to mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) function on the treatment outcome of depression. 16 inpatients with a major depressive episode (MDE) were studied at baseline and 14 of them approximately six weeks later. Physiological biomarkers and 3-T-structural MRI based volume measures, using FreeSurfer 6.0 software, were determined. RESULTS Non-responders (<50% reduction of HAMD-21; n = 6) had a significantly smaller volume of the right anterior cingulate cortex, a significantly larger ventricle to brain ratio (VBR) and third ventricle volume, and smaller volumes of the central and central-anterior corpus callosum (CC) in comparison to responders (n = 7; all p ≤ 0.05). Correlational analysis (Spearman) demonstrated that larger ventricle volume was correlated to a worse treatment outcome, higher body mass index (BMI) and smaller CC segment volume, whereas the total CC volume was negatively correlated to the saliva aldosterone/cortisol concentration ratio (AC-ratio). CONCLUSION Large ventricular volume may be a predictive marker for worse treatment response to standard antidepressant treatment, potentially via compression of white matter structures. A mediating role of the previously identified markers BMI and the AC-ratio, is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Murck-Neuroscience, Westfield, NJ, USA
| | - Benjamin Luerweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Braunisch
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maxim Zavorotnyy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum Rotenburg, Rotenburg (Wuemme), Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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11
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Galigniana MD. Molecular Pharmacology of the Youngest Member of the Nuclear Receptor Family: The Mineralocorticoid Receptor. Nuclear Receptors 2021:1-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78315-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Bipolar disorders are severe and have a high prevalence; despite this, the neurobiological mechanisms are far from being elucidated, and this limits the development of new treatments. Although the aetiology of bipolar disorders is not yet fully understood, it is accepted that the disorder(s) may result from the interaction between genetic factors that cause susceptibility and predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating environmental factors, such as stress and traumatic events. A pathophysiological formulation of the disease suggests that dysfunctions in intracellular biochemical cascades, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction impair the processes linked to neuronal plasticity, leading to cell damage and the consequent loss of brain tissue that has been identified in post-mortem and neuroimaging studies. The data we have reviewed suggests that peripheral biomarkers related to hormones, inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophins are altered in bipolar disorders, especially during acute mood episodes. Together, these changes have been associated with a systemic toxicity of the disease and the damage resulting from multiple episodes. Systemic toxicity related to recurrent episodes in bipolar disorder may influence brain anatomical changes associated with the progression of stress and neuroplasticity in bipolar disorder and the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mario F Juruena
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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13
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Chen L, Shi R, She X, Gu C, Chong L, Zhang L, Li R. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist‐mediated cognitive improvement in a mouse model of Alzheimer's type: possible involvement of BDNF‐H
2
S‐Nrf2 signaling. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:697-707. [PMID: 32484999 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital No. 256 Youyi West Road, Beilin District Xi'an City Shaanxi Province 710068 China
| | - Xia She
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Room Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Chaochao Gu
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Li Chong
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurology Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital 256 Friendship West Road, Beilin District Xi’an Shaanxi 710068 China
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14
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Shaqura M, Li L, Mohamed DM, Li X, Treskatsch S, Buhrmann C, Shakibaei M, Beyer A, Mousa SA, Schäfer M. Neuronal aldosterone elicits a distinct genomic response in pain signaling molecules contributing to inflammatory pain. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:183. [PMID: 32532285 PMCID: PMC7291517 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) were identified in peripheral nociceptive neurons, and their acute antagonism was responsible for immediate and short-lasting (non-genomic) antinociceptive effects. The same neurons were shown to produce the endogenous ligand aldosterone by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. Methods Here, we investigate whether endogenous aldosterone contributes to inflammation-induced hyperalgesia via the distinct genomic regulation of specific pain signaling molecules in an animal model of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced hindpaw inflammation. Results Chronic intrathecal application of MR antagonist canrenoate-K (over 4 days) attenuated nociceptive behavior in rats with FCA hindpaw inflammation suggesting a tonic activation of neuronal MR by endogenous aldosterone. Consistently, double immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed abundant co-localization of MR with several pain signaling molecules such as TRPV1, CGRP, Nav1.8, and trkA whose enhanced expression of mRNA and proteins during inflammation was downregulated following i.t. canrenoate-K. More importantly, inhibition of endogenous aldosterone production in peripheral sensory neurons by continuous intrathecal delivery of a specific aldosterone synthase inhibitor prevented the inflammation-induced enhanced transcriptional expression of TRPV1, CGRP, Nav1.8, and trkA and subsequently attenuated nociceptive behavior. Evidence for such a genomic effect of endogenous aldosterone was supported by the demonstration of an enhanced nuclear translocation of MR in peripheral sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Conclusion Taken together, chronic inhibition of local production of aldosterone by its processing enzyme aldosterone synthase within peripheral sensory neurons may contribute to long-lasting downregulation of specific pain signaling molecules and may, thus, persistently reduce inflammation-induced hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shaqura
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doaa M Mohamed
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Tingar, Egypt
| | - Xiongjuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250, Hai'zhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constanze Buhrmann
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Beyer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shaaban A Mousa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Cukier HN, Griswold AJ, Hofmann NK, Gomez L, Whitehead PL, Abramson RK, Gilbert JR, Cuccaro ML, Dykxhoorn DM, Pericak-Vance MA. Three Brothers With Autism Carry a Stop-Gain Mutation in the HPA-Axis Gene NR3C2. Autism Res 2020; 13:523-531. [PMID: 32064789 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing and copy-number variant analysis was performed on a family with three brothers diagnosed with autism. Each of the siblings shares an alteration in the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2) gene that is predicted to result in a stop-gain mutation (p.Q919X) in the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) protein. This variant was maternally inherited and provides further evidence for a connection between the NR3C2 and autism. Interestingly, the NR3C2 gene encodes the MR protein, a steroid hormone-regulated transcription factor that acts in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and has been connected to stress and anxiety, both of which are features often seen in individuals with autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 523-531. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Given the complexity of the genetics underlying autism, each gene contributes to risk in a relatively small number of individuals, typically less than 1% of all autism cases. Whole exome sequencing of three brothers with autism identified a rare variant in the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 gene that is predicted to strongly interfere with its normal function. This gene encodes the mineralocorticoid receptor protein, which plays a role in how the body responds to stress and anxiety, features that are often elevated in people diagnosed with autism. This study adds further support to the relevance of this gene as a risk factor for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N Cukier
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Natalia K Hofmann
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Lissette Gomez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Patrice L Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ruth K Abramson
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - John R Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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16
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Cai R, Tao X, Chen Y, Starlard-Davenport A, Jones BC, Cook MN, Lu L. Pex3 is involved in the genetic regulation of Nr3c2 expression in the amygdala of mice. Psychiatry Res 2020; 285:112760. [PMID: 32045820 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (Nr3c2) has received increased attention as an important stress-related gene. Here, we sought to uncover candidate genes regulating the expression of Nr3c2. Using a genetical genomics approach, we identified a significant trans-regulated expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) at Chromosome 10 for Nr3c2 expression in the amygdala of BXD RI strains. We then examined genes upstream of the eQTL to identify likely regulatory candidates of Nr3c2 expression. Pex3 (peroxisomal) expression was highly correlated with that of Nr3c2, had a significant cis-regulated eQTL that mapped to the Nr3c2 eQTL region and thus emerged as the most likely regulatory candidate of Nr3c2 expression. In vitro studies showed that silencing of Pex3 by siRNA decreased Nr3c2 expression in HEK293T and SHSY5 cell lines while overexpression increased Nr3c2 expression. A relationship between the expression of these two genes was further supported by our observations that expression levels of Pex3 and Nr3c2 decreased in the amygdala of mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. Our findings provide insight into the genetic regulation of Nr3c2 expression and suggest a new role for Pex3 in stress responses. Future characterization of Pex3's role in the regulation of Nr3c2 expression and the pathways involved may lead to a better understanding of stress responses and risk for stress-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xuelei Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Athena Starlard-Davenport
- College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas, Room 410K, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Byron C Jones
- College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas, Room 410K, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Melloni N Cook
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, 406 Psychology Bldg, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| | - Lu Lu
- College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas, Room 410K, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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17
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Gulyaeva NV. Biochemical Mechanisms and Translational Relevance of Hippocampal Vulnerability to Distant Focal Brain Injury: The Price of Stress Response. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2019; 84:1306-1328. [PMID: 31760920 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal brain injuries (in particular, stroke and traumatic brain injury) induce with high probability the development of delayed (months, years) cognitive and depressive disturbances which are frequently comorbid. The association of these complications with hippocampal alterations (in spite of the lack of a primary injury of this structure), as well as the lack of a clear dependence between the probability of depression and dementia development and primary damage severity and localization served as the basis for a new hypothesis on the distant hippocampal damage as a key link in the pathogenesis of cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. According to this hypothesis, the excess of corticosteroids secreted after a focal brain damage, in particular in patients with abnormal stress-response due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) dysfunction, interacts with corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus inducing signaling pathways which stimulate neuroinflammation and subsequent events including disturbances in neurogenesis and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In this article, the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the regulatory role of the HPAA and multiple functions of brain corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus are analyzed. Functional and structural damage to the hippocampus, a brain region selectively vulnerable to external factors and responding to them by increased cytokine secretion, forms the basis for cognitive function disturbances and psychopathology development. This concept is confirmed by our own experimental data, results of other groups and by prospective clinical studies of post-stroke complications. Clinically relevant biochemical approaches to predict the risks and probability of post-stroke/post-trauma cognitive and depressive disturbances are suggested using the evaluation of biochemical markers of patients' individual stress-response. Pathogenetically justified ways for preventing these consequences of focal brain damage are proposed by targeting key molecular mechanisms underlying hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia. .,Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow, 115419, Russia
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18
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Sakamoto T, Sakamoto H. 'Central' Actions of Corticosteroid Signaling Suggested by Constitutive Knockout of Corticosteroid Receptors in Small Fish. Nutrients 2019; 11:E611. [PMID: 30871191 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights recent studies of the functional implications of corticosteroids in some important behaviors of model fish, which are also relevant to human nutrition homeostasis. The primary actions of corticosteroids are mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which are transcription factors. Zebrafish and medaka models of GR- and MR-knockout are the first constitutive corticosteroid receptor-knockout animals that are viable in adulthood. Similar receptor knockouts in mice are lethal. In this review, we describe the physiological and behavioral changes following disruption of the corticosteroid receptors in these models. The GR null model has peripheral changes in nutrition metabolism that do not occur in a mutant harboring a point mutation in the GR DNA-binding domain. This suggests that these are not “intrinsic” activities of GR. On the other hand, we propose that integration of visual responses and brain behavior by corticosteroid receptors is a possible “intrinsic”/principal function potentially conserved in vertebrates.
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19
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Vera F, Antenucci CD, Zenuto RR. Different regulation of cortisol and corticosterone in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum: Responses to dexamethasone, angiotensin II, potassium, and diet. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 273:108-117. [PMID: 29782839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When harmful environmental stimuli occur, glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisol and corticosterone are currently used to evaluate stress status in vertebrates, since their secretions are primarily associated to an increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis. To advance in our comprehension about GCs regulation, we evaluated the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum to assess cortisol and corticosterone response to (1) the negative feedback of the HPA axis using the dexamethasone (DEX) suppression test, (2) angiotensin II (Ang II), (3) potassium (K+) intake, and (4) different diets (vegetables, grasses, acute fasting). Concomitantly, several indicators of individual condition (body mass, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, blood glucose, triglycerides and hematocrit) were measured for diet treatments. Results confirm the effect of DEX on cortisol and corticosterone in recently captured animals in the field but not on corticosterone in captive animals. Data suggest that Ang II is capable of stimulating corticosterone, but not cortisol, secretion. Neither cortisol nor corticosterone were responsive to K+ intake. Cortisol levels increased in animals fed with grasses in comparison to those fed with vegetables while corticosterone levels were unaffected by diet type. Moreover, only cortisol responded to fasting. Overall, these results confirm that cortisol and corticosterone are not interchangeable hormones in C. talarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Vera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - C Daniel Antenucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Roxana R Zenuto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Deuter CE, Wingenfeld K, Schultebraucks K, Otte C, Kuehl LK. Influence of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor stimulation on task switching. Horm Behav 2019; 109:18-24. [PMID: 30684522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The influence of stress on executive functions has been demonstrated in numerous studies and is potentially mediated by the stress-induced cortisol release. Yet, the impact of cortisol on cognitive flexibility and task switching in particular remains equivocal. In this study, we investigated the influence of pharmacological glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) stimulation, two corticosteroid receptor types known to be responsible for cortisol effects on the brain. We conducted two experiments, each with 80 healthy participants (40 women and 40 men), and tested the effect of the unspecific MR/GR agonist hydrocortisone (Experiment I) and the more specific MR agonist fludrocortisone (Experiment II) on switch costs and task rule congruency in a bivalent, cued task switching paradigm. The results did not confirm our hypotheses; we found no significant effects of our manipulations on task switching capacity, although general switching and congruency effects were observed. We discuss the absence of MR/GR-mediated effects and propose alternative mechanisms that could explain stress induced effects on task switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Deuter
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schultebraucks
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany; New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Otte
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linn K Kuehl
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Sakamoto T, Hyodo S, Takagi W. A possible principal function of corticosteroid signaling that is conserved in vertebrate evolution: Lessons from receptor-knockout small fish. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 184:57-61. [PMID: 29481854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroid receptors are critical for homeostasis maintenance, but understanding of the principal roles of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) throughout vertebrates is limited. Lines of constitutive GR-knockout zebrafish and MR-knockout medaka have recently been generated as the first adult-viable corticosteroid receptor-knockout animals, in contrast to the lethality of these receptor knockouts in mice. Here, we describe behavioral and physiological modifications following disruption of corticosteroid receptor function in these animal models. We suggest these data point toward a potentially conserved function of corticosteroid receptors in integrating brain-behavior and visual responses in vertebrates. Finally, we discuss how future work in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) will further advance understanding of the unity and diversity of corticosteroid receptor function, since distinct orthologs of GR and MR derived from an ancestral corticoid receptor appear in these basal jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 130-17, Kashino, Ushimado, Setouchi 701-4303, Japan.
| | - Susumu Hyodo
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Wataru Takagi
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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22
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Gulyaeva NV. Functional Neurochemistry of the Ventral and Dorsal Hippocampus: Stress, Depression, Dementia and Remote Hippocampal Damage. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1306-22. [PMID: 30357653 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is not a homogeneous brain area, and the complex organization of this structure underlies its relevance and functional pleiotropism. The new data related to the involvement of the ventral hippocampus in the cognitive function, behavior, stress response and its association with brain pathology, in particular, depression, are analyzed with a focus on neuroplasticity, specializations of the intrinsic neuronal network, corticosteroid signaling through mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. The data on the septo-temporal hippicampal gradient are analyzed with particular emphasis on the ventral hippocampus, a region where most important alteration underlying depressive disorders occur. According to the recent data, the existing simple paradigm "learning (dorsal hippocampus) versus emotions (ventral hippocampus)" should be substantially revised and specified. A new hypothesis is suggested on the principal involvement of stress response mechanisms (including interaction of released glucocorticoids with hippocampal receptors and subsequent inflammatory events) in the remote hippocampal damage underlying delayed dementia and depression induced by focal brain damage (e.g. post-stroke and post-traumatic). The translational validity of this hypothesis comprising new approaches in preventing post-stroke and post-trauma depression and dementia can be confirmed in experimental and clinical studies.
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23
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Winther G, Eskelund A, Bay-Richter C, Elfving B, Müller HK, Lund S, Wegener G. Grandmaternal high-fat diet primed anxiety-like behaviour in the second-generation female offspring. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:47-55. [PMID: 30336180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The health consequences of maternal obesity during pregnancy are disturbing as they may contribute to mental disorders in subsequent generations. We examine the influence of suboptimal grandmaternal diet on potential metabolic and mental health outcome of grand-progenies with a high-fat diet (HFD) manipulation in adulthood in a rat HFD model. Grandmaternal exposure to HFD exacerbated granddaughter's anxiety-like phenotype. Grandmaternal exposure to HFD led to upregulated corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 mRNA expression involved in the stress axis in the male F2 offspring. Thus, we demonstrate that suboptimal grandmaternal diet prior to and during pregnancy and lactation may persist across subsequent generations. These findings have important implications for understanding both individual rates of metabolic and mental health problems and the clinical impact of current global trends towards comorbidity of obesity and depression and anxiety. In conclusion, the effect of grandmaternal HFD consumption during pregnancy on stress axis function and mental disorders may be transmitted to future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Winther
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, DK-8240, Denmark.
| | - Amanda Eskelund
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, DK-8240, Denmark.
| | - Cecilie Bay-Richter
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, DK-8240, Denmark.
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, DK-8240, Denmark.
| | - Heidi Kaastrup Müller
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, DK-8240, Denmark.
| | - Sten Lund
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark.
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, DK-8240, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, AUGUST Centre, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark.
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Dalm S, Karssen AM, Meijer OC, Belanoff JK, de Kloet ER. Resetting the Stress System with a Mifepristone Challenge. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:503-522. [PMID: 30173378 PMCID: PMC6469632 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic depression is characterized by elevated circulating cortisol, and high daily doses of the glucocorticoid/progesterone antagonist mifepristone for 1 week are required for significant improvement. Using a rodent model, we find that such high doses of mifepristone are needed because the antagonist is rapidly degraded and poorly penetrates the blood–brain barrier, but seems to facilitate the entry of cortisol. We also report that in male C57BL/6J mice, after a 7-day treatment with a high dose of mifepristone, basal blood corticosterone levels were similar to that of vehicle controls. This is surprising because after the first mifepristone challenge, corticosterone remained elevated for about 16 h, and then decreased towards vehicle control levels at 24 h. At that time, stress-induced corticosterone levels of the 1xMIF were sevenfold higher than the 7xMIF group, the latter response being twofold lower than controls. The 1xMIF mice showed behavioral hyperactivity during exploration of the circular hole board, while the 7xMIF mice rather engaged in serial search patterns. To explain this rapid reset of corticosterone secretion upon recurrent mifepristone administration, we suggest the following: (i) A rebound glucocorticoid feedback after cessation of mifepristone treatment. (ii) Glucocorticoid agonism in transrepression and recruitment of cell-specific coregulator cocktails. (iii) A more prominent role of brain MR function in control of stress circuit activity. An overview table of neuroendocrine MIF effects is provided. The data are of interest for understanding the mechanistic underpinning of stress system reset as treatment strategy for stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Dalm
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan M Karssen
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Room C-7-44, Postal zone C7-Q, PO Box 9600, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Room C-7-44, Postal zone C7-Q, PO Box 9600, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Brocca ME, Pietranera L, de Kloet ER, De Nicola AF. Mineralocorticoid Receptors, Neuroinflammation and Hypertensive Encephalopathy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:483-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Yu N, Tong Y, Zhang D, Zhao S, Fan X, Wu L, Ji H. Circular RNA expression profiles in hippocampus from mice with perinatal glyphosate exposure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:838-845. [PMID: 29705695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in numerous herbicide formulations. The roles of glyphosate in embryo-toxicity and neurotoxicity have been reported in human and animal models. Recently, several studies have reported evidence linking neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) with gestational glyphosate exposure. However, the role of glyphosate in neuronal development is still not fully understood. Our previous study found that perinatal glyphosate exposure resulted in differential microRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of mouse offspring. However, the mechanism of glyphosate-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain is still not fully understood. Considering the pivotal role of Circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the regulation of gene expression, a circRNA microarray method was used in this study to investigate circRNA expression changes in the hippocampus of mice with perinatal glyphosate exposure. The circRNA microarrays revealed that 663 circRNAs were significantly altered in the perinatal glyphosate exposure group compared with the control group. Among them, 330 were significantly upregulated, and the other 333 were downregulated. Furthermore, the relative expression levels of mmu-circRNA-014015, mmu-circRNA-28128 and mmu-circRNA-29837 were verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses demonstrated that stress-associated steroid metabolism pathways, such as aldosterone synthesis and secretion pathways, may be involved in the neurotoxicity of glyphosate. These results showed that circRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the hippocampus of mice with perinatal glyphosate exposure and play potential roles in glyphosate-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yu
- Departments of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Yun Tong
- Departments of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Danni Zhang
- Departments of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Departments of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Departments of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Lihui Wu
- Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Hua Ji
- Departments of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
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27
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de Kloet ER, Meijer OC, de Nicola AF, de Rijk RH, Joëls M. Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:124-145. [PMID: 29428549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors were identified as mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) that are involved in appraisal processes, choice of coping style, encoding and retrieval. The MR-mediated actions on cognition are complemented by slower actions via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on contextualization, rationalization and memory storage of the experience. These sequential phases in cognitive performance depend on synaptic metaplasticity that is regulated by coordinate MR- and GR activation. The receptor activation includes recruitment of coregulators and transcription factors as determinants of context-dependent specificity in steroid action; they can be modulated by genetic variation and (early) experience. Interestingly, inflammatory responses to damage seem to be governed by a similarly balanced MR:GR-mediated action as the initiating, terminating and priming mechanisms involved in stress-adaptation. We conclude with five questions challenging the MR:GR balance hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - O C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A F de Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - R H de Rijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands & Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - M Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Joseph DN, Whirledge S. Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2224. [PMID: 29064426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An organism’s reproductive fitness is sensitive to the environment, integrating cues of resource availability, ecological factors, and hazards within its habitat. Events that challenge the environment of an organism activate the central stress response system, which is primarily mediated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The regulatory functions of the HPA axis govern the cardiovascular and metabolic system, immune functions, behavior, and reproduction. Activation of the HPA axis by various stressors primarily inhibits reproductive function and is able to alter fetal development, imparting a biological record of stress experienced in utero. Clinical studies and experimental data indicate that stress signaling can mediate these effects through direct actions in the brain, gonads, and embryonic tissues. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which stress activation of the HPA axis impacts fertility and fetal development.
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Abstract
In 1968, Bruce McEwen discovered that 3H-corticosterone administered to adrenalectomised rats is retained in neurons of hippocampus rather than those of hypothalamus. This discovery signalled the expansion of endocrinology into the science of higher brain regions. With this in mind, our contribution highlights the saga of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in three episodes. First, the precloning era dominated by the conundrum of two types of corticosterone-binding receptors in the brain, which led to the identification of the high-affinity corticosterone receptor as the 'promiscuous' MR cloned in 1987 by Jeff Arriza and Ron Evans in addition to the classical glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Then, the post-cloning period aimed to disentangle the function of the brain MR from that of the closely related GR on different levels of biological complexity. Finally, the synthesis section that highlights the two faces of brain MR: Salt and Stress. 'Salt' refers to the regulation of salt appetite, and reciprocal arousal, motivation and reward, by a network of aldosterone-selective MR-expressing neurons projecting from nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and circumventricular organs. 'Stress' is about the limbic-forebrain nuclear and membrane MRs, which act as a switch in the selection of the best response to cope with a stressor. For this purpose, activation of the limbic MR promotes selective attention, memory retrieval and the appraisal process, while driving emotional expressions of fear and aggression. Subsequently, rising glucocorticoid concentrations activate GRs in limbic-forebrain circuitry underlying executive functions and memory storage, which contribute in balance with MR-mediated actions to homeostasis, excitability and behavioural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceBrain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Evidence is rapidly accumulating implicating gut dysbiosis in hypertension (HTN). However, we are far from understanding whether this is a cause or consequence of HTN, and how to best translate this fundamental knowledge to advance the management of HTN. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the field, illustrate the connections between the gut and hypertension, and establish that the gut microbiota (GM)-gut interaction is centrally positioned for consideration as an innovative approach for HTN therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models of HTN have shown that gut pathology occurs in HTN, and provides some clues to mechanisms linking the dysbiosis, gut pathology, and HTN. Circumstantial evidence links gut dysbiosis and HTN. Gut pathology, apparent in animal HTN models, has not been fully investigated in hypertensive patients. Objective evidence and an understanding of mechanisms could have a major impact for new antihypertensive therapies and/or improved applications of current ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Richards
- Departments of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Departments of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA.
| | - Seungbum Kim
- Departments of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, PO Box 100274, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
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