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Shang B, Agathokleous E, Calatayud V, Peng J, Xu Y, Li S, Liu S, Feng Z. Drought mitigates the adverse effects of O 3 on plant photosynthesis rather than growth: A global meta-analysis considering plant functional types. Plant Cell Environ 2024; 47:1269-1284. [PMID: 38185874 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is a phytotoxic air pollutant adversely affecting plant growth. High O3 exposures are often concurrent with summer drought. The effects of both stresses on plants are complex, and their interactions are not yet well understood. Here, we investigate whether drought can mitigate the negative effects of O3 on plant physiology and growth based on a meta-analysis. We found that drought mitigated the negative effects of O3 on plant photosynthesis, but the modification of the O3 effect on the whole-plant biomass by drought was not significant. This is explained by a compensatory response of water-deficient plants that leads to increased metabolic costs. Relative to water control condition, reduced water treatment decreased the effects of O3 on photosynthetic traits, and leaf and root biomass in deciduous broadleaf species, while all traits in evergreen coniferous species showed no significant response. This suggested that the mitigating effects of drought on the negative impacts of O3 on the deciduous broadleaf species were more extensive than on the evergreen coniferous ones. Therefore, to avoid over- or underestimations when assessing the impact of O3 on vegetation growth, soil moisture should be considered. These results contribute to a better understanding of terrestrial ecosystem responses under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jinlong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangjiang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Risoli S, Cotrozzi L, Pisuttu C, Nali C. Biocontrol Agents of Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Elucidate Their Strengths and Weaknesses. Phytopathology 2024; 114:521-537. [PMID: 37831969 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0292-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) coping with fungal pathogens causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a compelling strategy for disease management, but a better elucidation of their effectiveness is crucial. Meta-analysis is the analysis of the results of multiple studies, which is typically performed to synthesize evidence from many possible sources in a formal probabilistic manner. This meta-analytic study, including 30 pathometric, biometric, physiochemical, genetic, and mycotoxin response variables reported in 56 studies, evidences the BCA effects on FHB in wheat. The effectiveness of BCAs of FHB in wheat in terms of pathogen abundance and disease reductions, biomass and yield conservation, and mycotoxin prevention/control was confirmed. BCAs showed higher efficacy (i) in studies published more recently; (ii) under controlled conditions; (iii) in high susceptible wheat cultivars; (iv) when Fusarium inoculation and BCA treatment did not occur directly on the plant (i.e., at the seed and kernel levels) in terms of disease development and mycotoxin control, and vice versa in terms of biomass conservation; (v) if Fusarium inoculation and BCA treatment occurred by spraying spikes in terms of yield; (vi) at 15 to 21 days post Fusarium inoculation or BCA treatment; and (vii) if they were filamentous fungi. However, BCAs overall were less efficacious than conventional agrochemicals, especially in terms of pathogen abundance and FHB reductions, as well as of mycotoxin prevention/control, although inconsistencies were reported among the investigated moderator variables. This study also highlights the complexity of reaching a good balance among BCA effects, and the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Risoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Italy
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Hoshika Y, Cotrozzi L, Gavrichkova O, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Scartazza A, Paoletti E. Functional responses of two Mediterranean pine species in an ozone Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) experiment. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:1548-1561. [PMID: 37209141 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Effects of the phytotoxic and widespread ozone (O3) pollution may be species specific, but knowledge on Mediterranean conifer responses to long-term realistic exposure is still limited. We examined responses regarding to photosynthesis, needle biochemical stress markers and carbon and nitrogen (N) isotopes of two Mediterranean pine species (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L.). Seedlings were grown in a Free-Air Controlled Exposure experiment with three levels of O3 (ambient air, AA [38.7 p.p.b. as daily average]; 1.5 × AA and 2.0 × AA) during the growing season (May-October 2019). In P. halepensis, O3 caused a significant decrease in the photosynthetic rate, which was mainly due to a reduction of both stomatal and mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2. Isotopic analyses indicated a cumulative or memory effect of O3 exposure on this species, as the negative effects were highlighted only in the late growing season in association with a reduced biochemical defense capacity. On the other hand, there was no clear effect of O3 on photosynthesis in P. pinea. However, this species showed enhanced N allocation to leaves to compensate for reduced photosynthetic N- use efficiency. We conclude that functional responses to O3 are different between the two species determining that P. halepensis with thin needles was relatively sensitive to O3, while P. pinea with thicker needles was more resistant due to a potentially low O3 load per unit mass of mesophyll cells, which may affect species-specific resilience in O3-polluted Mediterranean pine forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Firenze Unit, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
- Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS), Tito Scalo, Potenza 85050, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa I-56124, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Olga Gavrichkova
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Headquarters Porano, Via G. Marconi 2, Porano 05010, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa I-56124, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa I-56124, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa Unit, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Firenze Unit, Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
- Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures System (ITINERIS), Tito Scalo, Potenza 85050, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo 90133, Italy
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Wang H, Li M, Yang Y, Sun P, Zhou S, Kang Y, Xu Y, Yuan X, Feng Z, Jin W. Physiological and molecular responses of different rose ( Rosa hybrida L.) cultivars to elevated ozone levels. Plant Direct 2023; 7:e513. [PMID: 37484545 PMCID: PMC10359767 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The increasing ground-level ozone (O3) pollution resulting from rapid global urbanization and industrialization has negative effects on many plants. Nonetheless, many gaps remain in our knowledge of how ornamental plants respond to O3. Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) is a commercially important ornamental plant worldwide. In this study, we exposed four rose cultivars ("Schloss Mannheim," "Iceberg," "Lüye," and "Spectra") to either unfiltered ambient air (NF), unfiltered ambient air plus 40 ppb O3 (NF40), or unfiltered ambient air plus 80 ppb O3 (NF80). Only the cultivar "Schloss Mannheim" showed significant O3-related effects, including foliar injury, reduced chlorophyll content, reduced net photosynthetic rate, reduced stomatal conductance, and reduced stomatal apertures. In "Schloss Mannheim," several transcription factor genes-HSF, WRKY, and MYB genes-were upregulated by O3 exposure, and their expression was correlated with that of NCED1, PP2Cs, PYR/PYL, and UGTs, which are related to ABA biosynthesis and signaling. These results suggest that HSF, WRKY, and MYB transcription factors and ABA are important components of the plant response to O3 stress, suggesting a possible strategy for cultivating O3-tolerant rose varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Institute of Forestry and PomologyBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional FloricultureBeijingChina
| | - Maofu Li
- Institute of Forestry and PomologyBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional FloricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yuan Yang
- Institute of Forestry and PomologyBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit TreesBeijingChina
| | - Pei Sun
- Institute of Forestry and PomologyBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional FloricultureBeijingChina
| | - Shuting Zhou
- Institute of Forestry and PomologyBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional FloricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yanhui Kang
- Institute of Forestry and PomologyBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional FloricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yansen Xu
- School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied MeteorologyNanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Wanmei Jin
- Institute of Forestry and PomologyBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional FloricultureBeijingChina
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Singh P, Ansari N, Rai SP, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Effect of elevated ozone on the antioxidant response, genomic stability, DNA methylation pattern and yield in three species of Abelmoschus having different ploidy levels. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:59401-59423. [PMID: 37004611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The majority of polyploids can withstand many stresses better than their monoploid counterparts; however, there is no proven mechanism that can fully explain the level of tolerance at the biochemical and molecular levels. Here, we make an effort to provide an explanation for this intriguing but perplexing issue using the antioxidant responses, genomic stability, DNA methylation pattern and yield in relation to ploidy level under the elevated level of ozone in Abelmoschus cytotypes. The outcome of this study inferred that the elevated ozone causes an increase in reactive oxygen species leading to enhanced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and DNA de-methylation in all the Abelmoschus cytotypes. The monoploid cytotype of Abelmoschus, that is Abelmoschus moschatus L., experienced the highest oxidative stress under elevated O3, resulting in maximum DNA damage and DNA de-methylation leading to the maximum reduction in yield. While the diploid (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and triploid (Abelmoschus caillei A. Chev.) cytotypes of Abelmoschus with lower oxidative stress result in lesser DNA damage and DNA de-methylation which ultimately leads to lower yield reduction. The result of this experiment explicitly revealed that polyploidy confers better adaptability in the case of Abelmoschus cytotypes under ozone stress. This study can further be used as a base to understand the mechanism behind the ploidy-induced stress tolerance in other plants mediated by gene dosage effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naushad Ansari
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Pandey Rai
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, Centre of Advance Study in Botany, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Arab L, Hoshika Y, Paoletti E, White PJ, Dannenmann M, Mueller H, Ache P, Hedrich R, Alfarraj S, Albasher G, Rennenberg H. Chronic ozone exposure impairs the mineral nutrition of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seedlings. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160675. [PMID: 36481139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ozone (O3) exposure in the atmosphere preferentially disturbs metabolic processes in the roots rather than the shoot as a consequence of reduced photosynthesis and carbohydrate allocation from the leaves to the roots. The aim of the present study was to elucidate if mineral nutrition is also impaired by chronic O3 exposure. For this purpose, date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) plants were fumigated with ambient, 1.5 × ambient and 2 × ambient O3 in a free air controlled exposure (FACE) system for one growing season and concentrations of major nutrients were analyzed in leaves and roots. In addition, concentrations of C and N and their partitioning between different metabolic C and N pools were determined in both organs. The results showed that calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) acquisition by roots was diminished by O3 exposure of the shoot. For Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn reduced uptake by the roots was combined with reduced allocation to the shoot, resulting in a decline of foliar concentrations; for Na and K, allocation to the shoot was maintained at the expense of the roots. Thus, elevated O3 impaired both mineral uptake by the roots and partitioning of minerals between roots and shoots, but in an element specific way. Thereby, elevated O3 affected roots and shoots differently already after one growing season. However, considerable changes in total C and N concentrations and their partitioning between different metabolic pools upon chronic O3 exposure were not observed in either leaves or roots, except for reduced foliar lignin concentrations at 2 × ambient O3. Significant differences in these parameters were shown between leaves and roots independent of O3 application. The physiological consequences of the effects of chronic O3 exposure on mineral acquisition and partitioning between leaves and roots are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Philip J White
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Michael Dannenmann
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Heike Mueller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Albasher
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715 Chongqing, PR China
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Gu X, Wang T, Li C. Elevated ozone decreases the multifunctionality of belowground ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:890-908. [PMID: 36300607 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone (O3 ) affects the allocation of biomass aboveground and belowground and influences terrestrial ecosystem functions. However, how belowground functions respond to elevated O3 concentrations ([O3 ]) remains unclear at the global scale. Here, we conducted a detailed synthesis of belowground functioning responses to elevated [O3 ] by performing a meta-analysis of 2395 paired observations from 222 publications. We found that elevated [O3 ] significantly reduced the primary productivity of roots by 19.8%, 16.3%, and 26.9% for crops, trees and grasses, respectively. Elevated [O3 ] strongly decreased the root/shoot ratio by 11.3% for crops and by 4.9% for trees, which indicated that roots were highly sensitive to O3 . Elevated [O3 ] impacted carbon and nitrogen cycling in croplands, as evidenced by decreased dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total soil nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, and nitrification rates in association with increased nitrate nitrogen and denitrification rates. Elevated [O3 ] significantly decreased fungal phospholipid fatty acids in croplands, which suggested that O3 altered the microbial community and composition. The responses of belowground functions to elevated [O3 ] were modified by experimental methods, root environments, and additional global change factors. Therefore, these factors should be considered to avoid the underestimation or overestimation of the impacts of elevated [O3 ] on belowground functioning. The significant negative relationships between O3 -treated intensity and the multifunctionality index for croplands, forests, and grasslands implied that elevated [O3 ] decreases belowground ecosystem multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tianzuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Agathokleous S, Saitanis CJ, Savvides C, Sicard P, Agathokleous E, De Marco A. Spatiotemporal variations of ozone exposure and its risks to vegetation and human health in Cyprus: an analysis across a gradient of altitudes. J For Res (Harbin) 2022; 34:579-594. [PMID: 36033836 PMCID: PMC9391650 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-022-01520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) affects vegetation and threatens environmental health when levels exceed critical values, above which adverse effects are expected. Cyprus is expected to be a hotspot for O3 concentrations due to its unique position in the eastern Mediterranean, receiving air masses from Europe, African, and Asian continents, and experiencing a warm Mediterranean climate. In Cyprus, the spatiotemporal features of O3 are poorly understood and the potential risks for forest health have not been explored. We evaluated O3 and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) at four regional background stations at different altitudes over 2014-2016. O3 risks to vegetation and human health were estimated by calculating accumulated O3 exposure over a threshold of 40 nmol mol-1 (AOT40) and cumulative exposure to mixing ratios above 35 nmol mol-1 (SOMO35) indices. The data reveal that mean O3 concentrations follow a seasonal pattern, with higher levels in spring (51.8 nmol mol-1) and summer (53.2 nmol mol-1) and lower levels in autumn (46.9 nmol mol-1) and winter (43.3 nmol mol-1). The highest mean O3 exposure (59.5 nmol mol-1) in summer occurred at the high elevation station Mt. Troodos (1819 m a.s.l.). Increasing (decreasing) altitudinal gradients were found for O3 (NOx), driven by summer-winter differences. The diurnal patterns of O3 showed little variation. Only at the lowest altitude O3 displayed a typical O3 diurnal pattern, with hourly differences smaller than 15 nmol mol-1. Accumulated O3 exposures at all stations and in all years exceeded the European Union's limits for the protection of vegetation, with average values of 3-month (limit: 3000 nmol mol-1 h) and 6-month (limit: 5000 nmol mol-1 h) AOT40 for crops and forests of 16,564 and 31,836 nmol mol-1 h, respectively. O3 exposures were considerably high for human health, with an average SOMO35 value of 7270 nmol mol-1 days across stations and years. The results indicate that O3 is a major environmental and public health issue in Cyprus, and policies must be adopted to mitigate O3 precursor emissions at local and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Agathokleous
- The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Lesvos Greece
| | | | - Chrysanthos Savvides
- Department of Labour Inspection, Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
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Risoli S, Cotrozzi L, Sarrocco S, Nuzzaci M, Pellegrini E, Vitti A. Trichoderma-Induced Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum Species: A Meta-Analysis. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11020180. [PMID: 35050068 PMCID: PMC8780288 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With the idea of summarizing the outcomes of studies focusing on the resistance induced by Trichoderma spp. against Botrytis cinerea in tomato, the present paper shows, for the first time, results of a meta-analysis performed on studies published from 2010 to 2021 concerning the cross-talk occurring in the tomato-Trichoderma-B. cinerea system. Starting from an initial set of 40 papers, the analysis was performed on 15 works and included nine parameters, as a result of a stringent selection mainly based on the availability of more than one article including the same indicator. The resulting work not only emphasizes the beneficial effects of Trichoderma in the control of grey mold in tomato leaves (reduction in disease intensity, severity and incidence and modulation of resistance genes in the host), but carefully drives the readers to reply to two questions: (i) What are the overall effects of Trichoderma on B. cinerea infection in tomato? (ii) Do the main effects of Trichoderma differ based on the tomato species, Trichoderma species, amount, type and duration of treatment? At the same time, this meta-analysis highlights some weak points of the available literature and should be seen as an invitation to improve future works to better the conceptualization and measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Risoli
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Nuzzaci
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.N.); (A.V.)
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Vitti
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.N.); (A.V.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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10
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Montes CM, Demler HJ, Li S, Martin DG, Ainsworth EA. Approaches to investigate crop responses to ozone pollution: from O 3 -FACE to satellite-enabled modeling. Plant J 2022; 109:432-446. [PMID: 34555243 PMCID: PMC9293421 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3 ) is a damaging air pollutant to crops. As one of the most reactive oxidants known, O3 rapidly forms other reactive oxygen species (ROS) once it enters leaves through stomata. Those ROS in turn can cause oxidative stress, reduce photosynthesis, accelerate senescence, and decrease crop yield. To improve and adapt our feed, fuel, and food supply to rising O3 pollution, a number of Free Air Concentration Enrichment (O3 -FACE) facilities have been developed around the world and have studied key staple crops. In this review, we provide an overview of the FACE facilities and highlight some of the lessons learned from the last two decades of research. We discuss the differences between C3 and C4 crop responses to elevated O3 , the possible trade-off between productivity and protection, genetic variation in O3 response within and across species, and how we might leverage this observed variation for crop improvement. We also highlight the need to improve understanding of the interaction between rising O3 pollution and other aspects of climate change, notably drought. Finally, we propose the use of globally modeled O3 data that are available at increasing spatial and temporal resolutions to expand upon the research conducted at the limited number of global O3 -FACE facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Montes
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit1201 W. Gregory DriveUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Hannah J. Demler
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Shuai Li
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Duncan G. Martin
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit1201 W. Gregory DriveUrbanaIL61801USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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Marchica A, Cotrozzi L, Detti R, Lorenzini G, Pellegrini E, Petersen M, Nali C. The Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds is an Integrated Defence Mechanism to Prevent Ozone Injury in Salvia officinalis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1274. [PMID: 33327632 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized metabolites constitute a major antioxidant system involved in plant defence against environmental constraints, such as tropospheric ozone (O3). The objective of this experiment was to give a thorough description of the effects of an O3 pulse (120 ppb, 5 h) on the phenylpropanoid metabolism of sage, at both biochemical and molecular levels. Variable O3-induced changes were observed over time among the detected phenylpropanoid compounds (mostly identified as phenolic acids and flavonoids), likely because of their extraordinary functional diversity. Furthermore, decreases in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), phenol oxidase (PPO), and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) activities were reported during the first hours of treatment, probably due to an O3-induced oxidative damage to proteins. Both PAL and PPO activities were also suppressed at 24 h from the beginning of exposure, whereas enhanced RAS activity occurred at the end of treatment and at the recovery time, suggesting that specific branches of the phenolic pathways were activated. The increased RAS activity was accompanied by the up-regulation of the transcript levels of genes like RAS, tyrosine aminotransferase, and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase. In conclusion, sage faced the O3 pulse by regulating the activation of the phenolic biosynthetic route as an integrated defence mechanism.
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