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Tokarz J, Schmitt SM, Möller G, Brändli AW, Adamski J. Functional characterization of two 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 homeologs from Xenopus laevis reveals multispecificity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105874. [PMID: 33722706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is a versatile model for biomedical research and is largely similar to mammals in terms of organ development, anatomy, physiology, and hormonal signaling mechanisms. Steroid hormones control a variety of processes and their levels are regulated by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs). The subfamily of 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes currently comprises eight members from teleost fish and mammals. Here, we report the identification of three 20β-HSD type 2 genes in X. tropicalis and X. laevis and the functional characterization of the two homeologs from X. laevis. X. laevis Hsd20b2.L and Hsd20b2.S showed high sequence identity with known 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes and mapped to the two subgenomes of the allotetraploid frog genome. Both homeologs are expressed during embryonic development and in adult tissues, with strongest signals in liver, kidney, intestine, and skin. After recombinant expression in human cell lines, both enzymes co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyzed the conversion of cortisone to 20β-dihydrocortisone. Both Hsd20b2.L and Hsd20b2.S catalyzed the 20β-reduction of further C21 steroids (17α-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone), while only Hsd20b2.S was able to convert corticosterone and cortisol to their 20β-reduced metabolites. Estrone was only a poor and androstenedione no substrate for both enzymes. Our results demonstrate multispecificity of 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes from X. laevis similar to other teleost 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes. X. laevis 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes are probably involved in steroid catabolism and in the generation of pheromones for intraspecies communication. A role in oocyte maturation is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan M Schmitt
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital and Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - André W Brändli
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital and Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Tokarz J, Lintelmann J, Möller G, Adamski J. Substrate multispecificity among 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 members. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 510:110822. [PMID: 32315721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroids regulate many physiological processes. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) modulate the levels of steroids in pre- and post-receptor metabolism. The subfamily of 20β-HSD type 2 currently comprises six members from six different species. The zebrafish ortholog converts cortisone to 20β-dihydrocortisone and is involved in the catabolism of the stress hormone cortisol. Here, we elucidated the substrate preferences of all 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes towards a selected panel of steroids. For quantification of the substrates and their respective 20β-reduced products, we first developed and validated a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based method. Applying this method to activity assays with recombinantly expressed enzymes, our findings indicate that the 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes catalyze the 20β-reduction of a plethora of steroids of the glucocorticoid biosynthesis pathway. The observed multispecificity among the homologous 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes implies different physiological roles in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Bileck A, Verouti SN, Escher G, Vogt B, Groessl M. A comprehensive urinary steroid analysis strategy using two-dimensional gas chromatography - time of flight mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 143:4484-4494. [PMID: 30156584 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are key players in a high variety of physiological processes and are typically analyzed for the diagnosis of hormonal disorders. Due to their chemical and structural similarity many of these metabolites cannot be separated by conventional techniques such as liquid chromatography. Herein, we present an analysis strategy based on two dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) which demonstrates superior separation power and enables comprehensive screening of steroids. We show absolute quantitation of 40 steroids in human urine over three orders of magnitude with limits of detection ≤50 nM and the tentative identification of additional 30 steroids based on accurate mass, isotopic pattern analysis and spectral similarity matching to known steroids. The method displays excellent inter- and intra-day stability, repeatability and recovery and was validated for clinical routine analysis. Additionally, we demonstrate the potential of the approach for untargeted analysis of urinary steroids in mouse and rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bileck
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Sondhi V, Owen BM, Liu J, Chomic R, Kliewer SA, Hughes BA, Arlt W, Mangelsdorf DJ, Auchus RJ. Impaired 17,20-Lyase Activity in Male Mice Lacking Cytochrome b5 in Leydig Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:469-78. [PMID: 26974035 PMCID: PMC4814474 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen and estrogen biosynthesis in mammals requires the 17,20-lyase activity of cytochrome P450 17A1 (steroid 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase). Maximal 17,20-lyase activity in vitro requires the presence of cytochrome b5 (b5), and rare cases of b5 deficiency in human beings causes isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency. To study the consequences of conditional b5 removal from testicular Leydig cells in an animal model, we generated Cyb5flox/flox:Sf1-Cre (LeyKO) mice. The LeyKO male mice had normal body weights, testis and sex organ weights, and fertility compared with littermates. Basal serum and urine steroid profiles of LeyKO males were not significantly different than littermates. In contrast, marked 17-hydroxyprogesterone accumulation (100-fold basal) and reduced testosterone synthesis (27% of littermates) were observed after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation in LeyKO animals. Testis homogenates from LeyKO mice showed reduced 17,20-lyase activity and a 3-fold increased 17-hydroxylase to 17,20-lyase activity ratio, which were restored to normal upon addition of recombinant b5. We conclude that Leydig cell b5 is required for maximal androgen synthesis and to prevent 17-hydroxyprogesterone accumulation in the mouse testis; however, the b5-independent 17,20-lyase activity of mouse steroid 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase is sufficient for normal male genital development and fertility. LeyKO male mice are a good model for the biochemistry but not the physiology of isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sondhi
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Chomic
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Beverly A Hughes
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.S., B.M.O., S.A.K., D.J.M.) and Molecular Biology (S.A.K.) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.J.M.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (J.L., R.J.A.) and the Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (B.A.H., W.A.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Ohland CL, Kish L, Bell H, Thiesen A, Hotte N, Pankiv E, Madsen KL. Effects of Lactobacillus helveticus on murine behavior are dependent on diet and genotype and correlate with alterations in the gut microbiome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1738-47. [PMID: 23566632 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the gut microbiota with diet and probiotic bacteria can restore intestinal homeostasis in inflammatory conditions and alter behavior via the gut-brain axis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the modulatory effects of probiotics differ depending on diet and mouse genotype. At weaning, wild type (WT) and IL-10 deficient (IL-10(-/-)) 129/SvEv mice were placed on a standard mouse chow or a Western-style diet (fat 33%, refined carbohydrate 49%)±Lactobacillus helveticus ROO52 (10(9)cfu/d) for 21 days. Animal weight and food eaten were monitored weekly. Intestinal immune function was analysed for cytokine expression using the Meso Scale Discovery platform. Spatial memory and anxiety-like behavior was assessed in a Barnes maze. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) was used to analyze the fecal microbiota. Both WT and IL-10(-/-) mice on a Western diet had increased weight gain along with changes in gut microbiota and cytokine expression and altered anxiety-like behavior. The ability of L. helveticus to modulate these factors was genotype- and diet-dependent. Anxiety-like behavior and memory were negatively affected by Western-style diet depending on inflammatory state, but this change was prevented with L. helveticus administration. However, probiotics alone decreased anxiety-like behavior in WT mice on a chow diet. Mice on the Western diet had decreased inflammation and fecal corticosterone, but these markers did not correlate with changes in behavior. Analysis of bacterial phyla from WT and IL-10(-/-)mice showed discrete clustering of the groups to be associated with both diet and probiotic supplementation, with the diet-induced shift normalized to some degree by L. helveticus. These findings suggest that the type of diet consumed by the host and the presence or absence of active inflammation may significantly alter the ability of probiotics to modulate host physiological function.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is rising and reaching pandemic proportions. For this reason, identification of novel therapeutic targets is urgently needed. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The endoluminal enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes glucocorticoid activation in key metabolic tissues including skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors limit local glucocorticoid availability and improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profiles and atherosclerosis. To date, there is a paucity of clinical studies using selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors; however, early indications show that these compounds have great therapeutic potential. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN We present a comprehensive overview of the background to the development of selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors, the preclinical data supporting 11beta-HSD1 as a therapeutic target, and the current status of clinical trials of these agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors have the potential to improve insulin sensitivity and may ultimately add to the treatment options available for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, further clinical studies are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- University of Birmingham, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2nd floor, Room 230, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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Semjonous NM, Sherlock M, Jeyasuria P, Parker KL, Walker EA, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase contributes to skeletal muscle homeostasis independent of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Endocrinology 2011; 152:93-102. [PMID: 21106871 PMCID: PMC3219053 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) metabolism by the enzyme hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) within the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) to provide the redox potential for the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) to activate glucocorticoid (GC). H6PDH knockout (KO) mice have a switch in 11β-HSD1 activity, resulting in GC inactivation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. Importantly, H6PDHKO mice develop a type II fiber myopathy with abnormalities in glucose metabolism and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). GCs play important roles in muscle physiology, and therefore, we have examined the importance of 11β-HSD1 and GC metabolism in mediating aspects of the H6PDHKO myopathy. To achieve this, we examined 11β-HSD1/H6PDH double-KO (DKO) mice, in which 11β-HSD1 mediated GC inactivation is negated. In contrast to H6PDHKO mice, DKO mice GC metabolism and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis set point is similar to that observed in 11β-HSD1KO mice. Critically, in contrast to 11β-HSD1KO mice, DKO mice phenocopy the salient features of the H6PDHKO, displaying reduced body mass, muscle atrophy, and vacuolation of type II fiber-rich muscle, fasting hypoglycemia, increased muscle glycogen deposition, and elevated expression of UPR genes. We propose that muscle G6P metabolism through H6PDH may be as important as changes in the redox environment when considering the mechanism underlying the activation of the UPR and the ensuing myopathy in H6PDHKO and DKO mice. These data are consistent with an 11β-HSD1-independent function for H6PDH in which sarcoplasmic reticulum G6P metabolism and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-(oxidized)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) redox status are important for maintaining muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Semjonous
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Anabolic steroids are the main abused class of prohibited substances in doping control. These steroids are associated with enhancement of muscular mass and aggressiveness, resulting in increased performance. Chromatography and MS have a key role among methods developed to detect anabolic steroids in doping control laboratories. However, the classical analytical approach fails in detection of the so-called ‘designer steroids’. This review focuses on the rise of tetrahydrogestrinone, a drug that became synonymous with designer steroids. The reasons why classical methods fail in tetrahydrogestrinone detection are discussed and how the detection was implemented is shown. Alternative strategies for detection of new drugs designed to cheat current analytical methodology are highlighted. Concern for the abuse of veterinary designer drugs and supplements is also acknowledged.
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Matabosch X, Rahman M, Hughes B, Patel SB, Watson G, Shackleton C. Steroid production and excretion by the pregnant mouse, particularly in relation to pregnancies with fetuses deficient in Delta7-sterol reductase (Dhcr7), the enzyme associated with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 116:61-70. [PMID: 19406241 PMCID: PMC2929956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study has shown that the mouse has a great increase in steroid production during pregnancy in similar fashion to the human. Many steroids were provisionally identified in maternal urine of the wild-type mouse. The major progesterone metabolites appear to be hydroxylated pregnanolones, particularly with hydroxyl groups in the 16alpha position. Rather than estriol being the major end-product of feto-placental steroid synthesis as in the human, the pregnant mouse produces and excretes large amounts of androgen metabolites, ranging in polarity from androstanetriols to androstanepentols. These steroids have 15alpha- or 18-hydroxyl groups with additional hydroxylation at uncharacterized positions. From metabolite data the peak of pregnancy progesterone production appears to be between 7.5 and 14.5 gestational days, while for C(19) metabolites peak excretion is later. The starting-point of the studies was to study pregnancy steroid production by a mouse model for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, 7-dehydrosterol reductase (DHCR7) deficiency. In human pregnancies with DHCR7 deficient fetuses large amounts of 7- and 8-dehydrosteroids are excreted, products secondary to high fetal 7- and 8-dehydrocholesterol (DHC) accumulation. This agrees with existing evidence that human feto-placental steroid synthesis utilizes little maternal cholesterol as precursor. In contrast, this study has shown that pregnant mice carrying dhcr7 deficient fetuses with relatively high DHC production had essentially undetectable maternal excretions of steroids with Delta(7)- and Delta(8)-unsaturation. As mutant mouse mothers have essentially normal cholesterol production (little or no DHC build-up), this suggests maternal cholesterol is primarily utilized for pregnancy steroid synthesis in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Matabosch
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way Oakland, 94609, California
| | - Mahbuba Rahman
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way Oakland, 94609, California
| | - Beverly Hughes
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Wolfson Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Shailendra B. Patel
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, 53226, Wisconsin
| | - Gordon Watson
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way Oakland, 94609, California
| | - Cedric Shackleton
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way Oakland, 94609, California
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Wolfson Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Address for correspondence:, Dr Cedric Shackleton, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Way, Oakland, Ca 94609, Tel 510 450 7660, Fax 510 450 7910,
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Godfrey D, Silverman J. Effects of a fire alarm strobe light on fecal corticosterone metabolite concentrations in mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2009; 38:61-8. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0209-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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