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Battais F, Langonné I, Muller S, Mathiot J, Coiscaud A, Audry A, Remy AM, Sponne I, Mourot-Bousquenaud M. The BMDC model, a performant cell-based test to assess the sensitizing potential and potency of chemicals including pre/pro-haptens. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:211-234. [PMID: 37852624 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical-induced allergies at workplace represent a significant occupational health issue. These substances must be properly identified as sensitizers. In previous studies, an original model using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) was developed for this purpose. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive capacity of the BMDC model with a large panel of sensitizers (including pre- and pro-haptens) and non-sensitizers. METHODS The readout from the BMDC model is based on expression levels of six phenotypic markers measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS The results indicate that 29 of the 37 non-sensitizers, and 81 of the 86 sensitizers were correctly classified compared to the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA). Statistical analysis revealed the BMDC model to have a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 78%, and an accuracy of 89%. The EC2 (Effective Concentration) values calculated with this model allow sensitizers to be categorized into four classes: extreme, strong, moderate and weak. CONCLUSIONS These excellent predictive performances show that the BMDC model discriminates between sensitizers and non-sensitizers with outstanding precision equal to or better than existing validated alternative models. Moreover, this model allows to predict sensitization potency of chemicals. The BMDC test could therefore be proposed as an additional tool to assess the sensitizing potential and potency of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Battais
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Amélie Coiscaud
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Adrien Audry
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Aurélie Martin Remy
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Sponne
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Mélanie Mourot-Bousquenaud
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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Gądarowska D, Kalka J, Daniel-Wójcik A, Mrzyk I. Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment. Toxics 2022; 10:740. [PMID: 36548573 PMCID: PMC9783525 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gądarowska
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Daniel-Wójcik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Inga Mrzyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
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3
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Imai N, Takeyoshi M, Aizawa S, Tsurumaki M, Kurosawa M, Toyoda A, Sugiyama M, Kasahara K, Hirota M, Ogata S. Enhancing between-facility reproducibility of the SH test as an in vitro skin sensitization test by the improved test method. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:235-248. [PMID: 33952800 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increased demand to eliminate animal experiments and to replace the experiments with alternative tests for assessing the safety of cosmetics. The SH test is an in vitro skin sensitization test that evaluates the protein binding abilities of a test substance. Skin sensitization must be evaluated by multiple test methods. The SH test uses the same cell line and measuring instruments as the human Cell-Line Activation Test (h-CLAT), which is one of the test methods used to evaluate different key events and is listed in the OECD test guidelines. There are cost advantages to usher the SH test into facilities that are already running the h-CLAT. The SH test is conducted only at a facility that has developed the SH test because studies on the between-facility reproducibility and validity have not been performed. Therefore, to verify the transferability of the SH test and the between-facilities reproducibility, we evaluated the reproducibility of the SH test results at three facilities, including the development facility. After an initial round of testing, the protocol was refined as follows to improve reproducibility among the three facilities: i) determine the optimum pH range, ii) change the maximum applicable concentration of water-soluble substances, and iii) define the appropriate dispersion conditions for evaluating hydrophobic substances. These refinements markedly enhanced the between-facility reproducibility (from 76.0% to 96.0%) for the 25 substances evaluated in this study. This study confirmed that the SH test is an effective skin sensitization test method with high technical transferability and between-facility reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation.,Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Sakiko Aizawa
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation
| | - Mika Tsurumaki
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation
| | | | - Akemi Toyoda
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc
| | - Maki Sugiyama
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc
| | | | | | - Shinichi Ogata
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
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4
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Rodrigues Neves C, Gibbs S. Progress on Reconstructed Human Skin Models for Allergy Research and Identifying Contact Sensitizers. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 430:103-129. [PMID: 29934708 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Contact with the skin is inevitable or desirable for daily life products such as cosmetics, hair dyes, perfumes, drugs, household products, and industrial and agricultural products. Whereas the majority of these products are harmless, a number can become metabolized and/or activate the immunological defense via innate and adaptive mechanisms resulting in sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis upon following exposures to the same substance. Therefore, strict safety (hazard) assessment of actives and ingredients in products and drugs applied to the skin is essential to determine I) whether the chemical is a potential sensitizer and if so II) what is the safe concentration for human exposure to prevent sensitization from occurring. Ex vivo skin is a valuable model for skin penetration studies but due to logistical and viability limitations the development of in vitro alternatives is required. The aim of this review is to give a clear overview of the organotypic in vitro skin models (reconstructed human epidermis, reconstructed human skin, immune competent skin models incorporating Langerhans Cells and T-cells, skin-on-chip) that are currently commercially available or which are being used in a laboratory research setting for hazard assessment of potential sensitizers and for investigating the mechanisms (sensitization key events 1-4) related to allergic contact dermatitis. The limitations of the models, their current applications, and their future potential in replacing animals in allergy-related science are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Dermatology Lab, 0/2 Building, de Boelelaan 1108, 1081 Hz, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Hammond S, Thomson P, Meng X, Naisbitt D. In-Vitro Approaches to Predict and Study T-Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity to Drugs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630530. [PMID: 33927714 PMCID: PMC8076677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitigating the risk of drug hypersensitivity reactions is an important facet of a given pharmaceutical, with poor performance in this area of safety often leading to warnings, restrictions and withdrawals. In the last 50 years, efforts to diagnose, manage, and circumvent these obscure, iatrogenic diseases have resulted in the development of assays at all stages of a drugs lifespan. Indeed, this begins with intelligent lead compound selection/design to minimize the existence of deleterious chemical reactivity through exclusion of ominous structural moieties. Preclinical studies then investigate how compounds interact with biological systems, with emphasis placed on modeling immunological/toxicological liabilities. During clinical use, competent and accurate diagnoses are sought to effectively manage patients with such ailments, and pharmacovigilance datasets can be used for stratification of patient populations in order to optimise safety profiles. Herein, an overview of some of the in-vitro approaches to predict intrinsic immunogenicity of drugs and diagnose culprit drugs in allergic patients after exposure is detailed, with current perspectives and opportunities provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hammond
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Thomson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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6
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7
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Nishikawa MU, Iwaki M, Tashiro K, Kurose K. Identification of gene expression markers and development of evaluation method using cell-based and RT-PCR-based assay for skin sensitising potential of chemicals. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1359-1369. [PMID: 32394774 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1767320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, alternatives to animal testing have been used to evaluate skin sensitisers in cosmetic products. However, testing is still complicated and expensive. To develop a simpler, cost-effective and more accurate evaluation method for the skin sensitising chemicals, we employed cell-based and RT-PCR-based assay. Representative sensitiser specific gene expression in THP-1 cells was analysed by microarray. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that 26 genes induced by the sensitisers were associated with immune function. First, seven of the 26 genes were chosen arbitrarily as candidate markers for our sensitisation assay. Then, THP-1 cells were exposed to 13 reference chemicals with known sensitising potential, and real-time RT-PCR assays targeting the candidate marker genes were performed. Among them, six markers were able to properly evaluate the sensitisation potential by classifying the gene induction rates with appropriate criteria. Especially, the results of the assay using TREM1 and TNFRSF12A gene markers showed 100% sensitivity and specificity. An existing test method, h-CLAT, requires a flow cytometer and is complicated to operate. In contrast, our method is relatively simpler and more cost-effective. Therefore, our method is a promising one to evaluate sensitising chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Ukaji Nishikawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Iwaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kurose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Arkesteijn GJA, Rutten VPMG, van Eden W, Jansen CA. In vitro Chicken Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Comprise Subsets at Different States of Maturation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:141. [PMID: 32174908 PMCID: PMC7054383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in chickens has been fundamental for the discovery of basic aspects of the immune system and has led to an interest in the in-depth characterization of avian immune cell types including dendritic cells (DCs). The in vitro generation and expansion of chicken bone marrow-derived DCs (chBMDCs) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has provided a way to study chicken DCs, which are only present at limited cell numbers in vivo. This method has been employed to study the interactions between chicken DCs and pathogens or vaccines. However, a detailed characterization of the chBMDC culture is still lacking. In the present study, we performed an elaborate phenotypical and functional analysis of the chBMDC culture and addressed its heterogeneity. After 8 days of culture, chBMDCs comprised major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)low and MHC-IIhigh subsets with different morphologies. Compared with MHC-IIlow chBMDCs, the MHC-IIhigh subset showed a more mature phenotype, with higher expressions of CD1.1, CD40, CD80, CCR7, and CD83, and a relatively low opsonophagocytic capacity. Nevertheless, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs did not show an increased capacity to induce T-cell proliferation. Therefore, MHC-IIhigh chBMDCs were found to be semi-mature. Interestingly, the presence of the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh chBMDC subset reduced when cells were cultured in the presence of IL-4. Finally, prolonged cell culture after fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) converted the semi-mature MHC-IIhigh subset back into the immature phenotype of the MHC-IIlow subset, demonstrating plasticity of their maturation state. This detailed characterization explained the heterogeneity of the chBMDC culture by the simultaneous presence of immature and semi-mature chBMDC subsets, in addition to cells without features of antigen-presenting cells. Our findings are instrumental for the interpretation of experiments using the chBMDC culture in past and future research by providing insights into its phenotypically and functionally distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Dargahi N, Johnson J, Apostolopoulos V. Streptococcus thermophilus alters the expression of genes associated with innate and adaptive immunity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228531. [PMID: 32045425 PMCID: PMC7012395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of probiotics contributes to a healthy microbiome of the GIT leading to many health benefits. They also contribute to the modulation of the immune system and are becoming popular for the treatment of a number of immune and inflammatory diseases. The main objective of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory and modulatory properties of Streptococcus thermophilus. We used peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and assessed modifications in the mRNA expression of their genes related to innate and adaptive immune system. Our results showed strong immune modulatory effects of S. thermophilus 285 to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an array of anti-inflammatory properties. S. thermophilus 285 reduced mRNA expression in a number of inflammatory immune mediators and markers, and upregulated a few of immune markers. S. thermophilus is used in the dairy industry, survives during cold storage, tolerates well upon ingesting, and their consumption may have beneficial effects with potential implications in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Thélu A, Catoire S, Kerdine-Römer S. Immune-competent in vitro co-culture models as an approach for skin sensitisation assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Cho SA, Choi M, Park SR, An S, Park JH. Application of Spectro-DPRA, KeratinoSens™ and h-CLAT to estimation of the skin sensitization potential of cosmetics ingredients. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:300-312. [PMID: 31680285 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethical issues in animal toxicity testing have led to the search for alternative methods to determine the skin sensitization potential of cosmetic products. The emergence of ethical testing issues has led to the development of many alternative methods that can reliably estimate skin sensitization potentials. However, a single alternative method may not be able to achieve high predictivity due to the complexity of the skin sensitization mechanism. Therefore, several prediction assays, including both in chemico and in vitro test methods, were investigated and integrated based on the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway. In this study, we evaluated three different integrated approaches to predict a human skin sensitization hazard using data from in vitro assays (KeratinoSens™ and human cell line activation test [h-CLAT]), and a newly developed in chemico assay (spectrophotometric direct peptide reactivity assay [Spectro-DPRA]). When the results of the in chemico and in vitro assays were combined, the predictivity of human data increased compared with that of a single assay. The highest predictivity was obtained for the approach in which sensitization potential was determined by Spectro-DPRA followed by final determination using the result of KeratinoSens™ and h-CLAT assays (96.3% sensitivity, 87.1% specificity, 86.7% positive predictive value, 96.4% negative predictive value and 91.4% accuracy compared with human data). While further optimization is needed, we believe this integrated approach may provide useful predictive data when determining the human skin sensitization potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Cho
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Choi
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Ra Park
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Susun An
- Safety & Microbiology Research Lab, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Unit, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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de Ávila RI, Lindstedt M, Valadares MC. The 21st Century movement within the area of skin sensitization assessment: From the animal context towards current human-relevant in vitro solutions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104445. [PMID: 31430506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a regulatory context, skin sensitization hazard and risk evaluations of manufactured products and their ingredients (e.g. cosmetics) are mandatory in several regions. Great efforts have been made within the field of 21st Century Toxicology to provide non-animal testing approaches to assess the skin allergy potential of materials (e.g. chemicals, mixtures, nanomaterials, particles). Mechanistic understanding of skin sensitization process through the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has promoted the development of in vitro methods, demonstrating accuracies superior to the traditional animal testing. These in vitro testing approaches are based on one of the four AOP key events (KE) of skin sensitization: formation of immunogenic hapten-protein complexes (KE-1 or the molecular initiating event, MIE), inflammatory keratinocyte responses (KE-2), dendritic cell activation (KE-3), and T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation (KE-4). This update provides an overview of the historically used in vivo methods as well as the current in chemico and in cell methods with and without OECD guideline designations to analyze the progress towards human-relevant in vitro test methods for safety assessment of the skin allergenicity potential of materials. Here our focus is to review 96 in vitro testing approaches directed to the KEs of the skin sensitization AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás State, Brazil.
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13
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Basketter DA, Kimber I, Ezendam J. Predictive Tests for Irritants and Allergens: Human, Animal, and In Vitro Tests. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Dargahi N, Johnson J, Donkor O, Vasiljevic T, Apostolopoulos V. Immunomodulatory effects of Streptococcus thermophilus on U937 monocyte cell cultures. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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15
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Groell F, Jordan O, Borchard G. In vitro models for immunogenicity prediction of therapeutic proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:128-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Corsini E, Engin AB, Neagu M, Galbiati V, Nikitovic D, Tzanakakis G, Tsatsakis AM. Chemical-induced contact allergy: from mechanistic understanding to risk prevention. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3031-3050. [PMID: 30097700 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical allergens are small molecules able to form a sensitizing complex once they bound to proteins. One of the most frequent manifestations of chemical allergy is contact hypersensitivity, which can have serious impact on quality of life. Allergic contact dermatitis is a predominantly CD8 + T cell-mediated immune disease, resulting in erythema and eczema. Chemical allergy is of considerable importance to the toxicologist, who has the responsibility of identifying and characterizing the allergenic potential of chemicals, and estimating the risk they pose to human health. This review aimed at exploring the phenomena of chemical-induced contact allergy starting from a mechanistic understanding, immunoregulatory mechanisms, passing through the potency of contract allergen until the hazard identification, pointing out the in vitro models for assessing contact allergen-induced cell activation and the risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Political Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ayşe Başak Engin
- Gazi Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Toksikoloji, Hipodrom, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Political Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Tzanakakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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17
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Huppert C, Paris C, Langonné I, Muller S, Mathiot J, Abdessadeq H, Gagnaire F, Battais F, Sponne I. Activation of T cells by dendritic cells exposed to a reference sensitizer: Towards a promising model to assess the allergenic potential of chemicals. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:67-75. [PMID: 29635784 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low molecular weight chemicals constitute one of the major causes of occupational allergies. European legislation on chemicals recommends limiting the use of in vivo models for assessing the sensitizing potential of chemicals, and encourages the development of integrated alternative methods. An in vitro mouse model of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) that showed good accuracy (75%) and sensitivity (69%) has previously been developed to assess the sensitizing potential of chemicals. OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of BMDCs to activate T cells (TCs) in vitro. METHODS BMDCs pre-exposed to the reference sensitizer ammonium hexachloroplatinate (AHCP) were co-cultured with different subpopulations of TCs. TC activation was assessed by surface marker expression, proliferation, and cytokine release. RESULTS The results showed significant activation of TCs co-cultured with dendritic cells pre-exposed to AHCP as evaluated by CD124 expression, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. Moreover, the response of TCs appeared to be Th2-oriented. Naive TCs were shown to be involved in this response, and the removal of regulatory TCs did not improve the cell response. CONCLUSIONS The BMDCs used in this previously developed model appear to have the ability to activate TCs, confirming that the BMDC model represents a reliable assay for assessing the sensitizing potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Huppert
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.,Faculté de Médecine, INGRES, EA 7298, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Paris
- Faculté de Médecine, INGRES, EA 7298, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,INSERM, Unité U1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Hakima Abdessadeq
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - François Gagnaire
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Battais
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Sponne
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
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18
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Ferreira I, Silva A, Martins JD, Neves BM, Cruz MT. Nature and kinetics of redox imbalance triggered by respiratory and skin chemical sensitizers on the human monocytic cell line THP-1. Redox Biol 2018; 16:75-86. [PMID: 29477863 PMCID: PMC5842329 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight reactive chemicals causing skin and respiratory allergies are known to activate dendritic cells (DC), an event considered to be a key step in both pathologies. Although generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered a major danger signal responsible for DC maturation, the mechanisms leading to cellular redox imbalance remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to unveil the origin and kinetics of redox imbalance elicited by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) and trimellitic anhydride chloride (TMAC), two golden standards of skin and chemical respiratory allergy, respectively. To track this goal, we addressed the time course modifications of ROS production and cellular antioxidant defenses as well as the modulation of MAPKs signaling pathways and transcription of pathophysiological relevant genes in THP-1 cells. Our data shows that the thiol-reactive sensitizer DNFB directly reacts with cytoplasmic glutathione (GSH) causing its rapid and marked depletion which results in a general increase in ROS accumulation. In turn, TMAC, which preferentially reacts with amine groups, induces a delayed GSH depletion as a consequence of increased mitochondrial ROS production. These divergences in ROS production seem to be correlated with the different extension of intracellular signaling pathways activation and, by consequence, with distinct transcription kinetics of genes such as HMOX1, IL8, IL1B and CD86. Ultimately, our observations may help explain the distinct DC phenotype and T-cell polarizing profile triggered by skin and respiratory sensitizers. Distinctive ROS origin and kinetics elicited by skin and respiratory sensitizers. ROS production elicited by DNFB results primarily from direct GSH haptenation. Distinct expression of genes involved in DC maturation and T-cell polarizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Demétrio Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000- 548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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19
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Chary A, Hennen J, Klein SG, Serchi T, Gutleb AC, Blömeke B. Respiratory sensitization: toxicological point of view on the available assays. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:803-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Sullivan KM, Enoch SJ, Ezendam J, Sewald K, Roggen EL, Cochrane S. An Adverse Outcome Pathway for Sensitization of the Respiratory Tract by Low-Molecular-Weight Chemicals: Building Evidence to Support the Utility ofIn VitroandIn SilicoMethods in a Regulatory Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristie M. Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Steven J. Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erwin L. Roggen
- 3Rs Management & Consulting ApS (3RsMC ApS), Lyngby, Denmark
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21
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Höper T, Mussotter F, Haase A, Luch A, Tralau T. Application of proteomics in the elucidation of chemical-mediated allergic contact dermatitis. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:595-610. [PMID: 30090528 PMCID: PMC6062186 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a widespread hypersensitivity reaction of the skin. The cellular mechanisms underlying its development are complex and involve close interaction of different cell types of the immune system. It is this very complexity which has long prevented straightforward replacement of the corresponding regulatory in vivo tests. Recent efforts have already resulted in the development of several in vitro testing alternatives that address key steps of ACD. Yet identification of suitable biomarkers is still a subject of intense research. Search strategies for the latter encompass transcriptomics, proteomics as well as metabolomics approaches. The scope of this review shall be the application and use of proteomics in the context of ACD. This includes highlighting relevant aspects of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ACD, the exploitation of these mechanisms for testing and biomarkers (e.g., in the context of the OECD's adverse outcome pathway initiative) as well as an outlook on emerging proteome targets, for example during the allergen-induced activation of dendritic cells (DCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Höper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Franz Mussotter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
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22
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Castella B, Kopecka J, Sciancalepore P, Mandili G, Foglietta M, Mitro N, Caruso D, Novelli F, Riganti C, Massaia M. The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 regulates phosphoantigen release and Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation by dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15663. [PMID: 28580927 PMCID: PMC5465356 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated by phosphoantigens, such as isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is generated in the mevalonate pathway of antigen-presenting cells. IPP is released in the extracellular microenvironment via unknown mechanisms. Here we show that the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates extracellular IPP release from dendritic cells (DC) in cooperation with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and butyrophilin-3A1. IPP concentrations in the supernatants are sufficient to induce Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation after DC mevalonate pathway inhibition with zoledronic acid (ZA). ZA treatment increases ABCA1 and apoA-I expression via IPP-dependent LXRα nuclear translocation and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition. These results close the mechanistic gap in our understanding of extracellular IPP release from DC and provide a framework to fine-tune Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation via mevalonate and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway modulation. γδT cells are activated by phosphoantigens, and ABCA1 is involved in cholesterol transport. Here the authors link these ideas to show that ABCA1, apoA-I and BTN3A1 regulate extracellular phosphoantigen release by dendritic cells, and implicate ABCA1 in mevalonate-mediated activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Castella
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Santena 5, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sciancalepore
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Santena 5, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mandili
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Biotecnologie Molecolari (CIRBM), Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Myriam Foglietta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Santena 5, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Biotecnologie Molecolari (CIRBM), Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Santena 5, Torino 10126, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Massimo Massaia
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca in Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Santena 5, Torino 10126, Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Biotecnologie Molecolari (CIRBM), Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.,SC. Ematologia, AO S. Croce e Carle, Via Michele Coppino 26, Cuneo 12100, Italy
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23
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Battais F, Huppert C, Langonné I, Muller S, Sponne I. In vitrodetection of chemical allergens: an optimized assay using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:311-322. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Battais
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Cécile Huppert
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
| | - Isabelle Sponne
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology; National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS); 54019 Vandoeuvre cedex France
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24
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Ezendam J, Braakhuis HM, Vandebriel RJ. State of the art in non-animal approaches for skin sensitization testing: from individual test methods towards testing strategies. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2861-2883. [PMID: 27629427 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hazard assessment of skin sensitizers relies mainly on animal testing, but much progress is made in the development, validation and regulatory acceptance and implementation of non-animal predictive approaches. In this review, we provide an update on the available computational tools and animal-free test methods for the prediction of skin sensitization hazard. These individual test methods address mostly one mechanistic step of the process of skin sensitization induction. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization describes the key events (KEs) that lead to skin sensitization. In our review, we have clustered the available test methods according to the KE they inform: the molecular initiating event (MIE/KE1)-protein binding, KE2-keratinocyte activation, KE3-dendritic cell activation and KE4-T cell activation and proliferation. In recent years, most progress has been made in the development and validation of in vitro assays that address KE2 and KE3. No standardized in vitro assays for T cell activation are available; thus, KE4 cannot be measured in vitro. Three non-animal test methods, addressing either the MIE, KE2 or KE3, are accepted as OECD test guidelines, and this has accelerated the development of integrated or defined approaches for testing and assessment (e.g. testing strategies). The majority of these approaches are mechanism-based, since they combine results from multiple test methods and/or computational tools that address different KEs of the AOP to estimate skin sensitization potential and sometimes potency. Other approaches are based on statistical tools. Until now, eleven different testing strategies have been published, the majority using the same individual information sources. Our review shows that some of the defined approaches to testing and assessment are able to accurately predict skin sensitization hazard, sometimes even more accurate than the currently used animal test. A few defined approaches are developed to provide an estimate of the potency sub-category of a skin sensitizer as well, but these approaches need further independent evaluation with a new dataset of chemicals. To conclude, this update shows that the field of non-animal approaches for skin sensitization has evolved greatly in recent years and that it is possible to predict skin sensitization hazard without animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ezendam
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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25
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Andres E, Barry M, Hundt A, Dini C, Corsini E, Gibbs S, Roggen EL, Ferret PJ. Preliminary performance data of the RHE/IL-18 assay performed on SkinEthic ™ RHE for the identification of contact sensitizers. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:121-132. [PMID: 27455141 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performances of the RHE/IL-18 assay using the SkinEthic™ RHE model for the identification of contact sensitizers. METHODS A set of 18 substances and mixtures was tested on this epidermal model, following the RHE/IL-18 protocol. The final results of the assay were obtained following 5 interpretation schemes, to determine the optimal prediction model for this assay with this specific test system. The data were analysed with a special focus on the basal level of IL-18 release and on the performance obtained with respect to three different gold standards: LLNA, HRIPT and an integrated reference, constructed from all available results. RESULTS No important differences were found in the performance levels depending on the three gold standards. The performances obtained with the SkinEthic™ RHE model support that this model may be considered as an alternative to different reconstructed epidermis models (EpiDERM™ , EpiCS™ and VUMC-EE) for the performance of RHE/IL-18 assays. CONCLUSION The prediction model to be used was refined, and more substances have to be tested in order to gather enough data for this evaluation and to determine the right criteria applicable for this assay using the SkinEthic™ RHE test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andres
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - M Barry
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - A Hundt
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - C Dini
- Oroxcell, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, Romainville, 93230, France
| | - E Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - S Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, t.a.v. dienst Afspraken & Informatie, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Postbus 7822, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E L Roggen
- 3Rs Management & Consulting ApS, Asavaenget 14, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P-J Ferret
- Institut De Recherche Pierre Fabre, Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre Dermo Cosmetique, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, BP 13562, 31035, Toulouse, France
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26
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North CM, Ezendam J, Hotchkiss JA, Maier C, Aoyama K, Enoch S, Goetz A, Graham C, Kimber I, Karjalainen A, Pauluhn J, Roggen EL, Selgrade M, Tarlo SM, Chen CL. Developing a framework for assessing chemical respiratory sensitization: A workshop report. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:295-309. [PMID: 27396307 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract sensitization can have significant acute and chronic health implications. While induction of respiratory sensitization is widely recognized for some chemicals, validated standard methods or frameworks for identifying and characterizing the hazard are not available. A workshop on assessment of respiratory sensitization was held to discuss the current state of science for identification and characterization of respiratory sensitizer hazard, identify information facilitating development of validated standard methods and frameworks, and consider the regulatory and practical risk management needs. Participants agreed on a predominant Th2 immunological mechanism and several steps in respiratory sensitization. Some overlapping cellular events in respiratory and skin sensitization are well understood, but full mechanism(s) remain unavailable. Progress on non-animal approaches to skin sensitization testing, ranging from in vitro systems, -omics, in silico profiling, and structural profiling were acknowledged. Addressing both induction and elicitation phases remains challenging. Participants identified lack of a unifying dose metric as increasing the difficulty of interpreting dosimetry across exposures. A number of research needs were identified, including an agreed list of respiratory sensitizers and other asthmagens, distinguishing between adverse effects from immune-mediated versus non-immunological mechanisms. A number of themes emerged from the discussion regarding future testing strategies, particularly the need for a tiered framework respiratory sensitizer assessment. These workshop present a basis for moving towards a weight-of-evidence assessment.
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27
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Parise CB, Sá-rocha VM, Moraes JZ. Skin sensitizer identification by IL-8 secretion and CD86 expression on THP-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:318-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Abstract
This article provides a review of the critical in vitro assays utilized in transdermal drug development. In vitro assays such as percutaneous absorption testing and dissolution (drug release) testing are powerful tools for screening potential transdermal compounds and drug quality control, respectively. Several 2D single-cell cultures and 3D human skin equivalents are available for screening compounds with low irritation and sensitization potential. The role of each assay and its limitations and challenges will be further discussed below.
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29
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Kosten IJ, Spiekstra SW, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. MUTZ-3 derived Langerhans cells in human skin equivalents show differential migration and phenotypic plasticity after allergen or irritant exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:35-42. [PMID: 26028481 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
After allergen or irritant exposure, Langerhans cells (LC) undergo phenotypic changes and exit the epidermis. In this study we describe the unique ability of MUTZ-3 derived Langerhans cells (MUTZ-LC) to display similar phenotypic plasticity as their primary counterparts when incorporated into a physiologically relevant full-thickness skin equivalent model (SE-LC). We describe differences and similarities in the mechanisms regulating LC migration and plasticity upon allergen or irritant exposure. The skin equivalent consisted of a reconstructed epidermis containing primary differentiated keratinocytes and CD1a(+) MUTZ-LC on a primary fibroblast-populated dermis. Skin equivalents were exposed to a panel of allergens and irritants. Topical exposure to sub-toxic concentrations of allergens (nickel sulfate, resorcinol, cinnamaldehyde) and irritants (Triton X-100, SDS, Tween 80) resulted in LC migration out of the epidermis and into the dermis. Neutralizing antibody to CXCL12 blocked allergen-induced migration, whereas anti-CCL5 blocked irritant-induced migration. In contrast to allergen exposure, irritant exposure resulted in cells within the dermis becoming CD1a(-)/CD14(+)/CD68(+) which is characteristic of a phenotypic switch of MUTZ-LC to a macrophage-like cell in the dermis. This phenotypic switch was blocked with anti-IL-10. Mechanisms previously identified as being involved in LC activation and migration in native human skin could thus be reproduced in the in vitro constructed skin equivalent model containing functional LC. This model therefore provides a unique and relevant research tool to study human LC biology in situ under controlled in vitro conditions, and will provide a powerful tool for hazard identification, testing novel therapeutics and identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona J Kosten
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Soboleva AG, Mezentsev A, Zolotorenko A, Bruskin S, Pirusian E. Three-Dimensional Skin Models of Psoriasis. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 199:301-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000369925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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van de Velde J, Wilbers RHP, Westerhof LB, van Raaij DR, Stavrakaki I, Sonnenberg ASM, Bakker J, Schots A. Assessing the immunomodulatory potential of high-molecular-weight extracts from mushrooms; an assay based on THP-1 macrophages. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:344-350. [PMID: 24799300 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food is a potential source of immunomodulating compounds that may be used to steer immune responses towards a desired status such as reducing inflammatory disorders. However, to identify and characterize such bioactive compounds, biologically relevant and standardized assays are required. Macrophages play an important role in immunomodulation and are suited for developing cell-based assays. An assay was developed based on macrophages, in a homogeneous differentiation state, using the human monocytic cell line THP-1 previously used to assess immunomodulatory properties of low-molecular-weight allergens, hormones, dietary supplements and therapeutic drugs. RESULTS Zymosan and mushroom polysaccharide extracts lead to a heterogeneous differentiation state of THP-1 monocytes, and these cells secrete low levels of cytokines upon stimulation. Differentiation into macrophages using a low concentration of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate improved responsiveness. Elevated levels of cytokines were secreted by cells in a homogenous differentiation state. In addition, it was determined that the assay performs best when using cells at a concentration of (2.5-5) × 10(5) cells mL(-1). CONCLUSION An assay was developed suitable to distinguish the immunomodulatory properties of food compounds in a reproducible manner. It was evaluated using eight mushroom species by measuring the secretion of relevant cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van de Velde
- Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Oesch F, Fabian E, Guth K, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2135-90. [PMID: 25370008 PMCID: PMC4247477 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of the skin to medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics, and other chemicals renders information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the skin highly interesting. Since the use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations, information on XME in models comes in the focus including non-human mammalian species and in vitro skin models. This review attempts to summarize the information available in the open scientific literature on XME in the skin of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, and pig as well as human primary skin cells, human cell lines, and reconstructed human skin models. The most salient outcome is that much more research on cutaneous XME is needed for solid metabolism-dependent efficacy and safety predictions, and the cutaneous metabolism comparisons have to be viewed with caution. Keeping this fully in mind at least with respect to some cutaneous XME, some models may tentatively be considered to approximate reasonable closeness to human skin. For dermal absorption and for skin irritation among many contributing XME, esterase activity is of special importance, which in pig skin, some human cell lines, and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization, activating XME are not yet judgeable, but reactive metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the “Overview and Conclusions” section in the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Oesch-Tox Toxicological Consulting and Expert Opinions GmbH&Co.KG, Rheinblick 21, 55263, Wackernheim, Germany
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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34
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Lee S, Dong DX, Jindal R, Maguire T, Mitra B, Schloss R, Yarmush M. Predicting full thickness skin sensitization using a support vector machine. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1413-23. [PMID: 25025180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To assess the public's propensity for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), many alternatives to in vivo chemical screening have been developed which generally incorporate a small panel of cell surface and secreted dendritic cell biomarkers. However, given the underlying complexity of ACD, one cell type and limited cellular metrics may be insufficient to predict contact sensitizers accurately. To identify a molecular signature that can further characterize sensitization, we developed a novel system using RealSkin, a full thickness skin equivalent, in co-culture with MUTZ-3 derived Langerhan's cells. This system was used to distinguish a model moderate pro-hapten isoeugenol (IE) and a model strong pre-hapten p-phenylenediamine (PPD) from irritant, salicylic acid (SA). Commonly evaluated metrics such as CD86, CD54, and IL-8 secretion were assessed, in concert with a 27-cytokine multi-plex screen and a functional chemotaxis assay. Data were analyzed with feature selection methods using ANOVA, hierarchical cluster analysis, and a support vector machine to identify the best molecular signature for sensitization. A panel consisting of IL-12, IL-9, VEGF, and IFN-γ predicted sensitization with over 90% accuracy using this co-culture system analysis. Thus, a multi-metric approach that has the potential to identify a molecular signature may be more predictive of contact sensitization.
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van der Veen JW, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Ezendam J, Stierum R, Kuper FC, van Loveren H. Anchoring molecular mechanisms to the adverse outcome pathway for skin sensitization: Analysis of existing data. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:590-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.925425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Silva A, Nunes C, Martins J, Dinis TCP, Lopes C, Neves B, Cruz T. Respiratory sensitizer hexamethylene diisocyanate inhibits SOD 1 and induces ERK-dependent detoxifying and maturation pathways in dendritic-like cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:238-46. [PMID: 24742817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory allergy to low-molecular-weight chemicals is a current concern in the context of occupational health, and a certified method to identify respiratory allergens is still under investigation. The aim of this work was to unveil some of the poorly understood initial molecular events and toxicity pathways underlying respiratory sensitization, which might be crucial to disclosing the key building blocks of new testing strategies and may contribute to the development of a valid in vitro method for the identification of respiratory allergens. Immortalized human dendritic cell (DC)-like THP-1 cells were exposed to the respiratory allergen hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) for 6h, and the activation of several signaling pathways was analyzed. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alterations, superoxide anion (O2(-)) production, and gene expression modulation in HDI-treated cells were also evaluated. According to our results, HDI induces O2(-) increase (P < 0.001) through enzymatic inhibition of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase 1 (P < 0.05), which might reduce MMP, further leading to mitochondrial O2(-) production. Increased O2(-) levels promote ERK phosphorylation (approx sixfold compared to control; P < 0.001) and downstream transcriptional increase of several genes: HMOX1 (P < 0.05), involved in the protection of chemical reactive species; MDR1 (P < 0.01), responsible for the efflux of xenobiotics in the cell; and CD83 (P < 0.05), a DC maturation marker. These results raise new perspectives on the action of respiratory allergens in DCs and point out key molecular events that are crucial for the development of the so-called adverse outcome pathways, particularly regarding O2(-) increase through enzymatic inhibition, and important for ERK activation. Furthermore, our results highlight the role of ERK signaling, but not p38 MAPK, in the activation of vital mechanisms in cells exposed to a respiratory allergen, such as cell detoxification, migration, and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Nunes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa C P Dinis
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Corsini E, Papale A, Galbiati V, Roggen E. Safety Evaluation of Cosmetic Ingredients: In Vitro Opportunities for the Identification of Contact Allergens. Cosmetics 2014; 1:61-74. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics1010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Boverhof DR, Ladics G, Luebke B, Botham J, Corsini E, Evans E, Germolec D, Holsapple M, Loveless SE, Lu H, van der Laan JW, White KL, Yang Y. Approaches and considerations for the assessment of immunotoxicity for environmental chemicals: A workshop summary. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Peiser M, Hitzler M, Luch A. On the role of co-inhibitory molecules in dendritic cell: T helper cell coculture assays aimed to detect chemical-induced contact allergy. Exp Suppl 2014; 104:115-35. [PMID: 24214622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0726-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in sensitization and elicitation of type IV allergic reactions. While T helper cells sustain and maintain the differentiation of further effector cells, regulatory T cells are involved in control of cytokine release and proliferation, and T killer cells execute cellular lysis, thereby leading to certain levels of tissue damage. According to their central role, the widely applied and OECD-supported test method for the assessment of the sensitization potential of a chemical, i.e., the local lymph node assay (LLNA), relies on the detection of the immune-responsive proliferation of lymphocytes. However, most sensitization assays recently developed take advantage of the initiators of sensitization, dendritic cells (DCs) or DC-like cell lines. Here, we focus on inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of DCs and their corresponding receptors on T cells. We summarize insight into the function of CTLA-4, the ligands of inducible co-stimulators (ICOSs), and on the inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD). The targeting of immune cell surface receptors by inhibitory molecules holds some promise with regard to the development of T cell-based sensitization assays. Firstly, a broader and more sensitive dynamic range of detection could be achieved by blocking inhibitors or by removing inhibiting regulatory T cells from the assays. Secondly, the actual expression levels of inhibitory molecules could be also a valuable indicator for the process of sensitization. Finally, inhibitory molecules in coculture test systems are supposed to have a major influence on DCs by reverse signaling, thereby affecting their differentiation and maturation status in a feedback loop. In conclusion, inhibitory ligands of DC surface receptors and/or their cognate receptors on T cells could serve as useful tools in cell-based assays, directly influencing toxicological endpoints such as sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Peiser
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany,
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40
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41
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Gibbs S, Corsini E, Spiekstra SW, Galbiati V, Fuchs HW, Degeorge G, Troese M, Hayden P, Deng W, Roggen E. An epidermal equivalent assay for identification and ranking potency of contact sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:529-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Fabian E, Vogel D, Blatz V, Ramirez T, Kolle S, Eltze T, van Ravenzwaay B, Oesch F, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in cells used for testing skin sensitization in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1683-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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Neves BM, Rosa SC, Martins JD, Silva A, Gonçalo M, Lopes MC, Cruz MT. Development of an in Vitro Dendritic Cell-Based Test for Skin Sensitizer Identification. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:368-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300472d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass
Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Carvalho Rosa
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Demétrio Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Faculty
of Medicine, Dermatology
Unit, University Hospital of Coimbra, 3000-075
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548
Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and
Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517
Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548
Coimbra, Portugal
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Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Kazutoshi S, Sakaguchi H, Nishiyama N. Data integration of non-animal tests for the development of a test battery to predict the skin sensitizing potential and potency of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:609-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Takenouchi O, Miyazawa M, Saito K, Ashikaga T, Sakaguchi H. Predictive performance of the human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) for lipophilic chemicals with high octanol-water partition coefficients. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:599-609. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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46
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Katayama S, Kukita T, Ishikawa E, Nakashima S, Masuda S, Kanda T, Akiyama H, Teshima R, Nakamura S. Apple polyphenols suppress antigen presentation of ovalbumin by THP-1-derived dendritic cells. Food Chem 2012; 138:757-61. [PMID: 23411172 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Apple polyphenol extract (AP) and procyanidin contained in AP were investigated for their immunomodulatory effects using THP-1-derived human dendritic cells (TDDCs). The expression levels of HLA-DR (MHC class II) and CD86 (costimulatory molecule) were measured as an indicator of antigen presentation in TDDCs. A significant decrease in HLA-DR expression was observed in the AP and fractionated procyanidin-treated cells in the presence of ovalbumin (OVA), but no effect on CD86 expression was observed. The uptake of OVA was not inhibited by AP treatment, and the gene expression of membrane-associated RING-CH ubiquitin E3 ligase, MARCH1, was up-regulated by AP treatment. It can therefore be presumed that AP suppresses HLA-DR expression via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, the up-regulation of IL-12 and TNF-α was found in the procyanidin trimers-treated cells in the presence of OVA. These results suggest that apple polyphenols would be an effective factor for the development of immunomodulatory agents with suppressive effects of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Katayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowamura, Ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Nukada Y, Ashikaga T, Miyazawa M, Hirota M, Sakaguchi H, Sasa H, Nishiyama N. Prediction of skin sensitization potency of chemicals by human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) and an attempt at classifying skin sensitization potency. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Enoch SJ, Schultz TW, Cronin MTD. The definition of the applicability domain relevant to skin sensitization for the aromatic nucleophilic substitution mechanism. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2012; 23:649-663. [PMID: 22647056 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2012.679691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study outlines how a glutathione reactivity assay (so-called in chemico data) can be used to define the applicability domain for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S(N)Ar) reaction for benzenes. This reaction is one of the six mechanistic domains that have been shown to be important in toxicological endpoints in which the ability to bind covalently to a protein is a key molecular initiating event. This study has analysed the experimental data, allowing a clear and interpretable structure-activity relationship to be developed for the S(N)Ar domain. The applicability domain has resulted in a series of structural alerts. The definition of the applicability domain for the S(N)Ar reaction and the resulting structural alerts are likely to be beneficial in the development of computational tools for category formation and read-across. The study concludes with how this information can be used in the development of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
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49
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Bauch C, Kolle SN, Ramirez T, Eltze T, Fabian E, Mehling A, Teubner W, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Putting the parts together: Combining in vitro methods to test for skin sensitizing potentials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:489-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Mehling A, Eriksson T, Eltze T, Kolle S, Ramirez T, Teubner W, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Non-animal test methods for predicting skin sensitization potentials. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1273-95. [PMID: 22707154 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergies are complex diseases, and it is estimated that 15-20 % of the general population suffers from contact allergy, with increasing prevalence. Evaluation of the sensitization potential of a substance is usually carried out in animal models. Nowadays, there is much interest in reducing and ultimately replacing current animal tests. Furthermore, as of 2013, the EU has posed a ban on animal testing of cosmetic ingredients that includes skin sensitization. Therefore, predictive and robust in vitro tests are urgently needed. In order to establish alternatives to animal testing, the in vitro tests must mimic the very complex interactions between the sensitizing chemical and the different parts of the immune system. This review article summarizes recent efforts to develop in vitro tests for predicting skin sensitizers. Cell-based assays, in chemico methods and, to a lesser extent, in silico methods are presented together with a discussion of their current status. With considerable progress having been achieved during the last years, the rationale today is that data from different non-animal test methods will have to be combined in order to obtain reliable hazard and potency information on potential skin sensitizers.
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