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Khan F, Maharaj M, Govender N, Thandar Y. Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Qualitative Inquiry among Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practitioners in South Africa. HOMEOPATHY 2024. [PMID: 38636545 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive endocrinopathy affecting 4-20% of females of reproductive age. PCOS and its consequent complications such as infertility, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease significantly impact clinical management. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including homeopathy, is gaining recognition in PCOS management. There remains a paucity of formal protocols for managing PCOS within homeopathy and other CAM systems. AIMS/OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore and document existing therapeutic practices in the management of PCOS from diagnosis to treatment used by practitioners within various disciplines of CAM: viz., homeopathy, ayurveda, unani tibb, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and naturopathy, in the context of their unique philosophical background. METHODS In this explorative, descriptive study, data were collected from CAM practitioners in eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, using semi-structured interviews and analysed using Tesch's and Creswell's methods for qualitative analysis. RESULTS Four themes emerged from the data, namely: CAM philosophical perspectives on PCOS, contributing factors, diagnosis of PCOS, and management of PCOS. Five sub-themes emerged: clinical diagnosis of PCOS, CAM-specific characterisation of PCOS, CAM-specific treatment of PCOS, adjunctive therapies, and lifestyle interventions. Homeopathic management comprised several prescribing methods, the most common ones being miasmatic/constitutional, keynote and clinical, alongside adjunctive therapies and lifestyle interventions. Other CAM modalities adopted similar holistic approaches. CONCLUSIONS This paper offers a comprehensive exploration of the perceptions, clinical investigations and management practices in PCOS by homeopaths and four other CAM modalities - ayurveda, unani tibb, TCM and naturopathy - as documented in the study. Homeopaths and other CAM practitioners employed CAM-specific therapies, along with adjunctive therapies and lifestyle interventions, adopting holistic approaches. Enhancing the quality of life through emotional counselling, stress reduction and lifestyle improvements emerged as shared objectives across modalities. Our findings underscore the need to further explore inter-disciplinary collaboration in PCOS management among registered CAM practitioners, with the potential to expand the scope of comprehensive care for PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faathimah Khan
- Department of Homeopathy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Madhueshwaree Maharaj
- Department of Homeopathy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nalini Govender
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yasmeen Thandar
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Su HY, Lai CS, Lee KH, Chiang YW, Chen CC, Hsu PC. Prenatal exposure to low-dose di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) induces potentially hepatic lipid accumulation and fibrotic changes in rat offspring. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 269:115776. [PMID: 38056127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer that is widely used to enhance the flexibility and durability of various products. As an endocrine disruptor, DEHP can interfere with normal hormonal functions, posing substantial health risks to organisms. Given the critical role of the liver in DEHP metabolism, we investigated potential liver damage in offspring induced by prenatal exposure to low doses of DEHP in Sprague Dawley rats. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups and administered 20 or 200 μg/kg/day of DEHP or corn oil vehicle control via oral gavage from gestation days 0-20. Male rat offspring were euthanized on postnatal day 84, and blood and liver specimens were collected for analysis. We observed fibrotic changes in the livers of the exposed groups, accompanied by the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells and upregulated expression of TGF-B and collagen 1A1. Additionally, an inflammatory response, characterized by increased macrophage infiltration and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, was evident. Third, hepatic and serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol were notably increased, along with upregulated expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, particularly in the low-dose group. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to DEHP can disrupt lipid metabolism, resulting in hepatic lipid accumulation in the offspring. This exposure may also induce an inflammatory response that contributes to the development of liver fibrosis. Thus, even at relatively low doses, such exposure can precipitate latent liver damage in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yuan Su
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Lai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsin Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chi Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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Qian T, Bao J, Liu X, Oudeng G, Ye W. A "turn-on" fluorescence resonance energy transfer aptasensor based on carbon dots and gold nanoparticles for 17β-estradiol detection in sea salt. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27772-27781. [PMID: 37731834 PMCID: PMC10507534 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol is abused in the food industry. Excess 17β-estradiol can disturb the endocrine system or cause many diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiac-cerebral vascular disease, and cancers in the human body. A "turn-on" fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) aptasensor based on carbon dots (CDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed for the detection of 17β-estradiol. A thiol-modified oligonucleotide was conjugated to AuNPs and amino modified oligonucleotide was linked to CDs. The 17β-estradiol aptamer was hybridized with the two oligonucleotides, shortening the distance between CDs and AuNPs. With 360 nm UV light excitation, FRET occurred between CDs and AuNPs. The system was "turn-off". When 17β-estradiol was detected, the aptamer specifically bound to 17β-estradiol, and the FRET system was destroyed, leading to the "turn-on" phenomenon. The fluorescence intensity recovery was detected in the concentration range of 400 pM to 5.5 μM. The limit of detection (LOD) was 245 pM. The FRET aptasensor demonstrated good selectivity for 17β-estradiol detection. Reasonable spiked recoveries were obtained in sea salt samples. It showed the potential for estrogen detection in food safety and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianrun Qian
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Bao
- The Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Gerile Oudeng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital Shenzhen 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Ye
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- Ninghai ZJUT Academy of Science and Technology Ningbo 315615 People's Republic of China
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Besaratinia A. The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097951. [PMID: 37175656 PMCID: PMC10178030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, and food-packaging materials, and as a building block for countless goods of common use. BPA can be released into the environment and enter the human body at any stage during its production, or in the process of manufacture, use, or disposal of materials made from this chemical. While the general population is predominantly exposed to BPA through contaminated food and drinking water, non-dietary exposures through the respiratory system, integumentary system, and vertical transmission, as well as other routes of exposure, also exist. BPA is often classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical as it can act as a xenoestrogen. Exposure to BPA has been associated with developmental, reproductive, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, or immune effects, as well as oncogenic effects. BPA can disrupt the synthesis or clearance of hormones by binding and interfering with biological receptors. BPA can also interact with key transcription factors to modulate regulation of gene expression. Over the past 17 years, an epigenetic mechanism of action for BPA has emerged. This article summarizes the current state of research on the epigenetic effects of BPA by analyzing the findings from various studies in model systems and human populations. It evaluates the weight of evidence on the ability of BPA to alter the epigenome, while also discussing the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Erthal RP, Siervo GEML, Frigoli GF, Zaninelli TH, Verri WA, Fernandes GSA. Malathion exposure during juvenile and peripubertal periods downregulate androgen receptor and 17-ß-HSD testicular gene expression and compromised sperm quality in rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:286-93. [PMID: 36336997 DOI: 10.1017/S2040174422000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malathion is an insecticide that is used to control arboviruses and agricultural pests. Adolescents that are exposed to this insecticide are the most vulnerable as they are in the critical period of postnatal sexual development. This study aimed to evaluate whether malathion damage can affect sperm function and its respective mechanisms when adolescents are exposed during postnatal sexual development. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (PND 25) were divided into three experimental groups and treated daily for 40 d: control group (saline 0.9%), 10 mg/kg (M10 group), or 50 mg/kg (M50 group) of malathion. At PND 65, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized. Testicles were collected for the evaluation of gene expression. Sperm cells from the epididymis were used for evaluation of the oxidative profile or spermatic function. Data showed that a lower dose of malathion downregulated the gene expression of androgen receptors and testosterone converter enzyme 17-β-HSD in the testis. The acrosomal integrity of sperm cells was compromised in the M50 group, but not the M10 group. The mitochondrial activity was not impaired by exposure. Finally, although no alterations in malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were observed, malathion, at both doses, increased antioxidant enzyme catalase activity and, at a higher dose, superoxide dismutase activity. The present study showed that low doses of malathion considered to be inoffensive are capable of impairing sperm quality and function through the downregulation of testicular genic expression of AR enzyme 17-β-HSD and can damage the spermatic antioxidant profile during critical periods of development.
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Egalini F, Marinelli L, Rossi M, Motta G, Prencipe N, Rossetto Giaccherino R, Pagano L, Grottoli S, Giordano R. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands. Endocrine 2022; 78:395-405. [PMID: 35604630 PMCID: PMC9637063 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, scientific research has increasingly focused on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and demonstrated their relevant role in the functional impairment of endocrine glands. This induced regulatory authorities to ban some of these compounds and to carefully investigate others in order to prevent EDCs-related conditions. As a result, we witnessed a growing awareness and interest on this topic. AIMS This paper aims to summarize current evidence regarding the detrimental effects of EDCs on pivotal endocrine glands like pituitary, thyroid and adrenal ones. Particularly, we directed our attention on the known and the hypothesized mechanisms of endocrine dysfunction brought by EDCs. We also gave a glimpse on recent findings from pioneering studies that could in the future shed a light on the pathophysiology of well-known, but poorly understood, endocrine diseases like hormone-producing adenomas. CONCLUSIONS Although intriguing, studies on endocrine dysfunctions brought by EDCs are challenging, in particular when investigating long-term effects of EDCs on humans. However, undoubtedly, it represents a new intriguing field of science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Egalini
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Marinelli
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Rossi
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Motta
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Nunzia Prencipe
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Ruth Rossetto Giaccherino
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Loredana Pagano
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Grottoli
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordano
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Department of Biological and Clinical Science, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano (TO), Italy
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Antony S, Antony S, Rebello S, George S, Biju DT, R R, Madhavan A, Binod P, Pandey A, Sindhu R, Awasthi MK. Bioremediation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals- Advancements and Challenges. Environ Res 2022; 213:113509. [PMID: 35660566 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), major group of recalcitrant compounds, poses a serious threat to the health and future of millions of human beings, and other flora and fauna for years to come. A close analysis of various xenobiotics undermines the fact that EDC is structurally diverse chemical compounds generated as a part of anthropogenic advancements as well as part of their degradation. Regardless of such structural diversity, EDC is common in their ultimate drastic effect of impeding the proper functioning of the endocrinal system, basic physiologic systems, resulting in deregulated growth, malformations, and cancerous outcomes in animals as well as humans. The current review outlines an overview of various EDCs, their toxic effects on the ecosystem and its inhabitants. Conventional remediation methods such as physico-chemical methods and enzymatic approaches have been put into action as some form of mitigation measures. However, the last decade has seen the hunt for newer technologies and methodologies at an accelerated pace. Genetically engineered microbial degradation, gene editing strategies, metabolic and protein engineering, and in-silico predictive approaches - modern day's additions to our armamentarium in combating the EDCs are addressed. These additions have greater acceptance socially with lesser dissonance owing to reduced toxic by-products, lower health trepidations, better degradation, and ultimately the prevention of bioaccumulation. The positive impact of such new approaches on controlling the menace of EDCs has been outlaid. This review will shed light on sources of EDCs, their impact, significance, and the different remediation and bioremediation approaches, with a special emphasis on the recent trends and perspectives in using sustainable approaches for bioremediation of EDCs. Strict regulations to prevent the release of estrogenic chemicals to the ecosystem, adoption of combinatorial methods to remove EDC and prevalent use of bioremediation techniques should be followed in all future endeavors to combat EDC pollution. Moreover, the proper development, growth and functioning of future living forms relies on their non-exposure to EDCs, thus remediation of such chemicals present even in nano-concentrations should be addressed gravely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Antony
- Department of Microbiology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Sham Antony
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thriuvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Sharrel Rebello
- School of Food Science & Technology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Sandhra George
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thriuvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Devika T Biju
- Pushpagiri Research Centre, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thriuvalla, 689 101, Kerala, India
| | - Reshmy R
- Department of Science and Humanities, Providence College of Engineering, Chengannur, 689 122, Kerala, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum, 695 014, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691 505, Kerala, India.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
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Madore MP, Sakaki JR, Chun OK. Protective effects of polyphenols against endocrine disrupting chemicals. Food Sci Biotechnol. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Neri I, Laneri S, Di Lorenzo R, Dini I, Russo G, Grumetto L. Parabens Permeation through Biological Membranes: A Comparative Study Using Franz Cell Diffusion System and Biomimetic Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 35807508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parabens (PBs) are used as preservatives to extend the shelf life of various foodstuffs, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. In this work, the membrane barrier passage potential of a subset of seven parabens, i.e., methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and benzyl paraben, along with their parent compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, were studied. Thus, the Franz cell diffusion (FDC) method, biomimetic liquid chromatography (BLC), and in silico prediction were performed to evaluate the soundness of both describing their permeation through the skin. While BLC allowed the achievement of a full scale of affinity for membrane phospholipids of the PBs under research, the permeation of parabens through Franz diffusion cells having a carbon chain > ethyl could not be measured in a fully aqueous medium, i.e., permeation enhancer-free conditions. Our results support that BLC and in silico prediction alone can occasionally be misleading in the permeability potential assessment of these preservatives, emphasizing the need for a multi-technique and integrated experimental approach.
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Yang L, Jiang L, Sun X, Li J, Wang N, Liu X, Yao X, Zhang C, Deng H, Wang S, Yang G. DEHP induces ferroptosis in testes via p38α-lipid ROS circulation and destroys the BTB integrity. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113046. [PMID: 35447293 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been associated with toxic effects of the reproductive system. However, the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study we explored the testicular toxicity induced by DEHP, and the probable molecular mechanism in the process. In vivo, the results demonstrated that DEHP affected testosterone levels and blood-testosterone barrier (BTB) integrity and caused ferroptosis. We further demonstrated that DEHP up-regulated the expression of p38α, p-p38α, p53, p-p53, SAT1, ALOX15. This view has also been confirmed in TM4 cells. After pre-treatment with fer-1 or si-MAPK14, the expression of either p53, p-p53, SAT1 and ALOX15 up-regulated by MEHP was inhibited in vitro. Interestingly, p38α can prevent the accumulation of lipid ROS, and the production of lipid ROS in turn promoted the expression of p38α, thus forming a feedback loop during the ferroptosis. In this process, a vicious cycle consisting of p38α, p53, SAT1, ALOX15, lipid ROS was involved. This study provides new mechanistic insights into DEHP-induced toxicity of the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lushun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lushun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lushun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Liaoning Anti-degenerative Diseases Natural Products Engineering Technology Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lushun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Haoyuan Deng
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lushun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Dalian Medical University, No. 9W. Lushun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Xie P, Liu Z, Huang S, Chen J, Yan Y, Li N, Zhang M, Jin M, Shui L. A sensitive electrochemical sensor based on wrinkled mesoporous carbon nanomaterials for rapid and reliable assay of 17β-estradiol. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Jain R, Jain A, Jain S, Thakur SS, Jain SK. Linking bisphenol potential with deleterious effect on immune system: a review. Nucleus 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-022-00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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13
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Wuri L, Arosh JA, Wu JZ, Banu SK. Exposure to hexavalent chromium causes infertility by disrupting cytoskeletal machinery and mitochondrial function of the metaphase II oocytes in superovulated rats. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:219-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sheikh IA, Beg MA. Structural binding perspectives of common plasticizers and a flame retardant, BDE-153, against thyroxine-binding globulin: potential for endocrine disruption. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:841-851. [PMID: 34725837 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The human exposure to diverse endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has increased dramatically over several decades with very adverse health effects. Plasticizers and flame retardants constitute important classes of EDCs interfering in endocrine physiology including the thyroid function. Thyroxine (T4) is an important hormone regulating metabolism and playing key roles in developmental processes. In this study, six phthalate and nonphthalate plasticizers and one flame retardant (BDE-153) were subjected to structural binding against thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). The aim was to understand their potential role in thyroid dysfunction using structural binding approach. The structural study was performed using Schrodinger's induced fit docking, followed by binding energy estimations of ligands and the molecular interaction analysis between the ligands and the amino acid residues in the TBG ligand-binding pocket. The results indicated that all the compounds packed tightly into the TBG ligand-binding pocket with similar binding pattern to that of TBG native ligand, T4. A high majority of TBG interacting amino acid residues for ligands showed commonality with native ligand, T4. The estimated binding energy values were highest for BDE-153 followed by nonphthalate plasticizer, DINCH, with values comparable with native ligand, T4. The estimated binding energy values of other plasticizers DEHP, DEHT, DEHA, ATBC, and TOTM were less than DINCH. In conclusion, the tight docking conformations, amino acid interactions, and binding energy values of the most of the indicated ligands were comparable with TBG native ligand, T4, suggesting their potential for thyroid dysfunction. The results revealed highest potential thyroid disruptive action for BDE-153 and DINCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Amin Beg
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Budde D, Jurkiewicz E. Risk analysis of leachables in cell and gene therapy using a CAR-T model process. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121015. [PMID: 34411651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly emerging field of autologous therapies, Single-Use (SU) technologies are increasingly used in personalized medicine due to their manifold advantages. Although qualification of the starting material of autologous therapies such as the CAR-T process has been highlighted, little attention has been paid to the effect of leachables on cell-based therapies, even if recent studies indicate interactions of leachables with cells. To close this gap, this study presents a risk-analysis of SU-material on a CAR-T process and identifies hazards imposed by tubing materials and leachables thereof. In order to represent a CAR-T process in its entirety, two test systems, namely a lentivirus production process and primary T-cells, were used. While the effects on lentivirus production are comparable to those reported for antibody production processes in CHO cells, we found that PVC material and corresponding leachables, i.e. plasticizer, inhibit cell growth of primary T-cells to a great extent. Additionally, our results indicate that critical quality attributes are affected by the PVC material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Budde
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August Spindler-Str. 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany; Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Elke Jurkiewicz
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, August Spindler-Str. 11, 37079 Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Vandenberg LN. Toxicity testing and endocrine disrupting chemicals. Adv Pharmacol 2021; 92:35-71. [PMID: 34452691 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory agencies around the world depend on standardized testing approaches to evaluate environmental chemicals for endocrine disrupting properties. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a two-tiered testing approach within its Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). The eleven Tier 1 and three Tier 2 EDSP assays can be used to identify chemicals that act as agonists or antagonists of estrogen receptor, androgen receptor, or thyroid hormone receptor, or chemicals that interfere with steroidogenesis. Additional assays have been developed in the context of Tox21, and others have been validated by the OECD. In spite of the availability of validated toxicity tests, problems have been identified with the approaches and methods used to identify endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This chapter will provide an overview of several of these issues including: (1) The way an EDC is defined by an agency impacts whether a specific test can be used to determine if a chemical is an EDC. This is especially important when considering which assays examine outcomes that are considered "adverse effects." (2) Some assumptions about the validated studies used to identify EDCs may not be true (e.g., their reproducibility has been questioned). (3) Many of the validated assays are less sensitive than other methods that have not yet been validated. Ultimately, these and other problems contribute to the current landscape, where testing approaches have failed to protect the public from known EDCs. The chapter concludes with a review of approaches that have been taken to improve current guideline studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.
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17
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Yirun A, Ozkemahli G, Balci A, Erkekoglu P, Zeybek ND, Yersal N, Kocer-Gumusel B. Neuroendocrine disruption by bisphenol A and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate after prenatal, early postnatal and lactational exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:26961-26974. [PMID: 33496947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) are abundant endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In recent years, studies showed that EDCs may lead to neurodevelopmental diseases. The effects of prenatal exposure to these chemicals may have serious consequences. Moreover, exposure to EDCs as a mixture may have different effects than individual exposures. The present study aimed to determine the toxicity of BPA and/or DEHP on central nervous system (CNS) and neuroendocrine system in prenatal and lactational period in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (received vehicle); BPA group (received BPA at 50 mg/kg/day); DEHP group (received DEHP at 30 mg/kg/day); and combined exposure group (received both BPA at 50 mg/kg/day and DEHP at 30 mg/kg/day) during pregnancy and lactation by oral gavage. At the end of lactation, male offspring (n = 6) were randomly grouped. The alterations in the brain histopathology, neurotransmitter levels and enzyme activities in the cerebrum region, oxidative stress markers, and apoptotic effects in the hippocampus region were determined at adulthood. The results showed that exposure to EDCs at early stages of life caused significant changes in lipid peroxidation, total GSH and neurotransmitter levels, and activities of neurotransmitter-related enzymes. Moreover, BPA and/or DEHP led to apoptosis and histopathologic alterations in the hippocampus. Therefore, we can suggest that changes in oxidant/antioxidant status, as well as in neurotransmitters and related enzymes, can be considered as the underlying neurotoxicity mechanisms of BPA and DEHP. However, more mechanistic studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Yirun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gizem Ozkemahli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Aylin Balci
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Naciye Dilara Zeybek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Yersal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Kocer-Gumusel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey.
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18
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Abstract
Introduction: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that alter the actions of hormones. In the 21st Century, numerous expert groups of clinicians, scientists, and environmental activists have called for action to protect present and future generations from the harm induced by EDC exposures. These demands for regulatory responses come because of the strong weight of the evidence from epidemiology, wildlife, and controlled laboratory studies.Areas covered: In this review, we examine the conclusions drawn by experts from different scientific and medical disciplines. We also address several areas where recent findings or work has changed the landscape of EDC work including new approaches to identify and evaluate the evidence for EDCs using a key characteristics approach, the need to expand our understanding of vulnerable periods of development, and the increasing concern that traditional methods used to evaluate toxicity of environmental chemicals are insufficient for EDCs and how collaborative science could help to address these gaps.Expert opinion: The science is clear: there is more than enough evidence to demonstrate that EDCs affect the health of humans and wildlife. Waiting to act is a decision that puts the health of current and future generations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
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19
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Bae JS, Lee JD, Song SW, Shin HC, Choi YK, Shin CY, Lee BM, Kim KB. Thirteen-week subcutaneous repeated dose toxicity study of butylparaben and its toxicokinetics in rats. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2037-2050. [PMID: 33844042 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used preservatives in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products and are approved as food additives. These chemicals have been considered safe for many years. However, the literature classifies parabens as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and an assessment of their influence on the endocrine system and systemic toxicity is important. This study explored long-term systemic toxicity, effects on the endocrine system, and toxicokinetic behavior after repeated subcutaneous administration of butylparaben to Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with vehicle (4% Tween 80) or butylparaben at dose levels of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. Assessment of systemic toxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects was based on mortality; clinical signs; body weight; food and water consumption; ophthalmological findings; urinalysis; hematology and clinical biochemistry; organ weights; necropsy and histopathological findings; regularity and length of the estrous cycle; semen quality; and toxicokinetic behavior. Female uterine weight and estrous cycle, and male semen quality indicated no estrogenic effects. Butylparaben induced local irritation at the injection site in both sexes at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, but systemic toxicity was not observed. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of butylparaben is set at 50 mg/kg/day in rats of both sexes. Butylparaben was without endocrine system effects at this dose. Butylparaben displays dose-dependent systemic exposure up to the maximum dose of 50 mg/kg/day and repeated administration of butylparaben for 13 weeks shows no bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17162, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Choi
- Cosmetics Research Team, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Changan-Ku, Gyeonggi-Do, Suwon, 16418, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Budde D, Albano GL, Noll T, Jurkiewicz E. Interaction of leachable model compounds and their impact on Chinese hamster ovary cell cultivation. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3150. [PMID: 33773066 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of leachables in biopharmaceutical processes using single-use technologies (SUT) is well known. For the detection and quantification of the latter, extractable studies of SUT are very common nowadays. Although a mixture of compounds is regularly found in extractable studies, research has only been carried out regarding the effect of individual compounds on cell culture and the cumulative effect of a mix of leachables has not been investigated yet. In this study, a set of leachable model compounds (LMCs) was chosen and the effect of the LMCs on a Chinese hamster ovary DG44 cell line producing an IgG antibody was investigated concerning cell growth, cell cycle distribution and productivity. It was shown that even if worst-case concentrations were used, the LMCs solely impact cell growth. Additionally, interaction studies revealed that the inhibiting effect of the mix is lower than the expected cumulative effect. A strong antagonism between the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene and the plasticizer Tris(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate was found using an isobologram analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Budde
- Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Goettingen, Germany.,Universität Bielefeld, Technische Fakultät, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Noll
- Universität Bielefeld, Technische Fakultät, Bielefeld, Germany
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21
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Mokra K. Endocrine Disruptor Potential of Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)-A Synthesis of Current Knowledge with Proposal of Molecular Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2148. [PMID: 33670069 PMCID: PMC7926449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are a group of chemical compounds that, even in low concentrations, cause a hormonal imbalance in the body, contributing to the development of various harmful health disorders. Many industry compounds, due to their important commercial value and numerous applications, are produced on a global scale, while the mechanism of their endocrine action has not been fully understood. In recent years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gained the interest of major international health organizations, and thus more and more studies have been aimed to explain the toxicity of these compounds. PFASs were firstly synthesized in the 1950s and broadly used in the industry in the production of firefighting agents, cosmetics and herbicides. The numerous industrial applications of PFASs, combined with the exceptionally long half-life of these substances in the human body and extreme environmental persistence, result in a common and chronic exposure of the general population to their action. Available data have suggested that human exposure to PFASs can occur during different stages of development and may cause short- or/and long-term health effects. This paper synthetizes the current literature reports on the presence, bioaccumulation and, particularly, endocrine toxicity of selected long- and short-chain PFASs, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms underlying their endocrine actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mokra
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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22
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Liu Y, Li Y, Dong S, Han L, Guo R, Fu Y, Zhang S, Chen J. The risk and impact of organophosphate esters on the development of female-specific cancers: Comparative analysis of patients with benign and malignant tumors. J Hazard Mater 2021; 404:124020. [PMID: 33049558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has become a concern for public health. As endocrine disruptors, organophosphate esters (OPEs) causes many diseases via human exposure. However, there is limited research on the risk of OPE exposure to female-specific cancers. Blood measurements are biomarkers for chemical exposures by their definition. Thus, in the present study, 11 OPEs were analyzed in the plasma of patients with 4 female-specific tumors. 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) was detected at the highest levels in all groups. The Spearman correlation test results showed significantly positive correlations between some OPEs in each group, which indicated that those OPEs had similar sources and/or behaved similarly in the patients of each group. However, compared with different patient groups, obvious differences in the correlation results were noted, implying the differences in the metabolism of OPEs between different groups. The results of the correlation analysis showed that EHDPP concentration was associated with the risk of breast cancer (p < 0.05), while tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris (methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and EHDPP concentrations were associated with the risk of cervical cancer (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). These findings indicated that OPEs were associated with the risk of breast and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Blood Transfusion Department, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shanshan Dong
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Yourong Fu
- Blood Transfusion Department, Wuhan University Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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23
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Vandenberg LN, Bugos J. Assessing the Public Health Implications of the Food Preservative Propylparaben: Has This Chemical Been Safely Used for Decades. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:54-70. [PMID: 33415721 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parabens are chemicals containing alkyl-esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, which give them antimicrobial, antifungal, and preservative properties. Propylparaben (PP) is one paraben that has been widely used in personal care products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. In this review, we address the ongoing controversy over the safety of parabens, and PP specifically. These chemicals have received significant public attention after studies published almost 20 years ago suggested plausible associations between PP exposures and breast cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Here, we use key characteristics, a systematic approach to evaluate the endocrine disrupting properties of PP based on features of "known" endocrine disruptors, and consider whether its classification as a "weak" estrogen should alleviate public health concerns over human exposures. We also review the available evidence from rodent and human studies to illustrate how the large data gaps that exist in hazard assessments raise concerns about current evaluations by regulatory agencies that PP use is safe. Finally, we address the circular logic that is used to suggest that because PP has been used for several decades, it must be safe. We conclude that inadequate evidence has been provided for the safe use of PP in food, cosmetics, and consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171C Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Jennifer Bugos
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 171C Goessmann, 686 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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24
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Ratajczak-Wrona W, Garley M, Rusak M, Nowak K, Czerniecki J, Wolosewicz K, Dabrowska M, Wolczynski S, Radziwon P, Jablonska E. Sex-dependent dysregulation of human neutrophil responses by bisphenol A. Environ Health 2021; 20:5. [PMID: 33413436 PMCID: PMC7791670 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we aimed to investigate selected functions of human neutrophils exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) under in vitro conditions. As BPA is classified among xenoestrogens, we compared its action and effects with those of 17β-estradiol (E2). METHODS Chemotaxis of neutrophils was examined using the Boyden chamber. Their phagocytosis and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase activity were assessed via Park's method with latex beads and Park's test with nitroblue tetrazolium. To assess the total concentration of nitric oxide (NO), the Griess reaction was utilized. Flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was analyzed using a microscope (IN Cell Analyzer 2200 system). Expression of the investigated proteins was determined using Western blot. RESULTS The analysis of results obtained for both sexes demonstrated that after exposure to BPA, the chemotactic capacity of neutrophils was reduced. In the presence of BPA, the phagocytic activity was found to be elevated in the cells obtained from women and reduced in the cells from men. Following exposure to BPA, the percentage of neutrophils with CD14 and CD284 (TLR4) expression, as well as the percentage of cells forming NETs, was increased in the cells from both sexes. The stimulatory role of BPA and E2 in the activation of NADPH oxidase was observed only in female cells. On the other hand, no influence of E2 on the expression of CD14 and CD284, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and the amount of NET-positive neutrophils was found for both sexes. The study further showed that BPA intensified NO production and iNOS expression in the cells of both sexes. In addition, intensified expression of all tested PI3K-Akt pathway proteins was observed in male neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the influence of BPA on neutrophil functions associated with locomotion and pathogen elimination, which in turn may disturb the immune response of these cells in both women and men. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the effect of this xenoestrogen on the human neutrophils was more pronounced than E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Ratajczak-Wrona
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marzena Garley
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Rusak
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Czerniecki
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wolosewicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milena Dabrowska
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej - Curie 23, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Jablonska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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25
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Marques GL, Rocha LR, Prete MC, Gorla FA, Moscardi dos Santos D, Segatelli MG, Teixeira Tarley CR. Development of Electrochemical Platform Based on Molecularly Imprinted Poly(methacrylic acid) Grafted on Iniferter‐modified Carbon Nanotubes for 17β‐Estradiol Determination in Water Samples. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lopes Marques
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário Londrina PR, CEP 86051-990 Brazil
| | - Luana Rianne Rocha
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário Londrina PR, CEP 86051-990 Brazil
| | - Maiyara Carolyne Prete
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário Londrina PR, CEP 86051-990 Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Gorla
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário Londrina PR, CEP 86051-990 Brazil
- Campus Assis Chateaubriand Instituto Federal do Paraná Avenida Cívica 475, Centro Cívico Assis Chateaubriand PR, CEP 85935–000 Brazil
| | - Dayana Moscardi dos Santos
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário Londrina PR, CEP 86051-990 Brazil
| | - Mariana Gava Segatelli
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário Londrina PR, CEP 86051-990 Brazil
| | - César Ricardo Teixeira Tarley
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário Londrina PR, CEP 86051-990 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) de Bioanalítica Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Instituto de Química Departamento de Química Analítica, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz s/n, CEP 13083–970 Campinas SP Brazil
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Toxicol Lett 2020; 331:259-264. [PMID: 32360654 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Autrup
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Herrmann Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira i Virgili', Reus, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Technical University of Munich, Hohenbachernstrasse 15-17, D-85350, Freising, Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Wen Q, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Li J, Zhao H, Liao J, Liu H, Li Y, Cai Z, Xia W. Association between urinary paraben concentrations and gestational weight gain during pregnancy. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2020; 30:845-855. [PMID: 32042059 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, a group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, have been associated with obesity in previous studies. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding the effects of paraben exposures on gestational weight gain (GWG), a considerable predictor of obesity risk in both mothers and offspring later in life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations between urinary paraben concentrations and GWG during the three trimesters of pregnancy. We collected urine samples from 613 pregnant women during the first, second, and third trimesters of their pregnancies between 2014 and 2015 in Wuhan, China. The urine concentrations of five parabens, including methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben, and benzylparaben, were measured. Gestational weight in each trimester and prepregnancy weight were used to calculate trimester GWG. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the trimester-specific and overall associations between paraben exposures and GWG rate (trimester GWG divided by the gestational week of the weight measurement, kg/week). We performed stratified analysis to further explore the potential effect modification by prepregnancy BMI. In the trimester-specific association analyses, the first-trimester concentrations MeP, EtP, PrP, and ∑parabens (sum of all five parabens's molar concentrations) were associated with an increased first-trimester GWG rate, and these associations were stronger than those of the second or third trimesters. The overall association analysis showed that increased trimester GWG rates were associated with the combined effects of exposure to MeP, PrP, or ∑parabens during all three trimesters. Stratified analysis showed that higher paraben exposures were associated with higher trimester GWG rates among overweight/obese women that among normal-weight or underweight women. Our results showed that paraben exposures were positively associated with trimester GWG rate during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. Replicated research in populations exposed to higher paraben levels is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaqiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Cimmino I, Fiory F, Perruolo G, Miele C, Beguinot F, Formisano P, Oriente F. Potential Mechanisms of Bisphenol A (BPA) Contributing to Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5761. [PMID: 32796699 PMCID: PMC7460848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound serving as a monomer to produce polycarbonate plastic, widely used in the packaging for food and drinks, medical devices, thermal paper, and dental materials. BPA can contaminate food, beverage, air, and soil. It accumulates in several human tissues and organs and is potentially harmful to human health through different molecular mechanisms. Due to its hormone-like properties, BPA may bind to estrogen receptors, thereby affecting both body weight and tumorigenesis. BPA may also affect metabolism and cancer progression, by interacting with GPR30, and may impair male reproductive function, by binding to androgen receptors. Several transcription factors, including PPARγ, C/EBP, Nrf2, HOX, and HAND2, are involved in BPA action on fat and liver homeostasis, the cardiovascular system, and cancer. Finally, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones modification, and changes in microRNAs expression contribute to BPA pathological effects. This review aims to provide an extensive and comprehensive analysis of the most recent evidence about the potential mechanisms by which BPA affects human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples and URT “Genomic of Diabetes” of Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Council of Research (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.C.); (F.F.); (G.P.); (C.M.); (F.B.); (F.O.)
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 78:103396. [PMID: 32391796 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Autrup
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Herrmann Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira i Virgili', Reus, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Hengstler J, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Chem Biol Interact 2020; 326:109099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? J Toxicol Environ Health A 2020; 83:485-494. [PMID: 32552445 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1756592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine-disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower than S-EDCs. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea, and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Autrup
- Institute of Public Health, University of Aarhus , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank A Barile
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University , Queens, USA
| | | | - Bas J Blaauboer
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Boobis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Herrmann Bolt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (Ifado), TU Dortmund , Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat 'Rovira I Virgili' , Reus, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Greim
- Technical University of Munich D-85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (Ifado), TU Dortmund , Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sam Kacew
- McLaughlin Centre for Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Finland
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pat Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK
| | - Nico P Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity: how to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2549-57. [PMID: 32514609 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.
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34
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Autrup H, Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer BJ, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Vermeulen NP. Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs? Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104861. [PMID: 32360643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible. Hence, it is not surprising that epidemiological studies searching for an association between S-EDC exposure and health effects have failed. Regarding testing for potential endocrine effects, a scientifically justified screen should use in vitro tests to compare potencies of S-EDCs with those of reference N-EDCs. When the potency of the S-EDC is similar or smaller than that of the N-EDC, further testing in laboratory animals and regulatory consequences are not warranted.
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Abstract
Cosmetic products are used in large quantities across the world. An increasing number of chemical compounds are being added to the formulation of cosmetic products as additives, fragrances, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, dye and shine to potentiate their quality, property and shelf life. Owing to their widespread use, active residues of cosmetic products are continuously introduced into the environment in several ways. Many of these chemicals are bioactive and are characterized by potential bioaccumulation ability and environmental persistence, thus exerting a major risk to humans and the health of ecosystems. Hence, the indiscriminate consumption of cosmetics may present a looming issue with significant adverse impacts on public health. This review intends to spotlight a current overview of toxic ingredients used in formulating cosmetics such as parabens, triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, 1,4-dioxane, plastic microbeads, formaldehyde, diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, sunscreen elements (organic and inorganic UV filters) and trace metals. Specific focus is given to illustrate the biological risks of these substances on human health and aquatic system in terms of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity mutagenicity, and estrogenicity. In addition to conclusive remarks, future directions are also suggested.
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Abstract
In the beginning of the twenty first century, the International Program on Chemical Safety published a document entitled Global Assessment of the State-Of-The-Science of Endocrine Disruptors. The work indicated only weak evidence of endocrine-related effects in human populations, and in wild animal populations. This document was revised in 2012 (State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-2012) (1). The new document and the extensive scientific evidence it provided showed clearly that ED effects could be a risk to human and wildlife health. These works, however, were focused in human health and related animal models, mainly vertebrates and particularly mammals. It can be argued that invertebrates and many other taxa are important parts of all ecosystems, and, in many instances, have been shown to be also vulnerable to endocrine disruption. Thus, this work is aimed to show some observations on important marine invertebrate taxa, from an ecological point of view. The most important example of endocrine disruption in marine wild populations is the imposex response of marine gastropods, known for more than 40 years, and worldwide used to evaluate marine antifouling pollution. Among the mollusks, other important natural resources are bivalve species, used as human food sources and cephalopods, free-living, highly specialized mollusks, and also human food sources. Effects derived from endocrine disruptors in these species indicate that consumption could bring these compounds to human populations in an almost direct way, sometimes without any form of cooking or preparation. While discussing these questions, this work is also aimed to stimulate research on endocrine disruption among the invertebrate taxa that inhabited our oceans, and on which these effects are poorly known today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antonio Fernandez
- Marine Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Chemical Oceanography Department, Faculty of Oceanography, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Margina D, Nițulescu GM, Ungurianu A, Mesnage R, Goumenou M, Sarigiannis DA, Aschner M, Spandidos DA, Renieri EA, Hernández AF, Tsatsakis A. Overview of the effects of chemical mixtures with endocrine disrupting activity in the context of real-life risk simulation: An integrative approach (Review). World Acad Sci J 2019; 1:157-164. [PMID: 32346674 PMCID: PMC7188405 DOI: 10.3892/wasj.2019.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past years has indicated that chronic human exposure to very low doses of various chemical species in mixtures and administered via different routes (percutaneous, orally, etc.) should be the main focus of new biochemical and toxicological studies. Humans have daily contact with various chemicals, such as food additives, pesticides from fruits/vegetables, antibiotics (and other veterinary drugs) from meat, different types of preservatives from cosmetics, to name a few. Simultaneous exposure to this wide array of chemicals does not produce immediate effects, but summative effect/s over time that may be clinically manifested several years thereafter. Classical animal studies designed to test the toxic outcome of a single chemical are not suitable to assess, and then extrapolate to humans, the effects of a whole mixture of chemicals. Testing the aftermath of a combination of chemicals, at low doses, around or below the no observed adverse effect is stressed by many toxicologists. Thus, there is a need to reformulate the design of biochemical and toxicological studies in order to perform real-life risk simulation. This review discuss the potential use of computational methods as a complementary tool for in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests with a high predictive potential that could contribute to reduce animal testing, cost and time, when assessing the effects of chemical combinations. This review focused on the use of these methods to predict the potential endocrine disrupting activity of a mixture of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Margina
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Anca Ungurianu
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
- HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Science, Technology and Society, School for Advanced Study (IUSS), 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10463, USA
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elisavet A Renieri
- Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion
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Offiong NO, Inam EJ, Edet JB. Preliminary Review of Sources, Fate, Analytical Challenges and Regulatory Status of Emerging Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Environments in Selected African Countries. Chemistry Africa 2019; 2:573-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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de Oliveira ML, Rocha BA, Souza VCDO, Barbosa F. Determination of 17 potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals in human saliva by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 196:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Gonzalez TL, Rae JM, Colacino JA, Richardson RJ. Homology models of mouse and rat estrogen receptor- α ligand-binding domain created by in silico mutagenesis of a human template: molecular docking with 17ß-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and paraben analogs. Comput Toxicol 2019; 10:1-16. [PMID: 30740556 PMCID: PMC6363358 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures exist for human, but not rodent, estrogen receptor-α ligand-binding domain (ERα-LBD). Consequently, rodent studies involving binding of compounds to ERα-LBD are limited in their molecular-level interpretation and extrapolation to humans. Because the sequences of rodent and human ERα-LBDs are > 95% identical, we expected their 3D structures and ligand binding to be highly similar. To test this hypothesis, we used the human ERα-LBD structure (PDB 3UUD) as a template to produce rat and mouse homology models. Employing the rodent models and human structure, we generated docking poses of 23 Group A ligands (17ß-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and 21 paraben analogs) in AutoDock Vina for interspecies comparisons. Ligand RMSDs (Å) (median, 95% CI) were 0.49 (0.21-1.82) (human-mouse) and 1.19 (0.22-1.82) (human-rat), well below the 2.0-2.5 Å range for equivalent docking poses. Numbers of interspecies ligand-receptor residue contacts were highly similar, with Sorensen Sc (%) = 96.8 (90.0-100) (human-mouse) and 97.7 (89.5-100) (human-rat). Likewise, numbers of interspecies ligand-receptor residue contacts were highly correlated: Pearson r = 0.913 (human-mouse) and 0.925 (human-rat). Numbers of interspecies ligand-receptor atom contacts were even more tightly correlated: r = 0.979 (human-mouse) and 0.986 (human-rat). Pyramid plots of numbers of ligand-receptor atom contacts by residue exhibited high interspecies symmetry and had Spearman r s = 0.977 (human-mouse) and 0.966 (human-rat). Group B ligands included 15 ring-substituted parabens recently shown experimentally to exhibit decreased binding to human ERα and to exert increased antimicrobial activity. Ligand efficiencies calculated from docking ligands into human ERα-LBD were well correlated with those derived from published experimental data (Pearson partial r p = 0.894 and 0.918; Groups A and B, respectively). Overall, the results indicate that our constructed rodent ERα-LBDs interact with ligands in like manner to the human receptor, thus providing a high level of confidence in extrapolations of rodent to human ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James M. Rae
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Lee D, Jacobs DR. Firm human evidence on harms of endocrine-disrupting chemicals was unlikely to be obtainable for methodological reasons. J Clin Epidemiol 2019; 107:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Singh AC, Asif M, Bacher G, Danielsson B, Willander M, Bhand S. Nanoimmunosensor based on ZnO nanorods for ultrasensitive detection of 17β-Estradiol. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Martín-Pozo L, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Rodríguez-Gómez R, García-Córcoles MT, Çipa M, Zafra-Gómez A. Analytical methods for the determination of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge samples. A review. Talanta 2019; 192:508-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lauretta R, Sansone A, Sansone M, Romanelli F, Appetecchia M. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Endocrine Glands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:178. [PMID: 30984107 PMCID: PMC6448049 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, endocrine disrupting chemicals have gained interest in human physiopathology and more and more studies aimed to explain how these chemicals compounds affect endocrine system. In human populations, the majority of the studies point toward an association between exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and the disorders affecting endocrine axis. A great number of endocrine disrupting chemicals seem to be able to interfere with the physiology of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; however, every endocrine axis may be a target for each EDCs and their action is not limited to a single axis or organ. Several compounds may also have a negative impact on energy metabolic homeostasis altering adipose tissue and promoting obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Different mechanism have been proposed to explain these associations but their complexity together with the degree of occupational or environmental exposure, the low standardization of the studies, and the presence of confounding factors have prevented to establish causal relationship between the endocrine disorders and exposure to specific toxicants so far. This manuscript aims to review the state of art of scientific literature regarding the effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lauretta
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Sansone
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Romanelli
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Appetecchia
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marialuisa Appetecchia
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Juliano C, Magrini G. Methylglyoxal, the Major Antibacterial Factor in Manuka Honey: An Alternative to Preserve Natural Cosmetics? Cosmetics 2019; 6:1. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial safety is an essential prerequisite of cosmetics, and preservatives are required to prevent product spoilage and damage to consumers’ health. Consumer concern about the safety of some cosmetic ingredients and the increasing demand for more natural beauty products has driven cosmetic industries and formulators to find natural alternatives to replace synthetic preservatives currently used. In this study, methylglyoxal (MGO, the main factor responsible for the antimicrobial activity of manuka honey) was tested for antimicrobial activity against a panel of selected bacteria and mycetes by using conventional microbiological techniques (determination of M.I.C., time-kill assay), and its potential preservative in an O/W emulsion was investigated (challenge test). MGO showed a remarkable and fast antibacterial activity (M.I.C. values 0.150–0.310 mg/mL), while the inhibitory activity against fungi was less marked (M.I.C. values 1.25–10 mg/mL); chitosan has proven to be a synergist of antimicrobial effectiveness of MGO. Results of the challenge test showed that the addition of MGO to a cream formulation was efficient against microbial contamination. On the basis of our results, MGO appears to be a good candidate as a cosmetic preservative of natural origin; further studies are needed to confirm its applicability and its safety.
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Lopardo L, Rydevik A, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. A new analytical framework for multi-residue analysis of chemically diverse endocrine disruptors in complex environmental matrices utilising ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:689-704. [PMID: 30467767 PMCID: PMC6338708 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a comprehensive analytical framework for identification and quantification of chemically diverse endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) used in personal care and consumer products in diverse solid and liquid environmental matrices with an ultimate goal of evaluating public exposure to EDCs via water fingerprinting. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used for targeted analysis of selected EDCs as well as to identify and quantify a few metabolites using post-acquisition data mining. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was applied to liquid matrices in order to reduce matrix effects and provide required sample concentration and ultimately, high sensitivity and selectivity of measurements. SPE recoveries in liquid samples ranged from 49 to 140% with method quantification limits not exceeding 1 ng L−1 for the majority of EDCs. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied to solid samples and when followed by SPE, it permitted the analysis of EDCs in digested sludge. MAE/SPE recoveries varied from 11 to 186% and MQLs between 0.03 and 8.1 ng g−1 with the majority of compounds showing MQLs below 2 ng g−1. Mass error for quantifier and qualifier ions was below 5 ppm when analysing river water and effluent wastewater and below 10 ppm when analysing influent wastewater and solid samples. The method was successfully applied to environmental samples, with 33 EDCs identified and quantified in wastewater and receiving waters. In addition, several EDCs were found in digested sludge, which confirms that for a more comprehensive understanding of exposure patterns and environmental impact, analysis of solids cannot be neglected. Finally, post-acquisition data mining permitted the identification and quantification of a metabolite of BPA and the identification of a metabolite of 4-Cl-3-methylphenol. ᅟ ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Lopardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Axel Rydevik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Pontelli RCN, Souza MCO, Fantucci MZ, de Andrade M, Rocha EM. The role of endocrine disruptors in ocular surface diseases. Med Hypotheses 2018; 122:157-164. [PMID: 30593402 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are a group of compounds that occur in increasing amounts in the environment. These compounds change the hormone homeostasis of the target organs regulated by those hormones, mostly by binding to their receptors and affecting their signaling pathways. Among the hormones altered by endocrine disruptors are sex hormones, thyroid hormones, and insulin. Studies have documented abnormalities in the reproductive and metabolic systems of various animal species exposed to endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors can play a significant role in ocular diseases once hormone deficiency or excess are involved in the mechanism of that disease. Cataracts, dry eye disease and retinal diseases, such as macular hole and diabetic retinopathy, are some of the frequent problems where hormones have been implicated. We found that some compounds function as endocrine disruptors in the metabolism of body organs and systems. The increasing frequency of dry eye and other ocular diseases indicates the need to better investigate the potential relationships beyond the isolated associations mentioned by patients and documented as rare case reports. The evidence from case-control studies and experimental assays can provide the information necessary to confirm the endocrine effects of these chemicals in the pathophysiology of dry eye disease. We hypothesize that endocrine disruptors may contribute to the increase of ocular diseases, such as dry eye disease, in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina C N Pontelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes, ASTox - Laboratory of Analytical and Systems Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Z Fantucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica de Andrade
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Rocha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Endocrine disruption has been gathering increasing attention in the past 25 years as a possible new threat for health and safety. Exposure to endocrine disruptor has been progressively linked with a growing number of increasing disease in the human population. The mechanics through which endocrine disruptors act are not yet completely clear, however a number of pathways have been identified. A key concern is the cumulative and synergic effects that endocrine disruptors could have when mixed in consumer products. We reviewed the available literature to identify known or potential endocrine disruptors, as well as endocrine active substances that could contribute to cumulative effects, in topical consumer products. The number of endocrine actives used daily in consumer products is staggering and even though most if not all are used in concentrations that are considered to be safe, we believe that the possibility of combined effects in mixtures and non-monotonic dose/response is enough to require further precautions. A combined in vitro approach based on existing, validated OECD test methods is suggested to screen consumer products and mixtures for potential interaction with estrogen and androgen hormone receptors, in order to identify products that could have cumulative effects or support their safety concerning direct endocrine disruption capabilities.
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Nowak K, Ratajczak-Wrona W, Górska M, Jabłońska E. Parabens and their effects on the endocrine system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 474:238-251. [PMID: 29596967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Preservatives (ingredients which inhibit growth of microorganisms) are used to prolong shelf life of various foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Parabens are one of the most popular preservatives used in the aforementioned products and is currently being used worldwide. Parabens are easily absorbed by the human body. Thus, it is important to discuss about their safety with respect to human physiology. In view of the current literature, which classifies parabens as a group of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), it seems that the precise assessment of their influence on the human endocrine system is particularly important. Disruption of the endocrine homoeostasis might lead to multidirectional implications causing disruption of fitness and functions of the body. Therefore, in this review article, we aimed to summarize the current literature on properties, occurrence, and metabolism of parabens as well as to present recent progress in knowledge about their influence on the human endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Loreto-Gómez C, Farías P, Moreno-Macías H, Guzmán C, Riojas-Rodríguez H. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic compounds and their association with anogenital distance in infants. Reprod Biomed Online 2018; 37:732-740. [PMID: 30539738 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the association between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants, separately and combined, and anogenital distance (in-utero endocrine disruption marker). DESIGN A cohort study conducted in Sonora, Mexico. Blood concentrations of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) 28, 74, 118, 138/158, 153, 170, 180 and the isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites were determined in women in the third trimester of pregnancy; three variants of anogenital distance were measured on five occasions during the first year of life of their infants: 82 girls (402 observations) and 74 boys (356 observations). RESULTS Boys had negative and significant associations between anogenital distance/height and the concentrations of PCB 28 (beta = - 0.005;P = 0.006), PCB 74 (beta = - 0.003;P = 0.013), and PCB 170 (beta = - 0.005;P = 0.001) when analysed individually. Negative and significant associations were also found using statistical models applied to mixtures of compounds. The latter associations were sometimes larger in magnitude and significance, suggesting a possible potentiation of the compounds. No associations were observed between anogenital distance and DDT in either sex or with PCB in girls. CONCLUSIONS The decreased anogenital distance associated with prenatal exposure to the persistent organic pollutants, observed consistently in different analyses, suggests an under-masculinizing effect of these environmental pollutants in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Loreto-Gómez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco.Av. San Pablo Xalpa 180, Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, 02200, México; Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Paulina Farías
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Hortensia Moreno-Macías
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, México
| | - Carolina Guzmán
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM-Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, Cuauhtémoc 06726, México
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.Av. Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María, Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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