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Haems K, Strubbe D, Van Rysselberghe N, Rasschaert G, Martel A, Pasmans F, Garmyn A. Role of Maternal Antibodies in the Protection of Broiler Chicks against Campylobacter Colonization in the First Weeks of Life. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1291. [PMID: 38731295 PMCID: PMC11083098 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterium-mediated diarrheal disease in humans globally. Poultry is considered the most important reservoir of human campylobacteriosis, but so far, no effective countermeasures are in place to prevent the bacterium from colonizing broiler flocks. This study investigated maternal antibodies' potential to offer protection against Campylobacter in broiler chicks via a field trial and an immunization trial. In the field trial, breeder flocks with high and low anti-Campylobacter antibody levels in the yolk were selected based on serological screening. Offspring were subsequently monitored for maternal antibodies and Campylobacter prevalence during early life. Although maternal antibodies declined rapidly in the serum of broilers, offspring from flocks with lower anti-Campylobacter antibody levels seemed to be more susceptible to colonization. In the immunization trial, breeders from a seropositive breeder flock were vaccinated with an experimental bacterin or subunit vaccine. Immunization increased antibody levels in the yolk and consequently in the offspring. Elevated maternal antibody levels were significantly associated with reduced Campylobacter susceptibility in broilers at 2 weeks old but not at 1 and 3 weeks old. Overall, the protective effect of maternal immunity should be cautiously considered in the context of Campylobacter control in broilers. Immunization of breeders may enhance resistance but is not a comprehensive solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Haems
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Diederik Strubbe
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Ghent University, B9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Van Rysselberghe
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), B9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Garmyn
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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2
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Rawson T, Colles FM, Terry JCD, Bonsall MB. Mechanisms of biodiversity between
Campylobacter
sequence types in a flock of broiler–breeder chickens. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8651. [PMID: 35342550 PMCID: PMC8928907 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry flocks frequently harbor the dangerous bacterial pathogen Campylobacter. As exclusion efforts frequently fail, there is interest in potential ecologically informed solutions. A long‐term study of Campylobacter sequence types was used to investigate the competitive framework of the Campylobacter metacommunity and understand how multiple sequence types simultaneously co‐occur in a flock of chickens. A combination of matrix and patch‐occupancy models was used to estimate parameters describing the competition, transmission, and mortality of each sequence type. It was found that Campylobacter sequence types form a strong hierarchical framework within a flock of chickens and occupied a broad spectrum of transmission–mortality trade‐offs. Upon further investigation of how biodiversity is thus maintained within the flock, it was found that the demographic capabilities of Campylobacter, such as mortality and transmission, could not explain the broad biodiversity of sequence types seen, suggesting that external factors such as host‐bird health and seasonality are important elements in maintaining biodiversity of Campylobacter sequence types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rawson
- Department of Zoology, Mathematical Ecology Research Group University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Frances M. Colles
- Department of Zoology Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research University of Oxford Oxford UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Michael B. Bonsall
- Department of Zoology, Mathematical Ecology Research Group University of Oxford Oxford UK
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3
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Dakheel MM, Al-Mnaser AA, Quijada J, Woodward MJ, Rymer C. Use of Tannin-Containing Plants as Antimicrobials Influencing the Animal Health. Iraqi J Vet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial effects of diverse tannin-containing plants, particularly condensed tannins (CTs) produced from various plants, are the subject of this study. CT components can be determined using CT-specific procedures such the HCl-Butanol Acetone assay, Thiolysis reaction, and HPLC/MS analysis. These methods indicate CT contents, including mean degree of polymerization, the procyanidins and prodelphinidins ratio (PC/PD%), the isomers of trans- and cis-, and CT concentration. Tannin-containing plants possess antibacterial action, which can be attributed to their protein linkage technique, and tannin-type variations, particularly CTs extract and their PC/PD%. The effects of CT components on the development of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been documented for their relative PC/PD%; this is regarded to be a key predictor of tannin characteristics in terms of antimicrobials. In conclusion, tannins, more specific CT compositions, have significant impacts on in vivo trials of animal productions and utilization of metabolites and fermentation in vitro experiments. These findings need further investigations to fully understand how CT-types act on animal feeding in terms of enhanced nutritional quality of animal diets, which may have implications for human and animal health.
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4
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Sacher JC, Javed MA, Crippen CS, Butcher J, Flint A, Stintzi A, Szymanski CM. Reduced Infection Efficiency of Phage NCTC 12673 on Non-Motile Campylobacter jejuni Strains Is Related to Oxidative Stress. Viruses 2021; 13:1955. [PMID: 34696385 DOI: 10.3390/v13101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative foodborne pathogen that causes diarrheal disease and is associated with severe post-infectious sequelae. Bacteriophages (phages) are a possible means of reducing Campylobacter colonization in poultry to prevent downstream human infections. However, the factors influencing phage-host interactions must be better understood before this strategy can be predictably employed. Most studies have focused on Campylobacter phage binding to the host surface, with all phages classified as either capsule- or flagella-specific. Here we describe the characterization of a C. jejuni phage that requires functional flagellar glycosylation and motor genes for infection, without needing the flagella for adsorption to the cell surface. Through phage infectivity studies of targeted C. jejuni mutants, transcriptomic analysis of phage-resistant mutants, and genotypic and phenotypic analysis of a spontaneous phage variant capable of simultaneously overcoming flagellar gene dependence and sensitivity to oxidative stress, we have uncovered a link between oxidative stress, flagellar motility, and phage infectivity. Taken together, our results underscore the importance of understanding phage-host interactions beyond the cell surface and point to host oxidative stress state as an important and underappreciated consideration for future phage-host interaction studies.
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5
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Babacan O, Harris SA, Pinho RM, Hedges A, Jørgensen F, Corry JEL. Factors affecting the species of Campylobacter colonizing chickens reared for meat. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1071-1078. [PMID: 32248631 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate factors influencing Campylobacter spp. colonization of broiler chickens. METHODS AND RESULTS Campylobacters were isolated from caeca from 319 flocks of two different breeds (199 Cobb and 120 Hubbard), reared as standard (199), Freedom Food/corn fed (57), free-range (47) or organic (16). The standard category exclusively used Cobb birds slaughtered at 38-41 days. The Freedom Food/corn-fed and free-range Hubbard birds were slaughtered at 49-56 days and the organic flocks at 70 days. Campylobacters were picked at random from direct plates. Both breed of chicken (Hubbard) and age at slaughter were independently associated with increased likelihood of colonization by Campylobacter coli rather than Campylobacter jejuni, but breed could not be separated from other aspects of husbandry with the data available. CONCLUSIONS Chickens are frequently colonized by C. jejuni and C. coli and most human infections originate from poultry. In most developed countries approximately 90% of human infections are caused by C. jejuni, but fewer than 10% by C. coli. This might be due to C. coli being less pathogenic than C. jejuni to humans, and/or to chicken meat carrying fewer C. coli than C. jejuni. More investigations are needed into these aspects before it can be concluded that slaughtering older birds from slower-growing breeds would reduce the risk of human Campylobacter disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Meat from certain breeds of poultry are predominantly colonized by C. coli rather than C. jejuni. More research is needed to understand the impact this may have on the number and severity of human campylobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Babacan
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Veterinary Science, Kepsut Vocational School, Balıkesir University, Kepsut, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - S A Harris
- Foodborne Zoonoses Unit, Health Protection Agency, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R M Pinho
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A Hedges
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - F Jørgensen
- Foodborne Zoonoses Unit, Health Protection Agency, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J E L Corry
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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6
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Casagrande Proietti P, Pergola S, Bellucci S, Menchetti L, Miraglia D, Franciosini M. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. on fresh and refrigerated chicken meat products in Central Italy. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2895-2901. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Connerton PL, Richards PJ, Lafontaine GM, O'Kane PM, Ghaffar N, Cummings NJ, Smith DL, Fish NM, Connerton IF. The effect of the timing of exposure to Campylobacter jejuni on the gut microbiome and inflammatory responses of broiler chickens. Microbiome 2018; 6:88. [PMID: 29753324 PMCID: PMC5948730 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacters are an unwelcome member of the poultry gut microbiota in terms of food safety. The objective of this study was to compare the microbiota, inflammatory responses, and zootechnical parameters of broiler chickens not exposed to Campylobacter jejuni with those exposed either early at 6 days old or at the age commercial broiler chicken flocks are frequently observed to become colonized at 20 days old. RESULTS Birds infected with Campylobacter at 20 days became cecal colonized within 2 days of exposure, whereas birds infected at 6 days of age did not show complete colonization of the sample cohort until 9 days post-infection. All birds sampled thereafter were colonized until the end of the study at 35 days (mean 6.1 log10 CFU per g of cecal contents). The cecal microbiota of birds infected with Campylobacter were significantly different to age-matched non-infected controls at 2 days post-infection, but generally, the composition of the cecal microbiota were more affected by bird age as the time post infection increased. The effects of Campylobacter colonization on the cecal microbiota were associated with reductions in the relative abundance of OTUs within the taxonomic family Lactobacillaceae and the Clostridium cluster XIVa. Specific members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families exhibit transient shifts in microbial community populations dependent upon the age at which the birds become colonized by C. jejuni. Analysis of ileal and cecal chemokine/cytokine gene expression revealed increases in IL-6, IL-17A, and Il-17F consistent with a Th17 response, but the persistence of the response was dependent on the stage/time of C. jejuni colonization that coincide with significant reductions in the abundance of Clostridium cluster XIVa. CONCLUSIONS This study combines microbiome data, cytokine/chemokine gene expression with intestinal villus, and crypt measurements to compare chickens colonized early or late in the rearing cycle to provide insights into the process and outcomes of Campylobacter colonization. Early colonization results in a transient growth rate reduction and pro-inflammatory response but persistent modification of the cecal microbiota. Late colonization produces pro-inflammatory responses with changes in the cecal microbiota that will endure in market-ready chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa L Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Philip J Richards
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Geraldine M Lafontaine
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter M O'Kane
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nacheervan Ghaffar
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nicola J Cummings
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Darren L Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nothumbria, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Neville M Fish
- Dairy Crest Ltd, Claygate House, Littleworth Road, Esher, Surrey, KT10 9PN, UK
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
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8
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O'Sullivan L, Lucid A, Neve H, Franz CMAP, Bolton D, McAuliffe O, Paul Ross R, Coffey A. Comparative genomics of Cp8viruses with special reference to Campylobacter phage vB_CjeM_los1, isolated from a slaughterhouse in Ireland. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2139-2154. [PMID: 29687158 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter phage vB_CjeM_Los1 was recently isolated from a slaughterhouse in the Republic of Ireland using the host Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni PT14, and full-genome sequencing and annotation were performed. The genome was found to be 134,073 bp in length and to contain 169 predicted open reading frames. Transmission electron microscopy images of vB_CjeM_Los1 revealed that it belongs to the family Myoviridae, with tail fibres observed in both extended and folded conformations, as seen in T4. The genome size and morphology of vB_CjeM_Los1 suggest that it belongs to the genus Cp8virus, and seven other Campylobacter phages with similar size characteristics have also been fully sequenced. In this work, comparative studies were performed in relation to genomic rearrangements and conservation within each of the eight genomes. None of the eight genomes were found to have undergone internal rearrangements, and their sequences retained more than 98% identity with one another despite the widespread geographical distribution of each phage. Whole-genome phylogenetics were also performed, and clades were shown to be representative of the differing number of tRNAs present in each phage. This may be an indication of lineages within the genus, despite their striking homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa O'Sullivan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Lucid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Horst Neve
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olivia McAuliffe
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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9
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Abstract
Since their discovery in 1915, bacteriophages have been used to treat bacterial infections in animals and humans because of their unique ability to infect their specific bacterial hosts without affecting other bacterial populations. The research carried out in this field throughout the 20th century, largely in Georgia, part of USSR and Poland, led to the establishment of phage therapy protocols. However, the discovery of penicillin and sulfonamide antibiotics in the Western World during the 1930s was a setback in the advancement of phage therapy. The misuse of antibiotics has reduced their efficacy in controlling pathogens and has led to an increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophages have become a topic of interest with the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which are a threat to public health. Recent studies have indicated that bacteriophages can be used indirectly to detect pathogenic bacteria or directly as biocontrol agents. Moreover, they can be used to develop new molecules for clinical applications, vaccine production, drug design, and in the nanomedicine field via phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Shibiny
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed District, 12588, Giza, Egypt.,University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed District, 12588, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salma El-Sahhar
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed District, 12588, Giza, Egypt.,University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh Zayed District, 12588, Giza, Egypt
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10
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O’Kane PM, Connerton IF. Characterisation of Aerotolerant Forms of a Robust Chicken Colonizing Campylobacter coli. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:513. [PMID: 28396658 PMCID: PMC5366326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter contaminated poultry meat is a major source of human foodborne illness. Campylobacter coli strain OR12 is a robust colonizer of chickens that was previously shown to outcompete and displace other Campylobacter strains from the chicken's gastrointestinal tract. This strain is capable of aerobic growth on blood agar. Serial aerobic passage increased this aerotolerance as assessed by quantitative assays for growth and survival on solid media. Aerotolerance was also associated with increased peroxide stress resistance. Aerobic passage did not alter cellular morphology or motility or hinder the microaerobic growth rate. Colonization of broiler chickens by aerotolerant C. coli OR12 was significantly lower than the wild-type strain at 3 days after challenge but not by 7 days, suggesting adaptation had occurred. Bacteria recovered from chickens had retained their aerotolerance, indicating this trait is stable. Whole genome sequencing enabled comparison with the wild-type sequence. Twenty-three point mutations were present, none of which were in genes known to affect oxidative stress resistance. Insertions or deletions caused frame shifts in several genes including, phosphoglycerate kinase and the b subunit of pyruvate carboxylase that suggest modification of central and carbohydrate metabolism in response to aerobic growth. Other genes affected include those encoding putative carbonic anhydrase, motility accessory factor, filamentous haemagglutinin, and aminoacyl dipeptidase proteins. Aerotolerance has the potential to affect environmental success and survival. Increased environmental survival outside of the host intestinal tract may allow opportunities for transmission between hosts. Resistance to oxidative stress may equate to increased virulence by virtue of reduced susceptibility to oxidative free radicals produced by host immune responses. Finally, resistance to ambient atmospheric oxygen may allow increased survival on chicken skin, and therefore constitutes an increased risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
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11
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Gonsalves CC, Borsoi A, Perdoncini G, Rodrigues LB, do Nascimento VP. Campylobacter in broiler slaughter samples assessed by direct count on mCCDA and Campy-Cefex agar. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:764-9. [PMID: 27237112 PMCID: PMC4927681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. cause foodborne illnesses in humans primarily through the consumption of contaminated chicken. The aim of this study was to evaluate the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) recommended methodology, protocol MLG 41.02, for the isolation, identification and direct plate counting of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli samples from the broiler slaughtering process. A plating method using both mCCDA and Campy-Cefex agars is recommended to recover Campylobacter cells. It is also possible to use this method in different matrices (cloacal swabs and water samples). Cloacal swabs, samples from pre-chiller and post-chiller carcasses and samples of pre-chiller, chiller and direct supply water were collected each week for four weeks from the same flock at a slaughterhouse located in an abattoir in southern Brazil. Samples were analyzed to directly count Campylobacter spp., and the results showed a high frequency of Campylobacter spp. on Campy-Cefex agar. For the isolated species, 72% were identified as Campylobacter jejuni and 38% as Campylobacter coli. It was possible to count Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from different samples, including the water supply samples, using the two-agar method. These results suggest that slaughterhouses can use direct counting methods with both agars and different matrices as a monitoring tool to assess the presence of Campylobacter bacteria in their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cristina Gonsalves
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA) - FAVET/UFRGS - Lab. Central - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Anderlise Borsoi
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental e Comparada - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (USP), Brazil
| | - Gustavo Perdoncini
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA) - FAVET/UFRGS - Lab. Central - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Beatriz Rodrigues
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária da Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Brazil
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12
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Repérant E, Laisney MJ, Nagard B, Quesne S, Rouxel S, Le Gall F, Chemaly M, Denis M. Influence of enrichment and isolation media on the detection of Campylobacter spp. in naturally contaminated chicken samples. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 128:42-47. [PMID: 27373751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Investigating Campylobacter epidemiology requires adequate technique and media to ensure optimal culturing and accurate detection and isolation of Campylobacter strains. In the present study, we investigated the performances of three enrichment durations in Bolton broth (0, 24 and 48h) and compared four isolation media (mCCDA, Karmali, Butzler no. 2 and CampyFood agar (CFA)) for the detection of Campylobacter positive samples and the identification of Campylobacter species, from naturally contaminated broiler chicken samples (caeca, neck skin from carcasses, and skin from thighs). We compared our local results to those we obtained with samples from a European survey (caeca and neck skin) and a national survey (neck skin, thigh skin, and breast). Direct plating favored the detection of positive samples highly contaminated by Campylobacter (caeca and neck skin from carcasses) whatever the media. A longer enrichment reduced the rates of Campylobacter recovery except when using Butzler no. 2, more particularly for neck skin which background microflora was less important than in caeca. As a matter of fact, enrichment allowed a higher detection rate of positive samples with low Campylobacter contamination levels (breast, thigh skin), this detection being enhanced when using Butzler no. 2. When comparing the 3 other selective media, CFA was the 2nd most efficient media prior to mCCDA and Karmali. Interestingly, enrichment promoted the growth of Campylobacter coli but this promotion was least with Butzler no. 2 agar. Our study has confirmed the need to adapt the method to the types of samples for improving the detection of Campylobacter and that the method may affect the prevalence of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Repérant
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | - M J Laisney
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - B Nagard
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - S Quesne
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - S Rouxel
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - F Le Gall
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - M Chemaly
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - M Denis
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, NRL Campylobacter, University of Bretagne Loire, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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Chinivasagam HN, Estella W, Rodrigues H, Mayer DG, Weyand C, Tran T, Onysk A, Diallo I. On-farm Campylobacter and Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chickens: Re-used bedding does not influence Campylobacter emergence and levels across sequential farming cycles. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1105-15. [PMID: 26908887 PMCID: PMC4957531 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Limitations in quality bedding material have resulted in the growing need to re-use litter during broiler farming in some countries, which can be of concern from a food-safety perspective. The aim of this study was to compare the Campylobacter levels in ceca and litter across three litter treatments under commercial farming conditions. The litter treatments were (a) the use of new litter after each farming cycle; (b) an Australian partial litter re-use practice; and (c) a full litter re-use practice. The study was carried out on two farms over two years (Farm 1, from 2009–2010 and Farm 2, from 2010–2011), across three sheds (35,000 to 40,000 chickens/shed) on each farm, adopting three different litter treatments across six commercial cycles. A random sampling design was adopted to test litter and ceca for Campylobacter and Escherichia coli, prior to commercial first thin-out and final pick-up. Campylobacter levels varied little across litter practices and farming cycles on each farm and were in the range of log 8.0–9.0 CFU/g in ceca and log 4.0–6.0 MPN/g for litter. Similarly the E. coli in ceca were ∼log 7.0 CFU/g. At first thin-out and final pick-up, the statistical analysis for both litter and ceca showed that the three-way interaction (treatments by farms by times) was highly significant (P < 0.01), indicating that the patterns of Campylobacter emergence/presence across time vary between the farms, cycles and pickups. The emergence and levels of both organisms were not influenced by litter treatments across the six farming cycles on both farms. Either C. jejuni or C. coli could be the dominant species across litter and ceca, and this phenomenon could not be attributed to specific litter treatments. Irrespective of the litter treatments in place, cycle 2 on Farm 2 remained Campylobacter-free. These outcomes suggest that litter treatments did not directly influence the time of emergence and levels of Campylobacter and E. coli during commercial farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Chinivasagam
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - W Estella
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Rodrigues
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - D G Mayer
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Weyand
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Tran
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Onysk
- EcoSciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Diallo
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, PO Box 156 Archerfield BC 4108, Queensland, Australia
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Navarro M, Stanley R, Cusack A, Sultanbawa Y. Combinations of plant-derived compounds against Campylobacter in vitro. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Mourand G, Jouy E, Bougeard S, Dheilly A, Kérouanton A, Zeitouni S, Kempf I. Experimental study of the impact of antimicrobial treatments on Campylobacter, Enterococcus and PCR-capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism profiles of the gut microbiota of chickens. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1552-1560. [PMID: 25142966 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.074476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to compare the impact of antimicrobial treatments on the susceptibility of Campylobacter, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, and on the diversity of broiler microbiota. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were first orally inoculated with strains of Campylobacter and Enterococcus faecium. Birds were then orally treated with recommended doses of oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine/trimethoprim, amoxicillin or enrofloxacin. Faecal samples were collected before, during and after antimicrobial treatment. The susceptibility of Campylobacter, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated on supplemented or non-supplemented media was studied and PCR-capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP) profiles of the gut microbiota were analysed. Enrofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter were selected in the enrofloxacin-treated group and showed the Thr86Ile mutation in the gyrA gene. Acquisition of the tetO gene in Campylobacter coli isolates was significantly more frequent in birds given oxytetracycline. No impact of amoxicillin treatment on the susceptibility of Campylobacter could be detected. Ampicillin- and sulfadimethoxine/trimethoprim-resistant Enterococcus faecium were selected in amoxicillin-treated broilers, but no selection of the inoculated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium could be detected, although it was also resistant to tetracycline and sulfadimethoxine/trimethoprim. PCR-CE-SSCP revealed significant variations in a few peaks in treated birds as compared with non-treated chickens. In conclusion, antimicrobial treatments perturbed chicken gut microbiota, and certain antimicrobial treatments selected or co-selected resistant strains of Campylobacter and Enterococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Mourand
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Jouy
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Alexandra Dheilly
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Annaëlle Kérouanton
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Salman Zeitouni
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Isabelle Kempf
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France.,ANSES, Ploufragan Laboratory, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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16
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Xu QQ, Yan H, Liu XL, Lv L, Yin CH, Wang P. Growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens supplemented with Rhodopseudomonas palustris in drinking water. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:360-6. [PMID: 24628388 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.903326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The effect of the bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens was investigated. 2. A total of 900-d-old Arbor Acres broilers were allocated to three experimental treatments for 6 weeks. Chicks were administered with R. palustris in drinking water as follows: (i) control group without R. palustris; (ii) treatment 1 (R1) with R. palustris of 8 × 10(9) cells per chick per day in drinking water; (iii) treatment 2 (R2) with R. palustris of 1.6 × 10(10) cells per chick per day in drinking water. 3. The results showed that, compared with that of control, both groups of R. palustris treatment increased daily weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens significantly during the whole growing period of 6 weeks. 4. Both total and glutamic acid contents of chicken breast fillet in R. palustris treatment R2 were higher, while the fat content was lower, than those of the control group. Furthermore, R. palustris treatments also improved sensory attributes of chicken breast fillet. 5. As a probiotic providing rich nutrients and biological active substances, R. palustris administration in drinking water displayed a growth promoting effect and improved meat quality of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Xu
- a School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
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17
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Arnold ME, Jones EM, Lawes JR, Vidal AB, Clifton-hadley FA, Rodgers JD, Powell LF. Bayesian analysis of culture and PCR methods for detection of Campylobacter spp. in broiler caecal samples. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:298-307. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of a culture method and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of two Campylobacter species: C. jejuni and C. coli. Data were collected during a 3-year survey of UK broiler flocks, and consisted of parallel sampling of caeca from 436 batches of birds by both PCR and culture. Batches were stratified by season (summer/non-summer) and whether they were the first depopulation of the flock, resulting in four sub-populations. A Bayesian approach in the absence of a gold standard was adopted, and the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR and culture for each Campylobacter subtype was estimated, along with the true C. jejuni and C. coli prevalence in each sub-population. Results indicated that the sensitivity of the culture method was higher than that of PCR in detecting both species when the samples were derived from populations infected with at most one species of Campylobacter. However, from a mixed population, the sensitivity of culture for detecting both C. jejuni or C. coli is reduced while PCR is potentially able to detect both species, although the total probability of correctly identifying at least one species by PCR is similar to that of the culture method.
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Colles FM, McCarthy ND, Bliss CM, Layton R, Maiden MCJ. The long-term dynamics of Campylobacter colonizing a free-range broiler breeder flock: an observational study. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:938-46. [PMID: 25588789 PMCID: PMC4390391 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A free-range broiler breeder flock was studied in order to determine the natural patterns of Campylobacter colonization over a period of 63 weeks. Campylobacter sequence types (STs) were not mutually exclusive and on average colonized only 17.7% of the birds tested at any time. Campylobacter STs typically reached a peak in prevalence upon initial detection in the flock before tailing off, although the ST and antigenic flaA short variable region in combination were stable over a number of months. There was evidence that, with a couple of exceptions, the ecology of C. jejuni and C. coli differed, with the latter forming a more stable population. Despite being free range, no newly colonizing STs were detected over a 6-week period in autumn and a 10-week period in winter, towards the end of the study. There was limited evidence that those STs identified among broiler chicken flocks on the same farm site were likely to colonize the breeder flock earlier (R(2) 0.16, P 0.01). These results suggest that there is natural control of Campylobacter dynamics within a flock which could potentially be exploited in designing new intervention strategies, and that the two different species should perhaps be considered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Colles
- The Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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Vidal AB, Rodgers J, Arnold M, Clifton-Hadley F. Comparison of Different Sampling Strategies and Laboratory Methods for the Detection ofC. jejuniandC. colifrom Broiler Flocks at Primary Production. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:412-25. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Members of the genus Campylobacter are frequently responsible for human enteric disease with occasionally very serious outcomes. Much of this disease burden is thought to arise from consumption of contaminated poultry products. More than 80% of poultry in the UK harbour Campylobacter as a part of their intestinal flora. To address this unacceptably high prevalence, various interventions have been suggested and evaluated. Among these is the novel approach of using Campylobacter-specific bacteriophages, which are natural predators of the pathogen. To optimize their use as therapeutic agents, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of the bacteriophages that infect Campylobacter, and how they can affect their host bacteria. This review will focus on many aspects of Campylobacter-specific bacteriophages including: their first isolation in the 1960s, their use in bacteriophage typing schemes, their isolation from the different biological sources and genomic characterization. As well as their use as therapeutic agents to reduce Campylobacter in poultry their future potential, including their use in bio-sanitization of food, will be explored. The evolutionary consequences of naturally occurring bacteriophage infection that have come to light through investigations of bacteriophages in the poultry ecosystem will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Connerton
- School of Biosciences, Division of Food Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough Leics, UK
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Wang S, Zhao W, Raza A, Friendship R, Johnson R, Kostrzynska M, Warriner K. Prevalence of Salmonella infecting bacteriophages associated with Ontario pig farms and the holding area of a high capacity pork processing facility. J Sci Food Agric 2010; 90:2318-2325. [PMID: 20661898 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is interest in applying bacteriophages to control Salmonella in pig production and pork processing. The following reports on the prevalence of Salmonella infecting bacteriophages within Ontario pig farms and associated with the holding area of a pork slaughterhouse. RESULTS Salmonella infecting bacteriophages were present in 30 and 28 of the effluent manure samples collected from 36 farms using S. Typhimurium DT104 or S. Heidelberg as host cell respectively. Bacteriophages were recovered in 95-100% of the 48 samples taken from holding pens within a high capacity slaughterhouse over a 12 month period. Bacteriophages isolated from farms exhibited similar host ranges which differed to that of slaughterhouse isolates. Salmonella (n = 21) from the slaughterhouse were susceptible to the endogenous bacteriophages. Despite being susceptible to the resident phages, the Salmonella populations were found to be genetically stable with the same genotypes being recovered over successive visits. Salmonella isolated from the farms were frequently resistant to the endogenous phages. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriophages are prevalent in the pig slaughterhouse environment although they do not have a significant impact on the genetic structure of Salmonella populations. However, there was evidence that the Salmonella population structure on farms is influenced by the presence of infecting phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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22
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YE JIANXIONG, KOSTRZYNSKA MAGDALAENA, DUNFIELD KARI, WARRINER KEITH. Control of Salmonella on Sprouting Mung Bean and Alfalfa Seeds by Using a Biocontrol Preparation Based on Antagonistic Bacteria and Lytic Bacteriophages. J Food Prot 2010; 73:9-17. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The following reports on the application of a combination of antagonistic bacteria and lytic bacteriophages to control the growth of Salmonella on sprouting mung beans and alfalfa seeds. Antagonistic bacteria were isolated from mung bean sprouts and tomatoes by using the deferred plate assay to assess anti-Salmonella activity. From the isolates screened, an Enterobacter asburiae strain (labeled “JX1”) exhibited stable antagonistic activity against a broad range of Salmonella serovars (Agona, Berta, Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, Javiana, Montevideo, Muenchen, Newport, Saint Paul, and Typhimurium). Lytic bacteriophages against Salmonella were isolated from pig or cattle manure effluent. A bacteriophage cocktail prepared from six isolates was coinoculated with E. asburiae JX1 along with Salmonella in broth culture. The combination of E. asburiae JX1 and bacteriophage cocktail reduced the levels of Salmonella by 5.7 to 6.4 log CFU/ml. Mung beans inoculated with Salmonella and sprouted over a 4-day period attained levels of 6.72 ± 0.78 log CFU/g. In contrast, levels of Salmonella were reduced to 3.31 ± 2.48 or 1.16 ± 2.14 log CFU/g when the pathogen was coinoculated with bacteriophages or E. asburiae JX1, respectively. However, by using a combination of E. asburiae JX1and bacteriophages, the levels of Salmonella associated with mung bean sprouts were only detected by enrichment. The biocontrol preparation was effective at controlling the growth of Salmonella under a range of sprouting temperatures (20 to 30°C) and was equally effective at suppressing the growth of Salmonella on sprouting alfalfa seeds. The combination of E. asburiae JX1 and bacteriophages represents a promising, chemical-free approach for controlling the growth of Salmonella on sprouting seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIANXIONG YE
- 1Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - MAGDALAENA KOSTRZYNSKA
- 2Food Program, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - KARI DUNFIELD
- 3Land Resource Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - KEITH WARRINER
- 1Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Hwang S, Yun J, Kim KP, Heu S, Lee S, Ryu S. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific forCampylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:559-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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El-Shibiny A, Scott A, Timms A, Metawea Y, Connerton P, Connerton I. Application of a group II Campylobacter bacteriophage to reduce strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli colonizing broiler chickens. J Food Prot 2009; 72:733-40. [PMID: 19435220 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.4.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Campylobacter are frequently responsible for human enteric disease worldwide. Persistent Campylobacter contamination of poultry meat is a common problem that represents a significant food safety risk through the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or through cross-contamination of other foods during the preparation of poultry. Bacteriophage therapy is one possible means by which this colonization of poultry could be controlled, thus limiting the entry of Campylobacter into the human food chain. Previously group III phages with genome sizes of approximately 140 kb had been administered to Campylobacter jejuni-colonized poultry. The application of a group II Campylobacter phage, CP220, with a genome size of 197 kb is described here. Phage CP220 was administered to both C. jejuni- and C. coli-colonized birds. A 2-log CFU/g decline in cecal Campylobacter counts was observed after 48 h in birds colonized with C. jejuni HPC5 and administered with a single 7-log PFU dose of CP220. The incidence of phage resistance developing in Campylobacter-colonized chickens upon exposure to virulent phages was determined to be 2%, and the resistant types remained a minor component of the population. To achieve a similar reduction in Campylobacter numbers in C. coli OR12-colonized birds, a 9-log PFU dose of CP220 was required. Using phage to reduce Campylobacter colonization in poultry offers the prospect of a sustainable intervention measure that may limit the entry of these pathogens into the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Shibiny
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LEI2 5RD, UK
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El-Shibiny A, Connerton P, Connerton I. Survival at refrigeration and freezing temperatures of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni on chicken skin applied as axenic and mixed inoculums. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 131:197-202. [PMID: 19324444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is considered to be the most common cause of bacterial diarrhoeal illness in the developed world. Many cases are thought to be acquired from consumption of undercooked poultry. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the rate of cooling on the survival, at 4 degrees C and -20 degrees C, of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni strains, inoculated on chicken skin from axenic culture or as mixed inoculums. Strains chilled in a domestic refrigerator varied in their tolerance to storage at 4 degrees C. Statistically significant differences between strains applied as axenic or mixed inoculums were observed for specific strain combinations using two-way ANOVA, including the enhanced survival of antibiotic resistant C. coli 99/367 at 4 degrees C. The use of rapid cooling (at -20 degrees C/min) enhanced the survival of all the Campylobacter strains chilled to 4 degrees C compared to standard refrigeration. Freezing to -20 degrees C reduced viable counts by 2.2-2.6 log10 CFU/cm(2) in 24 h. Rapid cooling to -20 degrees C (at -30 degrees C/min) enhanced the survival of C. coli 99/367 compared to freezing in a domestic freezer. Statistically significant interaction terms between specific strains were observed in mixed inoculums chilled to -20 degrees C by freezing in a domestic freezer and by rapid chilling to -20 degrees C. Rapid chilling of poultry, particularly for 4 degrees C storage may enhance survival of Campylobacter and although this is an issue that affects meat quality, it should be considered by poultry processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Shibiny
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE125RD, United Kingdom
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Wright SL, Carver DK, Siletzky RM, Romine S, Morrow WEM, Kathariou S. Longitudinal study of prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from turkeys and swine grown in close proximity. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1791-6. [PMID: 18810862 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eastern North Carolina is a major contributor to both turkey and swine production in the United States. In this region, turkeys and swine are frequently grown in close proximity and by common growers. To further characterize colonization of turkeys and swine with Campylobacter in such a setting, we investigated the prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in eight paired operations involving turkey farms in close proximity to finishing swine farms. All 15 surveyed flocks and 15 herds were Campylobacter positive at one or more sampling times. Campylobacter was isolated from 1,310 (87%) of the 1,512 turkey samples and 1,116 (77%) of the 1,448 swine samples. Most (> 99%) campylobacters from swine samples were Campylobacter coli, found in 59 to 97% of the samples from the different herds. Both Campylobacterjejuni and C. coli were recovered from the turkey flocks (overall prevalences of 52 and 35%, respectively). Prevalence among flocks ranged from 31 to 86% for C. jejuni and 0 to 67% for C. coli, and both species were recovered from most flocks. Relative prevalence of C. coli was higher in young birds (brooders), whereas C. jejuni predominated in grow-out birds (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of C. coli in a swine herd was generally not a good predictor for prevalence of this species in the corresponding turkey flock. These findings indicate that even though turkeys and swine grown in proximity to each other were commonly colonized with thermophilic campylobacters, the relative prevalences of C. jejuni and C. coli appear to be host associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wright
- Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Coward C, van Diemen PM, Conlan AJ, Gog JR, Stevens MP, Jones MA, Maskell DJ. Competing isogenic Campylobacter strains exhibit variable population structures in vivo. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:3857-67. [PMID: 18424530 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02835-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of poultry contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni is a risk factor for human gastrointestinal disease. The rational development of control strategies for Campylobacter within chickens requires an understanding of the colonization process at the molecular and population levels, both within and between hosts. Experiments employing competing strains of Campylobacter have been used to investigate colonization. Implicit in these studies is the assumption that the behavior of competing strains is reproducible between experiments. Variability in the recovery of mutants from the chicken gastrointestinal tract during signature-tagged mutagenesis studies demonstrated that this is not always the case. To further investigate this phenomenon in the absence of confounding factors due to phenotypic differences between mutants, we constructed individually identifiable wild-type isogenic tagged strains (WITS) that have indistinguishable phenotypes in pure culture. By using mixtures of WITS, it is possible to monitor the relative amounts of subpopulations of essentially wild-type bacteria. Using a 2-week-old chicken model of colonization, we observed unpredictable variations in population structure both within and between experiments, even in the simplest case of two competing strains. This variation occurred both when birds were simultaneously infected with two WITS and when birds inoculated with different WITS were cohoused. We present evidence for founder effects during initial colonization with subsequent bird-to-bird transmission. We suggest that these and phenotypic variation contribute to the observed variability. These factors render simple models of colonization which do not take them into account inappropriate for Campylobacter and impact the planning and interpretation of competition experiments using this organism.
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