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Liu D, Chen Y. Epitope screening and vaccine molecule design of PRRSV GP3 and GP5 protein based on immunoinformatics. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18103. [PMID: 38217314 PMCID: PMC10844699 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a respiratory disease in pigs that causes severe economic losses. Currently, live PRRSV vaccines are commonly used but fail to prevent PRRS outbreaks and reinfection. Inactivated PRRSV vaccines have poor immunogenicity, making PRRSV a significant threat to swine health globally. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an effective PRRSV vaccine. This study used immunoinformatics to predict, screen, design and construct a candidate vaccine that fused B-cell epitopes, CTL- and HTL-dominant protective epitopes of PRRSV strain's GP3 and GP5 proteins. The study identified 12 B-cell epitopes, 6 CTL epitopes and 5 HTL epitopes of GP3 and GP5 proteins. The candidate vaccine was constructed with 50S ribosomal protein L7/L1 molecular adjuvant, which has antigenicity, solubility, stability, non-allergenicity and a high affinity for its target receptor, TLR-3. The C-ImmSim immunostimulation results showed significant increases in cellular and humoral responses (B cells and T cells) and production of TGF-β, IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-12. The constructed vaccine was stable and immunogenic, and it can effectively induce strong T-cell and B-cell immune responses against PRRSV. Therefore, it is a promising candidate vaccine for controlling and preventing PRRSV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Liu
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
| | - Yaping Chen
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityDaqingChina
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2
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Makau DN, Prieto C, Martínez-Lobo FJ, Paploski IAD, VanderWaal K. Predicting Antigenic Distance from Genetic Data for PRRSV-Type 1: Applications of Machine Learning. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0408522. [PMID: 36511691 PMCID: PMC9927307 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04085-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a significant challenge due to the genetic and antigenic variability of the causative virus (PRRSV). Predominantly, PRRSV management includes using vaccines and live virus inoculations to confer immunity against PRRSV on farms. While understanding cross-protection among strains is crucial for the continued success of these interventions, understanding how genetic diversity translates to antigenic diversity remains elusive. We developed machine learning algorithms to estimate antigenic distance in silico, based on genetic sequence data, and identify differences in specific amino acid sites associated with antigenic differences between viruses. First, we obtained antigenic distance estimates derived from serum neutralization assays cross-reacting PRRSV monospecific antisera with virus isolates from 27 PRRSV1 viruses circulating in Europe. Antigenic distances were weakly to moderately associated with ectodomain amino acid distance for open reading frames (ORFs) 2 to 4 (ρ < 0.2) and ORF5 (ρ = 0.3), respectively. Dividing the antigenic distance values at the median, we then categorized the sera-virus pairs into two levels: low and high antigenic distance (dissimilarity). In the machine learning models, we used amino acid distances in the ectodomains of ORFs 2 to 5 and site-wise amino acid differences between the viruses as potential predictors of antigenic dissimilarity. Using mixed-effect gradient boosting models, we estimated the antigenic distance (high versus low) between serum-virus pairs with an accuracy of 81% (95% confidence interval, 76 to 85%); sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 75%, respectively. We demonstrate that using sequence data we can estimate antigenic distance and potential cross-protection between PRRSV1 strains. IMPORTANCE Understanding cross-protection between cocirculating PRRSV1 strains is crucial to reducing losses associated with PRRS outbreaks on farms. While experimental studies to determine cross-protection are instrumental, these in vivo studies are not always practical or timely for the many cocirculating and emerging PRRSV strains. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to rapidly estimate potential immunologic cross-reaction between different PRRSV1 strains in silico using sequence data routinely collected by production systems. These models can provide fast turn-around information crucial for improving PRRS management decisions such as selecting vaccines/live virus inoculation to be used on farms and assessing the risk of outbreaks by emerging strains on farms previously exposed to certain PRRSV strains and vaccine development among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Cinta Prieto
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - I. A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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VanderBurgt JT, Harper O, Garnham CP, Kohalmi SE, Menassa R. Plant production of a virus-like particle-based vaccine candidate against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1044675. [PMID: 36760639 PMCID: PMC9902946 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1044675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease leading to spontaneous abortions and stillbirths in sows and lowered life quality and expectancy in growing pigs. PRRS is prevalent worldwide and has significant economic impacts to swine industries around the globe. Co-expression of the two most abundant proteins in the viral envelope, the matrix protein (M) and glycosylated protein 5 (GP5), can produce a neutralizing immune response for the virus providing a potentially effective subunit vaccine against the disease, but these proteins are difficult to express. The goal of this research was to display antigenic portions of the M and GP5 proteins on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus-like particles. A modified tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVc) was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and targeted to three subcellular compartments along the secretory pathway to introduce glycosylation patterns important for M-GP5 epitope immunogenicity. We found that accumulation levels in the apoplast were similar to the ER and the vacuole. Because glycans present on plant apoplastic proteins are closest to those present on PRRSV proteins, a TMVc-M-GP5 fusion construct was targeted to the apoplast and accumulated at over 0.5 mg/g of plant fresh weight. TMVc virus-like particles self-assembled in plant cells and surface-displayed the M-GP5 epitope, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy and immunogold localization. These promising findings lay the foundation for immunogenicity and protective-immunity studies in animals to examine the efficacy of this vaccine candidate as a measure to control PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. VanderBurgt
- Biology Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ondre Harper
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Biochemistry Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher P. Garnham
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
- Biochemistry Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rima Menassa
- Biology Department, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
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4
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Paploski IAD, Makau DN, Pamornchainavakul N, Baker JP, Schroeder D, Rovira A, VanderWaal K. Potential Novel N-Glycosylation Patterns Associated with the Emergence of New Genetic Variants of PRRSV-2 in the U.S. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:2021. [PMID: 36560431 PMCID: PMC9787953 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is a post-translational process where oligosaccharides are attached to proteins, potentially altering their folding, epitope availability, and immune recognition. In Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-type 2 (PRRSV-2), positive selection pressure acts on amino acid sites potentially associated with immune escape through glycan shielding. Here, we describe the patterns of potential N-glycosylation sites over time and across different phylogenetic lineages of PRRSV-2 to better understand how these may contribute to patterns of coexistence and emergence of different lineages. We screened 19,179 PRRSV GP5 sequences (2004−2021) in silico for potential N-glycosylated sites. The emergence of novel combinations of N-glycosylated sites coincided with past PRRSV epidemics in the U.S. For lineage L1A, glycosylation at residues 32, 33, 44, 51, and 57 first appeared in 2012, but represented >62% of all L1A sequences by 2015, coinciding with the emergence of the L1A 1-7-4 strain that increased in prevalence from 8 to 86% of all L1A sequences from 2012 to 2015. The L1C 1-4-4 strain that emerged in 2020 also had a distinct N-glycosylation pattern (residues 32, 33, 44, and 51). From 2020 to 2021, this pattern was responsible for 44−47% of the L1C sequences, contrasting to <5% in years prior. Our findings support the hypothesis that antigenic evolution contributes to the sequential dominance of different PRRSV strains and that N-glycosylation patterns may partially account for antigenic differences amongst strains. Further studies on glycosylation and its effect on PRRSV GP5 folding are needed to further understand how glycosylation patterns shape PRRSV occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Julia P. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Declan Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, England, UK
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55018, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Veit M, Gadalla MR, Zhang M. Using Alphafold2 to Predict the Structure of the Gp5/M Dimer of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13209. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is a positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Arteriviridae. The Gp5/M dimer, the major component of the viral envelope, is required for virus budding and is an antibody target. We used alphafold2, an artificial-intelligence-based system, to predict a credible structure of Gp5/M. The short disulfide-linked ectodomains lie flat on the membrane, with the exception of the erected N-terminal helix of Gp5, which contains the antibody epitopes and a hypervariable region with a changing number of carbohydrates. The core of the dimer consists of six curved and tilted transmembrane helices, and three are from each protein. The third transmembrane regions extend into the cytoplasm as amphiphilic helices containing the acylation sites. The endodomains of Gp5 and M are composed of seven β-strands from each protein, which interact via β-strand seven. The area under the membrane forms an open cavity with a positive surface charge. The M and Orf3a proteins of coronaviruses have a similar structure, suggesting that all four proteins are derived from the same ancestral gene. Orf3a, like Gp5/M, is acylated at membrane-proximal cysteines. The role of Gp5/M during virus replication is discussed, in particular the mechanisms of virus budding and models of antibody-dependent virus neutralization.
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6
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Jakab S, Kaszab E, Marton S, Bányai K, Bálint Á, Nemes I, Szabó I. Genetic diversity of imported PRRSV-2 strains, 2005-2020, Hungary. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:986850. [PMID: 36304410 PMCID: PMC9595726 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.986850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) remains sporadic in Europe. In this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of PRRSV-2 infections encompassing 15 years in Hungary. Partial (423 bp long) ORF5 sequences (n = 44) from 20 Hungarian pig herds were analyzed. The study strains fell into two genetic lineages, L1 and L5, being L5 strains more prevalent (88.6 vs. 11.4%). Pairwise sequence identities within Hungarian representative PRRSV-2 strains ranged between 84.7 to 100% (nucleotide, nt) and 85 to 100% (amino acid, aa). When compared with reference strains, identity values fell between 87 and 100% (L1, nt 87–91%, aa 87–93%, reference strain IAF-exp91; L5, nt 87–100%, aa 88–100%, reference strain Ingelvac MLV). Epidemiologic examination implied that the majority of L5 strains were imported repeatedly from other European countries where Ingelvac MLV was approved for routine use. The emergence of L1 strains was thought to be associated with a single introduction and subsequent dissemination between pig farms of a large integrator. Results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the epizootiology of PRRSV-2 infections and shed light on the genetic diversity of viral strains in non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Jakab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medical Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Nemes
- Hungarian Association for Porcine Health Management, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- National PRRS Eradication Committee, Budapest, Hungary
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Paploski IAD, Pamornchainavakul N, Makau DN, Rovira A, Corzo CA, Schroeder DC, Cheeran MCJ, Doeschl-Wilson A, Kao RR, Lycett S, VanderWaal K. Phylogenetic Structure and Sequential Dominance of Sub-Lineages of PRRSV Type-2 Lineage 1 in the United States. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:608. [PMID: 34198904 PMCID: PMC8229766 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity and frequent emergence of novel genetic variants of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type-2 (PRRSV) hinders control efforts, yet drivers of macro-evolutionary patterns of PRRSV remain poorly documented. Utilizing a comprehensive database of >20,000 orf5 sequences, our objective was to classify variants according to the phylogenetic structure of PRRSV co-circulating in the U.S., quantify evolutionary dynamics of sub-lineage emergence, and describe potential antigenic differences among sub-lineages. We subdivided the most prevalent lineage (Lineage 1, accounting for approximately 60% of available sequences) into eight sub-lineages. Bayesian coalescent SkyGrid models were used to estimate each sub-lineage's effective population size over time. We show that a new sub-lineage emerged every 1 to 4 years and that the time between emergence and peak population size was 4.5 years on average (range: 2-8 years). A pattern of sequential dominance of different sub-lineages was identified, with a new dominant sub-lineage replacing its predecessor approximately every 3 years. Consensus amino acid sequences for each sub-lineage differed in key GP5 sites related to host immunity, suggesting that sub-lineage turnover may be linked to immune-mediated competition. This has important implications for understanding drivers of genetic diversity and emergence of new PRRSV variants in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. D. Paploski
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Nakarin Pamornchainavakul
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Dennis N. Makau
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Albert Rovira
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Maxim C-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Rowland R. Kao
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; (A.D.-W.); (R.R.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.A.D.P.); (N.P.); (D.N.M.); (A.R.); (C.A.C.); (D.C.S.); (M.C.-J.C.)
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Zhang M, Han X, Osterrieder K, Veit M. Palmitoylation of the envelope membrane proteins GP5 and M of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is essential for virus growth. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009554. [PMID: 33891658 PMCID: PMC8099100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus in the Arteiviridae family, is a major pathogen affecting pigs worldwide. The membrane (glyco)proteins GP5 and M form a disulfide-linked dimer, which is a major component of virions. GP5/M are required for virus budding, which occurs at membranes of the exocytic pathway. Both GP5 and M feature a short ectodomain, three transmembrane regions, and a long cytoplasmic tail, which contains three and two conserved cysteines, respectively, in close proximity to the transmembrane span. We report here that GP5 and M of PRRSV-1 and -2 strains are palmitoylated at the cysteines, regardless of whether the proteins are expressed individually or in PRRSV-infected cells. To completely prevent S-acylation, all cysteines in GP5 and M have to be exchanged. If individual cysteines in GP5 or M were substituted, palmitoylation was reduced, and some cysteines proved more important for efficient palmitoylation than others. Neither infectious virus nor genome-containing particles could be rescued if all three cysteines present in GP5 or both present in M were replaced in a PRRSV-2 strain, indicating that acylation is essential for virus growth. Viruses lacking one or two acylation sites in M or GP5 could be rescued but grew to significantly lower titers. GP5 and M lacking acylation sites form dimers and GP5 acquires Endo-H resistant carbohydrates in the Golgi apparatus suggesting that trafficking of the membrane proteins to budding sites is not disturbed. Likewise, GP5 lacking two acylation sites is efficiently incorporated into virus particles and these viruses exhibit no reduction in cell entry. We speculate that multiple fatty acids attached to GP5 and M in the endoplasmic reticulum are required for clustering of GP5/M dimers at Golgi membranes and constitute an essential prerequisite for virus assembly. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus in the order Nidovirales, is an important pathogen for pigs. Despite its importance in veterinary medicine, basic structural and functional features of its membrane proteins have not been elucidated. Here, we provide evidence for palmitoylation of the PRRSV major membrane proteins GP5 and M at a cluster of membrane-near cysteines. Fatty acid attachment is required for virus growth, since removal of all acylation sites from either M or GP5 prevents recue of infectious particles. Furthermore, viruses lacking individual acylation sites in M and GP5 grow to significantly lower titers in cell culture. The specific infectivity and cell entry of viruses lacking two acylation sites in Gp5 is, however, not reduced. Likewise, these viruses revealed no effect on dimerization of GP5 with M, its transport to budding sites, and incorporation into virus particles. Since cells transfected with a cDNA expressing non-acylated GP5, or non-acylated M release no virus-like particles into the supernatant we propose that the fatty acids are required for the budding process. They might trigger assembly of GP5/M dimers to form a coat inside the lipid bilayer that induces membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minze Zhang
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoliang Han
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Veit
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Liu Y, Li R, Chen XX, Zhi Y, Deng R, Zhou EM, Qiao S, Zhang G. Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain IIA Recognizes Sialic Acids on Sialylated RNA Viruses To Suppress Proinflammatory Responses via the DAP12-Syk Pathway. mBio 2019; 10:e00574-19. [PMID: 31064828 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00574-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NMHC-IIA, a subunit of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NM-IIA), takes part in diverse physiological processes, including cell movement, cell shape maintenance, and signal transduction. Recently, NMHC-IIA has been demonstrated to be a receptor or factor contributing to viral infections. Here, we identified that NMHC-IIA recognizes sialic acids on sialylated RNA viruses, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Upon recognition, NMHC-IIA associates with the transmembrane region of DAP12 to recruit Syk. Activation of the DAP12-Syk pathway impairs the host antiviral proinflammatory cytokine production and signaling cascades. More importantly, sialic acid mimics and sialylated RNA viruses enable the antagonism of LPS-triggered proinflammatory responses through engaging the NMHC-IIA–DAP12-Syk pathway. These results actually support that NMHC-IIA is involved in negative modulation of the host innate immune system, which provides a molecular basis for prevention and control of the sialylated RNA viruses and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Viral infections induce proinflammatory signaling cascades and inflammatory cytokine production, which is precisely regulated for host benefits. In the current study, we unravel a previously unappreciated role of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA) as a negative regulator in inflammatory responses. We identified that cell surface NMHC-IIA recognized sialic acids on sialylated RNA viruses during early infections and interacted with an immune adaptor DNAX activation protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) to recruit downstream spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), leading to suppressed virus-triggered proinflammatory responses. More importantly, recognition of sialylated RNA viruses or sialic acid mimics by NMHC-IIA was shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory responses via the DAP12-Syk pathway. These findings uncover a novel negative regulation mechanism of proinflammatory responses and provide a molecular basis to design anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Li L, Tian X, Chen J, Li P, Zheng Q, Hou J. Griffithsin inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vitro. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3317-3325. [PMID: 30220033 PMCID: PMC7087274 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen that severely disrupts swine production. Despite sustained efforts, the disease is still endemic, with high mortality and morbidity. New antiviral strategies to control PRRSV are needed. Griffithsin, a red algal lectin, has potent antiviral effect on several human enveloped viruses, but this effect has not been demonstrated on PRRSV. Here, we first tested the in vitro antiviral activity of Griffithsin against PRRSV. Griffithsin exerted strong saccharide-dependent antiviral activity against PRRSV, probably through interactions with glycans on the surface of PRRSV that interfered with virus entry. Furthermore we revealed that Griffithsin’s action on PRRSV involved blocking viral adsorption, and it had no effect on viral penetration. Besides Our findings also suggested that Griffithsin may interfere with cell-to-cell spread to prevent virus transmission. The remarkable potency profile of Griffithsin supports its potential value as an antiviral agent against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Li YL, Darwich L, Mateu E. Characterization of the attachment and infection by Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 isolates in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:181-188. [PMID: 30173745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to infect porcine dendritic cells (DC). Previous studies indicated that different PRRSV1 isolates regulated differently the cytokine profiles and expression of surface molecules of DC. However, the characterisation of the infection is lacking. The current study aimed to characterise the replication and attachment of different PRRSV1 isolates in bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC). For this purpose, immature (i) and mature (m) BMDC were infected with three PRRSV1 isolates. The replication kinetics showed that titres in iBMDC were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in mBMDC by 24 hpi, and for two isolates titres peaked earlier in iBMDC, suggesting that iBMDC were more efficient in supporting PRRSV1 replication than mBMDC. The attachment was revealed by a three-colour confocal microscopy staining. All three isolates were seen attached to iBMDC even in cells lacking CD163 -the essential receptor for PRRSV- or porcine sialoadhesin (PoSn). The attachment was not fully avoided after removal of heparan sulphate by heparinase I. Furthermore, the infection was examined with regards to CD163 expression. By flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, positive signals of PRRSV1 nucleocapsid could be observed in CD163- iBMDC. Additional sorting experiment demonstrated that CD163- iBMDC were infected only when CD163lo/hi cells were present. This can be interpreted in different ways: susceptible CD163- cells arose as result of milieu created by CD163+ infected BMDC; CD163- cells were infected by receptor-independent mechanisms (i.e. exosomes) or, some cells expressed CD163 at levels beyond the technical sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laila Darwich
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola Del Vallès, Spain
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12
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Li L, Qiao X, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zheng Q, Hou J. Surface-displayed porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from cell culture onto gram-positive enhancer matrix particles. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:889-898. [PMID: 30046953 PMCID: PMC7088258 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine immunization is now one of the most effective ways to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Impurity is one of the main factors affecting vaccine safety and efficacy. Here we present a novel innovative PRRSV purification approach based on surface display technology. First, a bifunctional protein PA-GRFT (protein anchor-griffithsin), the crucial factor in the purification process, was successfully produced in Escherichia coli yielding 80 mg/L of broth culture. Then PRRSV purification was performed by incubation of PA-GRFT with PRRSV and gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particles, followed by centrifugation to collect virions loaded onto GEM particles. Our results showed that most of the bulk impurities had been removed, and PA-GRFT could capture PRRSV onto GEM particles. Our lactic acid bacteria-based purification method, which is promising as ease of operation, low cost and easy to scale-up, may represent a candidate method for the large-scale purification of this virus for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuwen Qiao
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Chen
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jibo Hou
- National Research, Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Xie J, Christiaens I, Yang B, Trus I, Devriendt B, Cui T, Wei R, Nauwynck HJ. Preferential use of Siglec-1 or Siglec-10 by type 1 and type 2 PRRSV strains to infect PK15 S1-CD163 and PK15 S10-CD163 cells. Vet Res 2018; 49:67. [PMID: 30021620 PMCID: PMC6052533 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular entry mediators define whether the cell is permissive to PRRSV infection. Porcine sialoadhesin (pSn, Siglec-1) and CD163 are main entry mediators facilitating infection of porcine macrophages by PRRSV. Recently, Siglec-10 was demonstrated to be an alternative receptor for PRRSV. To examine if virulence and pathogenicity of PRRSV strains could be correlated with the use of different Siglecs, a PK15 cell line recombinantly expressing Siglec-1 and CD163 (PK15S1-CD163) and a PK15 cell line recombinantly expressing Siglec-10 and CD163 (PK15S10-CD163) were used to compare the virus replication of 7 genotype 1 subtype 1 strains (G1s1), 2 genotype 1 subtype 3 (G1s3) strains and 5 genotype 2 (G2) strains. Some strains (08VA (G1s1), 13V117 (G1s1), 17V035 (G1s1), VR2332 (G2)) were poor virus producers (<104 TCID50/mL), while other strains (07V063 (G1s1), 13V091 (G1s1), Su1-Bel (G1s3), MN-184 (G2), Korea17 (G2) and SDSU-73 (G2)) easily grew up to ≥106 TCID50/mL. PK15S10-CD163 cells exhibited a higher efficiency in virus production per infected cell than the PK15S1-CD163 cells. The G1s1 strains LV and 07V063 infected more cells in the PK15S1-CD163, whereas the 94V360 and 08VA strains preferred PK15S10-CD163. The highly virulent G1s3 strains Lena and Su1-Bel showed a strong preference for PK15S1-CD163. The G2 strains MN-184, SDSU-73, Korea17 had a much higher infection rate in PK15S10-CD163, while the reference strain VR2332 and the NADC30 strain had a slight preference for PK15S1-CD163. Differences in receptor use may influence the outcome of a PRRSV infection in pigs and explain in part the virulence/pathogenicity of PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexiong Xie
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Isaura Christiaens
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ivan Trus
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ruifang Wei
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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15
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Kang H, Yu JE, Shin JE, Kang A, Kim WI, Lee C, Lee J, Cho IS, Choe SE, Cha SH. Geographic distribution and molecular analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses circulating in swine farms in the Republic of Korea between 2013 and 2016. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:160. [PMID: 29769138 PMCID: PMC5956928 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes devastating disease characterized by reproductive failure and respiratory problems in the swine industry. To understand the recent prevalence and genetic diversity of field PRRSVs in the Republic of Korea, open reading frames (ORFs) 5 and 7 of PRRSV field isolates from 631 PRRS-affected swine farms nationwide in 2013-2016 were analyzed along with 200 Korean field viruses isolated in 2003-2010, and 113 foreign field and vaccine strains. RESULTS Korean swine farms were widely infected with PRRSVs of a single type (38.4 and 37.4% for Type 1 and Type 2 PRRSV, respectively) or both types (24.2%) with up to approximately 83% nucleotide sequence similarity to prototype PRRSVs (Lelystad or VR2332). Phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF5 nucleotide sequence revealed that Korean Type 1 field isolates were classified as subgroups A, B, and C under subtype 1, while Korean Type 2 field isolates were classified as lineages 1 and 5 as well as three Korean lineages (kor A, B, and C) with the highest infection prevalence in subgroup A (50.5%) and lineage 5 (15.3%) for Type 1 and Type 2 PRRSV, respectively, among ORF5-positive farms. In particular, the lineages kor B and C were identified as novel lineages in this study, and lineage kor B comprised only the field viruses isolated from Gyeongnam Province in 2014-2015, establishing regionally unique genetic characteristics. It has also recently been confirmed that commercialized vaccine-like viruses (subgroup C) of Type 1 PRRSV and NADC30-like viruses of Type 2 PRRSV (lineage 1) are spreading rapidly in Korean swine farms. The Korean field viruses were also expected to be antigenically variable as shown in the high diversity of neutralizing epitopes and N-glycosylation sites. CONCLUSIONS This up-to-date information regarding recent field PRRSVs should be taken into consideration when creating strategies for the application of PRRS control measures, including vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjeong Kang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.,Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jienny Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Eun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea. .,Present address: PRRS research Laboratory, Viral Diseases Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Mu F, Xie J, Cheng S, You MP, Barbetti MJ, Jia J, Wang Q, Cheng J, Fu Y, Chen T, Jiang D. Virome Characterization of a Collection of S. sclerotiorum from Australia. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2540. [PMID: 29375495 PMCID: PMC5768646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating plant pathogen that attacks numerous economically important broad acre and vegetable crops worldwide. Mycoviruses are widespread viruses that infect fungi, including S. sclerotiorum. As there were no previous reports of the presence of mycoviruses in this pathogen in Australia, studies were undertaken using RNA_Seq analysis to determine the diversity of mycoviruses in 84 Australian S. sclerotiorum isolates collected from various hosts. After RNA sequences were subjected to BLASTp analysis using NCBI database, 285 contigs representing partial or complete genomes of 57 mycoviruses were obtained, and 34 of these (59.6%) were novel viruses. These 57 viruses were grouped into 10 distinct lineages, namely Endornaviridae (four novel mycoviruses), Genomoviridae (isolate of SsHADV-1), Hypoviridae (two novel mycoviruses), Mononegavirales (four novel mycovirusess), Narnaviridae (10 novel mycoviruses), Partitiviridae (two novel mycoviruses), Ourmiavirus (two novel mycovirus), Tombusviridae (two novel mycoviruses), Totiviridae (one novel mycovirus), Tymovirales (five novel mycoviruses), and two non-classified mycoviruses lineages (one Botrytis porri RNA virus 1, one distantly related to Aspergillus fumigatus tetramycovirus-1). Twenty-five mitoviruses were determined and mitoviruses were dominant in the isolates tested. This is not only the first study to show existence of mycoviruses in S. sclerotiorum in Australia, but highlights how they are widespread and that many novel mycoviruses occur there. Further characterization of these mycoviruses is warranted, both in terms of exploring these novel mycoviruses for innovative biocontrol of Sclerotinia diseases and in enhancing our overall knowledge on viral diversity, taxonomy, ecology, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shufen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Pei You
- Faculty of Science, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martin J. Barbetti
- Faculty of Science, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jichun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Thaa B, Kaufer S, Neumann SA, Peibst B, Nauwynck H, Krause E, Veit M. The complex co-translational processing of glycoprotein GP5 of type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2017; 240:112-20. [PMID: 28807563 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
GP5 and M, the major membrane proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are the driving force for virus budding and a target for antibodies. We studied co-translational processing of GP5 from an European PRRSV-1 strain. Using mass spectrometry, we show that in virus particles of a Lelystad variant, the signal peptide of GP5 was absent due to cleavage between glycine-34 and asparagine-35. This cleavage site removes an epitope for a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, but leaves intact another epitope recognized by neutralizing pig sera. Upon ectopic expression of this GP5 in cells, signal peptide cleavage was however inefficient. Complete cleavage occurred when cysteine-24 was changed to proline or an unused glycosylation site involving asparagine-35 was mutated. Insertion of proline at position 24 also caused carbohydrate attachment to asparagine-35. Glycosylation sites introduced downstream of residue 35 were used, but did not inhibit signal peptide processing. Co-expression of the M protein rescued this processing defect in GP5, suggesting a novel function of M towards GP5. We speculate that a complex interplay of the co-translational modifications of GP5 affect the N-terminal structure of the mature proteins and hence its antigenicity.
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18
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Do HQ, Trinh DT, Nguyen TL, Vu TTH, Than DD, Van Lo T, Yeom M, Song D, Choe S, An DJ, Le VP. Molecular evolution of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses circulating in Vietnam from 2007 to 2015. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:256. [PMID: 27855667 PMCID: PMC5112882 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pathogens in the Vietnamese swine industry. ORF5, which participates in many functional processes, including virion assembly, entry of the virus into the host cell, and viral adaptation to the host immune response, has been widely used in molecular evolution and phylogeny studies. Knowing of molecular evolution of PRRSV fields strains might contribute to PRRS control in Vietnam. Results The results showed that phylogenetic analysis indicated that all strains belonged to sub-lineages 8.7 and 5.1. The nucleotide and amino acid identities between strains were 84.5–100% and 82–100%, respectively. Furthermore, the results revealed differences in nucleotide and amino acid identities between the 2 sub-lineage groups. N-glycosylation prediction identified 7 potential N-glycosylation sites and 11 glycotypes. Analyses of the GP5 sequences, revealed 7 sites under positive selective pressure and 25 under negative selective pressure. Conclusions Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF5 sequence indicated the diversity of PRRSV in Vietnam. Furthermore, the variance of N-glycosylation sites and position under selective pressure were demonstrated. This study expands existing knowledge on the genetic diversity and evolution of PRRSV in Vietnam and assists the effective strategies for PRRS vaccine development in Vietnam. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0885-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Quynh Do
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Thau Trinh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- Research and Development Laboratory, Avac Vietnam Company Limited (AVAC), Hung Yen, Vietnam
| | - Duc Duong Than
- Research and Development Laboratory, Avac Vietnam Company Limited (AVAC), Hung Yen, Vietnam
| | - Thi Van Lo
- Research and Development Laboratory, Avac Vietnam Company Limited (AVAC), Hung Yen, Vietnam
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi-do, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi-do, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Phan Le
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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19
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Liu C, Ning Y, Xu B, Gong W, Zhang D. Analysis of genetic variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in Central China. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:641-8. [PMID: 26781704 PMCID: PMC4873856 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an epidemic etiology in
pigs of all ages causing reproductive failure and respiratory manifestation. PRRSV has
been circulating in Chinese pig farms for almost 20 years. The aim of the present study
was to fully understand the extent of the genetic diversity and molecular characteristics
of PRRSVs in Central China. A strain of PRRSV isolated from a recent outbreak farm in
Hunan province in Central China, designated HUN-2014, was sequenced and analyzed with 39
other PRRSVs from 1998 to 2014 in Central China. Comparative results of genomic sequences
revealed that all 40 PRRSVs belonged to the North American genotype (NA genotype) and
shared 88.8–99.0% homology. Phylogenetic analysis showed three subgenotypes, namely
conventional PRRSV (C-PRRSV), specially mutant PRRSV (S-PRRSV) and highly pathogenic PRRSV
(HP-PRRSV), in all 40 PRRSVs. Moreover, comparative analysis of amino acid (AA) sequences
of NSP2, GP3, GP5 and ORF5a revealed the main evolution trend of PRRSVs in Central China
from 1998 to 2014, which was from C-PRRSV to HP-PRRSV, accompanied by different evolving
directions to S-PRRSV. In conclusion, both the major evolutionary trend and special
features of genetic variation should be emphasized as theoretical basis for development of
new vaccines and control strategies for PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Inspection Technology Research, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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Frydas IS, Nauwynck HJ. Replication characteristics of eight virulent and two attenuated genotype 1 and 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains in nasal mucosa explants. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:156-62. [PMID: 26711043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can spread in between pigs via contact and airborne route. It was shown before that the highly pathogenic PRRSV strain Lena was able to replicate 10-100 times more in the nasal mucosa compared to the low pathogenic PRRSV strain LV. In this work, the replication characteristics of four type 1 (LV, 07V063, 08VA, 13V091), three type 2 (VR2332, MN-184, VN) and two attenuated (MLV-DV, MLV-VR2332) PRRSV strains were studied. After 72hpi, mean virus titers reached 10(4.5-4.8) TCID50/ml for LV and 08VA, 10(5.2-5.4) TCID50/ml for VR2332 and Lena, and 10(5.8-6.3) TCID50/ml for 07V063, 13V091, MN-184 and VN strains, whereas attenuated strains remained below detection limit. The mean number of PRRSV-positive cells/mm(2) at 72hpi was 1.1 and 1.3 for the attenuated strains and LV, 13.3 for 08VA, 23.5 and 29.3 for VR2332 and 07063, 31.1 and 33.8 for 13V091 and Lena, and, 39.1 and 59.2 for MN-184 and VN respectively. All the LV and MLV-LV infected cells were Sn(+), whereas all other strains also infected Sn(-) macrophages. In conclusion, (i) based on the virus shedding in the respiratory explants, PRRSV strains can be categorized as poor (MLV-DV, MLV-VR2332, LV, 08VA), moderate (Lena, VR2332) and strong (07V063, 13V091, MN-184, VN) secretors, and (ii) based on the number of infected cells isolates can be categorized as low (MLV-DV, MLV-VR2332, LV), moderately (08VA, VR2332), highly (07V063, Lena, 13V091) and hyper (MN-184, VN) virulent in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias S Frydas
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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