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Noor RS, Shah AN, Tahir MB, Umair M, Nawaz M, Ali A, Ercisli S, Abdelsalam NR, Ali HM, Yang SH, Ullah S, Assiri MA. Recent Trends and Advances in Additive-Mediated Composting Technology for Agricultural Waste Resources: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Omega 2024; 9:8632-8653. [PMID: 38434807 PMCID: PMC10905604 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Agriculture waste has increased annually due to the global food demand and intensive animal production. Preventing environmental degradation requires fast and effective agricultural waste treatment. Aerobic digestion or composting uses agricultural wastes to create a stabilized and sterilized organic fertilizer and reduces chemical fertilizer input. Indeed, conventional composting technology requires a large surface area, a long fermentation period, significant malodorous emissions, inferior product quality, and little demand for poor end results. Conventional composting loses a lot of organic nitrogen and carbon. Thus, this comprehensive research examined sustainable and adaptable methods for improving agricultural waste composting efficiency. This review summarizes composting processes and examines how compost additives affect organic solid waste composting and product quality. Our findings indicate that additives have an impact on the composting process by influencing variables including temperature, pH, and moisture. Compost additive amendment could dramatically reduce gas emissions and mineral ion mobility. Composting additives can (1) improve the physicochemical composition of the compost mixture, (2) accelerate organic material disintegration and increase microbial activity, (3) reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions to reduce nitrogen (N) losses, and (4) retain compost nutrients to increase soil nutrient content, maturity, and phytotoxicity. This essay concluded with a brief summary of compost maturity, which is essential before using it as an organic fertilizer. This work will add to agricultural waste composting technology literature. To increase the sustainability of agricultural waste resource utilization, composting strategies must be locally optimized and involve the created amendments in a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Shahzad Noor
- Department
of Agriculture, Biological, Environment and Energy Engineering, College
of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Faculty
of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Noor Shah
- Department
of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed
University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Tahir
- Institute
of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Faculty
of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department
of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed
University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amjed Ali
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkiye
| | - Nader R. Abdelsalam
- Agricultural
Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Yin Y, Li M, Tao X, Yang C, Zhang W, Li H, Zheng Y, Wang X, Chen R. Biochar enhanced organic matter transformation during pig manure composting: Roles of the cellulase activity and fungal community. J Environ Manage 2023; 333:117464. [PMID: 36764176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal degradation of cellulose is a key step in the conversion of organic matter in composting. This study investigated the effects of adding 10% biochar (including, prepared from corn stalk and rape stalk corresponding to CSB and RSB) on organic matter transformation in composting and determined the role of cellulase and fungal communities in the conversion of organic matter. The results showed that biochar could enhance the conversion of organic matter, especially in RSB treatment. Biochar could increase cellulase activity, and RSB could enhance 33.78% and 30.70% the average activity of cellulase compared with the control and CSB treatments in the mesophilic to thermophilic phase, respectively. The results of high throughput sequencing demonstrated that Basidiomycota dominant in mesophilic phase, and Ascomycota dominant in other phases of composting. The redundancy analysis showed that Alternaria, Thermomycees, Aspergillus, Wallemia, and Melanocarpus might be the key fungi for the degradation of organic matter, and Fusarium, Penicillium, and Scopulariopsis may promote the conversion of organic matter. Network showed that the addition of RSB changed the interactions between fungal communities and organic matter transformation, and RSB treatment enriched members of Ascomycota related to organic matter transformation and cellulase activity. These results indicated that RSB improved organic matter conversion by enhancing the role of cellulase and fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Mengtong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Tao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Wenrong Zhang
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Haichao Li
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yucong Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
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Ruan M, Zhang Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Huang Z, Li H, Hu Z, Wu Z, Zhang X, Qin X, Huang J. Effects of initial particle sizes of Triarrhena lutarioriparia on processing performance, material properties, and heavy metal speciation in sewage sludge composting. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:19980-19993. [PMID: 36242665 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of initial particle size (IPS) on the environmental parameters and heavy metal speciation during sludge composting. Three piles were conducted: fine material (FM, screen underflow), coarse material (CM, oversize product), and mixed material (MM, mix FM and CM in 1:1). Results showed that the temperature trends of the three piles in different layers were highly repeatable during the thermophilic period. With the decrease of IPS, the heating rate and the highest temperature of the pile increased, the thermophilic period was prolonged, and the highest temperature area in the pile shifted to a lower layer. It also promoted the organic matter degradation, compost maturation, and nitrogen fixation effect. Composting had a good effect on the passivation of heavy metals, especially Cd, Cu, and Pb. The passivation effect on Cd and Cu was FM > CM > MM, and on Pb was CM > FM > MM. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix, and thermogravimetric thermal analysis indicated that FM had the highest content of aromatic structure and humic-like substance on D40. The redundancy analysis revealed that MM was beneficial to improve the internal uniformity during composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ruan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410076, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xikai Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410076, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410076, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangmao Hu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410076, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China.
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Hashim S, Waqas M, Rudra RP, Akhtar Khan A, Mirani AA, Sultan T, Ehsan F, Abid M, Saifullah M. On-Farm Composting of Agricultural Waste Materials for Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan. Scientifica (Cairo) 2022; 2022:5831832. [PMID: 35979342 PMCID: PMC9377972 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5831832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is the economic backbone of Pakistan. 67% of country's population resides in rural areas and primarily depends on agriculture. Pakistan's soils are poor in OM and have a low C : N ratio, and the overall fertility status is insufficient to support increased crop yields. Compost is an excellent alternative solution for improving soil OM content. However, this excellent alternative supply in Pakistan has yet to be used. Mass volumes of leaves, grass clippings, plant stalks, vines, weeds, twigs, and branches are burned daily. In this study, different compost piles (P1, P2, and P3) of compost were made using different agricultural and animal waste combinations to assess temperature, pH, and NPK. Results revealed that P3 demonstrated the most successful composting procedure. The temperature and pH levels throughout the composting process were determined in a specified range of 42-45oC and 6.1-8.3, respectively. Total nitrogen content ranged from 81.5 to 2175 ppm in farm compost. Total phosphorus concentrations range from 1.33 to 13.98 ppm, and potassium levels, on the other hand, range from 91.53 to 640 ppm in farm compost. The overall nitrogen concentration grew progressively between each pile at the end of a week. The varied concentrations revealed that adding various forms of agricultural waste would result in a variation in the quantity of NPK owing to microbial activity. On-farm composting has emerged as an effective technique for the sustainability of agricultural activities, capable of resolving crucial problems like crop residues and livestock waste disposal. Based on this study's results, the pile (P3) combination shows the best NPK value performance and is recommended for agricultural uses to overcome the OM deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfraz Hashim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | | | - Alamgir Akhtar Khan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Ali Mirani
- Director Agri. Mechanization, Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Sultan
- Director Agri. Mechanization, Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Ehsan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saifullah
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
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Martinez-Hernandez RS, Vidriales-Escobar G, Garcia-Hernandez E, Herrera-Hernandez EC, Gonzalez-Garcia R, Ocampo-Perez R, Gonzalez-Ortega O. Mathematical Description of the Initial Stages of a Composting Process in a Batch Bioreactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Vidriales-Escobar
- Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica, 2055 Camino a la Presa San Jose, 78216 San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | | | - Raul Gonzalez-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, UASLP, 6 Manuel Nava Ave., 78210 San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Raul Ocampo-Perez
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, UASLP, 6 Manuel Nava Ave., 78210 San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Omar Gonzalez-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, UASLP, 6 Manuel Nava Ave., 78210 San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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6
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Li W, Han Z, Sun D. Preparation of sludge-based activated carbon for adsorption of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide during sludge aerobic composting. Chemosphere 2021; 279:130924. [PMID: 34134443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) during sludge aerobic composting has limited the use and development of this economical sludge treatment process. In this study, cheap and easily available sludge was used as raw material for the preparation of adsorbents to eliminate DMS and DMDS. A series of sludge-based activated carbons (SACs) were prepared by acid or base activation, and coconut shell mix was also assessed. The results revealed that SAC preparation by KOH activation without coconut shell mix could significantly enhance the surface area and pore volume of SAC, and showed the maximum adsorption capacity for DMS (53.45 mg g-1) and DMDS (151.28 mg g-1). In addition, SAC had a good adsorption effect on a mixture of DMS and DMDS. The SAC adsorbents could efficiently adsorb DMS and DMDS after four cycles of regeneration. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses demonstrated that adsorption between the SAC and DMS/DMDS was via physical adsorption. The SAC developed in this study utilized waste in a useful way that could significantly reduce the cost of adsorbents and use them for odor elimination during sludge aerobic composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhangliang Han
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Liu T, Awasthi SK, Duan Y, Pandey A, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Current status of global warming potential reduction by cleaner composting. Energy & Environment 2021; 32:1002-1028. [DOI: 10.1177/0958305x19882417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The global living standards are currently undergoing a stage of growth; however, such improvement also brings some challenges. Global warming is the greatest threat to all living things and attracts more and more attention on a global scale due to the rapid development of economy. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the common components of greenhouse gases, which contribute to the global warming. Mitigation technologies for these gas emissions are urgently needed in every industry for the aim of cleaner production. Traditional agriculture also contributes significantly to enhance the greenhouse gases emission. Composting is a novel and economic greenhouse gases mitigation strategy compared to other technologies in terms of the organic waste disposal. Some of the European countries showed an increase of more than 50% in the composting rate. The microbial respiration, nitrification and denitrification processes, and the generation of anaerobic condition makes the emission of greenhouse gases inevitable during composting. However, although there have been a lot of papers that focused on the reduction of greenhouse gases emission in composting, none of these has summarized the methods of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases during the composting. This review discusses the benefit of composting in greenhouse gases mitigation in the organic waste management and the current methods to improve mitigation efficiency during cleaner composting. Key physical, chemical, and biological parameters related to greenhouse gases mitigation strategies were precisely studied to give a deep understanding about the emission of greenhouse gases during cleaner composting. Furthermore, the mechanism of greenhouse gases emission mitigation strategies for cleaner composting based on various external measures would be helpful for the exploration of novel and effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Sanjeev K Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yumin Duan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Mukesh K Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- Swedish Center for Resource Recovery Department of Biotechnology, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
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Walling E, Trémier A, Vaneeckhaute C. A review of mathematical models for composting. Waste Manag 2020; 113:379-394. [PMID: 32580105 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Composting is a valuable method to treat and valorize organic waste. However, the process is defined by its dynamic nature and governed by a multitude of operating parameters. As such, mathematical modelling of the process offers a powerful tool to simulate and predict the variable outcomes of the process, allowing for its optimization. This can include improving efficiency, lowering costs and reducing environmental impact. To aid with the development of future models, we provide an up to date review and assessment on the state of the art of composting modelling. By reviewing 40 years of literature, this review paints the most complete picture of the field to date. This includes an analysis of trends in composting modelling: looking at the type of systems that are targeted, the aim of the models and the approaches to kinetics and mass and heat transfer. Regarding modelling approaches, we explore the fractionation of both substrates and microorganisms, the biological processes that can be included (disintegration, hydrolysis, uptake and death) and their kinetics (first-order, Monod-type), energy balances (biological generation, convection, conduction) and mass balances. We also provide a review of the results of sensitivity analyses performed on composting models, finding that models are most sensitive to microbial growth and death rates, as well as consumption rates and product yields. In the final portion of the review, we identify, explore, and provide guiding recommendations for work on emerging areas and areas requiring development in composting modelling (volume change, pH, maturation, artificial intelligence, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Walling
- BioEngine - Research Team on Green Process Engineering and Biorefineries, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065 Ave. de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CentrEau, Centre de recherche sur l'eau, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | | | - Céline Vaneeckhaute
- BioEngine - Research Team on Green Process Engineering and Biorefineries, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065 Ave. de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CentrEau, Centre de recherche sur l'eau, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Han Z, Qi F, Li R, Wang H, Sun D. Health impact of odor from on-situ sewage sludge aerobic composting throughout different seasons and during anaerobic digestion with hydrolysis pretreatment. Chemosphere 2020; 249:126077. [PMID: 32045752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion with hydrolysis pretreatment are two mainstream methods used to recycle and reclaim sewage sludge. However, during these sludge treatment processes, many odors are emitted that may cause severe emotional disturbance and health risks to those exposed. This study identified odor pollution (i.e. sensory influence, odor contribution, and human risks) from samples collected during sludge aerobic composting throughout different seasons as well as during anaerobic digestion with hydrolysis pretreatment. Odor intensity, odor active values, and permissible concentration-time weighted averages for ammonia and five volatile sulfur compounds were assessed. The results revealed serious odor pollution from all sampling sites during aerobic composting, especially in winter. Excessively strong odors were identified in the composting workshop, with total odor active values between 997 and 8980 which accounted for 78.45%-96.18% of the total sludge aerobic composting plant. Levels of ammonia and dimethyl disulfide in the ambient air were high enough to harm employees' health. During anaerobic digestion, excessively strong odors were identified in dehydration workshop 2, and the total odor active values of six odors reached 32,268, with ammonia and hydrogen sulfide levels significant enough to harm human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangliang Han
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Aghili SM, Mehrdadi N, Aminzadeh B, Zazouli MA. Using of indigenous bulking agents (IBAs) in complementary stabilization and enhancing of dewatered sludge class B to class a on a full scale. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2019; 17:767-777. [PMID: 32030150 PMCID: PMC6985304 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different bulking agents are used in the compost of dewatered sludge (DWS). The aim of this study has been using of indigenous bulking agents (IBAs) in the enhancing of the DWS class of municipal wastewater from class B to class A and complementary stabilization of it for production of green manure in Sari city, Iran. METHODS Three IBAs including the Saccharum Wastes (SW), Citrus Purning Wastes (CPW) and Phragmites Australis (PA) from eight IBAs were selected to be compared with the sawdust (SD) that was as a control bulking agent. Five turned windrow piles were constructed on a full scale and on base of optimal C/N equal 25.All experiments were performed on the base of the standard methods on initial mix and final compost. RESULTS Among five windrow piles, P5 was been the best pile with a weighting ratio of DWS to IBAs (DWS: SW: CPW: PA) equal 1: 0.2: 0.24: 0.28. Pile P1 with weighting ratio DWS: SW equal 1: 0.6, Pile P3 with weighting ratio DWS: PA equal 1: 0.84, Pile P2 with weighting ratio DWS: CPW equal 1: 0.73 and Pile P4 with weighting ratio DWS: SD equal 1: 0.57 were placed in the next rounds. The results showed that the class of DWS enhanced to Class A for about 80 to 97 days and complementary stabilization of DWS by IBAs was done well and produced green manure in term of organic matter, potassium, germination index, PH, C/N and electrical conductivity had reached to the Grade 1 of Iran's manure 10716 standard and in term of phosphorus and moisture had reached to the Grade 2 of this standard. Also heavy metals were below the maximum permissible of standards. CONCLUSION Using of IBAs, had a higher efficiency than the control bulking agent (sawdust) in enhancing sludge class and its stabilization, so that using of them in combination (mix of IBAs) had the highest efficiency and respectively, Saccharum Wastes (SW), Phragmites Australis (PA), Citrus pruning wastes (CPW) were placed in the next round, and sawdust was placed after them. By adding suitable IBAS, with an optimal ratio in turned windrow method, the class of DWS of sari WWTP enhanced to Class A and complementary stabilization of DWS has been well done and the produced green manure has been reached to agricultural standards and can be safely used in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Aghili
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Mehrdadi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoush Aminzadeh
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zazouli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineerig, School of Health, Medical Science University of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran
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11
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Ma J, Zhang L, Mu L, Zhu K, Li A. Multivariate insights of bulking agents influence on co-biodrying of sewage sludge and food waste: Process performance, organics degradation and microbial community. Sci Total Environ 2019; 681:18-27. [PMID: 31102814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a prerequisite additive, bulking agent played an essential role on organic wastes biodrying by affecting the organics degradation and microbial consortia. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the relationships among the type of bulking agents, organics degradation and microbial community evolution. In line with the excellent physiochemical properties, corncob was found to be more desirable for biodrying with more water removal (62.13% vs. 53.70% for sawdust and 51.72% for straw) and higher energy efficiency. Furthermore, different bulking agents showed different biodegradability and affected co-existed organics degradation. In detail, corncob upgraded the amylase and lipase activities, thus promoting the degradation of readily degradable carbohydrates and lipids in feedstocks, which accounted for >60% of the bio-heat sources for water evaporation. In addition, pyrosequencing analysis revealed that Bacillus (>50%) and Ochrobactrum (>40%) were the dominant genera in thermophilic and cooling phases, with degradation capacities of readily degradable substrate and lignocellulose, respectively. And the pathogens, e.g., E. coli and K. pneumonia, were seriously inhibited by high matrix temperatures in corncob trial. These results not only suggested the corncob was a promising bulking agent, but the potential microbial mechanisms for organics degradation were also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ma
- School of Environmental Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China.
| | - Lan Mu
- School of Environmental Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Kongyun Zhu
- School of Environmental Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Aimin Li
- School of Environmental Science & Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
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12
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Yuan J, Li Y, Wang G, Zhang D, Shen Y, Ma R, Li D, Li S, Li G. Biodrying performance and combustion characteristics related to bulking agent amendments during kitchen waste biodrying. Bioresour Technol 2019; 284:56-64. [PMID: 30925423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biodrying of kitchen waste amended with different bulking agents was carried out to evaluate performance, heat values and combustion characteristics. Results showed that adding bulking agents produced higher water removal rates of 55.6%-65.4%. Addition of bulking agents also yielded higher volatile solid contents related to slower degradation. Lower heat values of bulking agent treatments increased from 2000-3218 kJ·kg-1 to 8544-9849 kJ·kg-1. Organic degradation did not influence ignition or combustion temperatures during the second combustion stage, but did influence combustion rate. Maximum combustion rate and temperature of the third combustion stage remained stable. Bulking agents produced higher apparent activation energies compared with the control, although biodrying made combustion of kitchen waste easier, because of an overall decrease in apparent activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Difang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujun Shen
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, No. 41, Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100125, China; Key Laboratory of Technologies and Models for Cyclic Utilization from Agricultural Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Ruonan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Han Z, Qi F, Wang H, Li R, Sun D. Odor assessment of NH 3 and volatile sulfide compounds in a full-scale municipal sludge aerobic composting plant. Bioresour Technol 2019; 282:447-455. [PMID: 30889536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methods for assessing odors in municipal sewage sludge aerobic composting plants (MSSACPs) have been ineffective. This study identified the emission amount of typical odor-producing compounds, including NH3 and volatile sulfide compounds from a full-scale MSSACP, and evaluated risks of odor emissions based on odor intensity and odor active value. Results revealed all sampling sites (i.e. sludge stacking yard, composting workshop, and screening workshop) produced serious odors, especially in the composting workshop. In the composting workshop, the amounts of DMDS (174.59 μg·dry kg-1) and DMS (71.64 μg·dry kg-1) emitted were far lower than that of NH3 (6062.56 μg·dry kg-1). However, DMDS and DMS showed a similar intensity as NH3 according to odor intensity assessment. Furthermore, both of their odor active values were higher than that of NH3. Using results from both odor intensity and odor active value were more reliable for the assessment of odors from MSSACPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangliang Han
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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González D, Colón J, Gabriel D, Sánchez A. The effect of the composting time on the gaseous emissions and the compost stability in a full-scale sewage sludge composting plant. Sci Total Environ 2019; 654:311-323. [PMID: 30445331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ammonia are some of the compounds present in gaseous emissions from waste treatment facilities that contribute to odour pollution. In the present work, the effect of the residence time on the biological stability of raw sludge (RS) composted in dynamic windrows and the gaseous emissions generated were studied at a full-scale composting plant, aiming to provide specific pollutant emission factors and to determine their variability depending on the composting time. Waste stability and emissions analysis considered both a first phase where mixed RS and vegetal fraction (RS - VF) is actively composted in dynamic windrows and a second standard curing phase in turned piles, which lasted 31 days. Two windrows were operated at 4 days of composting time while two other windrows were operated simultaneously at 14 days composting time. Increasing the residence time leads to a better waste stabilization in the first composting phase, providing a 50% reduction of the Dynamic Respiration Index. A decrease of the ammonia emission factor was achieved when increasing the composting time (from 168.5 g NH3·Mg-1RS - VF d-1 to 114.3 g NH3·Mg-1RS - VF d-1), whereas the VOCs emission factor was maintained for the same process conditions (between 26.0 and 28.0 g C-VOC·Mg-1RS - VF d-1). However, an increase of the emission masses of both pollutants was observed (from 0.16 to 0.39 kg tVOCs·Mg-1RS - VF and from 1.21 to 1.60 kg NH3·Mg-1RS - VF). Finally, ammonia and VOCs emissions generated at the curing piles were nearly avoided when increasing the composting time of the first phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV), Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colón
- BETA Technology Centre: "U Science Tech", University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gabriel
- Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV), Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Wang X, Zheng G, Chen T, Nie E, Wang Y, Shi X, Liu J. Application of ceramsite and activated alumina balls as recyclable bulking agents for sludge composting. Chemosphere 2019; 218:42-51. [PMID: 30469003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Composting is a major sludge-treatment method and bulking agents are very important in sludge composting. In this study, ceramsite and activated alumina balls were chosen as recyclable bulking agents for sludge composting. Variations in the temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, dissolved organic carbon, moisture content, and heavy metals were detected during composting with different bulking-agent treatments as well as differences in the germination index values. The results showed that both bulking agents could ensure the maturity of the compost; further, ceramsite treatment resulted in the best water removal efficiency. According to the sequential extraction procedure, both ceramsite and activated alumina balls could stabilize Cd but they also increased the mobility of Zn. After comparing the effects of different particle sizes of ceramsite on composting, 20 mm was determined to be the most optimal value. Additionally, the recovery rates of ceramsite and activated alumina balls were 96.9% and 99.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankai Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Erqi Nie
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuewei Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junwan Liu
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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16
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Li Q, Lu X, Guo H, Yang Z, Li Y, Zhi S, Zhang K. Sewage sludge drying method combining pressurized electro-osmotic dewatering with subsequent bio-drying. Bioresour Technol 2018; 263:94-102. [PMID: 29730523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pressurized electro-osmotic dewatering (PEOD) as a pretreatment process, instead of the conventional practice of adding bulking agents, for sewage sludge bio-drying was proposed. Initially, various parameters were optimized for obtaining dewatered sewage sludge (DSS), treated by an efficient, quick, and energy-saving PEOD process. The results show that the moisture content (MC) of sewage sludge could decrease from 83.41% to 60.0% within 7.5 min in the optimum conditions of the PEOD process. Subsequently, two DSS bio-drying tests were carried out to investigate the effects of inoculation. The highest temperature (68.1 °C) was obtained for T2 (inoculation), which was 3.6 °C higher than that for T1 (non- inoculation). The MC accumulative removal rate for T1 (41.49%) was slightly less than that for T2 (44.60%). Lastly, the volatile solid degradation dynamics model parameters were measured. The degradation rate constants (k) for T1 and T2 were 0.00501 and 0.00498, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xuebin Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Haigang Guo
- Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Zengjun Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yingte Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Suli Zhi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
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17
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Mejias L, Cerda A, Barrena R, Gea T, Sánchez A. Microbial Strategies for Cellulase and Xylanase Production through Solid-State Fermentation of Digestate from Biowaste. Sustainability 2018; 10:2433. [DOI: 10.3390/su10072433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising technology for producing bioproducts from organic wastes. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of using digestate as substrate to produce hydrolytic enzymes, mainly cellulase and xylanase, by exploring three different inoculation strategies: (i) SSF with autochthonous microbiota; (ii) non-sterile SSF inoculated with Trichoderma reesei and (iii) sequential batch operation to select a specialized inoculum, testing two different residence times. Native microbial population did not show a significant cellulase production, suggesting the need for a specialized inoculum. The inoculation of Trichoderma reesei did not improve the enzymatic activity. On the other hand, inconsistent operation was achieved during sequential batch reactor in terms of specific oxygen uptake rate, temperature and enzymatic activity profile. Low cellulase and xylanase activities were attained and the main hypotheses are non-appropriate biomass selection and some degree of hydrolysis by non-targeted proteases produced during fermentation.
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18
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Hao Z, Yang B, Jahng D. Spent coffee ground as a new bulking agent for accelerated biodrying of dewatered sludge. Water Res 2018; 138:250-263. [PMID: 29605704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using spent coffee ground (SCG) as a new bulking agent for biodrying of dewatered sludge (DS) was investigated in comparison with two other frequently-used bulking agents, air-dried sludge (AS) and sawdust (SD). Results showed that the moisture contents (MC) of 16-day DS biodrying with AS (Trial A), SCG (Trial B) and SD (Trial C) decreased from 70.14 wt%, 68.25 wt% and 71.63 wt% to 59.12 wt%, 41.35 wt% and 57.69 wt%, respectively. In case of Trial B, the MC rapidly decreased to 46.16 wt% with the highest water removal (70.87%) within 8 days because of the longest high-temperature period (5.8 days). Further studies indicated that the abundant biodegradable volatile solids (BVS) and high dissolved organic matter (DOM) contents in SCG were the main driving forces for water removal. According to pyrosequencing data, Firmicutes, most of which were recognized as thermophiles, was rapidly enriched on Day 8 and became the dominant phylum in Trial B. Four thermophilic genera, Bacillus, Ureibacillus, Geobacillus and Thermobifida, which can produce thermostable hydrolytic extracellular enzymes, were the most abundant in Trial B, indicating that these thermophilic bacteria evolved during the long high-temperature period enhanced the biodegradation of BVS in SCG. The 8-day biodried product of Trial B was demonstrated to be an excellent solid fuel with low heating value (LHV) of 9284 kJ kg-1, which was 2.1 and 1.8 times those of biodried products with AS and SD, respectively. Thus SCG was found to be an excellent bulking agent accelerating DS biodrying and producing a solid fuel with a high calorific value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdi Hao
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongjiro, Cheoingu, Yonginshi, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Benqin Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Deokjin Jahng
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongjiro, Cheoingu, Yonginshi, Gyeonggido, 17058, Republic of Korea.
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Han Z, Qi F, Wang H, Liu B, Shen X, Song C, Bao Z, Zhao X, Xu Y, Sun D. Emission characteristics of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) from a municipal sewage sludge aerobic composting plant. Waste Manag 2018; 77:593-602. [PMID: 29907364 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emission of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) causing strong odors is a major problem in municipal sewage sludge composting plants (MSSACPs). Improving the knowledge on characteristics of VSCs emission in MSAACPs is of particular significance to elimate odors, but the studies conducted on-site to identify them are scarce. To this purpose, characteristics of VSCs emission were studied on-site from a MSSACP during different ambient temperatures corresponding with seasonal variations. Results reveal that (1) the total emission of VSCs which included methyl disulfide (DMDS), methyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was 561.89 mg/dry kg in summer, 358.45 mg/dry kg in spring, and 215.52 mg/dry kg in winter, and the greatest amounts of VSCs were emitted during the mesophilic and pre-thermophilic phases; (2) although DMDS and DMS contributed the most towards total VSCs emissions during winter (81.93%), spring (82.55%), and summer (83.90%), their odor contributions were less than that of H2S; (3) in summer, the odor nuisance of total VSCs was higher than that in winter and spring; (4) sulfur loss in the form of VSCs emissions and total sulfur loss both increased with rising ambient temperatures during the sewage sludge aerobic composting. Results obtained in this study will be beneficial towards the elimation of odors released from MSSACPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangliang Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environment Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiue Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environment Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Cheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environment Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xufeng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yangjie Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control and Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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20
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Liu T, Cui C, He J, Tang J. Effect of different bulking agents on water variation and thermal balance and their respective contribution to bio-generated heat during long-term storage sludge biodrying process. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:17602-17610. [PMID: 29667053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodrying was first used for the post-treatment of long-term storage sludge with vinasse as bulking agents. The effect of different bulking agents on water and heat variation and their respective contributions to bio-generated heat during storage sludge biodrying were investigated. Three different bulking agents (beer lees and distillers grains, with conventional straw used for comparison) were mixed with storage sludge for biodrying for an 18-day period. The results revealed the treatment with beer lees as bulking agent achieved the best performance with the highest water removal capacity (658 g kg-1 initial water). The extent of organic degradation in the mixture was related to the degradation ability of the bulking agents. The degradation of C- and H-containing materials (e.g., carboxylic acid) accounted for volatile solids (VS) loss. Water and thermal analyses showed that evaporation was the main way of water loss (accounting for 90%), while evaporation heat was the main component of heat consumption (accounting for 56.67-60.62%).The biodegradation of bulking agents contributed a high proportion of the bio-generated heat consumed by water evaporation (82.35-86.67%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongwei Cui
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Junguo He
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Tang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
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21
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Shou Z, Yuan H, Shen Y, Liang J, Zhu N, Gu L. Mitigating inhibition of undissociated volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for enhanced sludge-rice bran composting with ferric nitrate amendment. Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:672-678. [PMID: 28818795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of ferric nitrate on mitigating the inhibition of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during the initial phase of sewage sludge composting amended with rice bran. During the 34-day lab-scale composting, the supplementation of ferric nitrate enhanced the degradation of VFAs by up to 3 times as compared to the control. The organic matters loss (OML) rate in the treatment reactor was almost doubled with supplementation of ferric nitrate as compared to the control reactor during the initial phase. Eventually the treatment reactor achieved a 39.0% OML by the end of composting, which was 22% higher than the control. Ferric nitration addition mitigated the inhibition of VFAs by stimulating denitrification which consumed protons and VFAs. Ferric nitrate addition also decreased the electrical conductivity by 23% in the final compost product, reducing the possibility of phytotoxicity issue upon soil application. In summary, the results demonstrated that ferric nitrate addition could be an effective strategy for enhanced sludge composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongqi Shou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haiping Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanwen Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayun Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nanwen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lin Gu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Liu N, Zhou J, Han L, Ma S, Sun X, Huang G. Role and multi-scale characterization of bamboo biochar during poultry manure aerobic composting. Bioresour Technol 2017; 241:190-199. [PMID: 28558349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to study the changes in compost particle and its relationship with other physicochemical process during aerobic composting employing 5%, 10%, 20% or 0% biochar. Changes of physicochemical and biological parameters and gases emissions indicated that appropriate biochar addition improved both degradation rate and final degree of the organic matter and simultaneously reduced CO2, CH4, N2O and NH3 emissions. Beneficial properties like stability and high porosity of biochar could optimize composting environment, accelerate the process of composting and facilitate microbial growth during the thermophilic composting stage, with increases of 1.3×1010 to 1.5×1011cfu/g. Analysis of microstructure characterization of the changes in compost particle indicated that biochar amended contributed to better degradation of compost particle with smaller sizes and a higher degree of looseness. Ultimately, 10% biochar addition optimized organic matter degradation, while reducing ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jialiang Zhou
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujia Han
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ma
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxi Sun
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guangqun Huang
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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23
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Arias O, Viña S, Uzal M, Soto M. Composting of pig manure and forest green waste amended with industrial sludge. Sci Total Environ 2017; 586:1228-1236. [PMID: 28233616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the composting of chestnut forest green waste (FGW) from short rotation chestnut stands amended with sludge resulting from the manufacture of Medium Density Fibreboard (MDFS) and pig manure (PM). Both FGW and MDFS presented low biodegradation potential but different characteristics in granulometry and bulk density that make its mixture of interest to achieve high composting temperatures. PM decreased the C/N ratio of the mixture and increased its moisture content (MC). Three mixtures of MDFS:FGW at volume ratios of 1:1.3 (M2), 1:2.4 (M3) and 0:1 (M4) were composted after increasing its MC to about 70% with PM. A control with food waste (OFW) and FGW (1:2.4 in volume) (M1) was run in parallel. Watering ratios reached 0.25 (M1), 1.08 (M2) 1.56 (M3) and 4.35 (M4) L PM/kg TS of added solids wastes. Treatments M2 and M3 reached a thermophilic phase shorter than M1, whilst M4 remained in the mesophilic range. After 48days of composting, temperature gradients in respect to ambient temperature were reduced, but the mineralization process continued for around 8months. Final reduction in total organic carbon reached 35-56%, depending mainly on the content in MDFS. MDFS addition to composting matrices largely reduced nitrogen losses, which range from 22% (M2) to 37% (M3) and 53% (M4). Final products had high nutrient content, low electrical conductivity and low heavy metal content which make it a valuable product for soil fertilization, right to amend in the chestnut forests and as a pillar of their sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Arias
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering I, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, A Coruña 15008, Galiza, Spain.
| | - S Viña
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering I, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, A Coruña 15008, Galiza, Spain.
| | - M Uzal
- Boibel Forestal S.L. Lugar do Pazo de Galegos s/n. E-15.868 Frades, A Coruña, Galiza, Spain.
| | - M Soto
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering I, University of A Coruña, Rúa da Fraga 10, A Coruña 15008, Galiza, Spain.
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Zhao GH, Yu YL, Zhou XT, Lu BY, Li ZM, Feng YJ. Effects of drying pretreatment and particle size adjustment on the composting process of discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves. Waste Manag Res 2017; 35:534-540. [PMID: 28190373 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x17690448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main characteristic of discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves is their high nicotine content. Aerobic composting is an effective method to decrease the nicotine level in tobacco leaves and stabilize tobacco wastes. However, high levels of nicotine in discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves complicate tobacco waste composting. This work proposes a drying pretreatment process to reduce the nicotine content in discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves and thus enhance its carbon-to-nitrogen ratio to a suitable level for composting. The effect of another pretreatment method, particle size adjustment, on composting efficiency was also tested in this work. The results indicated that the air-dried (nicotine content: 1.35%) and relatively long discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves (25 mm) had a higher composting efficiency than damp (nicotine content: 1.57%) and short discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves (15 mm). When dry/25 mm discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves mixed with tobacco stems in an 8:2 ratio was composted at a temperature above 55 °C for 9 days, the nicotine content dropped from 1.29% to 0.28%. Since the discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves was successfully composted to a fertile and harmless material, the germination index values increased to 85.2%. The drying pretreatment and particle size adjustment offered ideal physical and chemical conditions to support microbial growth and bioactivity during the composting process, resulting in efficient conversion of discarded flue-cured tobacco leaves into a high quality and mature compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hong Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- 2 College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Ling Yu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- 3 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang-Tong Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Bin-Yu Lu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zi-Mu Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Jie Feng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Vidriales-Escobar G, Rentería-Tamayo R, Alatriste-Mondragón F, González-Ortega O. Mathematical modeling of a composting process in a small-scale tubular bioreactor. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Ma J, Zhang L, Li A. Energy-efficient co-biodrying of dewatered sludge and food waste: Synergistic enhancement and variables investigation. Waste Manag 2016; 56:411-422. [PMID: 27324927 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, dewatered sludge (DS) and food waste (FW) were co-biodried by balancing substrate's property and microbial aspect. A series of experiments were conducted to explore the effects of mixing ratio, particle size of bulking agent, air-flow rate and initial moisture content (MC). A synergistic enhancement of co-biodrying of FW and DS was observed in terms of a stable temperature profile and long high-temperature duration. The biodrying index (water removal/VS consumption) indicated that the co-biodrying had a high efficiency for water removal with less organics consumption, especially for DS/FW=2/2. The small size (<3mm) of bulking agent and initial MC of 62.68% was preferable for the biodrying process by providing adequate free air space and extra carbon source. A moderate air-flow rate of 0.04m(3)h(-1)kg(-1) showed the best water carrying capacity. This finding suggests that the co-biodrying strategy could be a promising approach to treating different organic wastes with synergistic enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Aimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
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27
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Zeng Y, De Guardia A, Dabert P. Improving composting as a post-treatment of anaerobic digestate. Bioresour Technol 2016; 201:293-303. [PMID: 26684176 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the influences of practical parameters upon composting of digestate. The yardsticks for evaluation were digestate stabilization, nitrogenous emissions mitigation and self-heating potential. The results suggest choosing an "active" bulking agent like dry wood chips (WC) which served as free-water and nitrogen sink through composting. At an optimal volumetric WC:digestate mixing ratio of 4:1, nearly 90% of the initial NH4(+)/NH3 were fixed, which reduced significantly nitrogenous emissions. This mixing ratio also improved the stabilization and self-heating potential. Using small particle size WC increased narrowly O2 consumption and reduced NH3 emission. Storing used WC prior to recycling reduced 40% N2O emission compared to directly recycled WC. Recycling compost helped to decrease NH3 emission, but quadrupled N2O emission. The optimal aeration rate (15Lh(-1)kg OM0) which was lower compared to composting of organic waste, was enough to ensure the O2 supply and ameliorate the self-heating potential through composting of digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Amaury De Guardia
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Dabert
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes Cedex, France
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28
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Wu C, Li W, Wang K, Li Y. Usage of pumice as bulking agent in sewage sludge composting. Bioresour Technol 2015; 190:516-521. [PMID: 25913030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the impacts of reused and sucrose-decorated pumice as bulking agents on the composting of sewage sludge were evaluated in the lab-scale reactor. The variations of temperature, pH, NH3 and CO2 emission rate, moisture content (MC), volatile solid, dissolved organic carbon, C/N and the water absorption characteristics of pumice were detected during the 25days composting. The MC of pumice achieved 65.23% of the 24h water absorptivity within the first 2h at the mass ratio of 0.6:1 (pumice:sewage sludge). Reused pumice increased 23.68% of CO2 production and reduced 21.25% of NH3 emission. The sucrose-decorated pumice reduced 43.37% of nitrogen loss. These results suggested that adding pumice and sucrose-decorated pumice in sludge composting matrix could not only adjust the MC of materials, but also improve the degradation of organic matters and reduce nitrogen loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Wu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weiguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWER), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yunbei Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Nikaeen M, Nafez AH, Bina B, Nabavi BF, Hassanzadeh A. Respiration and enzymatic activities as indicators of stabilization of sewage sludge composting. Waste Manag 2015; 39:104-110. [PMID: 25728091 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the evolution of physico-chemical and microbial parameters in the composting process of sewage sludge (SS) with pruning wastes (PW) in order to compare these parameters with respect to their applicability in the evaluation of organic matter (OM) stabilization. To evaluate the composting process and organic matter stability, different microbial activities were compared during composting of anaerobically digested SS with two volumetric ratios, 1:1 and 3:1 of PW:SS and two aeration techniques including aerated static piles (ASP) and turned windrows (TW). Dehydrogenase activity, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) were used as microbial activity indices. These indices were compared with traditional parameters, including temperature, pH, moisture content, organic matter, and C/N ratio. The results showed that the TW method and 3:1 (PW:SS) proportion was superior to the ASP method and 1:1 proportion, since the former accelerate the composting process by catalyzing the OM stabilization. Enzymatic activities and SOUR, which reflect microbial activity, correlated well with temperature fluctuations. Based on these results it appears that SOUR and the enzymatic activities are useful parameters to monitor the stabilization of SS compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Nikaeen
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Nafez
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Bijan Bina
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - BiBi Fatemeh Nabavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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30
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Li X, Dai X, Dai L, Liu Z. Two-dimensional FTIR correlation spectroscopy reveals chemical changes in dissolved organic matter during the biodrying process of raw sludge and anaerobically digested sludge. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13069g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2D FTIR COS analysis is a feasible technique to explore the degradation characteristics of sludge organic matter, and supplies the first evidence for the complementarities of anaerobic and aerobic process in sludge organic compound degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
| | - Lingling Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
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31
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Li X, Dai X, Yuan S, Li N, Liu Z, Jin J. Thermal analysis and 454 pyrosequencing to evaluate the performance and mechanisms for deep stabilization and reduction of high-solid anaerobically digested sludge using biodrying process. Bioresour Technol 2015; 175:245-253. [PMID: 25459829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biodrying was firstly used for post-treatment of anaerobically digested sludge (ADS) with wheat residues (WR) as bulking agents to improve its quality and reduce its amount. After 18days of biodrying, water was removed at a rate of 664.4gkg(-1) initial water at the typical ratio of ADS/WR. A separate aerobic incubation test showed that 8.11-14.84% of volatile solid (VS) was degraded in the ADS. The degradation of C- and H-containing materials (e.g., carboxylic acid) accounted for oxygen consumption and VS loss. The WR also showed strong biodegradability, and contributed approximately 86.01% of biogenerated heat during the process. Thermal balance analysis showed that the produced heat was primarily consumed through water evaporation and conductive transfer. 454 pyrosequencing implied the obvious succession from the anaerobic to aerobic microorganisms during the process. Some dominant Firmicutes, such as Clostridium and Bacillales, seemed to relate with organic matter degradation of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Shijie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jingwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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32
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Blazy V, de Guardia A, Benoist JC, Daumoin M, Lemasle M, Wolbert D, Barrington S. Odorous gaseous emissions as influence by process condition for the forced aeration composting of pig slaughterhouse sludge. Waste Manag 2014; 34:1125-38. [PMID: 24768513 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Compost sustainability requires a better control of its gaseous emissions responsible for several impacts including odours. Indeed, composting odours have stopped the operation of many platforms and prevented the installation of others. Accordingly, present technologies collecting and treating gases emitted from composting are not satisfactory and alternative solutions must be found. Thus, the aim of this paper was to study the influence of composting process conditions on gaseous emissions. Pig slaughterhouse sludge mixed with wood chips was composted under forced aerationin 300 L laboratory reactors. The process conditions studied were: aeration rate of 1.68, 4.03, 6.22, 9.80 and 13.44 L/h/kg of wet sludge; incorporation ratio of 0.55, 0.83 and 1.1 (kg of wet wood chips/kg of wet sludge), and; bulking agent particles size of <10, 10<20 and 20<30 mm. Out-going gases were sampled every 2 days and their composition was analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fifty-nine compounds were identified and quantified. Dividing the cumulated mass production over 30 days of composting, by odour threshold, 9 compounds were identified as main potential odour contributors: hydrogen sulphide, trimethylamine, ammonia, 2-pentanone, 1-propanol-2-methyl, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide and acetophenone. Five gaseous compounds were correlated with both aeration rate and bulking agent to waste ratio: hydrogen sulphide, trimethylamine, ammonia, 2-pentanone and 1-propanol-2-methyl. However, dropping the aeration rate and increasing the bulking agent to waste ratio reduced gaseous odour emissions by a factor of 5-10, when the required threshold dilution factor ranged from 10(5) to 10(6), to avoid nuisance at peak emission rates. Process influence on emissions of dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide were poorly correlated with both aeration rate and bulking agent to waste ratio as a reaction with hydrogen sulphide was suspected. Acetophenone emissions originated from the wood chips. Olfactory measurements need to be correlated to gaseous emissions for a more accurate odour emission evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Blazy
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France.
| | - A de Guardia
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France.
| | - J C Benoist
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - M Daumoin
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - M Lemasle
- Laboratoire Sciences Chimiques de Rennes - équipe Chimie et Ingénierie des Procédés, UMR 6226 CNRS, ENSCR, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - D Wolbert
- Laboratoire Sciences Chimiques de Rennes - équipe Chimie et Ingénierie des Procédés, UMR 6226 CNRS, ENSCR, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - S Barrington
- Irstea, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Concordia University, Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1455 de Maisonneuve, Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada.
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33
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Sun XP, Lu P, Jiang T, Schuchardt F, Li GX. Influence of bulking agents on CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃ emissions during rapid composting of pig manure from the Chinese Ganqinfen system. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:353-64. [PMID: 24711356 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b13a0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mismanagement of the composting process can result in emissions of CH4, N2O, and NH3, which have caused severe environmental problems. This study was aimed at determining whether CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions from composting are affected by bulking agents during rapid composting of pig manure from the Chinese Ganqinfen system. Three bulking agents, corn stalks, spent mushroom compost, and sawdust, were used in composting with pig manure in 60 L reactors with forced aeration for more than a month. Gas emissions were measured continuously, and detailed gas emission patterns were obtained. Concentrations of NH3 and N2O from the composting pig manure mixed with corn stalks or sawdust were higher than those from the spent mushroom compost treatment, especially the sawdust treatment, which had the highest total nitrogen loss among the three runs. Most of the nitrogen was lost in the form of NH3, which accounts for 11.16% to 35.69% of the initial nitrogen. One-way analysis of variance for NH3 emission showed no significant differences between the corn stalk and sawdust treatments, but a significant difference was noted between the spent mushroom compost and sawdust treatments. The introduction of sawdust reduced CH4 emission more than the corn stalks and spent mushroom compost. However, there were no significant differences among the three runs for total carbon loss. All treatments were matured after 30 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-ping Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Environmental Sanitation Design Science Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China; College of Chemistry and Biology, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614004, China; Institute of Agricultural Technology and Biosystems Engineering, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen-Institute, Braunschweig 38116, Germany
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34
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Maulini-Duran C, Artola A, Font X, Sánchez A. A systematic study of the gaseous emissions from biosolids composting: raw sludge versus anaerobically digested sludge. Bioresour Technol 2013; 147:43-51. [PMID: 23994305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) and ammonia, that contribute to odor pollution, and methane and nitrous oxide, with an important greenhouse effect, are compounds present in gaseous emission from waste treatment installations, including composting plants. In this work, gaseous emissions from the composting of raw (RS) and anaerobically digested sludge (ADS) have been investigated and compared at pilot scale aiming to provide emission factors and to identify the different VOC families present. CH4 and N2O emissions were higher in ADS composting (0.73 and 0.55 kg Mg(-1) sludge, respectively) than in RS composting (0.01 kg Mg(-1) sludge for both CH4 and N2O). NH3 and VOCs emitted were higher during the RS composting process (19.37 and 0.21 kg Mg(-1) sludge, respectively) than in ADS composting (0.16 and 0.04 kg Mg(-1) sludge). Significant differences were found in the VOC compositions emitted in ADS and RS composting, being more diverse in RS than ADS composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Maulini-Duran
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Artola
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Font
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou HB, Ma C, Gao D, Chen TB, Zheng GD, Chen J, Pan TH. Application of a recyclable plastic bulking agent for sewage sludge composting. Bioresour Technol 2013; 152:329-336. [PMID: 24315937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A recyclable plastic bulking agent (RPBA) that can be screened and reused was developed to improve sludge composting and to reduce costs. Two RPBAs were developed: RPBA35 (35 mm in diameter) and RPBA50 (50mm in diameter). The objective was to study the influence of size and quantity of RPBA on temperature, oxygen content, water removal during sludge composting, and phytotoxicity of the compost. RPBAs of both sizes improved the temperature, oxygen supply, and water removal compared with the treatment with no RPBA, and obtained phytotoxic-free compost. RPBA50 more effectively removed water than RPBA35. Oxygen diffusion rate in the composting pile containing RPBA50 was higher than in the treatment with no RPBA. When the RPBA50: sludge mixture ratio was above 1:1.5, the period over which the temperature exceeded 55 °C was insufficient to meet the harmless treatment requirement. The water evaporation rate was highest at a ratio of 1:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Zhou
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Chuang Ma
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry/Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ding Gao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | - Tong-Bin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Guo-Di Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Tian-Hao Pan
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Cabeza IO, López R, Ruiz-Montoya M, Díaz MJ. Maximising municipal solid waste--legume trimming residue mixture degradation in composting by control parameters optimization. J Environ Manage 2013; 128:266-273. [PMID: 23764508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Composting is one of the most successful biological processes for the treatment of the residues enriched in putrescible materials. The optimization of parameters which have an influence on the stability of the products is necessary in order to maximize recycling and recovery of waste components. The influence of the composting process parameters (aeration, moisture, C/N ratio, and time) on the stability parameters (organic matter, N-losses, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, biodegradability coefficient) of the compost was studied. The composting experiment was carried out using Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Legume Trimming Residues (LTR) in 200 L isolated acrylic barrels following a Box-Behnken central composite experimental design. Second-order polynomial models were found for each of the studied compost stability parameter, which accurately described the relationship between the parameters. The differences among the experimental values and those estimated by using the equations never exceeded 10% of the former. Results of the modelling showed that excluding the time, the C/N ratio is the strongest variable influencing almost all the stability parameters studied in this case, with the exception of N-losses which is strongly dependent on moisture. Moreover, an optimized ratio MSW/LTR of 1/1 (w/w), moisture content in the range of 40-55% and moderate to low aeration rate (0.05-0.175 Lair kg(-)(1) min(-1)) is recommended to maximise degradation and to obtain a stable product during co-composting of MSW and LTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I O Cabeza
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Avda. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Yang F, Li GX, Yang QY, Luo WH. Effect of bulking agents on maturity and gaseous emissions during kitchen waste composting. Chemosphere 2013; 93:1393-1399. [PMID: 24001663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of bulking agents on the maturity and gaseous emissions of composting kitchen waste. Three different bulking agents (cornstalks, sawdust, and spent mushroom substrate) were used to compost kitchen waste under aerobic conditions in 60-L reactors for a 28-d period. A control treatment was also studied using kitchen waste without a bulking agent. During the experiment, maturity indexes such as temperature, pH value, C/N ratio, and germination index were determined, and continuous measurements of leachate and gaseous emissions (CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃) were taken. The results showed that all of the composts with bulking agents reached the required maturity standard, and the addition of spent mushroom substrate gave the highest maturity (C/N ratio decreased from 23 to 16 and germination index increased from 53% to 111%). The bulking agents also reduced leachate production and CH₄ and N₂O emissions, but had little impact on NH3 emissions. Composting with sawdust as a bulking agent was found to emit less total greenhouse gas (33 kg CO₂-eqt(-1) dry matter) than the other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Rodríguez L, Cerrillo MI, García-Albiach V, Villaseñor J. Domestic sewage sludge composting in a rotary drum reactor: optimizing the thermophilic stage. J Environ Manage 2012; 112:284-291. [PMID: 22940458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to study the influence of four process variables (turning frequency, gas-phase oxygen level, type of bulking agent and sludge/bulking agent mixing ratio) on the performance of the sewage sludge composting process using a rotary drum pilot scale reactor, in order to optimize the thermophilic stage and reduce the processing time. Powdered sawdust, wood shavings, wood chips, prunings waste and straw were used as bulking agents and the thermophilic stage temperature profile was used as the main indicator for gauging if the composting process was developing correctly. Our results showed that a 12 h(-1) turning frequency and an oxygen concentration of 10% were the optimal conditions for the composting process to develop. The best results were obtained by mixing the sewage sludge with wood shavings in a 3:1 w/w ratio (on a wet basis), which adapted the initial moisture content and porosity to an optimal range and led to a maximum temperature of 70 °C being reached thus ensuring the complete removal of pathogens. Moisture, C:N ratio, pH, organic matter, heavy metals, pathogens and stability were all analysed for every mixture obtained at the end of the thermophilic stage. These parameters were compared with the limits established by the Spanish regulation on fertilizers (RD 824/2005) in order to assess if the compost obtained could be used on agricultural soils. The right combination of having optimal process variables combined with an appropriate reactor design allowed the thermophilic stage of the composting process to be speeded up, hence obtaining a compost product, after just two weeks of processing that (with the exception of the moisture content) complied with the Spanish legal requirements for fertilizers, without requiring a later maturation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Cukjati N, Zupančič GD, Roš M, Grilc V. Composting of anaerobic sludge: an economically feasible element of a sustainable sewage sludge management. J Environ Manage 2012; 106:48-55. [PMID: 22562011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An investigation into the feasibility of anaerobic sludge composting, as a sustainable treatment of sewage sludge management, was carried out under actual Slovenian environmental conditions. In order to demonstrate successful composting, five pilot plant experiments were performed during the summer and winter conditions. The first three experiments were performed with pile aeration, while experiments 4 and 5 were carried out by pile turning. Anaerobic sludge to bulking agent ratios were set at 1-6.4:1. The composting was successful and thermophilic temperature being achieved in all cases. In winter conditions, the composting process was prolonged; and low ambient temperatures had a significant impact in pile turning experiments. During winter, a temperature drop of 30 °C during turning of the material doubled the necessary time for an adequate composting process. Five scenarios were considered within an economic feasibility study and in the most favourable scenario, where 60% of compost was commercialised and 40% was used as landfill cover. The payback period in this scenario was 2.9 years. The study of compost quality showed that it can be used in variety of civil engineering applications, especially as a landfill cover and for recultivation of degraded areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cukjati
- Public Utility Company Velenje Ltd, Koroška 37 b, SI-3320 Velenje, Slovenia.
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Komilis D, Evangelou A, Voudrias E. Monitoring and optimizing the co-composting of dewatered sludge: a mixture experimental design approach. J Environ Manage 2011; 92:2241-2249. [PMID: 21565440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The management of dewatered wastewater sludge is a major issue worldwide. Sludge disposal to landfills is not sustainable and thus alternative treatment techniques are being sought. The objective of this work was to determine optimal mixing ratios of dewatered sludge with other organic amendments in order to maximize the degradability of the mixtures during composting. This objective was achieved using mixture experimental design principles. An additional objective was to study the impact of the initial C/N ratio and moisture contents on the co-composting process of dewatered sludge. The composting process was monitored through measurements of O(2) uptake rates, CO(2) evolution, temperature profile and solids reduction. Eight (8) runs were performed in 100 L insulated air-tight bioreactors under a dynamic air flow regime. The initial mixtures were prepared using dewatered wastewater sludge, mixed paper wastes, food wastes, tree branches and sawdust at various initial C/N ratios and moisture contents. According to empirical modeling, mixtures of sludge and food waste mixtures at 1:1 ratio (ww, wet weight) maximize degradability. Structural amendments should be maintained below 30% to reach thermophilic temperatures. The initial C/N ratio and initial moisture content of the mixture were not found to influence the decomposition process. The bio C/bio N ratio started from around 10, for all runs, decreased during the middle of the process and increased to up to 20 at the end of the process. The solid carbon reduction of the mixtures without the branches ranged from 28% to 62%, whilst solid N reductions ranged from 30% to 63%. Respiratory quotients had a decreasing trend throughout the composting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Komilis
- Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi GR-671 00, Greece.
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Schwalb M, Rosevear C, Chin R, Barrington S. Food waste treatment in a community center. Waste Manag 2011; 31:1570-1575. [PMID: 21376554 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For urban community composting centers, the proper selection and use of bulking agent is a key element in not only the cost but also the quality of the finished compost. Besides wood chips (WC) widely used as BA, readily usable cereal residue pellets (CRP) can provide biodegradable carbon and sufficient free air space (FAS) to produce stabilizing temperatures. The objective of the present project was to test at a community center, the effectiveness of CRP in composting food waste (FW). Two recipes were used (CRP with and without WC) to measure: FAS; temperature regimes, and; losses in mass, water, carbon and nitrogen. Both recipes were composted during three consecutive years using a 2 m(3) commercial in-vessel composter operated in downtown Montreal (Canada). For all recipes, FAS exceeded 30% for moisture content below 60%, despite yearly variations in FW and BA physical properties. When properly managed by the center operator, both FW and CRP compost mixtures with and without WC developed within 3 days thermophilic temperatures exceeding 50 °C. The loss of total mass, water, carbon and nitrogen was quite variable for both recipes, ranging from 36% to 54%, 42% to 55%, 48% to 65%, and 4% to 55%, respectively. The highest loss in dry mass, water and C was obtained with FW and CRP without WC aerated to maintain mesophilic rather than thermophilic conditions. Although variable, lower nitrogen losses were obtained with CRP and WC as BA, compared to CRP alone, as also observed during previous laboratory trials. Therefore and as BA, CRP can be used alone but nitrogen losses will be minimized by adding WC. Compost stabilization depends on operator vigilance in terms of aeration. The measured fresh compost density of 530-600 kg/m(3) indicates that the 2 m(3) in-vessel composter can treat 6.5 tons of FW/year if operated during 7 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwalb
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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Chang JI, Chen YJ. Effects of bulking agents on food waste composting. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101:5917-5924. [PMID: 20385493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of rice husk, sawdust and rice bran on the composting process of food waste were studied in a 180-L laboratory composter based on a mixture experimental design. Linear and quadratic models of seven important process characteristics (composting and acidification times, lowest and final pH values, highest temperature, the water-soluble organic carbon to water-soluble organic nitrogen (C(OW)/N(OW) ratio), and the water-soluble organic carbon to total organic nitrogen (C(OW)/N(OT)) ratio) in terms of fractional compositions of bulking agents as well as the water absorption capacity and the free air space of the composting matrix were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Chang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Iqbal MK, Shafiq T, Ahmed K. Characterization of bulking agents and its effects on physical properties of compost. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101:1913-1919. [PMID: 19913409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective was to enquire the attributes of regionally obtainable BA (bagass, paper, peanut shell, sawdust) to inscribe the efficacy of BA at (10-40%) for moisture reduction. Sawdust was prominent in moisture reduction capability in 5-7 days. The prime physical changes in BA under various compression forces were as; by increasing compression force, BD rise and FAS decline, whereas PD had not exhibit any discrepancy. Proficient compost production entails meticulous understanding the process dynamics in terms of correlation between moisture reduction; FAS, BD and PD. FAS and moisture were negatively where as BD and moisture positively correlated.
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Trémier A, Teglia C, Barrington S. Effect of initial physical characteristics on sludge compost performance. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:3751-3758. [PMID: 19231167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To develop an active microbial activity quickly developing stabilizing thermophilic temperatures during the composting of wastewater sludge, the bulking agent (BA) plays a major role in establishing the recipe structure, exposed particle surface area and porosity. To optimize the biodegradation of a sludge compost recipe, the objective of this paper was to study the effect and interaction of initial moisture content (MC) and BA particle size distribution. Three 300 L insulated laboratory composters were used to treat two series of ten (10) recipes with different combinations of MC and BA particle size distribution. Using a to wastewater sludge to BA dry mass ratio of 1/6, the ten (10) recipes were repeated using two BA, residues recycled from a commercial sludge composting plant and crushed wood pallets. Each four week trial monitored O(2) uptake, temperature, compost consolidation and airflow distribution. The Central Composite Factor Design method produced a model from the results estimating the impact of a wider range of MC and BA particles size distribution. The MC directly affected the total O(2) uptake and therefore, organic matter biodegradation. The BA particle size distribution influenced compost consolidation with a MC crossed effect. Both BA particle size distribution and MC influenced compost airflow dispersion. Composting was optimized using the BA consisting of recycled green waste residues with particle size of 20-30 mm and a 55% MC. The predictive models suggested the need for further optimization of sludge and wood residue composting recipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trémier
- Cemagref, UR GERE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Mohajer A, Trémier A, Barrington S, Martinez J, Teglia C, Carone M. Microbial oxygen uptake in sludge as influenced by compost physical parameters. Waste Manag 2009; 29:2257-2264. [PMID: 19398320 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The wide range of optimal values reported for the physical parameters of compost mixtures suggest that their interactive relationships should be investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the microbial O(2) uptake rate (OUR) in 16 sludge waste recipes, offering a range of moisture content (MC), waste/bulking agent (W/BA) ratio and BA particle size levels determined using a central composite experimental design. The 3 kg samples were maintained at a constant temperature and aeration rate for 28 days, during which a respirometer recorded O(2) uptake to provide a measure of microbial activity and biodegradability. The cumulative O(2) consumption after 14 and 28 days was found to be significantly influenced by MC, W/BA ratio, BA particle size and the interaction between MC and W/BA ratio (p<0.05). Using multivariate regression analysis, the experimental data was used to generate a model with good predictive ability for cumulative O(2) consumption after 28 days as a function of the significant physical variables (R(2)=0.84). The prediction of O(2) uptake by the model depended highly on the interaction between MC and W/BA ratio. A MC outside of the traditional 50-60% (wet basis) range still resulted in a high level of microbial O(2) uptake as long as the W/BA ratio was adjusted to maintain a suitable O(2) exchange in the sample. The evolution of OUR in the samples was also investigated, uncovering strong associations between short and long-term respirometric indices, such as peak OUR and cumulative O(2) consumption (p<0.005). Combining peak OUR data with cumulative O(2) consumption after 14 days allowed for accurate predictions of cumulative O(2) after 28 days of aeration (R(2)=0.96), implying that future studies need only run trials up to 14 days to evaluate the overall O(2) consumption or biodegradability of similar sludge mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardavan Mohajer
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Adhikari BK, Barrington S, Martinez J, King S. Effectiveness of three bulking agents for food waste composting. Waste Manag 2009; 29:197-203. [PMID: 18558482 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rather than landfilling, composting the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes recycles the waste as a safe and nutrient enriched soil amendment, reduces emissions of greenhouse gases and generates less leachate. The objective of this project was to investigate the composting effectiveness of three bulking agents, namely chopped wheat (Triticum) straw, chopped mature hay consisting of 80% timothy (milium) and 20% clover (triphullum) and pine (pinus) wood shavings. These bulking agents were each mixed in duplicates at three different ratios with food waste (FW) and composted for 10 days using prototype in-vessel composters to observe their temperature and pH trends. Then, each mixture was matured in vertical barrels for 56 days to measure their mass loss and final nutrient content and to visually evaluate their level of decomposition. Chopped wheat straw (CWS) and chopped hay (CH) were the only two formulas that reached thermophilic temperatures during the 10 days of active composting when mixed with FW at a wet mass ratio of 8.9 and 8.6:1 (FW:CWS and FW:CH), respectively. After 56 days of maturation, these two formulas were well decomposed with no or very few recognizable substrate particles, and offered a final TN exceeding the original. Wood shavings (WS) produced the least decomposed compost at maturation, with wood particles still visible in the final product, and with a TN lower than the initial. Nevertheless, all bulking agents produced compost with an organic matter, TN, TP and TK content suitable for use as soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya K Adhikari
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue (Québec), Canada H9X 3V9
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Ruggieri L, Gea T, Artola A, Sánchez A. Influence of different co-substrates biochemical composition on raw sludge co-composting. Biodegradation 2007; 19:403-15. [PMID: 17674125 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-007-9146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of biochemical composition of different co-substrates added to raw sludge during co-composting process was studied. The physical properties of the composting mass and their influence on the biological activity were also investigated. Three treatments composed of mixtures of raw sludge and co-substrate (commercial fats, protein, and cellulose) were carried out and compared to a control composed of raw sludge. Mixture conditioning was performed on the basis on air filled porosity (40%). The results obtained in the co-composting processes reflected a higher biological activity and higher degradation percentages of dry and organic matter when compared with control. Higher temperatures (60, 67 and 62 degrees C for fats, protein and cellulose, respectively) were also achieved in all co-composting experiments as compared to the control test (55 degrees C). Biological activity was measured using both Static and Dynamic Respiration Indices obtaining higher values in co-composting experiments compared to the control test. Fats content reduction was higher (66%) at higher fats content in the initial mixture (10.6%). The addition of fats seems also to promote the degradation of cellulose and lignin. Co-composting experiments with fats and cellulose presented higher initial C/N ratio and lower nitrogen losses, 27.5 and 34.2% compared to 40% for raw sludge. It has been demonstrated that the addition of an adequate co-substrate to raw sludge leads to a higher degradation percentages of the different biochemical fractions and higher nitrogen conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Ruggieri
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, ETSE, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Edifici Q, Campus UAB, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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