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Mire-Sluis A, Dobbins J, Moore CMV, Pepper T, Rellahan B, Riker K, Roberts M, Schultz T. Patient-Centric Quality Standards. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:837-855. [PMID: 38280722 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
To ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of medicinal products, it is necessary to develop and execute appropriate manufacturing process and product control strategies. Traditionally, product control strategies have focused on testing known quality attributes with limits derived from levels administered in preclinical and clinical studies with an associated statistical analysis to account for variability. However, not all quality attributes have impact to the patient and those with the potential to impact safety and efficacy may not be significant when dosed at patient-centric levels. Therefore, achieving patient-centricity is understanding patient relevance, which is defined as the level of impact that a quality attribute could have on safety and efficacy within the potential exposure range. A patient-centric quality standard (PCQS) is therefore a set of patient relevant attributes and their associated acceptance ranges to which a drug product should conform within the expected patient exposure range. This manuscript describes historical perspectives details the way to create and leverage a PCQS in a variety of pharmaceutical product modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mire-Sluis
- Global Product Quality, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - John Dobbins
- Global Regulatory Affairs CMC, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - Teresa Pepper
- Global Regulatory Affairs CMC, BioMarin (UK) Ltd, 10 Bloomsbury Way, London WC1A 2SL, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Rellahan
- Product Quality, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Ken Riker
- Cell Therapy Global Product Quality, BMS, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Matthew Roberts
- Technical Development, Code Biotherapeutics Inc., Hatfield, PA, 19440, USA; Cell & Gene Therapy Analytical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Thomas Schultz
- Global CMC Regulatory Affairs, Johnson & Johnson, Titusville, NJ, 08560, USA
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Som M, Gikanga B, Kanapuram V, Yadav S. Drug Product Formulation and Fill/Finish Manufacturing Process Considerations for AAV-based Genomic Medicines. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00125-4. [PMID: 38570073 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have become the delivery medium of choice for a variety of genomic medicine applications i.e., gene therapy, gene editing/regulation, and ex-vivo cell therapy. AAVs are protein-DNA complexes which have unique stability characteristics that are susceptible to various stress exposure conditions commonly seen in the drug product (DP) life cycle. This review takes a comprehensive look at AAV DP formulation and process development considerations that could impact critical quality attributes (CQAs) during manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and clinical use. Additional aspects related to AAV development reviewed herein are: (1) Different AAV serotypes with unique protein sequences and charge characteristics potentially leading to discrete stability profiles; (2) Manufacturing process challenges and optimization efforts to improve yield, recovery and purity especially during early development activities; and (3) Defining and identifying CQAs with analytical methods which are constantly evolving and present unique characterization challenges for AAV-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Som
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005
| | - Benson Gikanga
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005
| | - Varna Kanapuram
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Sangamo Therapeutics, 7000 Marina Boulevard, Brisbane, CA 94005.
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Li M, Zhao X, Yu C, Wang L. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Overview: a State-of-the-art Manufacturing Process and Control Strategy. Pharm Res 2024; 41:419-440. [PMID: 38366236 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise an antibody, linker, and drug, which direct their highly potent small molecule drugs to target tumor cells via specific binding between the antibody and surface antigens. The antibody, linker, and drug should be properly designed or selected to achieve the desired efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. With a unique and complex structure, there is inherent heterogeneity introduced by product-related variations and the manufacturing process. Here this review primarily covers recent key advances in ADC history, clinical development status, molecule design, manufacturing processes, and quality control. The manufacturing process, especially the conjugation process, should be carefully developed, characterized, validated, and controlled throughout its lifecycle. Quality control is another key element to ensure product quality and patient safety. A patient-centric strategy has been well recognized and adopted by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic proteins, and has been successfully implemented for ADCs as well, to ensure that ADC products maintain their quality until the end of their shelf life. Deep product understanding and process knowledge defines attribute testing strategies (ATS). Quality by design (QbD) is a powerful approach for process and product development, and for defining an overall control strategy. Finally, we summarize the current challenges on ADC development and provide some perspectives that may help to give related directions and trigger more cross-functional research to surmount those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Zhao
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Song J, Taraban M, Yu YB, Lu L, Biswas PG, Xu W, Xi H, Bhambhani A, Hu G, Su Y. In-situ biophysical characterization of high-concentration protein formulations using wNMR. MAbs 2024; 16:2304624. [PMID: 38299343 PMCID: PMC10841025 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2304624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
High-concentration protein formulation is of paramount importance in patient-centric drug product development, but it also presents challenges due to the potential for enhanced aggregation and increased viscosity. The analysis of critical quality attributes often necessitates the transfer of samples from their primary containers together with sample dilution. Therefore, there is a demand for noninvasive, in situ biophysical methods to assess protein drug products directly in primary sterile containers, such as prefilled syringes, without dilution. In this study, we introduce a novel application of water proton nuclear magnetic resonance (wNMR) to evaluate the aggregation propensity of a high-concentration drug product, Dupixent® (dupilumab), under stress conditions. wNMR results demonstrate a concentration-dependent, reversible association of dupilumab in the commercial formulation, as well as irreversible aggregation when exposed to accelerated thermal stress, but gradually reversible aggregation when exposed to freeze and thaw cycles. Importantly, these results show a strong correlation with data obtained from established biophysical analytical tools widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. The application of wNMR represents a promising approach for in situ noninvasive analysis of high-concentration protein formulations directly in their primary containers, providing valuable insights for drug development and quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Marc Taraban
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Y. Bruce Yu
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Lu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Pallavi Guha Biswas
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Hanmi Xi
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Akhilesh Bhambhani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Guangli Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
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Liu Y, VanAernum Z, Zhang Y, Gao X, Vlad M, Feng B, Cross R, Kilgore B, Newman A, Wang D, Schuessler HA, Richardson DD, Chadwick JS. LC-MS Approach to Decipher a Light Chain Chromatographic Peak Splitting of a Monoclonal Antibody. Pharm Res 2023; 40:3087-3098. [PMID: 37936013 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), like other protein therapeutics, are prone to various forms of degradation, some of which are difficult to distinguish from the native form yet may alter potency. A generalizable LC-MS approach was developed to enable quantitative analysis of isoAsp. In-depth understanding of product quality attributes (PQAs) enables optimization of the manufacturing process, better formulation selection, and decreases risk associated with product handling in the clinic or during shipment. METHODS Reversed-phase chromatographic peak splitting was observed when a mAb was exposed to elevated temperatures. Multiple LC-MS based methods were applied to identify the reason for peak splitting. The approach involved the use of complementary HPLC columns, multiple enzymatic digestions and different MS/MS ion dissociation methods. In addition, mAb potency was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The split peaks had identical masses, and the root cause of the peak splitting was identified as isomerization of an aspartic acid located in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of the light chain. And the early eluting and late eluting peaks were collected and performed enzymatic digestion to confirm the isoAsp enrichment in the early eluting peak. In addition, decreased potency was observed in the same heat-stressed sample, and the increased isoAsp levels in the CDR correlate well with a decrease of potency. CONCLUSION Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been utilized extensively to assess PQAs of biological therapeutics. In this study, a generalizable LC-MS-based approach was developed to enable identification and quantitation of the isoAsp-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA.
| | - Zac VanAernum
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Yue Zhang
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Xinliu Gao
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Mariana Vlad
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bo Feng
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Robert Cross
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bruce Kilgore
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Alice Newman
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hillary A Schuessler
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chadwick
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
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Algorri M, Cauchon NS, Christian T, O'Connell C, Vaidya P. Patient-Centric Product Development: A Summary of Select Regulatory CMC and Device Considerations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:922-936. [PMID: 36739904 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patient-centric drug development describes the systematic approach to incorporating the patient's perspectives and preferences into the design, assessment, and production of a therapeutic product. While a patient centric approach can be applied at any stage of the drug development lifecycle, an integrated end-to-end strategy is often most effective to create an optimized product for the patient at the earliest possible timepoint. The importance of patient centricity is well recognized by health authorities and biopharmaceutical organizations which have established toolsets, guidances, and methodologies for incorporating patient input during the clinical stage of development. However, in addition to clinical research, there are other significant aspects of product development that profoundly impact the patient experience. Specifically, chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) and device aspects must also be acknowledged and addressed as part of a cohesive patient-centric development strategy. This review explores current applications and regulatory considerations for patient-centric approaches across the product lifecycle, including R&D, early product development, clinical development, device and combination product development, and post-approval change management. Specific topics of discussion include the contributions of product modality, formulation, and devices to the patient experience; usage of the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) as a patient-centered design tool; and post-approval product optimization. Future advancements in regulatory data management and information exchange are also explored as potential enablers of patient engagement which support enhanced communication and interconnectivity between stakeholders. Multidisciplinary collaboration between patients, health authorities, health care providers, and the biopharmaceutical industry is ultimately necessary for ensuring that medicinal products, and their corresponding regulatory processes, take on a patient-first mindset that prioritizes patient needs, values, and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquerita Algorri
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - CMC, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Nina S Cauchon
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - CMC, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | | | - Chelsea O'Connell
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - Global Regulatory and R&D Policy, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Pujita Vaidya
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Strategy - Global Regulatory and R&D Policy, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Popkin ME, Goese M, Wilkinson D, Finnie S, Flanagan T, Campa C, Clinch A, Teasdale A, Lennard A, Cook G, Mohan G, Osborne MD. Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls Development, Industry Reflections on Manufacture, and Supply of Pandemic Therapies and Vaccines. AAPS J 2022; 24:101. [PMID: 36168002 PMCID: PMC9514697 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This publication provides some industry reflections on experiences from the Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) development and manufacture and supply of vaccines and therapies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It integrates these experiences with the outcomes from the collaborative work between industry and regulators in recent years on innovative science- and risk-based CMC strategies to the development of new, high-quality products for unmet medical needs. The challenges for rapid development are discussed and various approaches to facilitate accelerated development and global supply are collated for consideration. Relevant regulatory aspects are reviewed, including the role of Emergency Use/Conditional Marketing Authorizations, the dialogue between sponsors and agencies to facilitate early decision-making and alignment, and the value of improving reliance/collaborative assessment and increased collaboration between regulatory authorities to reduce differences in global regulatory requirements. Five areas are highlighted for particular consideration in the implementation of strategies for the quality-related aspects of accelerated development and supply: (1) the substantial need to advance reliance or collaborative assessment; (2) the need for early decision making and streamlined engagement between industry and regulatory authorities on CMC matters; (3) the need to further facilitate 'post-approval' changes; (4) fully exploiting prior and platform knowledge; and (5) review and potential revision of legal frameworks. The recommendations in this publication are intended to contribute to the discussion on approaches that can result in earlier and greater access to high-quality pandemic vaccines and therapies for patients worldwide but could also be useful in general for innovative medicines addressing unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Popkin
- grid.418236.a0000 0001 2162 0389GSK, David Jack Centre for R&D, Park Road, Ware, SG12 0DP UK
| | - Markus Goese
- grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diane Wilkinson
- grid.417815.e0000 0004 5929 4381AstraZeneca, Derwent Building, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA UK
| | - Stuart Finnie
- grid.417815.e0000 0004 5929 4381AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA UK
| | - Talia Flanagan
- grid.421932.f0000 0004 0605 7243UCB Pharma SA, 1420 Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Alexandra Clinch
- grid.418727.f0000 0004 5903 3819UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE Berkshire UK
| | - Andrew Teasdale
- grid.417815.e0000 0004 5929 4381AstraZeneca, Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA UK
| | - Andrew Lennard
- grid.476413.3Amgen, 4, Uxbridge Business Park, Sanderson Road, Uxbridge, UB8 1DH UK
| | - Graham Cook
- grid.418566.80000 0000 9348 0090Pfizer Ltd., Walton Oaks, Dorking Road, Tadworth, KT20 7NS Surrey UK
| | - Ganapathy Mohan
- grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 USA
| | - Matthew D. Osborne
- grid.473059.cEli Lilly Kinsale Ltd, Dunderrow, Kinsale, P17 NY71 Co. Cork Ireland
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Xiao X, Kilgore R, Sarma S, Menegatti S, Hall CK. De novo Discovery of Peptide-based Affinity Ligands for the Fab Fragment of Human Immunoglobulin G. J Chromatogr A 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Borman P, Campa C, Delpierre G, Hook E, Jackson P, Kelley W, Protz M, Vandeputte O. Selection of Analytical Technology and Development of Analytical Procedures Using the Analytical Target Profile. Anal Chem 2021; 94:559-570. [PMID: 34928590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A structured approach to method development can help to ensure an analytical procedure is robust across the lifecycle of its use. The analytical target profile (ATP), which describes the required quality of the reportable value to be produced by the analytical procedure, enables the analytical scientist to select the best analytical technology on which to develop their procedure(s). Once the technology has been identified, screening of potentially fit for purpose analytical procedures should take place. Analytical procedures that have been demonstrated to meet the ATP should be evaluated against business drivers (e.g., operational constraints) to determine the most suitable analytical procedure. Three case studies are covered from across small molecules, vaccines, and biotherapeutics. The case studies cover different aspects of the analytical procedure selection process, such as the use of platform method development processes and procedures, the development of multiattribute analytical procedures, and the use of analytical technologies to provide product characterization knowledge in order to define or redefine the ATP. Challenges associated with method selection are discussed such as where existing pharmacopoeial monographs link acceptance criteria to specific types of analytical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Borman
- Product Development and Supply, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Cristiana Campa
- Technical Research & Development, Vaccines, GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elliot Hook
- Global Pharma Analytical Science and Technology, Pharma Supply Chain, GSK, Priory Street, Ware, SG12 0DJ, U.K
| | - Patrick Jackson
- Product Development and Supply, GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Wayne Kelley
- Product Development and Supply, GSK, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Michel Protz
- Analytical Research and Development, GSK, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
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Zhang T, Larson R, Dave K, Polson N, Zhang H. Developing patient-centric specifications for autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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