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Brown JL, Neptune E. Role of Menthol and Other Flavors on Tobacco and Nicotine Product Use. Respir Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24914-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Examining Menthol Preference as a Correlate of Change in Cigarette Smoking Behavior over a One-Year Period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010878. [PMID: 34682624 PMCID: PMC8535481 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Menthol cigarette use has been shown to be a contributing factor in the changes in smoking over time among youth. The current study aim was to use prospective survey data to identify if menthol cigarette use was associated with changes in smoking among adults. A representative cohort from the 2010 U.S. Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey was interviewed at two time points one year apart. Respondents were past-30-day cigarette smokers at Wave 1 or Wave 2 categorized by menthol vs. non-menthol flavor preference (n = 3668). Trajectories were categorized as maintained, increased, or decreased smoking behavior between Waves. Multinomial logistic regressions examined if menthol cigarette use was associated with an increase/decrease in smoking behavior, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and sex. Menthol cigarette use was not associated with change over time in cigarette smoking in adult smokers. Age, race/ethnicity and sex were associated with changes in cigarette smoking. Young (vs. older) adults were more likely to increase smoking. Black and Hispanic smokers (vs. white smokers) were more likely to report any change in smoking. Males were less likely than females to change smoking behavior. Menthol status was not associated with changes in smoking among adults; however, young age, race/ethnicity, and sex were, suggesting populations to target for intervention.
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Kim MM, Curtin GM. Assessing the evidence on the differential impact of menthol versus non-menthol cigarette use on smoking cessation in the U.S. population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2021; 16:61. [PMID: 34380503 PMCID: PMC8359586 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The potential impact of menthol versus non-menthol cigarette use on smoking behaviors is an intensely scrutinized topic in the public health arena. To date, several general literature reviews have been conducted, but findings and conclusions have been discordant. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines to examine the Key Question, “Does menthol cigarette use have a differential impact on smoking cessation compared with non-menthol cigarette use?” Methods Six databases—Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, MEDLINE, Embase and PsycInfo—were queried from inception to June 12, 2020. Articles comparing menthol versus non-menthol cigarette smokers in terms of at least one predefined smoking cessation outcome were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-Based Practice Center approach. A random-effects model utilizing the DerSimonian and Laird method to pool adjusted odds ratio was applied. Variations among pooled studies were assessed using Cochran’s Q statistic, and heterogeneity was quantified using the inconsistency index (I2). Results Forty-three demographically adjusted studies (22 rated “good”, 20 rated “fair”, and one study rated “poor” individual study quality) comparing menthol and non-menthol smokers were qualitatively synthesized across the following measures (study count; strength of evidence): duration of abstinence (2; low); quit attempts (15; insufficient); rate of abstinence/quitting (29; moderate); change in smoking quantity/frequency (5; insufficient); and, return to smoking/relapse (2; insufficient). Overall, the qualitative synthesis failed to show a consistent trend for an association between menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation across outcomes. Meta-analyses found no difference between menthol and non-menthol cigarette use and either quit attempts or abstinence. Conclusions Given the lack of consistency or statistical significance in the findings—combined with a “low” overall strength of evidence grade, based on deficiencies of indirectness and inconsistency—no consistent or significant associations between menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation were identified. Recommendations for future studies include increased focus on providing longitudinal, adjusted data collected from standardized outcome measures of cessation to better inform long-term smoking cessation and menthol cigarette use. Such improvements should also be further considered in more methodologically rigorous systematic reviews characterized by objectivity, comprehensiveness, and transparency with the ultimate objective of better informing public health and policy decision making. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13011-021-00397-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi M Kim
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Geoffrey M Curtin
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
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Mills SD, Hao Y, Ribisl KM, Wiesen CA, Hassmiller Lich K. The Relationship Between Menthol Cigarette Use, Smoking Cessation, and Relapse: Findings From Waves 1 to 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:966-975. [PMID: 33063826 PMCID: PMC8248945 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some, but not all, studies suggest that menthol cigarette smokers have more difficulty quitting than non-menthol cigarette smokers. Inconsistent findings may be a result of differences in smoker characteristics (eg, daily vs. non-daily smokers) across studies. This study examines the relationship between menthol cigarette use, cessation, and relapse in a longitudinal, nationally representative study of tobacco use in the United States. AIMS AND METHODS Data come from four waves of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Waves 1-4 were conducted approximately annually from September 2013 to January 2018. Generalized estimating equation models were used to prospectively examine the relationship between menthol cigarette use, cessation, and relapse in non-daily and daily adult (18+) smokers. Cessation was defined as smokers who had not used cigarettes within the past 30 days at their subsequent assessment. Relapse was defined as cessation followed by past 30-day smoking in the next assessment. RESULTS Among daily smokers (n = 13 710), 4.0% and 5.3% of menthol and non-menthol smokers quit after 1 year, respectively. In an adjusted model, menthol smokers were less likely to quit compared with non-menthol smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76 [0.63, 0.91]). When the sample was stratified by race/ethnicity, African American (OR = 0.47 [0.24, 0.91]) and White (OR = 0.78 [0.63, 0.97]) daily menthol users were less likely to have quit. Among non-daily smokers (n = 3608), there were no significant differences in quit rates. Among daily and non-daily former smokers, there were also no differences in relapse rates between menthol and non-menthol smokers. CONCLUSIONS Menthol cigarette use is associated with lower odds of cessation. IMPLICATIONS Findings from this study suggest that menthol cigarette use is associated with lower odds of cessation, but not relapse. Removing menthol cigarettes from the market may improve cessation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Mills
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC
| | - Yajing Hao
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC
| | | | - Kristen Hassmiller Lich
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
NC
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Wang Y, Watkins SL, Sung HY, Yao T, Lightwood J, Max W. Health Care Utilization of Menthol and Non-menthol Cigarette Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:195-202. [PMID: 32623471 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To study the association between health care utilization and menthol cigarette use and whether the association differed between African American (AA) and non-AA smokers. METHODS We analyzed the three most recent 2005, 2010, and 2015 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplements. After incorporating propensity score weights adjusting for observed differences between menthol and non-menthol users, we estimated Zero-Inflated Poisson models on hospital nights, emergency department visits, doctor visits, and home visits as a function of menthol use status and other covariates separately for current cigarette smokers and recent quitters (former smokers quitting cigarette smoking ≤ 4 years). RESULTS Although current menthol smokers smoked fewer cigarettes per day than current non-menthol smokers, they did not differ from current non-menthol smokers in health care utilization. Among recent quitters, those who used to smoke menthol cigarettes had higher odds of having hospital nights than those who used to smoke non-menthol cigarettes. However, we did not find any significant association between menthol use and other health care utilization-emergency department visits, doctor visits, and home visits-among recent quitters. Moreover, compared with non-AA recent quitters, AA recent quitters had higher odds of having home visits, but fewer home visits, if they used to smoke menthol cigarettes. CONCLUSION Menthol use was associated with greater hospitalization among recent quitters, and the association between home visits and menthol use differed between AA and non-AA recent quitters. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study that used econometric models to study the association between health care utilization and menthol cigarette use and examine whether the association differed between AA and non-AA smokers. Our study found health care utilization did not differ by menthol use status for current smokers, although current menthol smokers smoked fewer cigarettes per day than current non-menthol smokers. However, we found menthol use was associated with higher odds of having hospital nights for recent quitters. We also found AA recent quitters had a different association between home visits and menthol use compared with non-AA recent quitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingning Wang
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Shannon Lea Watkins
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hai-Yen Sung
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tingting Yao
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jim Lightwood
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Wendy Max
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Nollen NL, Ahluwalia JS, Sanderson Cox L, Okuyemi K, Lawrence D, Samuels L, Benowitz NL. Assessment of Racial Differences in Pharmacotherapy Efficacy for Smoking Cessation: Secondary Analysis of the EAGLES Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2032053. [PMID: 33464316 PMCID: PMC7816102 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Understanding Black vs White differences in pharmacotherapy efficacy and the underlying reasons is critically important to reducing tobacco-related health disparities. OBJECTIVE To compare pharmacotherapy efficacy and examine variables to explain Black vs White differences in smoking abstinence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study is a secondary analysis of the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, which took place at clinical trial centers, academic centers, and outpatient clinics in 29 states in the US. US Black and White smokers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day with and without psychiatric comorbidity were enrolled between November 2011 and January 2015. Data analysis was performed from July 2019 to January 2020. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) in a double-blind, triple-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled (nicotine patch) trial of varenicline and bupropion for 12 weeks with follow-up through week 24. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Biochemically verified continuous cigarette abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9 to 24. Baseline, postbaseline treatment, and safety characteristics were examined as variables to explain race differences in abstinence. RESULTS Of the 1065 Black smokers enrolled, 255 were randomized to receive varenicline, 259 received bupropion, 286 received nicotine replacement therapy (NRT [ie, nicotine patch]), and 265 received placebo. Among the 3044 White smokers enrolled, 778 were randomized to receive varenicline, 769 received bupropion, 738 received NRT, and 759 received placebo. Participants were predominantly female (614 Black [57.7%] and 1786 White [58.7%] women) and heavy smokers (mean [SD] cigarettes per day, 18.2 [7.9] for Black and 20.0 [7.5] for White smokers), with a mean (SD) age of 47.2 (11.2) years for Black and 46.5 (12.7) years for White participants. Treatment and race were associated with CAR for weeks 9 to 24. The CAR was 4.9% lower for Black vs White participants (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.69; P < .001); differences were found across all treatments. Pooling psychiatric and nonpsychiatric cohorts, varenicline (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.90-3.63; P < .001), bupropion (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.25-2.46; P = .001), and NRT (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.07-2.16; P = .02) had greater efficacy than placebo for White participants. Only varenicline (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.26-5.48; P = .01) had greater efficacy than placebo for Black participants. Baseline, postbaseline, and safety characteristics differed by race, but these variables did not eliminate the association of race with CAR. Black participants had 49% reduced odds of CAR for weeks 9 to 24 compared with White participants in the adjusted model (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39-0.66; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Black and White smokers achieved the highest rate of abstinence while taking varenicline, suggesting that it is the best first-line therapy for these groups. However, Black smokers were less responsive to all therapies, including placebo. Understanding variables (eg, socioeconomic or biological) beyond those may lead to improved treatment outcomes for Black smokers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01456936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
| | - Jasjit S. Ahluwalia
- Alpert Medical School, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Alpert Medical School, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
| | - Kolawole Okuyemi
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | | | | | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
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Mattingly DT, Hirschtick JL, Meza R, Fleischer NL. Trends in prevalence and sociodemographic and geographic patterns of current menthol cigarette use among U.S. adults, 2005-2015. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101227. [PMID: 33304770 PMCID: PMC7711138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite overall reductions in U.S. smoking prevalence, prior evidence suggests similar reductions may not have occurred for menthol cigarette users. This study examines nationally representative current menthol and non-menthol cigarette use prevalence and trends for adults (18+) overall and by sociodemographic and geographic characteristics using the 2005 (n = 31,132), 2010 (n = 26,967), and 2015 (n = 33,541) National Health Interview Survey. Between 2005 and 2015, non-menthol cigarette use decreased overall (14.7% to 9.6%, p < 0.001) and within all sociodemographic and geographic subgroups analyzed (i.e., by sex, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, education, family income, and geographic region), except non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaskan Natives (NH AI/AN) and non-Hispanic Others. Menthol cigarette use significantly decreased overall (5.3% to 4.4%, p < 0.001), and among females (5.6% to 4.6%); participants aged 18-24 (7.1% to 4.3%) and 35-54 (6.2% to 4.9%); non-Hispanic Whites (4.1% to 3.6%) and non-Hispanic Blacks (14.8% to 11.9%); participants with high school degrees/GEDs (7.0% to 5.9%); participants with a family income of $75,000 or higher (3.4% to 2.3%); and participants residing in the Northeast (6.0% to 4.3%). Menthol cigarette use remained stable or did not significantly decrease among males; adults aged 25-34 and 55 years and older; NH AI/ANs, NH Others, and Hispanics; participants with less than high school education, some college, or a college degree; participants with a family income below $75,000; and participants residing in the North Central/Midwest, South, and West. Given that menthol cigarette use did not significantly change or decrease for multiple subgroups, further restriction on menthol manufacturing may help reduce tobacco use disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T Mattingly
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jana L Hirschtick
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rafael Meza
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Perceived harm of menthol cigarettes and quitting behaviors among menthol smokers in Minnesota. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101269. [PMID: 33318890 PMCID: PMC7723815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to understand what influences quitting among menthol smokers. Links between menthol smokers’ perceived harms of menthol and quitting are unknown. Higher menthol harm perceptions were associated with menthol smokers’ quit attempts. Findings may inform public health interventions to increase quit attempts.
Although overall smoking prevalence in Minnesota has declined, the proportion of current smokers who smoke menthol cigarettes has increased. While studies have examined associations between smokers’ perceived risks of smoking and quitting, similar studies on menthol smoking are lacking. This study examined whether perceived harm of menthol cigarettes was associated with menthol smokers’ quitting behaviors. Data from the 2018 Minnesota Adult Tobacco Survey were examined. Respondents were categorized as current menthol smokers (n = 200), current nonmenthol smokers (n = 527), or nonsmokers (n = 5324). All were asked four questions to assess their perceptions of menthol cigarettes’ harm compared to nonmenthols. Sum scores were calculated (range 0–4); higher scores indicated perceptions of similar or greater harm. Data on menthol smokers’ quitting behaviors were analyzed to identify associations between sum scores and quitting behavior. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests and Spearman Rank Correlation tests. Additional analyses examined whether gender, age, race/ethnicity, education or income moderated the association between sum scores and past 12-month quit attempts. Menthol smokers were less likely to answer the harm perception questions correctly than nonmenthol smokers. Among menthol smokers, perceived harm of menthol cigarettes was positively associated with past 12–month quit attempts (p = 0.006), use of counseling/behavioral support (p = 0.012), and number of quit attempts (p = 0.004). No demographic characteristics moderated the association between sum scores and past 12-month quit attempts. Findings suggest that efforts to increase menthol smokers’ perceptions of menthol cigarettes’ harm may potentially increase quitting behaviors. Understanding this association can inform interventions to increase quit attempts.
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Jao NC, Tan MM, Matthews PA, Simon MA, Schnoll R, Hitsman B. Menthol Cigarettes, Tobacco Dependence, and Smoking Persistence: The Need to Examine Enhanced Cognitive Functioning as a Neuropsychological Mechanism. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:466-472. [PMID: 30551213 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the overall decline in the prevalence of cigarette use in the United States, menthol cigarette use among smokers is rising, and evidence shows that it may lead to more detrimental effects on public health than regular cigarette use. One of the mechanisms by which nicotine sustains tobacco use and dependence is due to its cognitive enhancing properties, and basic science literature suggests that menthol may also enhance nicotine's acute effect on cognition. AIMS AND METHODS The purpose of this review is to suggest that the cognitive enhancing effects of menthol may be a potentially important neuropsychological mechanism that has yet to be examined. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of basic science studies examining neurobiological and cognitive effects of menthol and menthol cigarette smoking. We also review studies examining menthol essential oils among humans that indicate menthol alone has acute cognitive enhancing properties. Finally, we present factors influencing the rising prevalence of menthol cigarette use among smokers and the importance of this gap in the literature to improve public health and smoking cessation treatment. CONCLUSIONS Despite the compelling evidence for menthol's acute cognitive enhancing and reinforcing effects, this mechanism for sustaining tobacco dependence and cigarette use has yet to be examined and validated among humans. On the basis of the basic science evidence for menthol's neurobiological effects on nicotinic receptors and neurotransmitters, perhaps clarifying menthol's effect on cognitive performance can help to elucidate the complicated literature examining menthol and tobacco dependence. IMPLICATIONS Menthol cigarette use has continued to be a topic of debate among researchers and policy makers, because of its implications for understanding menthol's contribution to nicotine dependence and smoking persistence, as well as its continued use as a prevalent flavoring in tobacco and nicotine products in the United States and internationally. As international tobacco regulation policies have begun to target menthol cigarettes, research studies need to examine how flavoring additives, specifically menthol, may acutely influence neurobiological and cognitive functioning as a potential mechanism of sustained smoking behavior to develop more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Jao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Marcia M Tan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Phoenix A Matthews
- Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Melissa A Simon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Hitsman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Smith PH, Assefa B, Kainth S, Salas-Ramirez KY, McKee SA, Giovino GA. Use of Mentholated Cigarettes and Likelihood of Smoking Cessation in the United States: A Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:307-316. [PMID: 31204787 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous qualitative reviews have summarized evidence of an association between menthol cigarette use and likelihood of smoking cessation. The objective of this meta-analysis was to provide a quantitative summary of effect sizes, their variability, and factors related to the variability in effect size for the association between menthol use and likelihood of smoking cessation. METHODS We systematically searched Medline, PsycINFO, and Embase for prospective and cross-sectional studies of the association between menthol use and smoking cessation. We analyzed data with random effects meta-analyses and meta-regression. RESULTS Our review identified 22 reports from 19 studies of the association between menthol use and cessation. All identified study samples included only US smokers, with one exception that included both Canadian and US smokers. Our overall model did not demonstrate a significant association between menthol use and cessation; however, menthol users were significantly less likely to quit among blacks/African American smokers (odds ratio = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS Among blacks/African Americans predominantly in the US menthol users have approximately 12% lower odds of smoking cessation compared to non-menthol users. This difference is likely the result of the tobacco industry's ongoing marketing influence on the black/African American Community, suggesting that a menthol ban may have a unique public health benefit for black/African American smokers by encouraging quitting behavior. IMPLICATIONS This study adds a quantitative summary of the association between menthol cigarette use and smoking cessation in the United States. Findings of an association with lower likelihood of cessation among black/African American smokers, likely resulting from the tobacco industry's marketing influence, support the ban of menthol flavoring as part of a comprehensive tobacco control effort to increase cessation among black/African American smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Smith
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH.,City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Biruktawit Assefa
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Sherry A McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gary A Giovino
- Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Sanderson Cox L, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Ellerbeck EF, Scheuermann TS, Ahluwalia JS. Factors That Explain Differences in Abstinence Between Black and White Smokers: A Prospective Intervention Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:1078-1087. [PMID: 30657926 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black-white differences in smoking abstinence are not well understood. This trial sought to confirm previously reported differences in quitting between blacks and whites and to identify factors underlying this difference. METHODS During enrollment, 224 black and 225 white low-income smokers were stratified on race and within race on age and sex to ensure balance on these factors known to impact abstinence. The intervention included varenicline for 12 weeks and six guideline-based smoking cessation counseling sessions. The primary endpoint was cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at week 26. A priori socioeconomic, smoking, treatment process (eg, treatment utilization, side effects, withdrawal relief), psychosocial, and biological factors were assessed to investigate race differences in abstinence. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) were used to compare abstinence between blacks and whites. Adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression models were used to examine predictors of abstinence. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Blacks were less likely to achieve abstinence at week 26 (14.3% vs 24.4%, OR = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 to 0.83, P = .007). Utilizing best subsets logistic regression, five factors associated with race jointly predicted abstinence: home ownership (yes/no, OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.72 to 5.35, P < .001), study visits completed (range = 0-6, OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.88 to 4.20, P < .001), income (household member/$1000, OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.06, P = .02), plasma cotinine (per 1 ng/mL, OR = 0.997, 95% CI = 0.994 to 0.999, P = .002), and neighborhood problems (range = 10-30, OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96, P = .003). CONCLUSIONS The race difference in abstinence was fully explained by lack of home ownership, lower income, greater neighborhood problems, higher baseline cotinine, and higher visit completion, which were disproportionately represented among blacks. Findings illuminate factors that make it harder for blacks in the United States to quit smoking relative to whites and provide important areas for future studies to reduce tobacco-related health disparities.
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Cigarette Smoking Behavior Among Menthol and Nonmenthol Adolescent Smokers. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:545-550. [PMID: 31964612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As cigarette rates have decreased, the proportion of menthol cigarette use among youth smokers has increased. Thus, it is important to monitor the menthol-associated behaviors among youth. The present study examined the associations between menthol cigarette use and smoking frequency, intention to continue smoking, and quit intention among youth. METHODS We used data from the 2017 and 2018 National Youth Tobacco Surveys. Separate multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between menthol cigarette use and smoking frequency, intention to continue smoking, and intention to quit. RESULTS Across both years, 1,707 youth reported past 30-day cigarette use, 50.7% of whom used menthol cigarettes. Menthol cigarette users had significantly higher odds of smoking at least 10 out of the 30 days before the survey than nonmenthol smokers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.94). We found similar results in the stratified analysis by grade level. Menthol cigarette smokers in middle (aOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.01-5.49) and high school (aOR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09-1.82) were more likely to have smoked at least 10 out of the 30 days before the survey than nonmenthol smokers. Menthol cigarette users had higher odds of intention to continue smoking (aOR 1.54, 95% CI 1.08-2.19) than nonmenthol cigarette users. Menthol use was not significantly associated with intention to quit. CONCLUSIONS Compared with nonmenthol cigarette use, menthol cigarette use was associated with smoking more frequently as well as the intention to continue smoking among middle school and high school students.
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Park EJ, Lee H, Kim HC, Sheen SS, Koh SB, Park KS, Cho NH, Lee CM, Kang DR. Residential Radon Exposure and Cigarette Smoking in Association with Lung Cancer: A Matched Case-Control Study in Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2946. [PMID: 32344675 PMCID: PMC7215527 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Residential radon exposure and cigarette smoking are the two most important risk factors for lung cancer. The combined effects thereof were evaluated in a multi-center matched case-control study in South Korea. A total of 1038 participants were included, comprising 519 non-small cell lung cancer cases and 519 age- and sex- matched community-based controls. Residential radon levels were measured for all participants. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for lung cancer according to radon exposure (high ≥ 100 Bq/m3 vs. low < 100 Bq/m3), smoking status, and combinations of the two after adjusting for age, sex, indoor hours, and other housing information. The median age of the participants was 64 years, and 51.3% were women. The adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for high radon and cigarette smoking were 1.56 (1.03-2.37) and 2.53 (1.60-3.99), respectively. When stratified according to combinations of radon exposure and smoking status, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for lung cancer in high-radon non-smokers, low-radon smokers, and high-radon smokers were 1.40 (0.81-2.43), 2.42 (1.49-3.92), and 4.27 (2.14-8.52), respectively, with reference to low-radon non-smokers. Both residential radon and cigarette smoking were associated with increased odds for lung cancer, and the difference in ORs according to radon exposure was much greater in smokers than in non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Joo Park
- Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Center of Biomedical Data Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Hokyou Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeon Chang Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Sheen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Sang Baek Koh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea;
| | - Ki Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Nam Han Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Cheol-Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul 02713, Korea;
| | - Dae Ryong Kang
- Department of Precision Medicine & Biostatistics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Center of Biomedical Data Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
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14
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Denlinger-Apte RL, Kotlyar M, Koopmeiners JS, Tidey JW, Luo X, Benowitz NL, Jensen JA, Ikuemonisan JO, Pacek LR, Smith TT, Vandrey R, Donny EC, Hatsukami DK. Effects of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes on Smoking Behavior and Biomarkers of Exposure in Menthol and Non-menthol Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:S63-S72. [PMID: 31867637 PMCID: PMC6939781 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because 30% of cigarettes sold in the United States are characterized as menthol cigarettes, it is important to understand how menthol preference may affect the impact of a nicotine reduction policy. METHODS In a recent trial, non-treatment-seeking smokers were randomly assigned to receive very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) or normal nicotine cigarettes (NNC; 15.5 mg/g) for 20 weeks. On the basis of preference, participants received menthol or non-menthol cigarettes. We conducted multivariable regression analyses to examine whether menthol preference moderated the effects of nicotine content on cigarettes per day (CPD), breath carbon monoxide (CO), urinary total nicotine equivalents (TNE), urinary 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA), and abstinence. RESULTS At baseline, menthol smokers (n = 346) reported smoking fewer CPD (14.9 vs. 19.2) and had lower TNE (52.8 vs. 71.6 nmol/mg) and CO (17.7 vs. 20.5 ppm) levels than non-menthol smokers (n = 406; ps < .05). At week 20, significant interactions indicated that menthol smokers had smaller treatment effects than non-menthol smokers for CPD (-6.4 vs. -9.3), TNE (ratio of geometric means, 0.22 vs. 0.10) and CEMA (ratio, 0.56 vs. 0.37; ps < .05), and trended toward a smaller treatment effect for CO (-4.5 vs. -7.3 ppm; p = .06). Odds ratios for abstinence at week 20 were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8 to 4.4) for menthol and 9.11 (95% CI = 3.3 to 25.2) for non-menthol VLNC smokers (p = .02) relative to the NNC condition. CONCLUSIONS Although menthol smokers experienced reductions in smoking, toxicant exposure, and increases in quitting when using VLNC cigarettes, the magnitude of change was smaller than that observed for non-menthol smokers. IMPLICATIONS Results of this analysis suggest that smokers of menthol cigarettes may respond to a nicotine reduction policy with smaller reductions in smoking rates and toxicant exposure than would smokers of non-menthol cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Michael Kotlyar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joni A Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joshua O Ikuemonisan
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric C Donny
- Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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15
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Jones MR, Joshu CE, Navas-Acien A, Platz EA. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Duration of Smoking Among Former Smokers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:303-311. [PMID: 28003510 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The burden of tobacco-related disease is not uniformly distributed across racial/ethnic groups. Differences in smoking duration by race/ethnicity may contribute to this disparity. Previous studies have examined racial/ethnic differences in smoking duration among ever smokers (former and current smokers combined). It is unknown if racial/ethnic differences in smoking duration are evident among quitters. This study examined racial/ethnic differences in duration of smoking among former smokers in the United States. Methods We studied 6030 white, black, and Mexican-American former smokers (3647 men and 2383 women) aged 20-79 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 through 2012. Mean differences in smoking duration by race/ethnicity were estimated using linear regression models. Results After adjustment for demographics, age at smoking initiation and smoking intensity, compared to white men, black men smoked for 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3, 3.3) years longer before quitting and Mexican-American men for 0.2 (95% CI: -1.6, 1.2) years less before quitting. Compared to white women, black women smoked for 1.9 (95% CI: 0.7, 3.0) years longer before quitting and Mexican-American women for 0.9 (95% CI: -2.4, 0.5) years less before quitting. Conclusions In a representative sample of US adults, black former smokers continued smoking for longer periods before quitting compared to white former smokers. These findings support the need for smoking cessation efforts that address racial/ethnic differences in smoking behaviors. The longer time to quit among black former smokers should be investigated as an explanation for racial/ethnic disparities in smoking-associated diseases. Implications In a representative sample of US adults that successfully quit smoking, the timing of smoking cessation differed by race/ethnicity with blacks smoking for longer periods before quitting compared to whites. Racial/ethnic differences in duration of smoking among former smokers differed by participant age and age at smoking initiation. These findings support the need for smoking cessation efforts that address racial/ethnic differences in smoking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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16
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Kephart L, Song G, Henley P, Ursprung WWS. The association between neighborhood racial composition and menthol cigarette pricing in Boston, MA. Health Place 2019; 58:102144. [PMID: 31202096 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between neighborhood demographics and pack prices of four brands of mentholated and non-mentholated cigarettes in Boston, Massachusetts. METHODS Using tobacco pricing survey data collected July 2015 to June 2016, we examined cigarette prices in tobacco retailers (n = 689) located in block groups (n = 325) of Boston. Multilevel models examined both the association of menthol and non-menthol cigarette prices, and the percentage of retailers selling cigarettes below established minimum price in relation to neighborhood demographics. RESULTS Each 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of black residents per block group was associated with a price decrease of 3 cents for menthol cigarettes (p < 0.01). Each 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of black residents per block group was associated with a 19 percentage point increase in proportion of retailers selling menthol cigarettes ≥25 cents below minimum price (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Mentholated cigarettes were priced significantly lower in neighborhoods of color in Boston. Strengthened pricing laws, with consideration given to menthol products in the retail environment, may be needed to address environmental contributors to smoking disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Kephart
- Office of Statistics and Evaluation, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
| | - Glory Song
- Office of Statistics and Evaluation, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
| | - Patricia Henley
- Massachusetts Tobacco Cessation and Prevention Program, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
| | - W W Sanouri Ursprung
- Office of Statistics and Evaluation, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
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17
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Keeler C, Max W, Yerger V, Yao T, Ong MK, Sung HY. The Association of Menthol Cigarette Use With Quit Attempts, Successful Cessation, and Intention to Quit Across Racial/Ethnic Groups in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:1450-1464. [PMID: 27613927 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Few studies have examined the relationship between menthol use and smoking cessation across various racial/ethnic groups; the findings were mixed. This study explored the association of menthol cigarette use with quit attempts, smoking cessation, and intention-to-quit among US adults and by race/ethnicity. Methods Using the 2006/2007 and 2010/2011 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey data, this study analyzed 54 448 recent active smokers, defined as current smokers or former smokers who quit less than 12 months ago. Three behaviors were examined: any quit attempts in the past 12 months, successful cessation for ≥3 months, and intention-to-quit smoking in the next 6 months. For each cessation behavior, multiple logistic regression models were estimated separately for the full-sample and stratified racial/ethnic subsamples. Results While 72.3% of African American recent active smokers typically smoked menthol cigarettes, this proportion was 21.7%, 21.5%, and 28.0% for whites, Asians, and Hispanics, respectively. African American menthol smokers had higher odds of quit attempts compared to non-African American, non-menthol smokers (full-sample analysis), as well as African American non-menthol smokers (subsample analysis). Menthol use was not significantly associated with quit attempts in other racial/ethnic subsamples. There was no significant difference in either successful cessation or intention-to-quit between menthol and non-menthol smokers. Conclusions African American menthol smokers were more likely to attempt to quit smoking than non-menthol smokers but these quit attempts did not translate into successful cessation. This study revealed no association of menthol use with quit attempts, successful cessation, and intention-to-quit among other racial/ethnic groups. Implications The findings suggested that African American menthol smokers were more motivated to quit smoking; yet, the results also indicated no significant differences in successful cessation between African American menthol and non-menthol smokers. Interventions targeting menthol smokers within the African American community may help bridge this gap. While more local sales restrictions are beginning to occur (eg, Tobacco 21 efforts), additional policies restricting price discounting as well as the regulation of access to and the time, place, and/or manner of menthol tobacco advertising could also improve cessation rates. Further evaluation is needed to determine the viability of these policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Keeler
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Wendy Max
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Valerie Yerger
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tingting Yao
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael K Ong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hai-Yen Sung
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Thompson MF, Poirier GL, Dávila-García MI, Huang W, Tam K, Robidoux M, Dubuke ML, Shaffer SA, Colon-Perez L, Febo M, DiFranza JR, King JA. Menthol enhances nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and in vivo functional connectivity in adolescence. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:332-343. [PMID: 28747086 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117719265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mentholated cigarettes capture a quarter of the US market, and are disproportionately smoked by adolescents. Menthol allosterically modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function, but its effects on the brain and nicotine addiction are unclear. To determine if menthol is psychoactive, we assessed locomotor sensitization and brain functional connectivity. Adolescent male Sprague Dawley rats were administered nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) daily with or without menthol (0.05 mg/kg or 5.38 mg/kg) for nine days. Following each injection, distance traveled in an open field was recorded. One day after the sensitization experiment, functional connectivity was assessed in awake animals before and after drug administration using magnetic resonance imaging. Menthol (5.38 mg/kg) augmented nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. Functional connectivity was compared in animals that had received nicotine with or without the 5.38 mg/kg dosage of menthol. Twenty-four hours into withdrawal after the last drug administration, increased functional connectivity was observed for ventral tegmental area and retrosplenial cortex with nicotine+menthol compared to nicotine-only exposure. Upon drug re-administration, the nicotine-only, but not the menthol groups, exhibited altered functional connectivity of the dorsal striatum with the amygdala. Menthol, when administered with nicotine, showed evidence of psychoactive properties by affecting brain activity and behavior compared to nicotine administration alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Thompson
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,2 Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume L Poirier
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Martha I Dávila-García
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Tam
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maxwell Robidoux
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michelle L Dubuke
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,5 Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,5 Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Luis Colon-Perez
- 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph R DiFranza
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,7 Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jean A King
- 1 Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,8 Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,9 Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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19
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Villanti AC, Collins LK, Niaura RS, Gagosian SY, Abrams DB. Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:983. [PMID: 29284458 PMCID: PMC5747135 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although menthol was not banned under the Tobacco Control Act, the law made it clear that this did not prevent the Food and Drug Administration from issuing a product standard to ban menthol to protect public health. The purpose of this review was to update the evidence synthesis regarding the role of menthol in initiation, dependence and cessation. Methods A systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on menthol cigarettes via a PubMed search through May 9, 2017. The National Cancer Institute’s Bibliography of Literature on Menthol and Tobacco and the FDA’s 2011 report and 2013 addendum were reviewed for additional publications. Included articles addressing initiation, dependence, and cessation were synthesized based on study design and quality, consistency of evidence across populations and over time, coherence of findings across studies, and plausibility of the findings. Results Eighty-two studies on menthol cigarette initiation (n = 46), dependence (n = 14), and cessation (n = 34) were included. Large, representative studies show an association between menthol and youth smoking that is consistent in magnitude and direction. One longitudinal and eight cross-sectional studies demonstrate that menthol smokers report increased nicotine dependence compared to non-menthol smokers. Ten studies support the temporal relationship between menthol and reduced smoking cessation, as they measure cessation success at follow-up. Conclusions The strength and consistency of the associations in these studies support that the removal of menthol from cigarettes is likely to reduce youth smoking initiation, improve smoking cessation outcomes in adult smokers, and in turn, benefit public health. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4987-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. .,Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. .,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lauren K Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compares the cigarette and smokeless tobacco (SLT) markets in Texas and the United States (US) as a whole. METHODS Nielsen convenience store sales data from 2014 were obtained for Dallas, Houston, San Antonio/Austin, and the total US. Descriptive statistics highlighted market share differences in Texas compared to the US overall. RESULTS Marlboro and Copenhagen dominated the cigarette (58.9%) and SLT markets (44.8%) in Texas and had substantially higher relative market shares in Texas than nationally (46.7% and 29.8%, respectively). Camel, with sales driven largely by its Camel Crush variety, held second place in Texas (9.8%), outselling Newport (6.6%), despite Newport's status as second best-selling brand in the US (11.5%). Copenhagen led the SLT market in Texas, outselling Grizzly 2 to 1, yet the brands hold roughly equivalent shares nationally. Whereas flavored SLT products made up nearly 60% of the US SLT market, unflavored SLT (58.6%) dominated in Texas markets. Finally, sales of fine-cut SLT in Texas were more than triple their national market share. CONCLUSIONS Regional tobacco market share differences are likely influenced by multiple factors such as marketing, population demographics, culture, and neighboring communities. Policymakers are encouraged to develop local tobacco control policies and programs within the context of this knowledge.
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21
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Cohn A, Johnson A, Pearson J, Rose S, Ehlke S, Ganz O, Niaura R. Determining non-cigarette tobacco, alcohol, and substance use typologies across menthol and non-menthol smokers using latent class analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:5. [PMID: 28105000 PMCID: PMC5240208 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance use and mental health are robustly associated with smoking and poor cessation outcomes, but not often examined in combination with menthol cigarette smoking, which is also associated with lower quit rates. This study identified classes of Black and White menthol and non-menthol cigarette smokers based on demographics, alcohol, drug, and other tobacco use behaviors. Methods Using screening data from two studies, latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to classify n = 1177 menthol and non-menthol cigarette smokers on demographic characteristics, heavy smoking, alcohol and drug use, desire to quit smoking, other tobacco product use, and use of psychotropic medication. Results Three latent classes were identified that differentiated smokers on substance use, menthol cigarette smoking, and other tobacco use behavior. One class consisted primarily of young adults who used a wide array of other tobacco products, reported the highest prevalence of other drug use, and showed the lowest desire to quit smoking cigarettes in the next 6-months. Class 2 comprised primarily of Black male menthol smokers, all of whom used cigarillos in addition to cigarettes, and who displayed moderate drug use. The third class was categorized as primarily older cigarette smokers, who engaged in very little other tobacco use or drug use, but who were most likely to self-report being prescribed psychotropic medication. Conclusions LCA allowed for the identification of distinct classes of smokers based on factors related to poor cessation outcomes, including menthol use, that have not previously been examined in combination. Interventions should target specific groups of smokers, rather than take a “one size fits all” approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cohn
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC USA ; Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC USA
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC USA
| | - Jennifer Pearson
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC USA ; Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway Street, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Shyanika Rose
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sarah Ehlke
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC USA
| | - Ollie Ganz
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC USA
| | - Raymond Niaura
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC USA ; Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway Street, Baltimore, MD USA
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Adkison SE, Bansal-Travers M, Rees VW, Hatsukami DK, Cummings KM, O'Connor RJ. Application of the Smokeless Tobacco Expectancies Questionnaire to Snus. Am J Health Behav 2016; 40:652-8. [PMID: 27561868 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.40.5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Measures of consumer perceptions of emerging tobacco products are needed for understanding the potential for product adoption and use. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the applicability of the Smokeless Tobacco Expectancies Questionnaire to snus, and examine its association with interest in using snus. METHODS We recruited 116 adolescents (14-17 years of age), 463 young adults (18-34 years of age), and 596 older adults (35-65 years of age) from a Web-based opt-in panel. Participants completed a 10-item Snus Expectancies Questionnaire and questions about their interest in trying snus in the next month. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis supported a latent factor structure representing Positive Reinforcement (PR) and Negative Health Consequences (NHC) within each age group. The scales differentiate smokers and smokeless tobacco users and nonusers. Each scale was associated with interest in purchasing snus for younger (PR: OR 1.90; NHC: OR 0.66) and older (PR: OR 1.36; NHC: OR 0.69) adults controlling for tobacco use status. CONCLUSIONS The modified Smokeless Tobacco Expectancies Questionnaire is a valid measure of snus-related outcome expectancies, which are in turn, associated with self-reported tobacco use, and may help to identify groups who are susceptible to snus initiation and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Adkison
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | | | - Vaughan W Rees
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Kulak JA, Cornelius ME, Fong GT, Giovino GA. Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S79-87. [PMID: 26980868 PMCID: PMC5009448 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While cigarette smoking prevalence is declining among US adults, quit rates may differ between white and African American smokers. Here, we summarize the literature on smoking cessation behaviors in whites and African Americans across four study designs and report the findings of new analyses of International Tobacco Control (ITC) US Survey cohort data. METHODS We reviewed 32 publications containing 39 relevant analyses that compared quit attempts and abstinence between US whites and African Americans. Two additional longitudinal analyses were conducted on 821 white and 76 African American cigarette smokers from Waves 7 and 8 of the ITC US Survey (mean follow-up = 19 months). RESULTS Of 17 total analyses of quit attempts, nine (including the ITC US Survey) observed that African American smokers were more likely than whites to attempt to quit during a given year; seven found no differences. Whites were more likely than African Americans to be abstinent in five of six retrospective cohort analyses and in two of five considered community- and population-based cohort studies. Four of these 11 analyses, including one from the ITC US Survey, found no differences. CONCLUSIONS Of 11 population- or community-based analyses, all seven that found significant differences indicated that whites were more likely to quit than African Americans. These findings, combined with the similar results from population-based birth cohort analyses, support the conclusion that white smokers are more likely to quit than African American smokers. Efforts to encourage and support quitting among all tobacco users remain a priority. IMPLICATIONS This article provides a review of the literature on smoking cessation among African American and white smokers, and adds new analyses that compare quit attempts and abstinence between US African Americans and whites. Results demonstrate a clear distinction between the findings of cross-sectional and retrospective cohort studies with those of cohort studies. Reasons for these differences merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kulak
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY;
| | - Monica E Cornelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology and School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary A Giovino
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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24
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Nollen NL, Cox LS, Yu Q, Ellerbeck EF, Scheuermann TS, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Mayo MS, Ahluwalia JS. A clinical trial to examine disparities in quitting between African-American and White adult smokers: Design, accrual, and baseline characteristics. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 47:12-21. [PMID: 26667382 PMCID: PMC4818177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-Americans smoke fewer cigarettes per day than Whites but experience greater smoking attributable morbidity and mortality. African-American-White differences may also exist in cessation but rigorously designed studies have not been conducted to empirically answer this question. METHODS/DESIGN Quit2Live is, to our knowledge, the first head-to-head trial designed with the primary aim of examining African-American-White disparities in quitting smoking. Secondary aims are to identify mechanisms that mediate and/or moderate the relationship between race and quitting. The study is ongoing. Study aims are accomplished through a 5-year prospective cohort intervention study designed to recruit equal numbers of African-Americans (n=224) and Whites (n=224) stratified on age (<40, ≥40) and gender, key factors known to impact cessation, and all within a restricted income range (≤400% federal poverty level). All participants will receive 12 weeks of varenicline in combination with smoking cessation counseling. The primary outcome is cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at week 26. Secondary outcomes are cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at weeks 4 and 12. DISCUSSION Findings from Quit2Live will not only address if African-American-White disparities in quitting smoking exist but, more importantly, will examine mechanisms underlying the difference. Attention to proximal, modifiable mechanisms (e.g., adherence, response to treatment, depression, stress) maximizes Quit2Live's potential to inform practice. Findings will provide an empirically-derived approach that will guide researchers and clinicians in identifying specific factors to address to improve cessation outcomes and reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in African-American and White smokers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01836276.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Nollen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Edward F Ellerbeck
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Taneisha S Scheuermann
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States; Department of Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Matthew S Mayo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States.
| | - Jasjit S Ahluwalia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States.
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25
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Golden SD, Kong AY, Ribisl KM. Racial and Ethnic Differences in What Smokers Report Paying for Their Cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1649-55. [PMID: 26874329 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking rates and tobacco-related health problems vary by race and ethnicity. We explore whether cigarette prices, a determinant of tobacco use, differ across racial and ethnic groups, and whether consumer behaviors influence these differences. METHODS We used national Tobacco Use Supplement data from 23 299 adult smokers in the United States to calculate average reported cigarette pack prices for six racial and ethnic groups. Using multivariate regression models, we analyzed the independent effect of race and ethnicity on price, and whether these effects changed once indicators of carton purchasing, menthol use, Indian reservation purchase, and state market prices were incorporated. RESULTS American Indians and whites pay similar amounts and report the lowest prices. Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians reported paying $0.42, $0.68, and $0.89 more for a pack of cigarettes than whites. After accounting for differences in consumer behaviors, these gaps shrunk to $0.27, $0.29, and $0.27, respectively, while American Indians paid $0.38 more than whites. Pack buying was associated with $0.99 higher per-pack prices than carton buying, which was most common among whites. Additionally, people who purchased off an Indian reservation reporting paying $1.54 more than those who purchased on reservation. CONCLUSIONS Average reported cigarette prices vary by race and ethnicity, in part due to differences in product use and purchase location. Tobacco price policies, especially those that target low prices for multipack products or on Indian reservations may increase the prices paid by whites and American Indians, who smoke at the highest rates and pay the least per pack. IMPLICATIONS This study examines differences in reported prices paid by different racial and ethnic groups, using recent, national data from the United States. Results indicating that racial and ethnic groups that smoke at the highest rates (American Indians and whites) also pay the least are consistent with evidence that price is a key factor in cigarette use. Additional analysis finds that cigarette purchasing behaviors, especially carton buying and purchasing on Indian reservations, partially account for the documented price differences, and suggest that policies focused on bulk purchases (carton, multipack) and reservation prices have strong tobacco control potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
| | - Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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26
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Clawson AH, Robinson LA, Ali JS. Physician Advice to Adolescents About Smoking: Who Gets Advised and Who Benefits Most? J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:195-201. [PMID: 26802992 PMCID: PMC4724383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Clinical Practice Guidelines instruct physicians to ask their patients about smoking and to advise against tobacco use. Physicians are urged especially to attend to racial minorities and teens because of these groups' increased susceptibility to smoking. Research on race and physician advice against smoking has produced contradictory findings. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationships between physician communication about tobacco, race, and smoking among adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional retrospective study explored (1) racial differences in rates of receiving physician communication and (2) whether the relationship between physician communication and smoking among adolescents was moderated by race. Multiple measures of smoking status were used (e.g., intentions to quit, quit attempts, quits, relapse status). We used a large (N = 5,154), predominately African-American (82.9%) sample of 11th graders. RESULTS Regular smokers were more likely to be screened about smoking. African Americans were more frequently advised against tobacco than Caucasians. Among African Americans, nonsmokers were most likely to be both screened and advised; among Caucasians, regular were most likely to be screened and advised. Overall, physician intervention was associated with greater benefits for young African Americans, including fewer intentions to smoke, greater likelihood of quitting, and less relapse. CONCLUSIONS Physician communication about smoking may hold particular promise for African-American teens, reducing health disparities because of racial differences in smoking-related mortality and morbidity. Physicians should be encouraged to screen and advise all young people about tobacco, regardless of race or smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley H. Clawson
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and The Miriam Hospital
| | - Leslie A. Robinson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Jeanelle S. Ali
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 400 Innovation Dr., Memphis, TN 38152
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Cohn AM, Johnson AL, Hair E, Rath JM, Villanti AC. Menthol tobacco use is correlated with mental health symptoms in a national sample of young adults: implications for future health risks and policy recommendations. Tob Induc Dis 2016; 14:1. [PMID: 26752983 PMCID: PMC4705641 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression and anxiety are correlated with greater nicotine dependence, smoking persistence, and relapse back to smoking after a quit attempt. Menthol cigarette smoking, which is prevalent in young adults, is associated with nicotine dependence, progression to regular smoking, and worse cessation outcomes than non-menthol smoking. Few have established a link between menthol tobacco use, beyond just smoking, with mental health in this high-risk age group. This study examined the association of menthol tobacco use to anxiety and depression in a national sample of young adults. Methods Data were from Waves 1 through 7 (n = 9720, weighted) of the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort, a national sample of men and women aged 18 to 34 assessed every 6-months. Demographics, past 30-day use of non-menthol and menthol tobacco products, and current alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use were assessed among those with depression and anxiety. Results Thirty nine percent of current tobacco users used menthol as their preferred brand. Using a cross-sectional analysis (collapsed across waves), past 30-day menthol tobacco was uniquely associated with greater odds of both depression and anxiety, beyond the effects of demographic and substance correlates and non-menthol tobacco product use. Conclusions Menthol is disproportionately used among young adults tobacco users with mental health problems, above and beyond the impact of a variety of other mental health and tobacco use risk factors. Findings suggest a strong link between menthol tobacco use and poor health outcomes. Policies should be developed to deter menthol tobacco use in vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Cohn
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001 USA ; Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3800 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Amanda L Johnson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001 USA
| | - Elizabeth Hair
- Department of Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001 USA
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Department of Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001 USA ; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001 USA ; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Kumar P, Gareen IF, Lathan C, Sicks JD, Perez GK, Hyland KA, Park ER. Racial Differences in Tobacco Cessation and Treatment Usage After Lung Screening: An Examination of the National Lung Screening Trial. Oncologist 2015; 21:40-9. [PMID: 26712960 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black smokers have demonstrated greater lung cancer disease burden and poorer smoking cessation outcomes compared with whites. Lung cancer screening represents a unique opportunity to promote cessation among smokers; however, little is known about the differential impact of screening on smoking behaviors among black and white smokers. Using data from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), we examined the racial differences in smoking behaviors after screening. METHODS We examined racial differences in smoking behavior and cessation activity among 6,316 white and 497 black (median age, 60 and 59 years, respectively) NLST participants who were current smokers at screening using a follow-up survey on 24-hour and 7-day quit attempts, 6-month continuous abstinence, and the use of smoking cessation programs and aids at 12 months after screening. Using multiple regression analyses, we examined the predictors of 24-hour and 7-day quit attempts and 6-month continuous abstinence. RESULTS At 12 months after screening, blacks were more likely to report a 24-hour (52.7% vs. 41.2%, p < .0001) or 7-day (33.6% vs. 27.2%, p = .002) quit attempt. However, no significant racial differences were found in 6-month continuous abstinence (5.6% blacks vs. 7.2% whites). In multiple regression, black race was predictive of a higher likelihood of a 24-hour (odds ratio [OR], 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.0) and 7-day (OR, 1.5, 95% CI, 1.1-1.8) quit attempt; however, race was not associated with 6-month continuous abstinence. Only a positive screening result for lung cancer was significantly predictive of successful 6-month continuous abstinence (OR, 2.3, 95% CI, 1.8-2.9). CONCLUSION Although blacks were more likely than whites to have 24-hour and 7-day quit attempts, the rates of 6-month continuous abstinence did not differ. Targeted interventions are needed at the time of lung cancer screening to promote abstinence among all smokers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Among smokers undergoing screening for lung cancer, blacks were more likely than whites to have 24-hour and 7-day quit attempts; however, these attempts did not translate to increased rates of 6-month continuous abstinence among black smokers. Targeted interventions are needed at the time of lung cancer screening to convert quit attempts to sustained smoking cessation among all smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumar
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilana F Gareen
- Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA and Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christopher Lathan
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JoRean D Sicks
- Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA and
| | - Giselle K Perez
- Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly A Hyland
- Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA University of South Florida and Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elyse R Park
- Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sakuma KLK, Felicitas J, Fagan P, Gruder CL, Blanco L, Cappelli C, Trinidad DR. Smoking Trends and Disparities Among Black and Non-Hispanic Whites in California. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1491-8. [PMID: 25666813 PMCID: PMC5967264 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study examined disparities in smoking trends across Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites in California. METHODS Data from the 1996 to 2008 California Tobacco Survey were analyzed to examine trends in smoking behaviors and cessation across Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites. RESULTS A decrease in overall ever and current smoking was observed for both Black and non-Hispanic Whites across the 12-year time period. A striking decrease in proportions of heavy daily smokers for both Black and non-Hispanic Whites were observed. Proportions of light and intermittent smokers and moderate daily smokers displayed modest increases for Blacks, but large increases for non-Hispanic Whites. Increases in successful cessation were also observed for Blacks and, to a lesser extent, for non-Hispanic Whites. DISCUSSION Smoking behavior and cessation trends across Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites were revealing. The decline in heavy daily and former smokers may demonstrate the success and effectiveness of tobacco control efforts in California. However, the increase in proportions of light and intermittent smokers and moderate daily smokers for both Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites demonstrates a need for tobacco cessation efforts focused on lighter smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari-Lyn Kobayakawa Sakuma
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR;
| | - Jamie Felicitas
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA
| | | | | | - Lyzette Blanco
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA
| | - Christopher Cappelli
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA
| | - Dennis R Trinidad
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA
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Besaratinia A, Tommasi S. The lingering question of menthol in cigarettes. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:165-169. [PMID: 25416451 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use is the single most important preventable cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA and many parts of the world. There is growing evidence that menthol cigarettes are starter tobacco products for children, adolescents, and young adults. Accumulating research also suggests that smoking menthol cigarettes reinforces nicotine dependence, impedes cessation, and promotes relapse. However, menthol cigarettes are exempt from the US Food and Drug Administration ban on flavored cigarettes due, in part, to the lack of empirical evidence describing the health consequences of smoking menthol cigarettes relative to regular cigarettes. Determining the biological effects of menthol cigarette smoke relative to regular cigarette smoke can clarify the health risks associated with the use of respective products and assist regulatory agencies in making scientifically based decisions on the development and evaluation of regulations on tobacco products to protect public health and to reduce tobacco use by minors. We highlight the inherent shortcomings of the conventional epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory research on menthol cigarettes that have contributed to the ongoing debate on the public health impact of menthol in cigarettes. In addition, we provide perspectives on how future investigations exploiting state-of-the-art biomarkers of exposure and disease states can help answer the lingering question of menthol in cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Stella Tommasi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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Dempsey J, Regan S, Drehmer JE, Finch S, Hipple B, Klein JD, Murphy S, Nabi-Burza E, Ossip D, Woo H, Winickoff JP. Black versus white differences in rates of addressing parental tobacco use in the pediatric setting. Acad Pediatr 2015; 15:47-53. [PMID: 25528125 PMCID: PMC4273106 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine racial differences in rates of screening parents for cigarette smoking during pediatric outpatient visits and to determine if a parental tobacco control intervention mitigates racial variation in whether cigarette smoking is addressed. METHODS As part of the Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure (CEASE) randomized controlled trial, exit interviews were conducted with parents at 10 control and 10 intervention pediatric practices nationally. Parents were asked to report if during the visit did anyone ask if they smoke cigarettes. A generalized linear mixed model was used to estimate the effect of black vs white race on asking parents about cigarette smoking. RESULTS Among 17,692 parents screened at the exit interview, the proportion of black parents who were current smokers (16%) was lower than the proportion of white parents who smoked (20%) (P < .001). In control group practices, black parents were more likely to be asked (adjusted risk ratio 1.23; 95% confidence interval 1.08, 1.40) about cigarette smoking by pediatricians than whites. In intervention group practices both black and white parents were more likely to be asked about smoking than those in control practices and there was no significant difference between black and white parents in the likelihood of being asked (adjusted risk ratio 1.01; 95% confidence interval 0.93, 1.09). CONCLUSIONS Although a smaller proportion of black parents in control practices smoked than white, black parents were more likely to be asked by pediatricians about smoking. The CEASE intervention was associated with higher levels of screening for smoking for both black and white parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Dempsey
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Susan Regan
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeremy E. Drehmer
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stacia Finch
- Pediatric Research in Office Settings, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL, United States
| | - Bethany Hipple
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- AAP Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL, United States
| | - Sybil Murphy
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emara Nabi-Burza
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deborah Ossip
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Heide Woo
- UCLA West Los Angeles Office, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Winickoff
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Research and Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,AAP Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL, United States
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32
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Wang T, Wang B, Chen H. Menthol facilitates the intravenous self-administration of nicotine in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:437. [PMID: 25566005 PMCID: PMC4267270 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Menthol is preferred by ~25% of smokers and is the most common flavoring additive in tobacco and electronic cigarettes. Although some clinical studies have suggested that menthol facilitates the initiation of smoking and enhances the dependence on nicotine, many controversies remain. Using licking as the operant behavior, we found that adolescent rats self-administering nicotine (30μg/kg/infusion, free base, i.v.) with contingent oral menthol (60μl, 0.01% w/v) obtained significantly more infusions than rats receiving a vehicle cue or rats self-administering i.v. saline with a menthol cue. Rats yoked to their menthol-nicotine masters emitted significantly fewer licks on the active spouts, indicating that contingent pairing between nicotine and menthol is required for sustained nicotine intake. Rats that self-administered nicotine with a menthol cue also exhibited a long-lasting extinction burst and robust reinstatement behavior, neither of which were observed in rats that self-administered saline with a menthol cue. The cooling sensation of menthol is induced by activating the transient receptor potential M8 (TRPM8) channel. When WS-23, an odorless agonist of the TRPM8 channel, was used as a contingent cue for nicotine, the rats obtained a similar number of nicotine infusions as the rats that were provided a menthol cue and exhibited a strong preference for the active spout. In contrast, highly appetitive taste and odor cues failed to support nicotine self-administration. These data indicated that menthol, likely by inducing a cooling sensation, becomes a potent conditioned reinforcer when it is contingently delivered with nicotine. Together, these results provide a key behavioral mechanism by which menthol promotes the use of tobacco products or electronic cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xian Yang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
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Sulsky SI, Fuller WG, Van Landingham C, Ogden MW, Swauger JE, Curtin GM. Evaluating the association between menthol cigarette use and the likelihood of being a former versus current smoker. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:231-41. [PMID: 25017361 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Menthol in cigarettes has been examined for its potential to affect smoking dependence, measured primarily as number of cigarettes smoked per day and time to first cigarette after waking; the ability to quit smoking constitutes an additional measure of dependence. Successful quitting among menthol compared to non-menthol cigarette smokers is difficult to determine from the literature, due in part to the various definitions of quitting used by researchers. Nevertheless, intervention and follow-up studies of smoking cessation treatments generally indicate no differences in quitting success among menthol compared to non-menthol smokers, while cross-sectional studies suggest some differences within race/ethnicity groups. The association between menthol cigarette use and likelihood of being a former versus current smoker was examined based on data from the National Health Interview Survey and Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Analyses stratified by race/ethnicity and limited to smokers who had quit at least one year prior to survey participation provided inconsistent results with regard to menthol cigarette use and quitting, both within surveys (i.e., comparing race/ethnicity groups) and between surveys (i.e., same race/ethnicity group across surveys). Evidence suggesting the existence or direction of an association between menthol in cigarettes and quitting depended on the data source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Sulsky
- ENVIRON International Corporation, 28 Amity Street, Amherst, MA 01002, United States.
| | - William G Fuller
- ENVIRON International Corporation, 1900 North 18th Street, Suite 804, Monroe, LA 71201, United States.
| | - Cynthia Van Landingham
- ENVIRON International Corporation, 1900 North 18th Street, Suite 804, Monroe, LA 71201, United States.
| | - Michael W Ogden
- RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States.
| | - James E Swauger
- RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States.
| | - Geoffrey M Curtin
- RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States.
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Kasza KA, Hyland AJ, Bansal-Travers M, Vogl LM, Chen J, Evans SE, Fong GT, Cummings KM, O'Connor RJ. Switching between menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes: findings from the U.S. Cohort of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:1255-65. [PMID: 24984878 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article examines trends in switching between menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes, smoker characteristics associated with switching, and associations among switching, indicators of nicotine dependence, and quitting activity. METHODS Participants were 5,932 U.S. adult smokers who were interviewed annually as part of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey between 2002 and 2011. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to examine the prevalence of menthol cigarette use and switching between menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes (among 3,118 smokers who participated in at least 2 consecutive surveys). We also evaluated characteristics associated with menthol cigarette use and associations among switching, indicators of nicotine dependence, and quitting activity using GEEs. RESULTS Across the entire study period, 27% of smokers smoked menthol cigarettes; prevalence was highest among Blacks (79%), young adults (36%), and females (30%). Prevalence of switching between menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes was low (3% switched to menthol and 8% switched to nonmenthol), and switchers tended to revert back to their previous type. Switching types was not associated with indicators of nicotine dependence or quit attempts. However, those who switched cigarette brands within cigarette types were more likely to attempt to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS While overall switching rates were low, the percentage who switched from menthol to nonmenthol was significantly higher than the percentage who switched from nonmenthol to menthol. An asymmetry was seen in patterns of switching such that reverting back to menthol was more common than reverting back to nonmenthol, particularly among Black smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Kasza
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY;
| | - Andrew J Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Lisa M Vogl
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jiping Chen
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Sarah E Evans
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
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Azagba S, Minaker LM, Sharaf MF, Hammond D, Manske S. Smoking intensity and intent to continue smoking among menthol and non-menthol adolescent smokers in Canada. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:1093-9. [PMID: 24913782 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research suggests that menthol cigarette use is associated with nicotine dependence. However, findings on the relationship between menthol smoking status and quantity of cigarettes smoked are less clear. The objective of this paper was to examine whether menthol cigarette smoking is associated with higher smoking intensity and intention to continue smoking among adolescents. METHODS A nationally representative sample of 4,736 Canadian students in grades 9-12 was drawn from the 2010-2011 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey. Associations between smoking intensity and menthol smoking were examined using linear regression. A logistic regression was used to examine whether menthol smoking increased the odds that a student reported intention to continue smoking. RESULTS Thirty-two percentage of smokers in grades 9-12 smoked menthol cigarettes in the last 30 days. Unadjusted average number of cigarettes reported by menthol smokers was 6.86 compared with 4.59 among non-menthol smokers (p < 0.001). Multivariable results showed that the average number of cigarettes smoked by menthol smokers was greater than non-menthol smokers (β = 1.92; 95 % CI = 1.16-2.68). Similar results were found using the total number of cigarettes smoked in the past week. Additionally, menthol smokers had greater odds of reporting intent to continue smoking compared with non-menthol smokers (OR = 2.95; 95 % CI = 2.24-3.90). These results were similar when separate analyses were conducted for established smokers and experimental smokers. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study along with existing evidence suggest the need for banning mentholated tobacco products in Canada, in part because of its significant effect on adolescent smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Azagba
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada,
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Wallen J, Randolph S, Carter-Pokras O, Feldman R, Kanamori-Nishimura M. Engaging African Americans in Smoking Cessation Programs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2014.893850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rojewski AM, Toll BA, O'Malley SS. Menthol cigarette use predicts treatment outcomes of weight-concerned smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:115-9. [PMID: 24113927 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that individuals who smoke menthol cigarettes are less likely to quit smoking and more likely to relapse during a quit attempt. The current study investigated menthol cigarette use as a potential predictor of smoking cessation outcomes in a sample of treatment-seeking smokers. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial of low-dose naltrexone augmentation of nicotine replacement designed to examine smoking cessation and postcessation weight gain in weight-concerned smokers. RESULTS Analyses revealed that menthol use predicted lower quit rates. Among menthol smokers (N = 61), 13% were abstinent at week 26, and among nonmenthol smokers (N = 105), 30% were abstinent (Wald = 4.15, p = .04; odds ratio [OR] = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.04-5.90). Further, menthol smokers who quit smoking gained significantly more weight at week 26 (M = 14.87 lbs, SD = 9.08; t(37) = -2.22, p = .03) than nonmenthol smokers who quit (M = 7.95 lbs, SD = 7.53). CONCLUSIONS Menthol cigarette use has not typically been evaluated as a predictor of smoking cessation outcomes, but emerging evidence suggests that consumption of menthol may make cessation more difficult. This study adds to the literature supporting the claim that smoking menthol cigarettes can have adverse effects on smoking cessation efforts and on other cessation-related outcomes, such as postcessation weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Rojewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Reitzel LR, Etzel CJ, Cao Y, Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS. Associations of menthol use with motivation and confidence to quit smoking. Am J Health Behav 2013; 37:629-34. [PMID: 23985285 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.37.5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine associations of menthol cigarette use with motivation and confidence to quit smoking, and potential moderation by race, among adult current smokers (N = 1067; 85% White, 15% Black). METHODS Regression analyses, adjusted for sociodemographics and tobacco dependence, examined associations of menthol use with motivation and confidence to quit smoking with and without an interaction term for race. RESULTS Main effects were not significant; however, there was a significant interaction for confidence to quit smoking (p = .02). Stratified analyses indicated that Black menthol users were more confident about quitting than Black non-menthol users (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS Given their relatively lower quit rates as cited in previous literature, Black menthol users appear overly confident about their ability to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine R Reitzel
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Meyers JL, Cerdá M, Galea S, Keyes KM, Aiello AE, Uddin M, Wildman DE, Koenen KC. Interaction between polygenic risk for cigarette use and environmental exposures in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e290. [PMID: 23942621 PMCID: PMC3756291 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. Until this year, all large-scale gene identification studies on smoking were conducted in populations of European ancestry. Consequently, the genetic architecture of smoking is not well described in other populations. Further, despite a rich epidemiologic literature focused on the social determinants of smoking, few studies have examined the moderation of genetic influences (for example, gene-environment interactions) on smoking in African Americans. In the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (DNHS), a sample of randomly selected majority African American residents of Detroit, we constructed a genetic risk score (GRS), in which we combined top (P-value <5 × 10(-7)) genetic variants from a recent meta-analysis conducted in a large sample of African Americans. Using regression (effective n=399), we first tested for association between the GRS and cigarettes per day, attempting to replicate the findings from the meta-analysis. Second, we examined interactions with three social contexts that may moderate the genetic association with smoking: traumatic events, neighborhood social cohesion and neighborhood physical disorder. Among individuals who had ever smoked cigarettes, the GRS significantly predicted the number of cigarettes smoked per day and accounted for ~3% of the overall variance in the trait. Significant interactions were observed between the GRS and number of traumatic events experienced, as well as between the GRS and average neighborhood social cohesion; the association between genetic risk and smoking was greater among individuals who had experienced an increased number of traumatic events in their lifetimes, and diminished among individuals who lived in a neighborhood characterized by greater social cohesion. This study provides support for the utility of the GRS as an alternative approach to replication of common polygenic variation, and in gene-environment interaction, for smoking behaviors. In addition, this study indicates that environmental determinants have the potential to both exacerbate (traumatic events) and diminish (neighborhood social cohesion) genetic influences on smoking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Meyers
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - M Cerdá
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - K M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Uddin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - D E Wildman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - K C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Ford JG, Samet JM, Spivack SD. Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143:e1S-e29S. [PMID: 23649439 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900 s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research. METHODS A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk. RESULTS Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application. CONCLUSIONS Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Alberg
- Hollings Cancer Center and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jean G Ford
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan M Samet
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Simon D Spivack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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Duke JC, Nonnemaker JM, Davis KC, Watson KA, Farrelly MC. The impact of cessation media messages on cessation-related outcomes: results from a national experiment of smokers. Am J Health Promot 2013; 28:242-50. [PMID: 23875987 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.120920-quan-452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine effects of exposure to two types of cessation advertisements on changes in cessation-related outcomes. DESIGN Experimental data from a nationally representative, longitudinal sample of smokers, collected in three waves over 4 weeks. SETTING National. Subjects. Three thousand and two adult U.S. smokers aged 18+ completed baseline and follow-up interviews at 2 and 4 weeks, from December 2010 to February 2011. INTERVENTION Six randomly assigned conditions consisting of repeated exposure to cessation advertisements: why-to-quit advertisements featuring emotional, personal testimonies (1: WTQ-T) or graphic images (2: WTQ-G); how-to-quit advertisements (3: HTQ), a combination of both (4: WTQ-T + HTQ; 5: WTQ-G + HTQ), and no-ad condition (6: control). MEASURES Cessation-related beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and quitting behavior. ANALYSIS Multivariable ordinary least squares and logistic regressions testing whether exposure to antitobacco television advertisements were associated with changes in tobacco-related outcomes. RESULTS Exposure to WTQ-T or WTQ-G advertisements, both alone and combined with HTQ advertisements, elicited positive change in beliefs, attitudes, and intentions as compared to controls. Smokers in three of four WTQ conditions were substantially more likely to have quit smoking at 4 weeks than controls (odds ratios range from 5.9 to 10.1, p < .05 or better). No effects were found for the HTQ-only condition. CONCLUSION Exposure to WTQ advertisements markedly increases the odds that a smoker will quit in the study period, suggesting positive movement toward successful, long-term cessation. HTQ advertisements did not enhance advertising effectiveness and may not be suitable as a primary message strategy.
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Reitzel LR, Li Y, Stewart DW, Cao Y, Wetter DW, Waters AJ, Vidrine JI. Race moderates the effect of menthol cigarette use on short-term smoking abstinence. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:883-9. [PMID: 23288873 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Food and Drug Administration is in the process of reviewing evidence of the impact of mentholated cigarettes on smoking behaviors and smoking cessation in order to determine if these products should be removed from the market. More empirical research is needed to inform those decisions. The goal of this study was to examine associations of menthol cigarette use with biochemically verified continuous short-term smoking abstinence, and potential moderation by race, among adult current smokers enrolled in a cohort study (N = 183; 57.4% female; 48.1% non-Hispanic Black, 51.9% non-Hispanic White). METHODS Continuation ratio logit models, adjusted for age, race, gender, total annual household income, educational level, employment status, and partner status, were used to examine associations of menthol use with smoking abstinence with and without an interaction term for race. RESULTS Menthol cigarette use was not significantly associated with smoking abstinence in the sample as a whole; however, there was a significant interaction of menthol use with race (p = .03). Follow-up analyses stratified by race indicated that among White participants, menthol users had significantly lower odds of maintaining continuous abstinence than nonmenthol users (p = .05). Exploratory analyses suggested that tobacco dependence may lie along the causal pathway and partially explain this effect. CONCLUSIONS White menthol smokers in this sample were at increased risk of smoking relapse relative to White nonmenthol smokers, at least partially due to greater tobacco dependence. Results should be replicated among other treatment-seeking samples with a greater representation of White menthol and Black nonmenthol smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine R Reitzel
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA.
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Matthews AK, Conrad M, Kuhns L, Vargas M, King AC. Project Exhale: preliminary evaluation of a tailored smoking cessation treatment for HIV-positive African American smokers. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2013; 27:22-32. [PMID: 23305259 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2012.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of a culturally tailored smoking cessation intervention for HIV-positive African American male smokers. Eligible smokers were enrolled in a seven-session group-based treatment combined with nicotine patch. The mean age of participants was M=46 years. The majority were daily smokers (71%), smoked a mentholated brand (80%), and averaged 8.6 (standard deviation [SD]=8.1) cigarettes per day. Baseline nicotine dependency scores (M=5.8) indicated a moderate to high degree of physical dependence. Of the 31 participants enrolled, the majority completed treatment (≥3 sessions; 68%), 1-month follow-up (74%), and 3-month follow-up (87%) interviews. Program acceptability scores were strong. However, adherence to the patch was low, with 39% reporting daily patch use. The majority of participants (80%, n=24) made a quit attempt. Furthermore, over the course of the intervention, smoking urge, cigarettes smoked, nicotine dependence, withdrawal symptoms, and depression scores all significantly decreased. Follow-up quit rates at 1 and 3 months ranged from 6% to 24%, with treatment completers having better outcomes. This first of its kind intervention for HIV-positive African American male smokers was feasible, acceptable, and showed benefit for reducing smoking behaviors and depression scores. Smoking cessation outcomes were on par with other similar programs. A larger trial is needed to address limitations and to confirm benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K. Matthews
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Research, Howard Brown Health Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megan Conrad
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lisa Kuhns
- Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Vargas
- Department of Research, Howard Brown Health Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrea C. King
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Journigan VB, Zaveri NT. TRPM8 ion channel ligands for new therapeutic applications and as probes to study menthol pharmacology. Life Sci 2012; 92:425-37. [PMID: 23159643 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the TRPM8 gene in 2001, the TRPM8 ion channel, better known as the 'cold receptor' has been the target of a significant effort from the pharmaceutical industry to produce small-molecule agonists and antagonists of this receptor for various therapeutic applications ranging from cancer and urological disorders to the treatment of cold hypersensitivity and pain. Recently, a number of clinical studies have implicated menthol, the natural ligand of TRPM8, in facilitating and maintaining cigarette smoking behavior, possibly through its counter-irritant effects. However, a pharmacological link between menthol's action via TRPM8 and nicotine addiction has not been yet been investigated. This review gives an overview of reported small-molecule TRPM8 agonists and antagonists and discusses their efficacy in models of various disease states. These compounds may be useful pharmacological tools to investigate the effect of menthol on nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Blair Journigan
- Astraea Therapeutics, LLC. 320 Logue Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States
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D'Silva J, Boyle RG, Lien R, Rode P, Okuyemi KS. Cessation outcomes among treatment-seeking menthol and nonmenthol smokers. Am J Prev Med 2012; 43:S242-8. [PMID: 23079223 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menthol cigarettes account for 25% of the market in the U.S. The Food and Drug Administration currently is considering regulatory action on tobacco products, including a ban on menthol cigarettes. With 39% of menthol smokers reporting that they would quit smoking if menthol cigarettes were banned, there is a need to better understand whether existing cessation programs, such as quitlines, are serving menthol smokers. PURPOSE This study compared baseline characteristics and cessation outcomes of menthol and nonmenthol smokers who were seeking treatment through a quitline. METHODS Data were collected between September 2009 and July 2011 on 6257 participants. A random sample of eligible participants who registered for services between March 2010 and February 2011 was contacted for a follow-up survey 7 months post-registration (n=1147). Data were analyzed in 2011. RESULTS Among participants, 18.7% of smokers reported using menthol cigarettes. Menthol smokers were more likely to be female, younger, African-American, and have less than a high school education. Menthol smokers who called the quitline were slightly less likely to enroll in services than nonmenthol smokers (92.2% vs 94.8%, p<0.001). However, for those that did enroll, there were no significant differences in self-reported intent-to-treat 30-day point prevalence abstinence rates between menthol and nonmenthol smokers (17.3% vs 13.8%, p=0.191). CONCLUSIONS Quitlines appear to be adequately serving menthol smokers who call for help. Cessation outcomes for menthol smokers are comparable to nonmenthol smokers. However, if a menthol ban motivates many menthol smokers to quit, quitlines may have to increase their capacity to meet the increase in demand.
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Villanti AC, Giovino GA, Burns DM, Abrams DB. Menthol cigarettes and mortality: keeping focus on the public health standard. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:617-8. [PMID: 22990220 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Widome R, Brock B, Noble P, Forster JL. The relationship of neighborhood demographic characteristics to point-of-sale tobacco advertising and marketing. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2012; 18:136-51. [PMID: 22789035 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2012.701273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to tobacco marketing has been associated with an increased likelihood that youth start smoking and may interfere with tobacco cessation. We aimed to describe the prevalence, placement, and features of tobacco advertising at the point of sale by race, ethnicity, and other neighborhood demographics, as well as by store type. DESIGN A cross-sectional assessment of the advertising environment in establishments that held tobacco licenses in our study region (a metropolitan area in the Midwest USA) was conducted in 2007. Stores were geocoded and linked with block group demographic data taken from the Year 2000 US census. We calculated associations between our hypothesized predictors, race, ethnicity, and other neighborhood demographics, and two types of outcomes (1) amount and (2) characteristics of the advertising. RESULTS Tobacco advertising at the point of sale was most common in gas stations/convenience stores, liquor stores, and tobacco stores. A 10% difference in a block group's African-American/Black population was associated with 9% (95% confidence interval [CI]=3%, 16%) more ads as well as a greater likelihood that ads would be close to the ground (prevalence ratio [PR]=1.15 [95% CI=1.04, 1.28]). Block groups with greater African-American/Black, Asian, people on public assistance or below 150% of the poverty threshold, or people under the age of 18 years had more ads for menthol brands. Block groups with greater proportions of Whites were more likely to have ads that used health words, such as 'light' or 'natural' (PR for 10% difference in White population=1.41 [95% CI=1.17-1.70]). Chain stores were more likely to have greater amounts of advertising, ads close to the ground, ads for price deals, or ads that use words that imply health. CONCLUSION Tobacco advertising targets communities with various racial and ethnic profiles in different ways. Now that US Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate the marketing and sale of tobacco products, there is new opportunity to reduce the harmful impact of tobacco advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Widome
- VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Faseru B, Choi WS, Krebill R, Mayo MS, Nollen NL, Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS, Cox LS. Factors associated with smoking menthol cigarettes among treatment-seeking African American light smokers. Addict Behav 2011; 36:1321-4. [PMID: 21816543 PMCID: PMC3179803 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking menthol cigarettes is more prevalent among African Americans (AA) compared to Whites. Menthol has been found to be inversely related to smoking cessation among AA, yet little is known about the factors associated with menthol smoking among AA light smokers. This study examines baseline demographic, psychological, and smoking factors associated with smoking menthol cigarettes among AA light smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day). METHODS Participants (n=540) were enrolled in a double blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of bupropion in combination with health education counseling for smoking cessation. Bivariate differences between menthol and non-menthol smokers were explored and baseline factors associated with smoking menthol cigarettes were identified. RESULTS Participants averaged 46.5 years in age, predominantly female (66.1%), and smoked an average of 8.0 cpd (SD=2.5). The majority (83.7%) smoked menthol cigarettes. In bivariate analysis, menthol cigarette smokers were younger (mean age: 45 vs. 52 years p<0.0001), were more likely to be female (68% vs. 52% p=0.003) and had smoked for shorter duration (28 vs. 34 years p<0.0001) compared to non-menthol smokers. While depression and withdrawal scores were slightly higher and exhaled carbon monoxide values were lower among menthol smokers, the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Among AA light smokers, younger individuals and females were more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes and may be more susceptible to the health effects of smoking. Appropriately targeted health education campaigns are needed to prevent smoking uptake in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babalola Faseru
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Reitzel LR, Nguyen N, Cao Y, Vidrine JI, Daza P, Mullen PD, Velasquez MM, Li Y, Cinciripini PM, Cofta-Woerpel L, Wetter DW. Race/ethnicity moderates the effect of prepartum menthol cigarette use on postpartum smoking abstinence. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:1305-10. [PMID: 21622498 PMCID: PMC3223573 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the influence of prepartum menthol cigarette use on postpartum smoking abstinence or how race/ethnicity might moderate this relationship. The current study addressed that gap by testing these relationships among racially/ethnically diverse women who quit smoking during pregnancy (N = 244; 33% African American, 31% Latina, 36% White). METHODS Continuation ratio logit models were used to examine the effects of prepartum menthol cigarette use on biochemically confirmed, continuous abstinence through 26 weeks postpartum using an intent-to-treat approach. Analyses controlled for age, race/ethnicity, partner status, income, education, treatment, number of prequit cigarettes smoked per day, time to the first cigarette of the day, and time (Week 8 or 26 data collection timepoint). An additional model tested the moderating effects of race/ethnicity by including an interaction term. RESULTS Prepartum menthol cigarette use was not significantly associated with postpartum smoking abstinence in the overall sample. However, the interaction between menthol use and race/ethnicity was significant (p = .02). Among White women, menthol use was associated with significantly lower odds of maintaining postpartum smoking abstinence (p = .03; odds ratio = .19 [.04-.89]), and the effect approached significance among African American women (p = .08). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that prepartum menthol cigarette use may increase the risk of postpartum smoking relapse among White, and possibly African American, women who quit smoking during or immediately before pregnancy. Results suggest that White and African American prepartum menthol users may require different or more intensive cessation services to aid in the maintenance of postpartum smoking abstinence. Replication with larger samples, and a focus on understanding the mechanisms that underlie these relationships, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine R Reitzel
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Health Disparities Research, Unit 1440, P.O. Box 301402, Houston, TX 77230, USA.
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Delnevo CD, Gundersen DA, Hrywna M, Echeverria SE, Steinberg MB. Smoking-cessation prevalence among U.S. smokers of menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41:357-65. [PMID: 21961462 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Food and Drug Administration currently is assessing the public health impact of menthol cigarettes. Whether menthol cigarettes pose increased barriers to quitting is a critical issue because previous declines in smoking prevalence have stalled. PURPOSE To explore whether menthol cigarette smokers are less likely to quit than non-menthol smokers at the population level and whether this relationship differs by race/ethnicity. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses of the 2003 and 2006/2007 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey were conducted in 2010. Multiple logistic regressions were used to calculate the adjusted odds of cessation for menthol smoking relative to non-menthol smoking. Five different sample restrictions were used to assess the robustness of the findings. RESULTS In the broadest sample restriction, menthol smokers were less likely to have quit smoking (AOR=0.91, 95% CI=0.87, 0.96). This relationship holds among whites (AOR=0.93, 95% CI=0.88, 0.98) and blacks (AOR=0.81, 95% CI=0.67, 0.98). The magnitude of the relationship among Hispanics was similar to that among whites, but differed by Hispanic origin. Among those of Mexican origin, the AOR for menthol smokers was protective but not significant (AOR=1.29, 95% CI=0.99, 1.61), whereas among those of Puerto Rican origin, menthol smokers were less likely to have quit (AOR=0.57, 95% CI=0.37, 0.87). These findings were robust and significant in four of five sample restrictions. CONCLUSIONS Smoking menthol cigarettes is associated with decreased cessation at the population level, and this association is more pronounced among black and Puerto Rican smokers. These findings support the recent calls to ban menthol flavoring in cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine D Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Surveillance and Evaluation Research, School of Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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