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Bikkina P, Bikkina S, Kawamura K. Tracing the biomass burning emissions over the Arabian Sea in winter season: Implications from the molecular distributions and relative abundances of sugar compounds. Sci Total Environ 2022; 848:157643. [PMID: 35908715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread haze pollution over South Asia typically occurs in winter, affecting the abundance of organic aerosols (OA) over the Arabian Sea due to prevailing meteorology. We determined the concentrations of biomass burning (BB) derived anhydrosugars (levoglucosan: Lev, galactosan: Gal, and mannosan: Man), sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose) and sugar alcohols (arabitol, mannitol, erythritol, and inositol) over the Arabian Sea during a winter cruise (6-24 December 2018). Molecular distributions revealed predominance of levoglucosan or sucrose. Besides, levoglucosan strongly correlated with mannosan, galactosan, sugar alcohols and elemental carbon, emphasizing their BB-origin. Backward air mass trajectories intercepted by the satellite-based fire counts over the Indo-Gangetic Plain together with relationship between stable carbon isotopic composition of TC (δ13CTC) and levoglucosan-C to organic carbon (%), confirmed the impact of BB-derived OA. A comparison of Lev/Man (av. 16.2) and Lev/K+ (av. 0.27) ratios over the Arabian Sea with the source-emissions revealed their origin from crop-residue burning. Rather high concentrations of Lev over the Arabian Sea compared to those documented over the Bay of Bengal, East China Sea, Sea of Japan and the western North Pacific further suggests a stronger impact of BB in the continental outflow over this marine basin. Besides, Lev/K+ ratios in marine aerosols exponentially decreased with an apparent increase in ambient relative humidity and temperature over the Arabian Sea during the South Asian outflow, implying a photochemical oxidation of BBOA. Such field-based relationship of Lev with the meteorological parameters can be useful for modelling the impact of BBOA on the surface Ocean. Besides, the aeolian input of sugar-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) accounted for 83 % and 92 % of that riverine supply to the Arabian Sea, respectively. This means atmospheric dry-deposition of sugars is an important external source of dissolved organic compounds to the surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bikkina
- CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India.
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- CSIR National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Bacteria were isolated from wastewater and soil containing charred wood remnants based on their ability to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon source and on their levoglucosan dehydrogenase (LGDH) activity. On the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, these bacteria represented diverse genera of Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Shinella, and Klebsiella. Genomic sequencing of the isolates verified that two isolates represented novel species, Paenibacillus athensensis MEC069T and Shinella sumterensis MEC087T, while the remaining isolates were closely related to either Microbacterium lacusdiani or Klebsiella pneumoniae. The genetic sequence of LGDH, lgdA, was found in the genomes of these four isolates as well as Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3. The identity of the P. phenanthrenivorans LGDH was experimentally verified following recombinant expression in E. coli. Comparison of the putative genes surrounding lgdA in the isolate genomes indicated that several other gene products facilitate the bacterial catabolism of levoglucosan, including a putative sugar isomerase and several transport proteins. Importance Levoglucosan is the most prevalent soluble carbohydrate remaining after high temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, but it is not fermented by typical production microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A few fungi metabolize levoglucosan via the enzyme levoglucosan kinase, while several bacteria metabolize levoglucosan via levoglucosan dehydrogenase. This study describes the isolation and characterization of four bacterial species which degrade levoglucosan. Each isolate is shown to contain several genes within an operon involved in levoglucosan degradation, furthering our understanding of bacteria which metabolize levoglucosan.
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Magovac E, Vončina B, Budimir A, Jordanov I, Grunlan JC, Bischof S. Environmentally Benign Phytic Acid-Based Nanocoating for Multifunctional Flame-Retardant/Antibacterial Cotton. Fibers 2021; 9:69. [DOI: 10.3390/fib9110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally benign layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition was used to obtain flame-retardant and antimicrobial cotton. Cotton was coated with 8, 10, and 12 phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CH)-urea bilayers (BL) and then immersed into copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution. Our findings were that 12 BL of PA/CH-urea + Cu2+ were able to stop flame on cotton during vertical flammability testing (VFT) with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26%. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) data showed a reduction of peak heat release rates (pHRR) of more than 61%, while the reduction of total heat release (THR) was more than 54%, relative to untreated cotton. TG-IR analysis of 12 BL-treated cotton showed the release of water, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aldehydes, while by adding Cu2+ ions, the treated cotton produces a lower amount of methane. Treated cotton also showed no levoglucosan. The intumescent behavior of the treatment was indicated by the bubbled structure of the post-burn char. Antibacterial testing showed a 100% reduction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, cotton was successfully functionalized with a multifunctional ecologically benign flame-retardant and antibacterial nanocoating, by means of LbL deposition.
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Magovac E, Jordanov I, Grunlan JC, Bischof S. Environmentally-Benign Phytic Acid-Based Multilayer Coating for Flame Retardant Cotton. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13235492. [PMID: 33276519 PMCID: PMC7730485 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemically bleached cotton fabric was treated with phytic acid (PA), chitosan (CH) and urea by means of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition to impart flame retardant (FR) behavior using only benign and renewable molecules. Samples were treated with 8, 10, 12 and 15 bilayers (BL) of anionic PA and cationic CH, with urea mixed into the aqueous CH solution. Flammability was evaluated by measuring limiting oxygen index (LOI) and through vertical flame testing. LOI values are comparable to those obtained with commercial flame-retardant finishes, and applying 10 or more bilayers renders cotton self-extinguishing and able to pass the vertical flame test. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) measurements show the average reduction of peak heat release rate (pHRR) of all treated fabrics of ~61% and the reduction of total heat release (THR) of ~74%, in comparison to untreated cotton. Decomposition temperatures peaks (T1max) measured by thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) decreased by approximately 62 °C, while an average residue at 650 °C is ~21% for 10 and more bilayers. Images of post-burn char indicate that PA/CH-urea treatment is intumescent. The ability to deposit such a safe and effective FR treatment, with relatively few layers, makes LbL an alternative to current commercial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Magovac
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Igor Jordanov
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia;
| | - Jaime C. Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
- Correspondence: (J.C.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Bischof
- Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (J.C.G.); (S.B.)
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Lee DJ, Lu JS, Chang JS. Pyrolysis synergy of municipal solid waste (MSW): A review. Bioresour Technol 2020; 318:123912. [PMID: 32741699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) were recently explored. This review aims to provide an overview on the synergistic pyrolysis studies of MSW, focusing on the synergy occurred during co-pyrolysis of different constituents of MSW. The interactions of intermediates released during pyrolysis can shift end product distributions, accelerate pyrolysis rates, and preferred production of specific compounds, which were categorized into four basic types with discussions. The pyrolysis synergy is proposed to be the key for success of pyrolytic practice of MSW that can handle the waste with maximal resource recovery and minimal carbon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jia-Shun Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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Parihar A, Vongsvivut J, Bhattacharya S. Synchrotron-Based Infra-Red Spectroscopic Insights on Thermo-Catalytic Conversion of Cellulosic Feedstock to Levoglucosenone and Furans. ACS Omega 2019; 4:8747-8757. [PMID: 31459964 PMCID: PMC6648375 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermo-catalytic conversion of cellulosic feedstock, such as lignocellulose, to platform chemicals offers a renewable alternative to fossil-based chemicals. Mechanistic insights behind thermochemical conversion of lignocellulose would facilitate thermo-catalytic process development for bio-based chemicals. This study employed synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy to investigate chemical changes in acid-catalyzed cellulose and lignocellulose and glucose during pyrolysis. Major changes in glucose occurred at 200 °C, where it underwent reactions including ring opening and tautomerization. Acid treatment did not change the molecular structure of cellulose but disrupted the lignocellulose network. The observed synchrotron FTIR spectral features provided evidence for acceleration of catalytic dehydration of cellulose and lignocellulose to levoglucosenone and furans. Catalytic passivation of alkali and alkaline earth metals in lignocellulose was also observed at low acid concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Parihar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Infrared
Microspectroscopy Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Sankar Bhattacharya
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Aubriet F, Ghislain T, Hertzog J, Sonnette A, Dufour A, Mauviel G, Carré V. Characterization of biomass and biochar by LDI-FTICRMS - Effect of the laser wavelength and biomass material. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:1951-1962. [PMID: 30062475 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass is a promising process to produce biofuels or green chemicals. Specific analytical methods have to be developed in order to better understand the composition of biomass and of its pyrolysis products and therefore to optimize the design of pyrolysis processes. For this purpose, different biomasses (Douglas and Miscanthus) and one biochar were analyzed by laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LDI FT-ICR MS). This method allowed the biomass and biochar to be analyzed without any sample preparation and with a spatial resolution of about 100 μm. The influence of LDI conditions (laser wavelength and laser irradiance) and the nature of the biomass and biochar on the obtained mass spectrum were investigated. The nature and origin of the observed ions highly depended on LDI conditions. In the softest laser-biomass interaction conditions (low laser irradiance), the detected ions were related to the nature of the investigated biomass. Indeed, the main part of the detected species came from the different biomass subunits and was produced by photolysis of covalent bonds. When more severe laser irradiation conditions were used, the obtained mass spectra gathered the ions relative to (i) the chemical components of the investigated samples, (ii) the recombination products of these species in the gas phase after their ejection from the sample surface, and (iii) the compounds produced by laser pyrolysis of the sample. This was expected to be useful to mimic thermal pyrolysis. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Aubriet
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France.
| | - Thierry Ghislain
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jasmine Hertzog
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Alexander Sonnette
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
| | - Anthony Dufour
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Guillain Mauviel
- LRGP, CNRS, ENSIC, Université de Lorraine, 1, Rue Grandville, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- LCP-A2MC, FR 2843 Institut Jean Barriol de Chimie et Physique Moléculaires et Biomoléculaires, FR 3624 Réseau National de Spectrométrie de Masse FT-ICR à très haut champ, Université de Lorraine, ICPM, 1 boulevard Arago, 57078, Metz Cedex 03, France
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8
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Kulik T, O.O. Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry NAS of Ukraine 17, General Naumov str., Kyiv, 03164, Ukraine. Dextran-silica hybrid materials: production, adsorption, thermal transformations and structure of the adsorption layer. Polym J 2018; 40:166-178. [DOI: 10.15407/polymerj.40.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Wang YW, Shen R, Wang Q, Vasquez Y. ZnO Microstructures as Flame-Retardant Coatings on Cotton Fabrics. ACS Omega 2018; 3:6330-6338. [PMID: 31458815 PMCID: PMC6644380 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a unique strategy that utilizes ZnO and ZnS microparticles and rods as fire-retardant materials when coated onto cotton fabrics. ZnO and ZnO/ZnS microparticles or rods were grown or adsorbed to the surface of cotton fibers. Properties such as heat release rate, total smoke release, and mass loss rate of the materials were tested using a cone calorimeter. ZnO and ZnO/ZnS rods were able to reduce the heat release rate and total smoke release from 118 kW/m2 and 18.3 m2/m2 to about 70.0 kW/m2 and 6.00 m2/m2, respectively. The maximum average rate of heat emission and fire growth rate index, which is used to evaluate the fire spread rate, the size of the fire, and the propensity of fire development, were improved with these coatings and indicate that there are potential applications of these materials as fire retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, 107 Physical Sciences I, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Departments
of Chemical Engineering and Fire Protection & Safety, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Departments
of Chemical Engineering and Fire Protection & Safety, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Yolanda Vasquez
- Department
of Chemistry, 107 Physical Sciences I, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
- Bioeconomy Institute; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
| | - Xianglan Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
| | - Robert C. Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
- Bioeconomy Institute; Iowa State University, Ames; Iowa USA 50011
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11
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Pecha MB, Montoya JI, Ivory C, Chejne F, Garcia-Perez M. Modified Pyroprobe Captive Sample Reactor: Characterization of Reactor and Cellulose Pyrolysis at Vacuum and Atmospheric Pressures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Brennan Pecha
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6120, United States
- The
Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6516, United States
| | - Jorge Ivan Montoya
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6120, United States
- Grupo
Tayea, Facultad de Minas Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cornelius Ivory
- The
Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6516, United States
| | - Farid Chejne
- Grupo
Tayea, Facultad de Minas Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6120, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Murillo
- Tennessee Technological University, USA; Tennessee Technological University, USA
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13
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Wang X, Wang J, Kamal GM, Jiang B, Sun P, Zhang X, Liu M. Characterization and Comparison of Commercial Chinese Cereal and European Grape Vinegars Using1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis. CHINESE J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mattonai M, Tamburini D, Colombini MP, Ribechini E. Timing in Analytical Pyrolysis: Py(HMDS)-GC/MS of Glucose and Cellulose Using Online Micro Reaction Sampler. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9318-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego Tamburini
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria P. Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and
Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
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Le Brech Y, Ghislain T, Leclerc S, Bouroukba M, Delmotte L, Brosse N, Snape C, Chaimbault P, Dufour A. Effect of Potassium on the Mechanisms of Biomass Pyrolysis Studied using Complementary Analytical Techniques. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:863-872. [PMID: 26990591 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201501560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Complementary analytical methods have been used to study the effect of potassium on the pyrolysis mechanisms of cellulose and lignocellulosic biomasses. Thermogravimetry, calorimetry, high-temperature (1) H NMR spectroscopy (in situ and real-time analysis of the fluid phase formed during pyrolysis), and water extraction of quenched char followed by size-exclusion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry have been combined. Potassium impregnated in cellulose suppresses the formation of anhydrosugars, reduces the formation of mobile protons, and gives rise to a mainly exothermic signal. The evolution of mobile protons formed from K-impregnated cellulose has a very similar pattern to the evolution of the mass loss rate. This methodology has been also applied to analyze miscanthus, demineralized miscanthus, miscanthus re-impregnated with potassium after demineralization, raw oak, and Douglas fir. Hydrogen mobility and transfer are of high importance in the mechanisms of biomass pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Brech
- Reactions and processes Engineering laboratory, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, B.P.20451 54000, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Ghislain
- Reactions and processes Engineering laboratory, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, B.P.20451 54000, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Leclerc
- LEMTA, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, BP 54506, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Mohammed Bouroukba
- Reactions and processes Engineering laboratory, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, B.P.20451 54000, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Luc Delmotte
- IS2M, CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, BP 2488 68057, Mulhouse cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- LERMAB, Université de Lorraine, BP239 54506, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy cedex, France
| | - Colin Snape
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Energy Technologies Building, Nottingham, NG2 2 TU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony Dufour
- Reactions and processes Engineering laboratory, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, B.P.20451 54000, Nancy Cedex, France.
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Li X, Chen H, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhao P. Synthesis of a formaldehyde-free phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant with multiple reactive groups and its application in cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2015; 120:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Le Floch A, Jourdes M, Teissedre PL. Polysaccharides and lignin from oak wood used in cooperage: Composition, interest, assays: A review. Carbohydr Res 2015; 417:94-102. [PMID: 26454166 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that alcoholic beverage quality depends on their ageing in premium quality oak wood. From the choice of wood to beverage ageing, through the different steps in cask manufacturing, many factors should be considered. One of the biggest challenge in cooperages is to take into account all these factors. Most of the studies are interested in phenolic compounds, extracted during ageing and especially involved in wine oxidation, colour, and sensory properties such as astringency and bitterness. Oak aroma volatile compounds have also been the subject of numerous studies. These compounds of interest are part of low molecular weight compounds which represent 2%-10% of oak wood composition. However, three polymers constitute the main part of oak wood: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. As far as we are aware, few studies concerning the role of these major macromolecules in oak wood have been published previously. This article reviews oak wood polysaccharides and lignin, their potential interest and different assays used to determine their content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Le Floch
- Univ. Bordeaux, EA 4577 Œnologie, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France; INRA, ISVV, USC 1366 Œnologie, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Michael Jourdes
- Univ. Bordeaux, EA 4577 Œnologie, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France; INRA, ISVV, USC 1366 Œnologie, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Teissedre
- Univ. Bordeaux, EA 4577 Œnologie, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France; INRA, ISVV, USC 1366 Œnologie, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France.
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18
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Zhang M, Geng Z, Yu Y. Density Functional Theory (DFT) study on the pyrolysis of cellulose: The pyran ring breaking mechanism. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015; 1067:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fukutome A, Kawamoto H, Saka S. Processes forming Gas, Tar, and Coke in Cellulose Gasification from Gas-Phase Reactions of Levoglucosan as Intermediate. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:2240-2249. [PMID: 26099988 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase pyrolysis of levoglucosan (LG), the major intermediate species during cellulose gasification, was studied experimentally over the temperature range of 400-900 °C. Gaseous LG did not produce any dehydration products, which include coke, furans, and aromatic substances, although these are characteristic products of the pyrolysis of molten LG. Alternatively, at >500 °C, gaseous LG produced only fragmentation products, such as noncondensable gases and condensable C1 -C3 fragments, as intermediates during noncondensable gas formation. Therefore, it was determined that secondary reactions of gaseous LG can result in the clean (tar- and coke-free) gasification of cellulose. Cooling of the remaining LG in the gas phase caused coke formation by the transition of the LG to the molten state. The molecular mechanisms that govern the gas- and molten-phase reactions of LG are discussed in terms of the acid catalyst effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonding to promote the molten-phase dehydration reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Fukutome
- Graduate school of Energy Science, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 (Japan)
| | - Haruo Kawamoto
- Graduate school of Energy Science, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 (Japan).
| | - Shiro Saka
- Graduate school of Energy Science, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 (Japan)
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20
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Kim KH, Bai X, Cady S, Gable P, Brown RC. Quantitative investigation of free radicals in bio-oil and their potential role in condensed-phase polymerization. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:894-900. [PMID: 25677712 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the quantitative analysis of free radicals in bio-oils produced from pyrolysis of cellulose, organosolv lignin, and corn stover by EPR spectroscopy. Also, we investigated their potential role in condensed-phase polymerization. Bio-oils produced from lignin and cellulose show clear evidence of homolytic cleavage reactions during pyrolysis that produce free radicals. The concentration of free radicals in lignin bio-oil was 7.5×10(20) spin g(-1), which was 375 and 138 times higher than free-radical concentrations in bio-oil from cellulose and corn stover. Pyrolytic lignin had the highest concentration in free radicals, which could be a combination of carbon-centered (benzyl radicals) and oxygen-centered (phenoxy radicals) organic species because they are delocalized in a π system. Free-radical concentrations did not change during accelerated aging tests despite increases in molecular weight of bio-oils, suggesting that free radicals in condensed bio-oils are stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Kim
- Bioeconomy Institute, Iowa State University, 1140E Biorenewables Research Lab, Ames, IA 50010 (USA), Fax: (+1) 515-294-3091; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 (USA)
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21
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Zhou H, Wu C, Onwudili JA, Meng A, Zhang Y, Williams PT. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation from the pyrolysis of different municipal solid waste fractions. Waste Manag 2015; 36:136-146. [PMID: 25312776 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of 2-4 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the pyrolysis of nine different municipal solid waste fractions (xylan, cellulose, lignin, pectin, starch, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) were investigated in a fixed bed furnace at 800 °C. The mass distribution of pyrolysis was also reported. The results showed that PS generated the most total PAH, followed by PVC, PET, and lignin. More PAH were detected from the pyrolysis of plastics than the pyrolysis of biomass. In the biomass group, lignin generated more PAH than others. Naphthalene was the most abundant PAH, and the amount of 1-methynaphthalene and 2-methynaphthalene was also notable. Phenanthrene and fluorene were the most abundant 3-ring PAH, while benzo[a]anthracene and chrysene were notable in the tar of PS, PVC, and PET. 2-ring PAH dominated all tar samples, and varied from 40 wt.% to 70 wt.%. For PS, PET and lignin, PAH may be generated directly from the aromatic structure of the feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Energy Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Chunfei Wu
- Energy Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jude A Onwudili
- Energy Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Aihong Meng
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Paul T Williams
- Energy Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Abstract
This paper reviews the most significant achievements in cotton flame retardancy merging past experience and current efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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23
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Abstract
In the last five years, Layer by Layer (LbL) assembly has proven to be one of the most innovative solutions for conferring flame retardancy to fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria Campus
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria Campus
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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24
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Koriakin A, Van Nguyen H, Kim DW, Lee C. Direct thermochemical liquefaction of microcrystalline cellulose by sub- and supercritical organic solvents. J Supercrit Fluids 2014; 95:175-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Pan H, Wang W, Pan Y, Song L, Hu Y, Liew KM. Formation of self-extinguishing flame retardant biobased coating on cotton fabrics via Layer-by-Layer assembly of chitin derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 115:516-24. [PMID: 25439927 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The self-extinguishing coating, consisting of biobased chitin derivatives, phosphorylated chitin and deacetylated chitin (chitosan), was deposited on cotton fabrics via the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembled method. The content of phosphorylated chitin prepared on cotton fabrics surface is dependent on the bilayers' number and concentration of phosphorylated chitin. In the vertical flame test, the cotton fabric with 20 bilayers prepared at the high phosphorylated chitin concentration (2 wt%) could extinguish the flame. Microcombustion calorimetry result showed that all coated cotton fabrics showed lower peak heat-release rate and total heat-release values compared with that of the pure one. Thermogravimetric analysis result indicated that thermal and thermal oxidation stability of all coated cotton fabrics were enhanced in the high temperature range (400-700°C). This work provided the flame retardant multilayer films based on fully biobased chitin derivatives on cotton fabrics to enhance its flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kim Meow Liew
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China; Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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26
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Zhou X, Nolte MW, Mayes HB, Shanks BH, Broadbelt LJ. Experimental and Mechanistic Modeling of Fast Pyrolysis of Neat Glucose-Based Carbohydrates. 1. Experiments and Development of a Detailed Mechanistic Model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502259w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhou
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Michael W. Nolte
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 2119 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
| | - Brent H. Shanks
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 2119 Sweeney Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Center
for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, 1140
Biorenewables Research Laboratory Building, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Linda J. Broadbelt
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208 United States
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27
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Chen W, Fu X, Ge W, Xu J, Jiang M. Microencapsulation of bisneopentyl glycol dithiopyrophosphate and its flame retardant effect on polyvinyl alcohol. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Wang Z, Pecha B, Westerhof RJM, Kersten SRA, Li CZ, McDonald AG, Garcia-Perez M. Effect of Cellulose Crystallinity on Solid/Liquid Phase Reactions Responsible for the Formation of Carbonaceous Residues during Pyrolysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4014259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Wang
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brennan Pecha
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Roel J. M. Westerhof
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha R. A. Kersten
- Thermo-Chemical
Conversion of Biomass Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Postbus 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chun-Zhu Li
- Fuels
and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Armando G. McDonald
- Department
of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Manuel Garcia-Perez
- Biological
Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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29
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Hosoya T, Sakaki S. Levoglucosan formation from crystalline cellulose: importance of a hydrogen bonding network in the reaction. ChemSusChem 2013; 6:2356-2368. [PMID: 24243863 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose) formation by the thermal degradation of native cellulose was investigated by MP4(SDQ)//DFT(B3LYP) and DFT(M06-2X)//DFT(B3LYP) level computations. The computational results of dimer models lead to the conclusion that the degradation occurs by a concerted mechanism similar to the degradation of methyl β-D-glucoside reported in our previous study. One-chain models of glucose hexamer, in which the interchain hydrogen bonds of real cellulose crystals are absent, do not exhibit the correct reaction behavior of levoglucosan formation; for instance, the activation enthalpy (Ea =≈38 kcal mol(-1) ) is considerably underestimated compared to the experimental value (48-60 kcal mol(-1) ). This problem is solved with the use of two-chain models that contain interchain hydrogen bonds. The theoretical study of this model clearly shows that the degradation of the internal glucosyl residue leads to the formation of a levoglucosan precursor at the chain end and levoglucosan is selectively formed from this levoglucosan end. The calculated Ea (56-62 kcal mol(-1) ) agrees well with the experimental value. The computational results of three-chain models indicate that this degradation occurs selectively on the crystalline surface. All these computational results provide a comprehensive understanding of several experimental facts, the mechanisms of which have not yet been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosoya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna (Austria).
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Morgan
- Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa , 1680 East West Road, Post 109, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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31
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Liu D, Yu Y, Wu H. Evolution of Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Portions in the Solid Products from Fast Pyrolysis of Amorphous Cellulose. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401806y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
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32
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Nguyen TM, Chang S, Condon B, Slopek R, Graves E, Yoshioka-Tarver M. Structural Effect of Phosphoramidate Derivatives on the Thermal and Flame Retardant Behaviors of Treated Cotton Cellulose. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie400180f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thach-Mien Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - SeChin Chang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Brian Condon
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Ryan Slopek
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Elena Graves
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Megumi Yoshioka-Tarver
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
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33
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Choi SS, Kim MC, Kim YK. Formation of Methoxybenzenes from Cellulose in the Presence of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide by Pyrolysis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.2.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Dufour A, Weng J, Jia L, Tang X, Sirjean B, Fournet R, Gall HL, Brosse N, Billaud F, Mauviel G, Qi F. Revealing the chemistry of biomass pyrolysis by means of tunable synchrotron photoionisation-mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40486b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Dai J. Novel molecular fossils of bacteria: insights into hydrothermal origin of life. J Theor Biol 2012; 310:249-56. [PMID: 22796638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal vents, in particular, alkaline submarine vents, are potential systems for the origin of life. Early hydrothermal vents may have imprinted on biochemical processes and housekeeping proteins of life and have hallmarked key molecules. This essay introduces new information to this discussion by focusing on newly identified sulfur-modified DNA and a heretofore ignored anhydro bond of the cell wall peptidoglycan in bacteria. It is suggested that they are novel molecular fossils that are relevant to the settings of alkaline submarine vents and harbor clues of early life. As DNA and the cell wall are bound up with genetic information and the integrity of cell, respectively, these two molecular fossils may provide insights into hydrothermal origin of life from a new angle.
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36
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Dufour A, Castro-Diaz M, Brosse N, Bouroukba M, Snape C. The origin of molecular mobility during biomass pyrolysis as revealed by in situ (1)H NMR spectroscopy. ChemSusChem 2012; 5:1258-1265. [PMID: 22573541 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks offers an important potential route for the production of biofuels and value-added green chemicals. Pyrolysis is the first phenomenon involved in all biomass thermochemical processes and it controls to a major extent the product composition. The composition of pyrolysis products can be affected markedly by the extent of softening that occurs. In spite of extensive work on biomass pyrolysis, the development of fluidity during the pyrolysis of biomass has not been quantified. This paper provides the first experimental investigation of proton mobility during biomass pyrolysis by in situ (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The origin of mobility is discussed for cellulose, lignin and xylan. The effect of minerals on cellulose mobility is also investigated. Interactions between polymers in the native biomass network are revealed by in situ (1)H NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dufour
- Reactions and Processes Engineering Laboratory, CNRS, Nancy Université, ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, B.P.20451, 54000 Nancy Cedex, France.
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37
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R.
China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R.
China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59
Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R.
China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R.
China
- Suzhou Institute
for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123,
PR China
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39
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Hoai NT, Sasaki A, Sasaki M, Kaga H, Kakuchi T, Satoh T. Selective synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-β-d-mannopyranose and -mannofuranose using microwave-assisted heating. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1747-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Stephanidis S, Nitsos C, Kalogiannis K, Iliopoulou E, Lappas A, Triantafyllidis K. Catalytic upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis vapours: Effect of hydrothermal pre-treatment of biomass. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2010.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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42
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Hosoya T, Nakao Y, Sato H, Kawamoto H, Sakaki S. Thermal Degradation of Methyl β-d-Glucoside. A Theoretical Study of Plausible Reaction Mechanisms. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6891-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900457k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosoya
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakao
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Haruo Kawamoto
- Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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43
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Gaan S, Rupper P, Salimova V, Heuberger M, Rabe S, Vogel F. Thermal decomposition and burning behavior of cellulose treated with ethyl ester phosphoramidates: Effect of alkyl substituent on nitrogen atom. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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45
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Aho A, Kumar N, Eränen K, Holmbom B, Hupa M, Salmi T, Murzin DY. Pyrolysis of softwood carbohydrates in a fluidized bed reactor. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1665-75. [PMID: 19325824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9091665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work pyrolysis of pure pine wood and softwood carbohydrates, namely cellulose and galactoglucomannan (the major hemicellulose in coniferous wood), was conducted in a batch mode operated fluidized bed reactor. Temperature ramping (5 degrees C/min) was applied to the heating until a reactor temperature of 460 degrees C was reached. Thereafter the temperature was kept until the release of non-condensable gases stopped. The different raw materials gave significantly different bio-oils. Levoglucosan was the dominant product in the cellulose pyrolysis oil. Acetic acid was found in the highest concentrations in both the galactoglucomannan and in the pine wood pyrolysis oils. Acetic acid is most likely formed by removal of O-acetyl groups from mannose units present in GGM structure.
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Fabbri D, Marynowski L, Fabiańska MJ, Zatoń M, Simoneit BRT. Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of Miocene lignites: geochemical and environmental implications. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:2957-2963. [PMID: 18497150 DOI: 10.1021/es7021472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using the pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and off-line pyrolysis/silylation methods for lignites from three Miocene brown coal basins of Poland resulted in the characterization of many organic compounds, including dominant cellulose degradation products such as levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose, and 1,4:3,6-dianhydroglucopyranose. Levoglucosan is a general source-specific tracer for wood smoke in the atmosphere and recent sediments. The presence of unusually high levels of this compound in brown coal pyrolysates suggests that a portion of this compound concentration in some airsheds may originate from lignite combustion. On the other hand, nonglucose anhydrosaccharides, in particular, mannosan and galactosan, typical of hemicellulose, are not detected in those lignite pyrolysates investigated. This indicates that mannosan and galactosan are better specific tracers for combustion of contemporary biomass in those regions were the utilization of brown coals containing fossilized cellulose is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabbri
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences "R. Sartori", CIRSA, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48100 Ravenna, Italy
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Sasaki M, Takahashi K, Haneda Y, Satoh H, Sasaki A, Narumi A, Satoh T, Kakuchi T, Kaga H. Thermochemical transformation of glucose to 1,6-anhydroglucose in high-temperature steam. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:848-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Holmes BJ, Petrucci GA. Water-soluble oligomer formation from acid-catalyzed reactions of levoglucosan in proxies of atmospheric aqueous aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:4983-9. [PMID: 16955896 DOI: 10.1021/es060646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein is reported the first laboratory observation of the oligomerization of levoglucosan studied under atmospherically relevant conditions. Oligomers up to 1458 Da (9-mer) were measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A rational mechanism is proposed based on both the acid-catalyzed cationic ring-opening of levoglucosan and nucleophilic attack of ROH from levoglucosan on the hemi-acetal carbon to produce pyranose oligomers through the formation of glycosidic bonds. Oligomer formation is further supported by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Levoglucosan is a viable tracer for biomass burning aerosols, and the observed products may serve as secondary tracers for these types of aerosols, possibly providing additional information to facilitate source apportionment and better understand atmospheric processing of the aerosol parcel. Also, the processes supported here may contribute to the saccharide character of humic-like substances, which are proposed to be formed through the atmospheric processing of biomass burning aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405-0125, USA
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Abstract
The pyrolytic fragmentation of cellulose in the presence of atomic palladium (Pd) and palladium(II) chloride (PdCl2) has been studied with use of hybrid density functional theory and cellobiose as a model for cellulose. The configuration changes in the host, rearrangement of geometries of the products, and the respective reaction energetics for different fragmentation pathways are analyzed. While Pd is found to undergo insertion at the beta-1,4-linkage oxygen (O1)-carbon (C-1) of the rings, Pd(II) chloride is observed to promote the cleavage of the chain as well as rearrangement of the rings. A detailed mechanism for the formation of levoglucosan from one of the fragments following the interaction with PdCl2 is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Philip Morris USA Postgraduate Research Program, 4201 Commerce Road, Richmond, Virginia 23234, USA
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Schkolnik G, Rudich Y. Detection and quantification of levoglucosan in atmospheric aerosols: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 385:26-33. [PMID: 16317539 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Levoglucosan is a tracer for biomass burning sources in atmospheric aerosol particles. Therefore, much effort has been recently put into developing methods for its quantification. This review describes and compares both established and emerging analytical methods for levoglucosan quantification in ambient aerosol samples, with the special needs of the environmental analytical chemist in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Schkolnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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