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Sathishkumar V, Nirmolia T, Bhattacharyya DR, Patgiri SJ. Genetic polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum msp-1, msp-2 and glurp vaccine candidate genes in pre-artemisinin era clinical isolates from Lakhimpur district in Assam, Northeast India. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000350. [PMID: 35812711 PMCID: PMC9260089 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Northeast India shares its international border with Southeast Asia and has a number of malaria endemic zones. Monitoring genetic diversity of malaria parasites is important in this area as drug resistance and increasing genetic diversity form a vicious cycle in which one favours the development of the other. This retrospective study was done to evaluate the genetic diversity patterns in Plasmodium falciparum strains circulating in North Lakhimpur area of Assam in the pre-artemisinin era and compare the findings with current diversity patterns. Methods Genomic DNA extraction was done from archived blood spot samples collected in 2006 from malaria-positive cases in Lakhimpur district of Assam, Northeast India. Three antigenic markers of genetic diversity were studied – msp-1 (block-2), msp-2 (block-3) and the glurp RII region of P. falciparum using nested PCR. Results Allelic diversity was examined in 71 isolates and high polymorphism was observed. In msp-1, eight genotypes were detected; K1 (single allele), MAD20 (six different alleles) and RO33 (single allele) allelic families were noted. Among msp-2 genotypes, 22 distinct alleles were observed out of which FC27 had six alleles and IC/3D7 had 16 alleles. In RII region of glurp, nine genotypes were obtained. Expected heterozygosity (HE) values of the three antigenic markers were 0.72, 0.81 and 0.88, respectively. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) values noted were 1.28, 1.84 and 1.04 for msp-1, msp-2 and glurp, respectively. Conclusion Results suggest a high level of genetic diversity in P. falciparum msp (block-2 of msp-1 and block-3 of msp-2) and the glurp RII region in Northeast India in the pre-artemisinin era when chloroqunine was the primary drug used for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Comparison with current studies have revealed that the genetic diversity in these genes is still high in this region, complicating malaria vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagam Sathishkumar
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Tulika Nirmolia
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | | | - Saurav Jyoti Patgiri
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
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Khan SN, Ali R, Khan S, Rooman M, Norin S, Zareen S, Ali I, Ayaz S. Genetic Diversity of Polymorphic Marker Merozoite Surface Protein 1 ( Msp-1) and 2 ( Msp-2) Genes of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates From Malaria Endemic Region of Pakistan. Front Genet 2021; 12:751552. [PMID: 34868223 PMCID: PMC8635745 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.751552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding the genetic diversity of Plasmodium species through polymorphic studies can assist in designing more effective control strategies of malaria like new drug formulation and development of a vaccine. Pakistan is moderate endemic for Plasmodium falciparum, but little is known about the genetic diversity of this parasite. This study aimed to investigate the molecular diversity of P. falciparum based on msp-1 and msp-2 genes in the malaria-endemic regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 199/723 blood samples, tested positive by microscopy for falciparum malaria, were collected from four districts (Dera Ismail Khan, Karak, Mardan, and Peshawar) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Nested PCR amplification technique was employed to target block 2 of msp-1 and the central domain of msp-2 genes, including their respective allelic families K1, MAD20, RO33, FC27, and 3D7/IC, and to detect the extent of genetic diversity of P. falciparum clinical isolates. Results: Among the 199 microscopy-positive P. falciparum samples, a total of 192 were confirmed using PCR. Ninety-seven amplicons were observed for msp-1 and 95 for msp-2. A total of 33 genotypes, 17 for msp-1 (eight K1, six MAD20, and three RO33) and 16 for msp-2 (nine FC27 and seven 3D7/IC), were identified. The specific allelic frequency of the K1 family was higher (44.3%) than that of MAD20 (33.0%) and RO33 (23.0%) for msp-1, while the FC27 allelic family was dominant (60.0%) compared with 3D7/IC (40.0%) for msp-2. No polyclonal infection was observed in msp-1 and msp-2. The expected heterozygosity was 0.98 and 0.97 for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that the P. falciparum populations are highly polymorphic, and diverse allelic variants of msp-1 and msp-2 are present in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Ali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sanaullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rooman
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Norin
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Shehzad Zareen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Ayaz
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University Garden Campus Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Patgiri SJ, Sarma K, Sarmah N, Bhattacharyya N, Sarma DK, Nirmolia T, Bhattacharyya DR, Mohapatra PK, Bansal D, Bharti PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA. Characterization of drug resistance and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Tripura, Northeast India. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13704. [PMID: 31548652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of anti-malarial drug resistance is vital in Northeast India as this region shares its international border with Southeast Asia. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium parasites regulates transmission dynamics, disease severity and vaccine efficacy. P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt), multidrug resistance-1 (Pfmdr-1) and kelch 13 propeller (PfK-13) genes which govern antimalarial drug resistance and three genetic diversity markers, merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 (Pfmsp-1, Pfmsp-2) and glutamate rich protein (Pfglurp) were evaluated from Tripura, Northeast India using molecular tools. In the Pfcrt gene, 87% isolates showed triple mutations at codons M74I, N75E and K76T. 12.5% isolates in Pfmdr-1 gene showed mutation at N86Y. No polymorphism in PfK-13 propeller was found. Polyclonal infections were observed in 53.85% isolates and more commonly in adults (p = 0.0494). In the Pfmsp-1 locus, the K1 allelic family was predominant (71.2%) followed by the 3D7/IC family (69.2%) in the Pfmsp-2 locus. RII region of Pfglurp exhibited nine alleles with expected heterozygosity of 0.85. The multiplicity of infection for Pfmsp-1, Pfmsp-2 and Pfglurp were 1.56, 1.31 and 1.06 respectively. Overall, the study demonstrated a high level of chloroquine resistance and extensive parasite diversity in the region, necessitating regular surveillance in this population group.
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Nguetse CN, Ojo JA, Nchotebah C, Ikegbunam MN, Meyer CG, Thomas BN, Velavan TP, Ojurongbe O. Genetic Diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate-Rich Protein R2 Region Before and Twelve Years after Introduction of Artemisinin Combination Therapies among Febrile Children in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:667-676. [PMID: 29363449 PMCID: PMC5930894 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) R2 region in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected before and 12 years after the introduction of artemisinin combination treatment of malaria in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, was compared in this study. Blood samples were collected on filter paper in 2004 and 2015 from febrile children from ages 1-12 years. The R2 region of the GLURP gene was genotyped using nested polymerase chain reaction and by nucleotide sequencing. In all, 12 GLURP alleles were observed in a total of 199 samples collected in the two study years. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) marginally increased over the two study years; however, the differences were statistically insignificant (2004 samples MOI = 1.23 versus 2015 samples MOI = 1.47). Some alleles were stable in their prevalence, whereas two GLURP alleles, VIII and XI, showed considerable variability between both years. This variability was replicated when GLURP sequences from other regions were compared with ours. The expected heterozygosity (He) values (He = 0.87) were identical for the two groups. High variability in the rearrangement of the amino acid repeat units in the R2 region were observed, with the amino acid repeat sequence DKNEKGQHEIVEVEEILPE more prevalent in both years, compared with the two other repeat sequences observed in the study. The parasite population characterized in this study displayed extensive genetic diversity. The detailed genetic profile of the GLURP R2 region has the potential to help guide further epidemiological studies aimed toward the rational design of novel chemotherapies that are antagonistic toward malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian N. Nguetse
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Johnson Adeyemi Ojo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Charles Nchotebah
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moses Nkechukwu Ikegbunam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Akwa, Nigeria
| | - Christian G. Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Bolaji N. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
| | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria
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Kumar D, Dhiman S, Rabha B, Goswami D, Deka M, Singh L, Baruah I, Veer V. Genetic polymorphism and amino acid sequence variation in Plasmodium falciparum GLURP R2 repeat region in Assam, India, at an interval of five years. Malar J 2014; 13:450. [PMID: 25416405 PMCID: PMC4256832 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The R2 repeat region of GLURP has been reported as a good genetic marker for Plasmodium falciparum genotyping. Proper knowledge of the extent and nature of P. falciparum genetic diversity using highly immunogenic R2 repeat region in malaria-endemic areas is a crucial element to understand various aspects related to immunity acquisition and disease pathogenesis. Methods Population diversity of P. falciparum GLURP and amino acid sequence repeats in GLURP R2 region was studied in malaria-endemic Assam state, northeast India and compared at an interval of five years during 2005 (Group-A) and 2011 (Group-B). Results Of the 66 samples, a total of 55 samples showed positive PCR bands for GLURP R2 region and altogether ten types of alleles with size ranging from 501 bp to 1,050 bp (50 bp bin) were observed and coded as genotypes I-X. In Group-A (n = 29), 24 samples were found infected with single, four with double and one with triple P. falciparum genotype, while in Group-B (n = 26), single genotype was found in 23 samples, double in two samples and triple in one sample. Genotype IV showed significant increase (p = 0.002) during 2011 (Group-B). Genotypes I to V were more common in Group-B (62%), however genotypes VI to X were more frequently distributed in Group-A. The expected heterozygosity was found slightly higher in Group-A (HE = 0.87) than Group-B (HE = 0.85), whereas multiplicity of infection (MOI) in Group-A (MOI = 1.21 ± 0.49) and Group-B (MOI = 1.12 ± 0.43) did not display significant variation. The amino acid repeat sequence unit (AAU) DKNEKGQHEIVEVEEILPE (called ‘a’) was more frequent in the well-conserved part of R2 repeat region. Conclusion The present study is the first extensive study in India which has generated substantial data for understanding the type and distribution of naturally evolved genetic polymorphism at amino acid sequence level in GLURP R2 repeat region in P. falciparum. There was decrease in the PCR amplicon size as well as the number of AAU [amino acid repeat unit] in Group-B displaying the bottleneck effect. The present study described a new type of AAU ‘d’ which varied from the other previous known AAUs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-450) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India.
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Pratt-Riccio LR, Perce-da-Silva DDS, Lima-Junior JDC, Theisen M, Santos F, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, de Oliveira-Ferreira J, Banic DM. Genetic polymorphisms in the glutamate-rich protein of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from a malaria-endemic area of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:523-8. [PMID: 23828006 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity displayed by Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly Plasmodium species, is a significant obstacle for effective malaria vaccine development. In this study, we identified genetic polymorphisms in P. falciparum glutamate-rich protein (GLURP), which is currently being tested in clinical trials as a malaria vaccine candidate, from isolates found circulating in the Brazilian Amazon at variable transmission levels. The study was performed using samples collected in 1993 and 2008 from rural villages situated near Porto Velho, in the state of Rondônia. DNA was extracted from 126 P. falciparum-positive thick blood smears using the phenol-chloroform method and subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction protocol with specific primers against two immunodominant regions of GLURP, R0 and R2. Only one R0 fragment and four variants of the R2 fragment were detected. No differences were observed between the two time points with regard to the frequencies of the fragment variants. Mixed infections were uncommon. Our results demonstrate conservation of GLURP-R0 and limited polymorphic variation of GLURP-R2 in P. falciparum isolates from individuals living in Porto Velho. This is an important finding, as genetic polymorphisms in B and T-cell epitopes could have implications for the immunological properties of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Rose Pratt-Riccio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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Hernández DC, Guerra AP, Cucunubá ZM, Nicholls RS, Barrera SM. Haplotypes associated with resistance to sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum in two malaria endemic locations in Colombia. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2013; 18:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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De la Hoz Restrepo F, Porras Ramírez A, Rico Mendoza A, Córdoba F, Rojas DP. Artesunate + amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Colombian Pacific region: a noninferiority trial. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 45:732-8. [PMID: 23295878 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Colombia, there are no published studies for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria comparing artemisinin combination therapies. Hence, it is intended to demonstrate the non-inferior efficacy/safety profiles of artesunate + amodiaquine versus artemether-lumefantrine treatments. METHODS A randomized, controlled, open-label, noninferiority (Δ≤5%) clinical trial was performed in adults with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria using the 28-day World Health Organization validated design/definitions. Patients were randomized 1:1 to either oral artesunate + amodiaquine or artemether-lumefantrine. The primary efficacy endpoint: adequate clinical and parasitological response; secondary endpoints: - treatment failures defined per the World Health Organization. SAFETY assessed through adverse events. RESULTS A total of 105 patients was included in each group: zero censored observations. Mean (95%CI - Confidence interval) adequate clinical and parasitological response rates: 100% for artesunate + amodiaquine and 99% for artemether-lumefantrine; the noninferiority criteria was met (Δ=1.7%). There was one late parasitological therapeutic failure (1%; artemether-lumefantrine group), typified by polymerase chain reaction as the MAD20 MSP1 allele. The fever clearance time (artesunate + amodiaquine group) was significantly shorter (p=0.002). Respectively, abdominal pain for artesunate + amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine was 1.9% and 3.8% at baseline (p=0.68) and 1% and 13.3% after treatment (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria treatment with artesunate + amodiaquine is noninferior to the artemether-lumefantrine standard treatment. The efficacy/safety profiles grant further studies in this and similar populations.
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Echeverry DF, Nair S, Osorio L, Menon S, Murillo C, Anderson TJC. Long term persistence of clonal malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum lineages in the Colombian Pacific region. BMC Genet 2013; 14:2. [PMID: 23294725 PMCID: PMC3563461 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to chloroquine and antifolate drugs has evolved independently in South America, suggesting that genotype - phenotype studies aimed at understanding the genetic basis of resistance to these and other drugs should be conducted in this continent. This research was conducted to better understand the population structure of Colombian Plasmodium falciparum in preparation for such studies. Results A set of 384 SNPs were genotyped in blood spot DNA samples from 447 P. falciparum infected subjects collected over a ten year period from four provinces of the Colombian Pacific coast to evaluate clonality, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD). Most infections (81%) contained a single predominant clone. These clustered into 136 multilocus genotypes (MLGs), with 32% of MLGs recovered from multiple (2 – 28) independent subjects. We observed extremely low genotypic richness (R = 0.42) and long persistence of MLGs through time (median = 537 days, range = 1 – 2,997 days). There was a high probability (>5%) of sampling parasites from the same MLG in different subjects within 28 days, suggesting caution is needed when using genotyping methods to assess treatment success in clinical drug trials. Panmixia was rejected as four well differentiated subpopulations (FST = 0.084 - 0.279) were identified. These occurred sympatrically but varied in frequency within the four provinces. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decayed more rapidly (r2 = 0.17 for markers <10 kb apart) than observed previously in South American samples. Conclusions We conclude that Colombian populations have several advantages for association studies, because multiple clone infections are uncommon and LD decays over the scale of one or a few genes. However, the extensive population structure and low genotype richness will need to be accounted for when designing and analyzing association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Echeverry
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Cucunubá ZM, Guerra ÁP, Rivera JA, Nicholls RS. Comparison of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection in two malaria-endemic Colombian locations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 107:129-36. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trs021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Arango EM, Samuel R, Agudelo OM, Carmona-Fonseca J, Maestre A, Yanow SK. Genotype comparison of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum clones from pregnant and non-pregnant populations in North-west Colombia. Malar J 2012. [PMID: 23181896 PMCID: PMC3519599 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental malaria is the predominant pathology secondary to malaria in pregnancy, causing substantial maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in tropical areas. While it is clear that placental parasites are phenotypically different from those in the peripheral circulation, it is not known whether unique genotypes are associated specifically with placental infection or perhaps more generally with pregnancy. In this study, genetic analysis was performed on Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from peripheral and placental blood in pregnant women living in North-west Colombia, and compared with parasites causing acute malaria in non-pregnant populations. METHODS A total of 57 pregnant women at delivery with malaria infection confirmed by real-time PCR in peripheral or placental blood were included, as well as 50 pregnant women in antenatal care and 80 men or non-pregnant women with acute malaria confirmed by a positive thick smear for P. vivax or P. falciparum. Five molecular markers per species were genotyped by nested PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Genetic diversity and the fixation index FST per species and study group were calculated and compared. RESULTS Almost all infections at delivery were asymptomatic with significantly lower levels of infection compared with the groups with acute malaria. Expected heterozygosity for P. vivax molecular markers ranged from 0.765 to 0.928 and for P. falciparum markers ranged from 0.331 to 0.604. For P. vivax infections, the genetic diversity was similar amongst the four study groups and the fixation index from each pairwise comparison failed to show significant genetic differentiation. For P. falciparum, no genetic differentiation was observed between placental and peripheral parasites from the same woman at delivery, but the parasites isolated at delivery showed significant genetic differentiation compared with parasites isolated from subjects with acute malaria. CONCLUSIONS In North-west Colombia, P. vivax parasites have high genetic diversity that is equivalent in pregnant and non-pregnant populations as well as in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. For P. falciparum, the overall genetic diversity is lower, with specific genotypes associated with asymptomatic infections at delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M Arango
- Grupo Salud y Comunidad, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Villa A, Carmona-Fonseca J, Benito A, Martínez A, Maestre A. Status of dhps and dhfr genes of Plasmodium falciparum in Colombia before artemisinin based treatment policy. Infectio 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(12)70056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Londono-Renteria B, Eisele TP, Keating J, Bennett A, Krogstad DJ. Genetic diversity in the merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum from the Artibonite Valley of Haiti. Acta Trop 2012; 121:6-12. [PMID: 21982798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Describing genetic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite provides important information about the local epidemiology of malaria. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of P. falciparum isolates from the Artibonite Valley in Haiti using the allelic families of merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 genes (msp-1 and msp-2). The majority of study subjects infected with P. falciparum had a single parasite genotype (56% for msp-1 and 69% for msp-2: n=79); 9 distinct msp-1 genotypes were identified by size differences on agarose gels. K1 was the most polymorphic allelic family with 5 genotypes (amplicons from 100 to 300 base pairs [bp]); RO33 was the least polymorphic, with a single genotype (120-bp). Although both msp-2 alleles (3D7/IC1, FC27) had similar number of genotypes (n=4), 3D7/IC1 was more frequent (85% vs. 26%). All samples were screened for the presence of the K76T mutation on the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene with 10 of 79 samples positive. Of the 2 (out of 10) samples from individuals follow-up for 21 days, P. falciparum parasites were present through day 7 after treatment with chloroquine. No parasites were found on day 21. Our results suggest that the level of genetic diversity is low in this area of Haiti, which is consistent with an area of low transmission.
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Atroosh WM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Saif-Ali R, Al-Mekhlafi AM, Surin J. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pahang, Malaysia based on MSP-1 and MSP-2 genes. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:233. [PMID: 22166488 PMCID: PMC3264521 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is still a public health problem in Malaysia especially in the interior parts of Peninsular Malaysia and the states of Sabah and Sarawak (East Malaysia). This is the first study on the genetic diversity and genotype multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum in Malaysia. METHODS Seventy-five P. falciparum isolates were genotyped by using nested-PCR of MSP-1 (block 2) and MSP-2 (block 3). RESULTS MSP-1 and MSP-2 allelic families were identified in 65 blood samples. RO33 was the predominant MSP-1 allelic family identified in 80.0% (52/65) of the samples while K1 family had the least frequency. Of the MSP-2 allelic families, 3D7 showed higher frequency (76.0%) compared to FC27 (20.0%). The multiplicity of P. falciparum infection (MOI) was 1.37 and 1.20 for MSP-1 and MSP-2, respectively. A total of seven alleles were detected; of which three MSP-1 allelic families (RO33, MAD20 and K1) were monomorphic in terms of size while MSP-2 alleles were polymorphic (two 3D7 and two FC27). Heterozygosity (HE) was 0.57 and 0.55 for MSP-1 and MSP-2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that the MOI of P. falciparum is low, reflected the low intensity of malaria transmission in Pahang, Malaysia; RO33 and 3D7 were the most predominant circulating allelic families. The findings showed that P. falciparum has low allelic diversity with a high frequency of alleles. As a result, antimalarial drug efficacy trials based on MSP genotyping should be carefully interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahib M Atroosh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Awaga KL, Missihoun TD, Karou SD, Djadou KE, Chabi NW, Akati A, Lawson-Hukportie A, Amevo K, Djegno K, Guéant JL, Sanni A, Amouzou SKE. Genetic diversity and genotype multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in symptomatic individuals in the maritime region of Togo. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 17:153-60. [PMID: 22074288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the genotype prevalence and the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in the maritime region of Togo. METHODS We enrolled 309 symptomatic individuals aged from 6 months to 15 years from Bè/Lomé and Tsévié, two malaria endemic zones. The number and the proportions of merozoite surface proteins 1, 2 and 3 genotypes in patients were determined using capillary electrophoresis genotyping. We further investigated the possible association between transaminases and homocysteine, and the severity of the disease. RESULTS Of the 309 samples genotyped, 210 tested positive to msp-1, 227 to msp-2 and 193 to msp-3. The nested PCR revealed 22 different alleles for the allelic family msp-1, 33 for msp-2 and 13 for msp-3. At each locus, the family distribution was 54.58% of K1, 25% of MAD20 and 20.42% of RO33 for msp-1, and 51.71% and 48.29% of FC27 and 3D7, respectively, for msp-2. For all these allelic variants, the distribution was associated with neither the severity of malaria nor the zone of habitation. Pearson correlation coefficients between either the levels of homocysteine or the transaminase and the severity of the disease were very low. CONCLUSION The severity of malaria was not associated with higher multiplicity of infections and did not appear restricted to particular genotypes. More comprehensive explorations including immunity, genetic factors, nutritional and sociologic status of the population could clarify the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwami L Awaga
- Département de Biochimie/Nutrition, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Lomé (FDS-UL), Lomé, Togo
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Barrera SM, Pérez MA, Knudson A, Nicholls RS, Guerra ÁP. Genotipificación de Plasmodium falciparum por PCR múltiple por medio de los genes msp1, msp2 y glurp, en cuatro localidades de Colombia. biomedica 2011; 30:530. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v30i4.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alvarez G, Tobón A, Piñeros JG, Ríos A, Blair S. Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia regarding combined treatment regimens for acute uncomplicated malaria, Antioquia, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83:90-6. [PMID: 20595483 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting suitable anti-malarial treatment represents one of the best tools for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by this disease. Sexual and asexual parasite dynamics were thus evaluated in patients involved in antimalarial drug efficacy studies by using combined treatment with and without artemisinin derivatives for treating uncomplicated acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Antioquia, Colombia. All treatment doses were supervised and administered according to patients' weight; sexual and asexual parasitemia were evaluated during 28- or 42-days follow-up in 468 patients. Artemisinin-based combination therapy showed greater parasiticidal ability, showing a mean asexual parasitemia survival rate of one day and mean gametocyte survival rate of 1-2 days. Sexual and asexual parasitemias were eliminated more quickly and effectively in the group receiving artemisinin-based combination therapy. Adding 45 mg of primaquine to treatment with artesunate and mefloquine reduced gametocyte and asexual parasite survival by one day.
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Khatoon L, Baliraine FN, Bonizzoni M, Malik SA, Yan G. Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in the Bannu district of Pakistan. Malar J 2010; 9:112. [PMID: 20416089 PMCID: PMC2873525 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the major causative agents of malaria. While knowledge of the genetic structure of malaria parasites is useful for understanding the evolution of parasite virulence, designing anti-malarial vaccines and assessing the impact of malaria control measures, there is a paucity of information on genetic diversity of these two malaria parasites in Pakistan. This study sought to shed some light on the genetic structure of P. vivax and P. falciparum in this understudied region. METHODS The genetic diversities of P. vivax and P. falciparum populations from the densely populated, malaria-endemic Bannu district of Pakistan were evaluated by analysis of their merozoite surface protein (msp) genes by PCR-RFLP. Specifically, the Pvmsp-3alpha and Pvmsp-3beta genes of P. vivax and the Pfmsp-1 and Pfmsp-2 genes of P. falciparum were analysed. RESULTS In P. vivax, genotyping of Pvmsp-3alpha and Pvmsp-3beta genes showed a high level of diversity at these loci. Four distinct allele groups: A (1.9 kb), B (1.5 kb), C (1.2 kb), and D (0.3 kb) were detected for Pvmsp-3alpha, type A being the most prevalent (82%). Conversely, amplification of the P. vivax msp-3beta locus produced two allele groups: A (1.7-2.2 kb, 62%) and B (1.4-1.5 kb, 33%), with 5% mixed-strain infections. Restriction analysis of Pvmsp-3alpha and Pvmsp-3beta yielded 12 and 8 distinct alleles, respectively, with a combined mixed genotype prevalence of 20%. In P. falciparum, all three known genotypes of Pfmsp-1 and two of Pfmsp-2 were observed, with MAD20 occurring in 67% and 3D7/IC in 65% of the isolates, respectively. Overall, 24% P. falciparum samples exhibited mixed-strain infections. CONCLUSION These results indicate that both P. vivax and P. falciparum populations in Pakistan are highly diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Khatoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Frederick N Baliraine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California - San Francisco, P.O. Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143-0811, USA
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- College of Health Sciences, Program in Public Health, University of California - Irvine, Irvine CA 92697-4050, USA
| | - Salman A Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Guiyun Yan
- College of Health Sciences, Program in Public Health, University of California - Irvine, Irvine CA 92697-4050, USA
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Jiménez JN, Snounou G, Letourneur F, Rénia L, Vélez ID, Muskus CE. Near-fixation of a Pfmsp1 block 2 allelic variant in genetically diverse Plasmodium falciparum populations across Western Colombia. Acta Trop 2010; 114:67-70. [PMID: 20060375 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in 110 Colombian isolates revealed that nearly all the parasites in the 97 isolates collected in endemic regions west of the Andes shared the same Pfmsp1 block 2 MAD20-type allelic variant, despite showing high diversity for other genetical markers. Analysis of published data indicated that the prevalence of this allelic variant of a major vaccine candidate antigen was already dominant since 1998. This phenomenon, which had not been hitherto recorded for a malaria blood stage antigen, is of biological and immunological interest but remains unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Natalia Jiménez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Carrera 53 No 61-30, Laboratorio 632, Medellín, Colombia
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Schoepflin S, Valsangiacomo F, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Mueller I, Felger I. Comparison of Plasmodium falciparum allelic frequency distribution in different endemic settings by high-resolution genotyping. Malar J 2009; 8:250. [PMID: 19878560 PMCID: PMC2774868 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diversity of genotyping markers of Plasmodium falciparum depends on transmission intensity. It has been reported that the diversity of the merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2) is greater in areas of high compared to low endemicity, however, results for msp1 were inconsistent. These previous reports relied on low resolution genotyping techniques. Methods In the present study, a high-resolution capillary electrophoresis-based technique was applied to genotype samples from areas of different endemicity in Papua New Guinea and Tanzania. For both endemic settings, the diversity of msp1 and msp2 was investigated; the mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) and the FST values were determined to investigate whether more accurate sizing generates different results. Results and Conclusion The results of the present study confirmed previous reports of a higher mean MOI for both marker genes and increased genetic diversity in areas of higher endemicity as estimated by the total number of distinct alleles for msp2. For msp1 a minor increase in diversity was observed. Measures of between population variance in allele frequencies (FST) indicated little genetic differentiation for both marker genes between the two populations from different endemic settings. MOI adjusted for the probability of multiple infections sharing the same allele was estimated by using the msp2 allele frequency distribution and the distribution of observed numbers of concurrent infections. For the high-resolution typing technique applied in this study, this adjustment made little difference to the estimated mean MOI compared to the observed mean MOI.
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Gatton ML, Cheng Q. Can estimates of antimalarial efficacy from field studies be improved? Trends Parasitol 2008; 24:68-73. [PMID: 18182325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs is important because treatment failure rates are the primary basis for changing antimalarial treatment policy. An important aspect of efficacy studies is the use of PCR genotyping to distinguish recrudescent from new infections. The conclusions reached using this technique might be misleading if there is insufficient parasite diversity or a non-uniform haplotype frequency distribution in the study area. Statistical techniques can be used to overcome this problem, but only when data describing the haplotype frequency distribution are available. Therefore, assessing haplotype frequency and distribution should form an integral part of all studies investigating the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial treatment regimes.
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Montoya P, Tobón A, Blair S, Carmona J, Maestre A. Polimorfismos del gen pfmdr1 en muestras clínicas de Plasmodium falciparum y su relación con la respuesta terapéutica a antipalúdicos y paludismo grave en Colombia. biomedica 2007; 27:204. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v27i2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Heidari A, Keshavarz H, Rokni MB, Jelinek T. Genetic diversity in merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1 and MSP-2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum in a major endemic region of Iran. Korean J Parasitol 2007; 45:59-63. [PMID: 17374980 PMCID: PMC2526331 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) and merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) were used to develop vaccines and to investigate the genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Iran. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to determine polymorphisms of block 2 of the MSP-1 and the central domain of MSP-2 genes. A total of 67 microscopically positive P. falciparum infected individuals from a major endemic region, southeast Iran, were included in this trial. Nine alleles of MSP-1 and 11 alleles of MSP-2 were identified. The results showed that amplified product from these surface antigen genes varied in size and there was specific pattern for each isolate. Besides, regarding this pattern, 23 multiple infections with at least 2 alleles were observed. While the endemic regions of malaria in Iran is classified in low to moderate group, but extensive polymorphism was observed for each marker and the MSP-2 central repeat was the most diverse that could be considered in designing malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Science (G.P.E.F), Tehran, Iran
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Joshi H, Valecha N, Verma A, Kaul A, Mallick PK, Shalini S, Prajapati SK, Sharma SK, Dev V, Biswas S, Nanda N, Malhotra MS, Subbarao SK, Dash AP. Genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates in eastern and north-eastern India. Malar J 2007; 6:60. [PMID: 17517129 PMCID: PMC1892028 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular techniques have facilitated the studies on genetic diversity of Plasmodium species particularly from field isolates collected directly from patients. The msp-1 and msp-2 are highly polymorphic markers and the large allelic polymorphism has been reported in the block 2 of the msp-1 gene and the central repetitive domain (block3) of the msp-2 gene. Families differing in nucleotide sequences and in number of repetitive sequences (length variation) were used for genotyping purposes. As limited reports are available on the genetic diversity existing among Plasmodium falciparum population of India, this report evaluates the extent of genetic diversity in the field isolates of P. falciparum in eastern and north-eastern regions of India. Methods A study was designed to assess the diversity of msp-1 and msp-2 among the field isolates from India using allele specific nested PCR assays and sequence analysis. Field isolates were collected from five sites distributed in three states namely, Assam, West Bengal and Orissa. Results P. falciparum isolates of the study sites are highly diverse in respect of length as well as sequence motifs with prevalence of all the reported allelic families of msp-1 and msp-2. Prevalence of identical allelic composition as well as high level of sequence identity of alleles suggest a considerable amount of gene flow between the P. falciparum populations of different states. A comparatively higher proportion of multiclonal isolates as well as multiplicity of infection (MOI) was observed among isolates of highly malarious districts Karbi Anglong (Assam) and Sundergarh (Orissa). In all the five sites, R033 family of msp-1 was observed to be monomorphic with an allele size of 150/160 bp. The observed 80–90% sequence identity of Indian isolates with data of other regions suggests that Indian P. falciparum population is a mixture of different strains. Conclusion The present study shows that the field isolates of eastern and north-eastern regions of India are highly diverse in respect of msp-1 (block 2) and msp-2 (central repeat region, block 3). As expected Indian isolates present a picture of diversity closer to southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea and Latin American countries, regions with low to meso-endemicity of malaria in comparison to African regions of hyper- to holo-endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Joshi
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Anju Verma
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Asha Kaul
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Prashant K Mallick
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Sneh Shalini
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Surendra K Prajapati
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Surya K Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit IDVC, Sector 5, Rourkela-769 002, Orissa, India
| | - Vas Dev
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit IDVC, PO Sonapur, District Kamrup, Assam-782 402, India
| | - Sukla Biswas
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Nutan Nanda
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - MS Malhotra
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
| | - Sarala K Subbarao
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Aditya P Dash
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi-110 054, India
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Heidari A, Keshavarz H, Dittrich S, Ebrahimzad A, Jelinek T. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum Field Isolates in Major Endemic Region of Iran and Potential Uses in Identification of Field Strains. J of Medical Sciences 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.228.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tobón C. A, Giraldo S. C, Pineros J. JG, Arboleda N. M, Blair T. S, Carmona-Fonseca J. Epidemiologia de la malaria falciparum complicada: estudio de casos y controles en Tumaco y Turbo, Colombia, 2003. Rev bras epidemiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2006000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVOS: Identificar aspectos del hospedero, del parásito y del ambiente asociados con ocurrencia de malaria por Plasmodium falciparum complicada. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles en pacientes de Tumaco y Turbo (Colombia) aplicando los criterios de complicación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. RESULTADOS: Entre noviembre 2002 y julio 2003 se captaron 64 casos (malaria complicada) y 135 controles (malaria no complicada). Las complicaciones fueron: hiperparasitemia (40%), falla hepática (36%), síndrome dificultad respiratoria aguda (7%), falla renal (4%), trombocitopenia grave (3%), anemia grave (2%), malaria cerebral (2%) e hipoglicemia grave (1%). Se encontraron como factores de riesgo para malaria falciparum complicada: a) Los antecedentes de malaria falciparum durante el último año fueron menores en los casos (OR= 7.0 (1.2-43.6) P=0.019); b) Mayor uso previo de antimaláricos en los casos (OR=2.2 (1.1-4.4) P=0.031) y c) mayor uso de cloroquina en los casos (OR=7.4 (1.1-7.8) P=0.017). Se hallaron los alelos MAD-20 y K1 del gen msp1 y FC-27 e IC-1 del gen msp2, cuya distribución de frecuencias fue similar entre casos y controles, aunque el alelo K1 mostró una variación importante entre grupos (casos: 9.4%, controles: 3.5%). La frecuencia de "signos de peligro" fue significativamente mayor en los casos (OR= 3.3, (1.5-7.4) P=0.001). Los criterios de complicación malárica de la Organización Mundial de la Salud se comparan con otros y se discuten algunas implicaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: Se identificaron como factores de riesgo para malaria falciparum complicada, la ausencia de antecedentes de malaria falciparum en el último año y el uso de antimaláricos antes de llegar al hospital.
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Terrientes ZI, Vergara J, Kramer K, Herrera S, Chang SP. Restricted genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein 1 in isolates from Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 73:55-61. [PMID: 16291768 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) gene of Plasmodium falciparum encodes a major immune target under development as a malaria vaccine. In this study, we typed MSP-1 variable regions of parasites obtained from Buenaventura, Colombia. Four MSP-1 gene types were detected corresponding to prototype and recombinant K1 and MAD20 block 4 sequences. In contrast to variability within block 4, blocks 2, 6, and 16-17 corresponded exclusively to the MAD20 allelic type. Most (80%) blood samples contained multiple MSP-1 gene types. The presence of four MSP-1 variants within block 4 against a MAD20 background indicates that current P. falciparum populations in Buenaventura are derived from parasites expressing K1 and MAD20 alleles, some of which underwent two recombination events within or flanking block 4. Restricted MSP-1 diversity appears to be relatively stable in Buenaventura and suggests that selection has resulted in the dominance of the MAD20 type in most of the polymorphic blocks with the exception of block 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilka I Terrientes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama.
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González L, Ochoa J, Franco L, Arroyave M, Restrepo E, Blair S, Maestre A. Nosocomial Plasmodium falciparum infections confirmed by molecular typing in Medellín, Colombia. Malar J 2005; 4:9. [PMID: 15703072 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three cases of nosocomial malaria are reported from patients of the Internal Medicine Ward of a tertiary University teaching hospital in Medellin, Colombia. Epidemiological research, based on entomological captures, medical records review and interviews of nursery staff about patient care practices potentially involving contact with blood, were carried out. Molecular characterization of Plasmodium falciparum was based on the amplification of MSP1, MSP2 and GLURP genes. This method enabled confirmation of the same P. falciparum genotype in all three patients as well as in a fourth one (index case). The presence of nosocomial malaria was confirmed and it was concluded that the most likely source of transmission was through multi-dose preparations of heparin applied to heparin locks.
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