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Lopez GL, Van de Velde A, Hernández D, Bustillo S, Leiva L, Fusco LS. Potential low-impact immunogen for the production of anti-bothropic serum: Bothrops alternatus venom treated with Na 2EDTA. Toxicon 2024; 237:107351. [PMID: 37984681 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes an alternative method using Na2EDTA to neutralize B. alternatus venom and using it as an immunogen from the start of inoculation to minimize side effects and enhance antivenom production. To achieve this, 1.8 mg/mL of B. alternatus venom (B.aV) was treated with Na2EDTA, and any extra chelate was eliminated by filtering the resulting solution through a Sephadex G-25 column. Two groups of BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously on days 1, 15 and 30 with B.aV/Na2EDTA (45, 90, 135 μg/mouse) or B.aV (15, 30, 45 μg/mouse), respectively. Both formulations were emulsified with Freund's adjuvant (complete first and incomplete-booster). Blood samples were collected from each mouse on days 14, 29, 41, and 50 post-first immunization, and serum was separated for antibody detection. Animals were then sacrificed and lungs removed for histological analysis (hematoxylin-eosin). Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the sera from mice inoculated with B.aV/Na2EDTA (anti-B.aV/Na2EDTA) recognized the major venom proteins (20-66 kDa) similarly to the sera from mice inoculated with B.aV (anti-B.aV). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that the anti-B.aV/Na2EDTA had a higher titer (5.76 × 104) than those the anti-B.aV (1.92 × 104). Additionally, sera from animals immunized with B.aV/Na2EDTA significantly neutralized proteolytic, indirect hemolytic and coagulant activity (p < 0.05). Finally, histological examination of the lungs of mice inoculated with B.aV/Na2EDTA showed normal appearance, while animals inoculated with B.aV showed interstitial lung injury (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the B.aV/Na2EDTA formulation, free of excess Na2EDTA, proved to be a promising candidate as an immunogen for antivenom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lumila Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea Van de Velde
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - David Hernández
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (UNNE), Sargento Cabral N° 2139, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Soledad Bustillo
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biológicas y Moleculares (GIBYM), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Av. Liberta, 5470, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Laura Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Av. Liberta, 5470, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Sebastian Fusco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (CONICET; UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Av. Liberta, 5470, Corrientes, Argentina.
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Cheng X, Cao F, Zhong C, Wang M, Ye J, Liu Y, Zhang W, Yu F, Wu D, Wang X. Photoresponsive porous ZnO-based broad-spectrum venom first-aid treatment. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4149-4158. [PMID: 33959736 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A venomous snakebite is an emergency. However, antivenoms are rare and very similar, difficult to produce and preserve, and almost impossible to be used for emergency treatment. Therefore, it would be of great significance to develop convenient, efficient and broad-spectrum snake venom neutralizing nano-materials. In this study, inspired by boiled eggs, a new concept based on a ZnO complex (ZC) for the treatment of snake venoms is proposed. In vitro and in vivo experiments proved that ZC could widely adsorb biological (including snake) venoms and effectively reduce the concentration of toxic protein in the blood. More importantly, ZC could realize photothermal conversion under the stimulation of near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, resulting in protein hydrolyzation of venoms, thereby fundamentally prolonging survival time. In addition, ZC not only showed good biocompatibility, but also could inhibit bacterial reproduction, alleviate inflammation, and contribute to the healing of open wounds caused by biological venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China.
| | - Fei Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Cailing Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Manyu Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Jing Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China.
| | - Fen Yu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- School of Public Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China.
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China. and The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
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Zychar BC, Clissa PB, Carvalho E, Baldo C, Gonçalves LRC. Leukocyte recruitment induced by snake venom metalloproteinases: Role of the catalytic domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:402-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li R, Cao F, Chen Y, Zhang P, Huang C, Xin H, Wang J, Wang X. Metal–Organic Framework and Hydrogel Based Strategy as a Universal First-Aid Treatment of Three Different Typical Snake Bites. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6265-6273. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolei Li
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
- College of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Fei Cao
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Hongbo Xin
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies: Institition of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330088, China
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
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Ferreira BA, Deconte SR, de Moura FBR, Tomiosso TC, Clissa PB, Andrade SP, Araújo FDA. Inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis are differentially modulated by distinct domains of the snake venom metalloproteinase jararhagin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1179-1187. [PMID: 30102981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Jararhagin, a metalloprotease from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, is a toxin containing the metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains; it causes acute inflammation and damage to vascular tissue. However, the actions of these domains on key components of chronic inflammation have not been determined. Our aim was to investigate the effects of jararhagin (Jar), jararhagin-C (Jar-C) and o-phenantrolin-treated jararhagin (Jar-Phe), on inflammatory response, blood vessel formation and extracellular matrix deposition in the murine sponge model. The polyether-polyurethane sponge matrix was implanted into Balb/c mice and injected daily with Jar (400 ng), Jar-Phe (400 ng), Jar-C (200 ng) or saline (control). Nine days after implantation, the sponge discs were removed and processed. In the Jar-treated implants, some of inflammatory markers (N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity, CCL2 and TNF-α) and TGF-β1 levels were higher compared with the control group. In the Jar-C group, the inflammatory markers myeloperoxidase activity and CXCL1 were higher compared with the control. In this group, VEGF levels and collagen deposition were also higher. Jar-Phe treatment was able to inhibit the activity and/or production of MPO, CXCL1, CCL2 and TGF-β. The differential effects of these proteins in modulating the main components of fibrovascular tissue may be exploited in the management fibroproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Ramos Deconte
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Francyelle Borges Rosa de Moura
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Assis Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Ainsworth S, Slagboom J, Alomran N, Pla D, Alhamdi Y, King SI, Bolton FMS, Gutiérrez JM, Vonk FJ, Toh CH, Calvete JJ, Kool J, Harrison RA, Casewell NR. The paraspecific neutralisation of snake venom induced coagulopathy by antivenoms. Commun Biol 2018; 1:34. [PMID: 30271920 PMCID: PMC6123674 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake envenoming causes several potentially lethal pathologies. The specific pathology is dictated by the toxin composition of venom, which varies by species, geography and ontogeny. This variation severely restricts the paraspecific efficacy of antivenoms used to treat snakebite victims. With a view to devising pathology-specific snakebite treatments, we assessed the procoagulant activity of 57 snake venoms and investigated the efficacy of various antivenoms. We find that procoagulant venoms act differentially on key steps of the coagulation cascade, and that certain monospecific antivenoms work in a previously unrecognised paraspecific manner to neutralise this activity, despite conventional assumptions of congener-restricted efficacy. Moreover, we demonstrate that the metal chelator EDTA is also capable of neutralising venom-induced lethality in vivo. This study illustrates the exciting potential of developing new, broad-spectrum, toxin-targeting antivenoms capable of treating key snakebite pathologies, and advocates a thorough re-examination of enzyme inhibiting compounds as alternative therapies for treating snakebite victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Ainsworth
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Julien Slagboom
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 LA, The Netherlands
| | - Nessrin Alomran
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Davinia Pla
- Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Yasir Alhamdi
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Sarah I King
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Fiona M S Bolton
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 LA, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Harrison
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Parasitology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Preciado
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Mamede CCN, de Sousa BB, Pereira DFDC, Matias MS, de Queiroz MR, de Morais NCG, Vieira SAPB, Stanziola L, de Oliveira F. Comparative analysis of local effects caused by Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni snake venoms: enzymatic contributions and inflammatory modulations. Toxicon 2016; 117:37-45. [PMID: 26975252 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bothropic envenomation is characterised by severe local damage caused by the toxic action of venom components and aggravated by induced inflammation. In this comparative study, the local inflammatory effects caused by the venoms of Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni, two snakes of epidemiological importance in Brazil, were investigated. The toxic action of venom components induced by bothropic venom was also characterised. Herein, the oedema, hyperalgesia and myotoxicity induced by bothropic venom were monitored for various lengths of time after venom injection in experimental animals. The intensity of the local effects caused by B. moojeni venom is considerably more potent than B. alternatus venom. Our results also indicate that metalloproteases and phospholipases A2 have a central role in the local damage induced by bothropic venoms, but serine proteases also contribute to the effects of these venoms. Furthermore, we observed that specific anti-inflammatory drugs were able to considerably reduce the oedema, the pain and the muscle damage caused by both venoms. The inflammatory reaction induced by B. moojeni venom is mediated by eicosanoid action, histamine and nitric oxide, with significant participation of bradykinin on the hyperalgesic and myotoxic effects of this venom. These mediators also participate to inflammation caused by B. alternatus venom. However, the inefficient anti-inflammatory effects of some local modulation suggest that histamine, leukotrienes and nitric oxide have little role in the oedema or myotoxicity caused by B. alternatus venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Santos Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro de Queiroz
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nadia Cristina Gomes de Morais
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Leonilda Stanziola
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Aung HT, Nikai T, Niwa M, Takaya Y. Benzenepolycarboxylic acids with potential anti-hemorrhagic properties and structure–activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7000-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sunitha K, Hemshekhar M, Gaonkar SL, Sebastin Santhosh M, Suresh Kumar M, Basappa, Priya BS, Kemparaju K, Rangappa KS, Nanjunda Swamy S, Girish KS. Neutralization of Haemorrhagic Activity of Viper Venoms by 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3-Oxo-1,3-Dihydroisobenzofuran-5-Carbonitrile. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 109:292-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zychar BC, Dale CS, Demarchi DS, Gonçalves LRC. Contribution of metalloproteases, serine proteases and phospholipases A2 to the inflammatory reaction induced by Bothrops jararaca crude venom in mice. Toxicon 2010; 55:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gutiérrez JM, Rucavado A, Chaves F, Díaz C, Escalante T. Experimental pathology of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2009; 54:958-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lomonte B, León G, Angulo Y, Rucavado A, Núñez V. Neutralization of Bothrops asper venom by antibodies, natural products and synthetic drugs: Contributions to understanding snakebite envenomings and their treatment. Toxicon 2009; 54:1012-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nishijima CM, Rodrigues CM, Silva MA, Lopes-Ferreira M, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA. Anti-hemorrhagic activity of four Brazilian vegetable species against Bothrops jararaca venom. Molecules 2009; 14:1072-80. [PMID: 19305361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14031072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 20,000 snakebites are reported annually in Brazil and 90% of them are inflicted by species of the genus Bothrops. Intravenous administration of antibothropic antivenom neutralizes the systemic actions, but it is of little effect on the reversal of local symptoms and often induces adverse reactions, a context that drives the search for complementary treatments for snakebite accidents. Vegetable extracts with a range of antiophidian activities constitute an excellent alternative. In this study, we investigated the anti-hemorrhagic effects of Mouriri pusa Gardn. (Melastomataceae), Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu (Malpighiaceae), Davilla elliptica St. Hill. (Dilleniaceae) and Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. (Loganiaceae) against Bothrops jararaca venom. The methanolic extracts from M. pusa (leaves), B. crassa (leaves) and D. elliptica (leaves) showed total neutralization capacity against local hemorrhages. The amenthoflavone and quercetin fractions from B. crassa and the flavonoids fractions (quercetin and myricetin) from M. pusa and D. elliptica also showed total neutralization capacity. We conclude that flavonoids derived from myricetin, quercetin and amenthoflavone play an important role in the anti-hemorrhagic potential of these Brazilian vegetables species against B. jararaca venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda E. Sánchez
- 1Natural Toxins Research Center (NTRC), College of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas, USA
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Rucavado A, Henríquez M, García J, Gutiérrez JM. Assessment of metalloproteinase inhibitors clodronate and doxycycline in the neutralization of hemorrhage and coagulopathy induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2008; 52:754-9. [PMID: 18824013 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) play a prominent role in the local and systemic manifestations of viperid snakebite envenomations. Thus, the possibility of using metalloproteinase inhibitors in the treatment of these envenomations is a promising therapeutic alternative. This study assessed the ability of two metalloproteinase inhibitors, the biphosphonate clodronate and the tetracycline doxycycline, to inhibit proteolytic, hemorrhagic, coagulant and defibrinogenating effects of Bothrops asper venom. Both compounds were able to inhibit these activities, at concentrations in the mM range, when incubated with venom prior to testing. However, when inhibition of hemorrhage was assessed in assays involving independent injection of venom and drug, inhibition was poor, even when these compounds were injected immediately after envenomation. These findings support the concept that the effectiveness of compounds, such as clodronate and doxycycline, whose inhibitory action on SVMPs is based on zinc chelation alone, is limited, and stress the view that more specific molecules are required for an effective inhibition of SVMPs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rucavado
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
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Howes JM, Theakston RDG, Laing GD. Neutralization of the haemorrhagic activities of viperine snake venoms and venom metalloproteinases using synthetic peptide inhibitors and chelators. Toxicon 2006; 49:734-9. [PMID: 17196631 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Envenoming by the West African saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus resembles that of most vipers, in that it results in local blistering, necrosis and sometimes life-threatening systemic haemorrhage. While effective against systemic envenoming, current antivenoms have little or no effect against local tissue damage. The major mediators of local venom pathology are the zinc-dependant snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The high degree of structural and functional homology between SVMPs and their mammalian relatives the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) suggests that substrate/inhibitor interactions between these subfamilies are likely to be analogous. In this study, four recently developed MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) (Marimastat, AG-3340, CGS-270 23A and Bay-12 9566) are evaluated in addition to three metal ion chelators (EDTA, TPEN and BAPTA) for their ability to inhibit the haemorrhagic activities of the medically important E. ocellatus venom and one of its haemorrhagic SVMPs, EoVMP2. As expected, the metal ion chelators significantly inhibited the haemorrhagic activities of both whole E. ocellatus venom and EoVMP2, while the synthetic MMPIs show more variation in their efficacies. These variations suggest that individual MMPIs show specificity towards SVMPs and that their application to the neutralization of local haemorrhage may require a synthetic MMPI mixture, ensuring that a close structural component for each SVMP is represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Howes
- Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Gowda CDR, Rajesh R, Nataraju A, Dhananjaya BL, Raghupathi AR, Gowda TV, Sharath BK, Vishwanath BS. Strong myotoxic activity of Trimeresurus malabaricus venom: role of metalloproteases. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 282:147-55. [PMID: 16317522 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-1738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trimeresurus malabaricus is an endemic snake found in the Southern region of Western Ghats section of India along with the more widely distributed species like Naja naja and Daboia russelii. T. malabaricus venom is not lethal when injected (i.p.) up to 20 mg/kg body weight in mice, but causes extensive local tissue degeneration. N. naja and D. russelii are highly toxic (i.p.) with minimum local tissue damage in experimental mice. In this study a comparative analysis of local tissue damage of T. malabaricus venom is made with N. naja and D. russelii snake venoms of the Southern regions of Western Ghats. T. malabaricus venom exhibits caseinolytic activity 16 and 24 times more than N. naja and D. russelii venom. Inhibition studies with specific protease inhibitors reveal that the major proteases belong to metalloproteases. T. malabaricus venom hydrolyses gelatin and induces strong hemorrhagic activity in mice. Both N. naja and D. russelii fail to hydrolyze gelatin even at very high concentration and did not induce any hemorrhagic activity. With D. russelii venom small hemorrhagic spot was observed at the site of injection. The hemorrhagic activity of T. malabaricus venom is completely neutralized by metalloprotease inhibitors and not by serine protease inhibitor. The i.m. injection of T. malabaricus venom causes extensive degradation of muscle tissue within 24 h. The light microscopic observation of muscle tissue showed congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage at the early stage followed by extensive necrosis of muscle fibers. The elevated levels of serum CK and LDH activity further supported the muscle degeneration. Such pathological symptoms were not seen with N. naja and D. russelii snake venom. The hemorrhagic and the muscle necrosis was completely neutralized by metalloprotease inhibitors and not by serine protease inhibitor strongly suggests that the major toxin component in the T. malabaricus venom is metalloprotease and its activity can be easily neutralized using chelating agents and its use in the first aid as chelation therapy is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Mysore University, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
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Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of many toxins and enzymes which effectively immobilize prey without a struggle and assist in digestion. Certain animals have a remarkable resistance to envenomation of snakes. Naturally occurring factors that neutralize snake venoms have been found in the sera of most snakes and a few warm-blooded animals. These antihemorrhagic and antineurotoxic factors have been purified from snake and mammalian sera. The antihemorrhagins are not immunoglobulins since they have different physical and chemical characteristics. The natural immunity to hemorrhagins is the result of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) found in animal sera of resistant animals. Most animals have matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and TIMP that are implicated in a wide variety of normal physiological processes and pathological conditions. MMP in animals have many biological functions in embryogenesis, morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. MMP activities are precisely regulated by endogenous TIMP. Disruption of the balance between MMP and TIMP causes various diseases such as arthritis, periodontal diseases, diabetes, ophthalmologic conditions, neoplasia, metabolic bone disease, atherosclerosis and orthopedic conditions. Resistant animals that have a high titer of TIMP would have a survival advantage when bitten by poisonous snakes. Snake venoms are abundant and stable sources of MMP which are medically important. The venom MMP which cause unregulated destruction of tissue have sequences which have some degree of homology with mammalian MMP which control normal biological processes. Resistant animals are important sources of TIMP which can be used to study metalloproteinase related diseases. For these reasons the MMP in snakes and TIMP in resistant animal are excellent candidates for developing new drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pérez
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 78363, USA.
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Abstract
Thirty snake venoms had a citrate content of 2.3 to 12.9%, dry basis, by an aconitase isocitric dehydrogenase coupled enzyme assay. This is a venom concentration range of approximately 30 to 150 mM citrate assuming 25% venom solids content. Inhibition of snake venom protease activity by the addition of exogenous citrate was obtained using azure blue hide powder and azocasein as substrates. Protease inhibitions of 7.5% for Crotalus atrox venom to 78% for Bothrops picadoi venom were observed with citrate. Complete inhibition of snake venom protease activity by citrate was not observed. Bothrops asper (Pacifico) venom showed a 41% protease inhibition by citrate with azocasein as the substrate and 46% inhibition of Bothrops asper (Alantico) venom protease with azure blue hide power as a substrate. Trypsin was not inhibited in this system. Citrate may inhibit some venom protease activity by forming a complex with the zinc of zinc-dependent enzymes. reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Odell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Abstract
Local tissue damage represents a serious consequence of Bothrops asper envenomations. It encompasses a complex series of alterations, including myonecrosis, dermonecrosis, hemorrhage and edema. Due to its rapid development it is difficult to neutralize by antivenoms, especially if there is a delay in serotherapy. Experimental studies with this venom and the polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom produced in Costa Rica indicate that antivenom is effective in neutralizing these toxic activities when incubated with the venom prior to injection. However, if venom and antivenom are injected independently in mice, neutralization of these effects is only partial. Moreover, neutralization is not complete even if homologous or heterologous antibodies are present in the circulation before venom is injected. Despite differences in their pharmacokinetic profiles, equine whole IgG and F(ab')2 antivenoms show similar efficacy in the neutralization of edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis induced by B. asper venom, suggesting that the use of antivenoms made of antibody fragments may not improve neutralization of these effects. This is due, at least in part, to the fact that microvessel disruption by venom components favors a similar antibody concentration in the affected tissues. Recent advances in the development of neutralizing substances of rapid diffusion, that could be injected locally in the field, may contribute to the neutralization of metalloproteinases and phospholipases A2. In addition, the rapid administration of antivenoms with high antibody titers against locally-acting toxins is very important in the treatment of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José
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León G, Estrada R, Chaves F, Rojas G, Ovadia M, Gutiérrez JM. Inhibition by CaNa2EDTA of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom: application in horse immunization for antivenom production. Toxicon 1998; 36:321-31. [PMID: 9620579 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the chelating agent CaNa2EDTA to inhibit local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper venom was studied in mice and in horses used for polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom production. CaNa2EDTA was devoid of toxicity when injected i.m. or s.c. inducing only a mild edema. Preincubation of B. asper venom with CaNa2EDTA inhibited hemorrhagic and dermonecrotic activities, but did not reduce edema-forming and myotoxic effects. A group of horses initially immunized with native venoms developed less severe local tissue reactions when injected with booster doses of venom and CaNa2EDTA than when receiving booster injections of venom alone, although they showed a similar antivenom response. Moreover, antivenoms produced from plasmas of horses that received booster injections of either venom alone or venom plus CaNa2EDTA had similar neutralizing activity against lethal, hemorrhagic and coagulant effects induced by B. asper venom. The similar antibody response was corroborated by Western blotting using crude venom and by an ELISA that estimates anti-myotoxin titer. It is concluded that the chelating agent CaNa2EDTA reduces the extent of local tissue damage induced by B. asper venom, without affecting the immune response of horses against pharmacologically-relevant venom components.
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Affiliation(s)
- G León
- Facultad de Microbiología, Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José
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