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Li S, Qian X, Yuan Z, Sun X, Li C, Tang X, Yang Y, Gong X, Cao G. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus infection in Shanghai in 2000-2012: the first appearance of genotype D8. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:581-90. [PMID: 25281832 PMCID: PMC9425214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify measles virus in Shanghai in 2012 and study the genotype trend of measles virus epidemic strains during 2000–2012. Methods Nose and throat swab specimens were collected from 34 suspected measles cases in Shanghai. Measles virus was isolated using Vero-SLAM cells (African green monkey kidney cells/lymphoid signal activating factor-transfected African green monkey kidney cells). The 450 bp of C terminus of the N gene and the entire hemagglutinin gene sequence was amplified using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the seven measles strains in Shanghai with the reference strains for H1a, H1b and D8 genotypes, as well as the Chinese measles virus vaccine strain. Results Seven measles viruses strains were isolated from the 34 throat swap specimens. Six strains were genotype H1a, which is the predominant strain in China and one strain was genotype D8, which is the first imported strain since 2000. All these seven strains maintained most of the glycosylation sites except subtype H1a, which lost one glycosylation site. Conclusion Since 2000, measles virus strains in Shanghai are consistent with measles virus from other provinces in China with H1a being the predominant genotype. This study is also the first report of genotype D8 strain in Shanghai. All strains maintained their glycosylation sites except H1a that lost one glycosylation site. These strains could still be neutralized by the Chinese measles vaccine. We suggest that Shanghai Center for Disease Control laboratories should strengthen their approaches to monitor measles cases to prevent further spread of imported strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Qian
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengan Yuan
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanji Yang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangzhen Gong
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Pattamadilok S, Incomserb P, Primsirikunawut A, Lukebua A, Rota PA, Sawanpanyalert P. Genetic characterization of measles viruses that circulated in Thailand from 1998 to 2008. J Med Virol 2012; 84:804-13. [PMID: 22431030 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the period between 1998 and 2008, 48 representative measles viruses (MeVs) circulating in Thailand were subjected to genetic characterization. Three genotypes, G2, D5, and D9 were detected. The results suggested that measles genotype D5, which has been circulating since at least 1998, is the endemic genotype in Thailand. Genotype G2 was detected between 1998 and 2001. In addition, almost all of the MeVs detected throughout the country in 2008 were genotype D9. This is the first report of genotype D9 in Thailand. This report provides important baseline data about measles genotypes in Thailand and this information will be needed to help verify measles elimination in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirima Pattamadilok
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
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3
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Abstract
Genetic analyses of viral samples from 74 laboratory confirmed measles cases occurring in Taiwan during 1992-2008 identified six viral genotypes D3, D5, D9, G2, H1 and H2. The most frequently detected genotype, H1, was associated with outbreaks in 1994 and 2002, and was the likely indigenous genotype in 1992. In response to the outbreaks, two catch-up campaigns were launched and a routine second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine at entry to elementary school was introduced. The vaccination campaigns successfully reduced the number of measles cases in Taiwan, and many of the more recent cases can be traced to importations, primarily from other Asian countries. A number of measles genotypes which were associated with outbreaks in other Asian countries were detected among the more recent cases. The more recent genotype H1 viruses had sequences that were identical to those currently circulating in China or associated with international importation of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yueh Cheng
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, DOH, Taiwan.
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Nagai M, Xin JY, Yoshida N, Miyata A, Fujino M, Ihara T, Yoshikawa T, Asano Y, Nakayama T. Modified adult measles in outbreaks in Japan, 2007-2008. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1094-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella, including genetic characterization of wild-type viruses, is performed throughout the world by the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network, which serves 166 countries in all WHO regions. In particular, the genetic data can help confirm the sources of virus or suggest a source for unknown-source cases as well as to establish links, or lack thereof, between various cases and outbreaks. Virologic surveillance has helped to document the interruption of transmission of endemic measles in some regions. Thus, molecular characterization of measles viruses has provided a valuable tool for measuring the effectiveness of measles control programs, and virologic surveillance needs to be expanded in all areas of the world and conducted during all phases of measles control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Rota
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Riddell MA, Rota JS, Rota PA. Review of the temporal and geographical distribution of measles virus genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras. Virol J 2005; 2:87. [PMID: 16303052 PMCID: PMC1318492 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiological investigation of measles outbreaks can document the interruption of endemic measles transmission and is useful for establishing and clarifying epidemiological links between cases in geographically distinct clusters. To determine the distribution of measles virus genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras, a literature search of biomedical databases, measles surveillance websites and other electronic sources was conducted for English language reports of measles outbreaks or genetic characterization of measles virus isolates. Genotype assignments based on classification systems other than the currently accepted WHO nomenclature were reassigned using the current criteria. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the distribution of MV genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras and describes the geographically diverse distribution of some measles virus genotypes and the localized distributions of other genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Riddell
- Scientist/PhD Scholar, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory/WHO Western Pacific Measles Regional Reference Laboratory and Department of Public Health, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Dept. Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Jennifer S Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333 USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333 USA
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7
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Schierup MH, Mordhorst CH, Muller CP, Christensen LS. Evidence of recombination among early-vaccination era measles virus strains. BMC Evol Biol 2005; 5:52. [PMID: 16209713 PMCID: PMC1262704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-5-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of live-attenuated vaccines against measles virus during the 1960'ies changed the circulation dynamics of the virus. Earlier the virus was indigenous to countries worldwide, but now it is mediated by a limited number of evolutionary lineages causing sporadic outbreaks/epidemics of measles or circulating in geographically restricted endemic areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. We expect that the evolutionary dynamics of measles virus has changed from a situation where a variety of genomic variants co-circulates in an epidemic with relatively high probabilities of co-infection of the individual to a situation where a co-infection with strains from evolutionary different lineages is unlikely. Results We performed an analysis of the partial sequences of the hemagglutinin gene of 18 measles virus strains collected in Denmark between 1965 and 1983 where vaccination was first initiated in 1987. The results were compared with those obtained with strains collected from other parts of the world after the initiation of vaccination in the given place. Intergenomic recombination among pre-/early-vaccination strains is suggested by 1) estimations of linkage disequilibrium between informative sites, 2) the decay of linkage disequilibrium with distance between informative sites and 3) a comparison of the expected number of homoplasies to the number of apparent homoplasies in the most parsimonious tree. No significant evidence of recombination could be demonstrated among strains circulating at present. Conclusion We provide evidence that recombination can occur in measles virus and that it has had a detectable impact on sequence evolution of pre-vaccination samples. We were not able to detect recombination from present-day sequence surveys. We believe that the decreased rate of visible recombination may be explained by changed dynamics, since divergent strains do not meet very often in current epidemics that are often spawned by a single sequence type. Signs of pre-vaccination recombination events in the present-day sequences are not strong enough to be detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H Schierup
- Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), University of Aarhus, Hoegh Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 090, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carl H Mordhorst
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claude P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Laboratoire National de Santé. PO Box 1102, L-1011 Luxembourg
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Abstract
This study describes two measles outbreaks--one in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2002, and the other in Luanda, Angola in March 2003. The outbreaks were notable because they were caused by closely related genotype B2 viruses. This genotype was first described in an outbreak in Libreville, Gabon in the 1980s and was labeled as inactive by the World Health Organization in 2003 because it had not been detected for over 15 years. As the first three cases in the Cape Town outbreak were Angolan citizens who recently arrived from Angola, it appears likely that the source of the virus was Angola. Molecular analysis of specimens collected during the outbreak in Luanda provided direct evidence for the circulation of genotype B2 measles virus (MV) in Angola. This study clearly demonstrates that there is still active circulation of genotype B2 in Africa, and we propose that its apparent inactivity is merely the result of insufficient virologic/molecular surveillance in the region. These findings highlight the need for expanded molecular surveillance in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilagh B Smit
- Vaccine-preventable Virus Infections Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.
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9
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Abstract
A simple genotyping method based on multiplex PCR has been developed to discriminate between all active measles virus (MV) clades and genotypes (A, B3.1, B3.2, C2, D2-D9, G2-G3, and H1-H2). The sequencing reaction was replaced by six multiplex PCRs: one to identify the clade and five to identify the respective genotype. Primers were sensitive to clade- and genotype-specific nucleotides and generated fragments of type-specific sizes that were analyzed by conventional agarose gel electrophoresis. On the basis of all published MV sequences, positive and negative predictive values of 99.2% and 98.6% were calculated. Variability in the primer binding sites, which could potentially reduce sensitivity, was very limited among published sequences. As new genotypes are described, additional specific primers can be included in the multiplex PCR with relative ease. Although sequencing remains the "gold standard," the present method should facilitate MV genotyping especially in developing countries and will therefore contribute to enhanced MV control and elimination strategies as recommended by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques R Kremer
- Department of Immunology and WHO Collaborative Centre for Measles, Laboratoire National de Santé, 20A, rue Auguste Lumière, L-1011 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Rota PA, Rota JS, Redd SB, Papania MJ, Bellini WJ. Genetic Analysis of Measles Viruses Isolated in the United States between 1989 and 2001: Absence of an Endemic Genotype since 1994. J Infect Dis 2004; 189 Suppl 1:S160-4. [PMID: 15106105 DOI: 10.1086/374607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes measles virus surveillance in the United States for 1989-2001. During the resurgence of measles in the United States between 1989 and 1992, only viruses of genotype D3 were isolated. In contrast, virological surveillance conducted after the resurgence period showed that at least 12 different genotypes were associated with the greatly reduced number of measles cases. Eight different genotypes were identified for 27 chains of transmission in which the source of infection was unknown. The diversity of measles virus genotypes observed in the United States between 1994 and 2001 reflected multiple imported sources of virus and indicated that no genotype of measles is endemic in the United States. Therefore, the data obtained from virological surveillance are consistent with the conclusions made by disease surveillance and epidemiological investigations that measles is no longer an endemic disease in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles virus has been classified into 22 genotypes. The present report examines the molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Japan from 1984 to 2002, and the epidemiological link between imported cases in several foreign countries and Japanese strains was elucidated from the literature. METHODS B95a or Vero cells was used to isolate the measles virus. The measles virus genome was amplified in the N and H genes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and were partially sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence of the N gene, from position 1230 to 1685, of the recent measles strains was performed in comparison with the World Health Organization reference strains. RESULTS There were large outbreaks of measles in Japan in 1984, 1987-1988, 1991-1993, and 2001-2002 and each outbreak was caused by a different genotype. Genotype C1 was an indigenous strain for a long period before 1985, while D3 was isolated in 1987-1988 and D5 in 1991-1993 outbreaks. In addition, the Chicago-type D3 caused sporadic regional outbreaks from 1998 to 1999. After 2000, H1 became the dominant circulating strain. It should be noted that the Japanese strains were detected as imported cases by epidemiological linkage in several countries. CONCLUSIONS Among the recent circulating strain of measles virus in Japan the genotype H1 was dominant after 2000 and the Japanese strains D3, D5, and H1 were exported to several countries. It is recommended that Japan should adopt a more extensive and active vaccination strategy for measles elimination in line with other countries in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Abstract
Cambodian authorities in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) are implementing a measles control plan in this measles endemic country. Genetic characterization of Cambodian wild-type measles viruses was performed to determine the genotypes involved in outbreaks, and to measure the level of virus circulation in a geographic area just beginning to implement the measles control program. Seventy-two sequences of the C terminus of the nucleoprotein gene of measles virus were obtained from 88 patients. Samples were taken from 35 among 519 outbreaks reported to the Cambodian National Immunization Program between March 2001 and June 2002. The sequences were grouped into 10 lineages which all belonged to genotype D5. The maximum nucleotide divergence was 1.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srey Viseth Horm
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Monivong Boulevard, BP 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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13
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Na BK, Shin JM, Lee JY, Shin GC, Kim YY, Lee JS, Lee JK, Cho HW, Lee HJ, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Kim WJ, Kang C. Genetic and antigenic characterization of measles viruses that circulated in Korea during the 2000-2001 epidemic. J Med Virol 2003; 70:649-54. [PMID: 12794731 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the marked reduction in the incidence of measles in Korea by the introduction of measles vaccine, a large measles epidemic occurred during 2000-2001. During the epidemic, more than 55,000 measles cases were reported and at least 7 children were dead. In this study, we analyzed the genetic and antigenic properties of 15 measles viruses that isolated during the epidemic. Sequence analyses of entire hemagglutinin (H) and nucleoprotein (N) genes of the viruses indicated that all Korean isolates had a high degree of homology (>99.8%) when compared with each other. They differed from other wild-type viruses by as much as 6.8% in the H gene and 6.5% in the N gene at the nucleotide level. The deduced amino acid variability was up to 6.4% for the H protein and up to 6.5% for the N protein. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of the H and N genes revealed that all Korean viruses were grouped into the genotype H1. This strongly demonstrated that single genotype of measles virus has been circulated in Korea during the 2000-2001 epidemic. Plaque reduction neutralizing antibody titers against vaccine strains, Edmonston and Schwarz, and recently isolated Korean strains were measured using sera from vaccinees and recently infected children. Although sera of recently infected children demonstrated higher neutralizing antibody titers against wild-type strains than against vaccine strains, both sera neutralized both strains and the reciprocal geometric mean titers (GMTs) were not significantly different against both strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Abstract
Molecular characterization of measles viruses is an important component of measles surveillance because these studies enhance our ability to identify the source and transmission pathways of the virus. Molecular surveillance is most beneficial when it is possible to observe the change in virus genotypes over time in a particular region. Such information can help to document the interruption of transmission of measles virus and thus provide an important method for assessing the effectiveness of vaccination programs. It is recommended that virus surveillance be conducted during all phases of measles control and be expanded to give an accurate description of the global distribution of measles genotypes. This review provides updated information on the circulation patterns of measles genotypes and examples of the utility of virologic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Rota
- Measles Virus Section, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Nineteen distinct measles virus (MV) strains associated with nine different genotypes were identified in five Australian states (Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia) between 1999 and 2001. One of the strains identified is likely to represent a new genotype within the clade D viruses (proposed to be d9). No evidence for an indigenous MV strain was found. When epidemiologic information associated with the index case was available for the outbreaks, it usually supported introduction of the virus from overseas, with the main source being South East Asia. Changes in the circulation of MV in Australia since the early 1970s were also observed. Prior to the introduction of measles vaccine, the majority of the population acquired immunity through infection with wild-type virus in early childhood. Nowadays in Australia, young adults are at most risk of infection. The age range of cases in the study period was from 1 month to 48 years, with the majority (59%) of cases from individuals aged 18-30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Chibo
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn St, North 3051, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
Although vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced the number of measles cases worldwide, endemic transmission of measles virus (MV) continues to occur in several continents, including Europe. To obtain current information on measles incidence and molecular data on circulating MVs in Germany, a nationwide measles sentinel was established. Phylogenetic analysis based on the variable part of the N gene from 80 MVs isolated between November 1999 and October 2001 revealed the presence of at least six distinct MV genotypes: B3, C2, D4, D6, G2 and a new variant of D7. Both the incidence and the pattern of MV genotypes differed markedly between the former East and West Germany. In the eastern part, few measles cases, mainly caused by genotypes originating from other countries (B3, D4, G2), were detected. In the western and southern parts, genotypes C2, D6 and D7 were associated with endemic transmission. Surprisingly, the indigenous genotypes predominant during the 1990s - C2 and D6 - disappeared simultaneously over the period of observation coinciding with the emergence and the wide spread of D7 viruses. While the incidence of measles remained constant, all MVs isolated in 2001 were assigned to D7. We note that the haemagglutinin (H) sequence of D7 viruses shows distinct exchanges of certain amino acids in the stem and propeller domain compared to C2, D6 and the MV vaccine strains used. This raises the possibility of a selective advantage of D7 viruses transmitted in the presence of H-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Santibanez
- National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany1
| | - Annedore Tischer
- National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany1
| | - Alla Heider
- National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany1
| | - Anette Siedler
- National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany1
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany1
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17
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Abstract
From 1997 to 2001, sequence data from 55 clinical specimens were obtained from confirmed measles cases in the United States, representing 21 outbreaks and 34 sporadic cases. Sequence analysis indicated the presence of 11 of the recognized genotypes. The most common genotypes detected were genotype D6, usually identified from imported cases from Europe, and genotype D5, associated with importations from Japan. A number of viruses belonging to genotype D4 were imported from India and Pakistan. Overall, viral genotypes were determined for 13 chains of transmission with an unknown source of virus, and seven different genotypes were identified. Therefore, the diversity of Measles virus genotypes observed in the United States from 1997 to 2001 reflected multiple imported sources of virus and indicated that no strain of measles is endemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Rota
- Measles Virus Section, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Measles outbreaks in 1999 in Queensland and Victoria, Australia, were caused by a novel strain of clade G virus (proposed name g3). Epidemiologic and molecular evidence supports independent circulation of this virus in Queensland, northern Australia, in addition to importation of the virus by East Timor refugees seeking safe haven in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Chibo
- World Health Organization Regional Measles Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michaela Riddell
- World Health Organization Regional Measles Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Catton
- World Health Organization Regional Measles Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Birch
- World Health Organization Regional Measles Reference Laboratory for the Western Pacific Region, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Truong AT, Mulders MN, Gautam DC, Ammerlaan W, de Swart RL, King CC, Osterhaus AD, Muller CP. Genetic analysis of Asian measles virus strains--new endemic genotype in Nepal. Virus Res 2001; 76:71-8. [PMID: 11376847 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In many parts of Asia measles virus (MV) continues to be endemic. However, little is known about the genetic characteristics of viruses circulating on this continent. This study reports the molecular epidemiological analysis based on the entire nucleocapsid (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of the first isolates from Nepal and Taiwan, as well as of recent MV strains from India, Indonesia, and China. Four isolates collected in various regions in Nepal during 1999 belonged to a new genotype, tentatively called D8. Another Nepalese isolate and one from India belonged to genotype D4. The diversity of the Nepalese strains indicated that measles continues to be endemic in this country. The isolate from Taiwan grouped with D3 viruses and one Chinese strain isolated in The Netherlands was assigned to the previously described clade H, known to be endemic in Mainland China. Molecular characterization emerges as an important tool for monitoring virus endemicity and vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Truong
- Department of Immunology and WHO Collaborating Center for Measles, Laboratoire National de Santé, PO Box 1102, L-1011 Luxembourg
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20
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Liffick SL, Thi Thoung N, Xu W, Li Y, Phoung Lien H, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of contemporary wild-type measles viruses from Vietnam and the People's Republic of China: identification of two genotypes within clade H. Virus Res 2001; 77:81-7. [PMID: 11451490 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic characterization was conducted on 17 wild-type measles viruses isolated near Hanoi, Vietnam, during 1998 as well as on eight viruses isolated in the Hunan, Hainan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces of the People's Republic of China during 1995, 1998, and 1999. Previous studies had shown that, compared to wild-type measles viruses found in other parts of the world, wild-type viruses from China were genetically distinct and comprised a new clade of viruses, clade H. In this study, sequence analyses of the nucleotides coding for the COOH terminal 150 amino acids of the nucleoprotein (N) and the entire hemagglutinin (H) protein indicated that although all of the viruses from Vietnam were members of clade H, they were clearly distinct from the Chinese viruses. With the exception of MVi/Beijing.China/94/1, the Vietnamese viruses differed from all of the Chinese viruses by at least 3.5 and 2.5% at the nucleotide level for the N and H genes, respectively. These data suggest that clade H should be divided into two genotypes with the Chinese viruses placed in genotype H1 and the Vietnamese viruses in genotype H2. Sequence analysis of measles viruses imported into the United States from either China or Vietnam demonstrated that this designation of genotypes will be helpful in future measles surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Liffick
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, 30333, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Abstract
The different measles virus genotypes are confined to more or less distinct geographic regions. Molecular characterization of virus isolates has been successfully used to determine epidemiological links between cases and the geographic origin of imported viruses. In Europe, indigenous measles has been eliminated in some countries, but in others the disease is still endemic. Intra-outbreak variability can be used to differentiate between sporadic endemic cases and a 'pseudo-outbreak' of unrelated imported cases. The interruption of virus circulation by mass vaccination campaigns could be demonstrated by comparing the variability of pre-campaign viruses with post-campaign isolates. Simplified tools are being developed that could bring genotyping within reach of laboratories that do not have the possibility of sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Mulders
- Department of Immunology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Measles, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg.
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