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Isaac R, Bandyopadhyay G, Rohm TV, Kang S, Wang J, Pokhrel N, Sakane S, Zapata R, Libster AM, Vinik Y, Berhan A, Kisseleva T, Borok Z, Zick Y, Telese F, Webster NJG, Olefsky JM. TM7SF3 controls TEAD1 splicing to prevent MASH-induced liver fibrosis. Cell Metab 2024:S1550-4131(24)00123-2. [PMID: 38670107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and the development of liver fibrosis are not fully understood. Here, we show that deletion of a nuclear seven transmembrane protein, TM7SF3, accelerates HSC activation in liver organoids, primary human HSCs, and in vivo in metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) mice, leading to activation of the fibrogenic program and HSC proliferation. Thus, TM7SF3 knockdown promotes alternative splicing of the Hippo pathway transcription factor, TEAD1, by inhibiting the splicing factor heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNPU). This results in the exclusion of the inhibitory exon 5, generating a more active form of TEAD1 and triggering HSC activation. Furthermore, inhibiting TEAD1 alternative splicing with a specific antisense oligomer (ASO) deactivates HSCs in vitro and reduces MASH diet-induced liver fibrosis. In conclusion, by inhibiting TEAD1 alternative splicing, TM7SF3 plays a pivotal role in mitigating HSC activation and the progression of MASH-related fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Isaac
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Theresa V Rohm
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sion Kang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jinyue Wang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Narayan Pokhrel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sadatsugu Sakane
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rizaldy Zapata
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Avraham M Libster
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yaron Vinik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Asres Berhan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine and Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yehiel Zick
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Furon J, Yetim M, Pouettre E, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Maubert E, Hommet Y, Lebouvier L, Zheng Z, Ali C, Vivien D. Blood tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) of liver origin contributes to neurovascular coupling involving brain endothelial N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:11. [PMID: 36737775 PMCID: PMC9896721 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) directly influence brain functions and dysfunctions and involves complex mechanisms, including neurovascular coupling (NVC). It was suggested that the serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) could control CNV induced by whisker stimulation in rodents, through its action on N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptors (NMDARs). However, the origin of tPA and the location and mechanism of its action on NMDARs in relation to CNV remained debated. METHODS Here, we answered these issues using tPANull mice, conditional deletions of either endothelial tPA (VECad-CreΔtPA) or endothelial GluN1 subunit of NMDARs (VECad-CreΔGluN1), parabioses between wild-type and tPANull mice, hydrodynamic transfection-induced deletion of liver tPA, hepatectomy and pharmacological approaches. RESULTS We thus demonstrate that physiological concentrations of vascular tPA, achieved by the bradykinin type 2 receptors-dependent production and release of tPA from liver endothelial cells, promote NVC, through a mechanism dependent on brain endothelial NMDARs. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a new mechanism of regulation of NVC involving both endothelial tPA and NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathane Furon
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Mervé Yetim
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Elsa Pouettre
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Yannick Hommet
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Laurent Lebouvier
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Ze Zheng
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.280427.b0000 0004 0434 015XBlood Research Institute, Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Carine Ali
- grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Normandie University, Bvd Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen, France. .,Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France.
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Narwal A, Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. Location, location, location: Fibrin, cells, and fibrinolytic factors in thrombi. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1070502. [PMID: 36741833 PMCID: PMC9889369 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombi are heterogenous in nature with composition and structure being dictated by the site of formation, initiating stimuli, shear stress, and cellular influences. Arterial thrombi are historically associated with high platelet content and more tightly packed fibrin, reflecting the shear stress in these vessels. In contrast, venous thrombi are generally erythrocyte and fibrin-rich with reduced platelet contribution. However, these conventional views on the composition of thrombi in divergent vascular beds have shifted in recent years, largely due to recent advances in thromboectomy and high-resolution imaging. Interestingly, the distribution of fibrinolytic proteins within thrombi is directly influenced by the cellular composition and vascular bed. This in turn influences the susceptibility of thrombi to proteolytic degradation. Our current knowledge of thrombus composition and its impact on resistance to thrombolytic therapy and success of thrombectomy is advancing, but nonetheless in its infancy. We require a deeper understanding of thrombus architecture and the downstream influence on fibrinolytic susceptibility. Ultimately, this will aid in a stratified and targeted approach to tailored antithrombotic strategies in patients with various thromboembolic diseases.
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Qiao P, Jia Y, Ma A, He J, Shao C, Li X, Wang S, Yang B, Zhou H. Dapagliflozin protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in db/db mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:934136. [PMID: 36059948 PMCID: PMC9437261 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.934136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most common liver disease, is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Although there is no consensus on the treatment of NAFLD, growing evidence suggests that tight glycemic control would contribute to the improvement of NAFLD. However, some insulin sensitizers cannot improve NAFLD, especially nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Whether insulin-independent hypoglycemic drug dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, may improve NAFLD keeps unclear. Therefore, 12-week-old male C57BL/6 wild-type and db/db mice were treated with 1 mg/kg dapagliflozin or vehicle for 12 weeks. Dapagliflozin alleviated NASH, manifesting as decreased alanine aminotransferase and NAFLD activity score in db/db mice. Also, dapagliflozin reduced de novo lipogenesis by the upregulation of FXR/SHP and downregulation of LXRα/SREBP-1c in the liver of db/db mice. Moreover, dapagliflozin treatment reduced inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and alleviated fibrosis by restoring the balance between fibrogenesis and fibrolysis in the liver of db/db mice. In summary, dapagliflozin alleviates NASH mostly by reducing lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. These findings provide new insights for understanding the protective effect of dapagliflozin in NASH and suggest that dapagliflozin may be used to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panshuang Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhao He
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shao
- The Department of Pathology, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Baoxue Yang, ; Hong Zhou,
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of the Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Baoxue Yang, ; Hong Zhou,
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6
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Song N, Xu H, Liu J, Zhao Q, Chen H, Yan Z, Yang R, Luo Z, Liu Q, Ouyang J, Wu S, Luo S, Ye S, Lin R, Sun X, Xie J, Lan T, Wu Z, Wang R, Jiang X. Design of a highly potent GLP-1R and GCGR dual-agonist for recovering hepatic fibrosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2443-61. [PMID: 35646543 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is still no effective curative treatment for the development of late-stage liver fibrosis. Here, we have illustrated that TB001, a dual glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/glucagon receptor (GLP-1R/GCGR) agonist with higher affinity towards GCGR, could retard the progression of liver fibrosis in various rodent models, with remarkable potency, selectivity, extended half-life and low toxicity. Four types of liver fibrosis animal models which were induced by CCl4, α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT), bile duct ligation (BDL) and Schistosoma japonicum were used in our study. We found that TB001 treatment dose-dependently significantly attenuated liver injury and collagen accumulation in these animal models. In addition to decreased levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation during hepatic injury, activation of hepatic stellate cells was also inhibited via suppression of TGF-β expression as well as downstream Smad signaling pathways particularly in CCl4-and S. japonicum-induced liver fibrosis. Moreover, TB001 attenuated liver fibrosis through blocking downstream activation of pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B/NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFκB/IKBα) pathways as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent induction of hepatocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, GLP-1R and/or GCGR knock-down results represented GCGR played an important role in ameliorating CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, TB001 can be used as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of multiple causes of hepatic fibrosis demonstrated by our extensive pre-clinical evaluation of TB001.
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Abstract
Coagulation is controlled by a delicate balance of prothrombotic and antithrombotic mechanisms, to prevent both excessive blood loss from injured vessels and pathologic thrombosis. The liver plays a pivotal role in hemostasis through the synthesis of plasma coagulation factors and their inhibitors that, in addition to thrombosis and hemostasis, orchestrates an array of inflammatory responses. As a result, impaired liver function has been linked with both hypercoagulability and bleeding disorders due to a pathologic balance of pro- and anticoagulant plasma factors. At sites of vascular injury, thrombus propagation that finally may occlude the blood vessel depends on negatively charged biopolymers, such as polyphosphates and extracellular DNA, that provide a physiological surface for contact activation of coagulation factor XII (FXII). FXII initiates the contact system that drives both the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, and formation of the inflammatory mediator bradykinin by the kallikrein–kinin system. Moreover, FXII facilitates receptor-mediated signalling, thereby promoting mitogenic activities, angiogenesis, and neutrophil stimulation with implications for liver diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the FXII-driven contact system in liver diseases and review therapeutic approaches to target its activities during impaired liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini Rangaswamy
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reiner K Mailer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Englert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Konrath
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Chronic liver injury leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis, through which activated myofibroblasts in the liver secrete extracellular matrix proteins that generate the fibrous scar. The primary source of these myofibroblasts are the resident hepatic stellate cells. Clinical and experimental liver fibrosis regresses when the causative agent is removed, which is associated with the elimination of these activated myofibroblasts and resorption of the fibrous scar. Understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis regression could identify new therapeutic targets to treat liver fibrosis. This Review summarizes studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversibility of liver fibrosis, including apoptosis and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells, the crosstalk between the liver and the systems that orchestrate the recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (and other inflammatory cells) driving fibrosis resolution, and the interactions between various cell types that lead to the intracellular signalling that induces fibrosis or its regression. We also discuss strategies to target hepatic myofibroblasts (for example, via apoptosis or inactivation) and the myeloid cells that degrade the matrix (for example, via their recruitment to fibrotic liver) to facilitate fibrosis resolution and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Liao X, Zhan W, Tian T, Yu L, Li R, Yang Q. MicroRNA-326 attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis by inhibiting TLR4 signaling. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3794-3803. [PMID: 31692098 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic inflammatory and reversible repair reaction of the liver under the continuous action of virus or various injuries. In this study, we aimed at identifying the role of miR-326 in the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis and its potential mechanism. In this study, the liver fibrosis mouse model was developed by injecting CCl4 . Liver tissue morphology was observed and the expression level of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen1α1 and miR-326 was measured. Target gene identification was performed by loss-of-function and gain-of-function. The effect of miR-326 on the expression level of the cytokines associated with the TLR4/MyD88/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway was assessed in vitro and in vivo. We show that miR-326 was downregulated in CCl4 -induced fibrotic mice and activated HSCs. The target gene of miR-326 is TLR4. Moreover, miR-326 inhibited the activation of HSCs in vitro through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. miR-326 attenuated hepatic fibrosis and inflammation of CCl4 -induced mice in vivo. Our results demonstrate for the first time that miR-326 inhibits HSC activation through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, miR-326 plays critical roles in attenuating liver fibrosis and inflammation, suggesting the therapeutic potential of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liao
- Department of Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Zhan
- Surgery of Colorectal, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Doctoral Graduate Student of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Noguchi R, Kaji K, Namisaki T, Moriya K, Kawaratani H, Kitade M, Takaya H, Aihara Y, Douhara A, Asada K, Nishimura N, Miyata T, Yoshiji H. Novel oral plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 inhibitor TM5275 attenuates hepatic fibrosis under metabolic syndrome via suppression of activated hepatic stellate cells in rats. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2948-2956. [PMID: 32945412 PMCID: PMC7453658 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is currently being clinically assessed as a novel antithrombotic agent. Although PAI-1 is known to serve a key role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the pharmacological action of an oral PAI-1 inhibitor against the development of MetS-related liver fibrosis remains unclear. The current study was designed to explicate the effect of TM5275, an oral PAI-1 inhibitor, on MetS-related hepatic fibrogenesis. The in vivo antifibrotic effect of orally administered TM5275 was investigated in two different rat MetS models. Fischer 344 rats received a choline-deficient L-amino-acid-defined diet for 12 weeks to induce steatohepatitis with development of severe hepatic fibrosis. Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, used to model congenital diabetes, underwent intraperitoneal injection of porcine serum for 6 weeks to induce hepatic fibrosis under diabetic conditions. In each experimental model, TM5275 markedly ameliorated the development of hepatic fibrosis and suppressed the proliferation of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Additionally, the hepatic production of tumor growth factor (TGF)-β1 and total collagen was suppressed. In vitro assays revealed that TGF-β1 stimulated the upregulation of Serpine1 mRNA expression, which was inhibited by TM5275 treatment in cultured HSC-T6 cells, a rat HSC cell line. Furthermore, TM5275 substantially attenuated the TGF-β1-stimulated proliferative and fibrogenic activity of HSCs by inhibiting AKT phosphorylation. Collectively, TM5275 demonstrated an antifibrotic effect on liver fibrosis in different rat MetS models, suppressing TGF-β1-induced HSC proliferation and collagen synthesis. Thus, PAI-1 inhibitors may serve as effective future therapeutic agents against NASH-based hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Noguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Kei Moriya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Kitade
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Yosuke Aihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Douhara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634‑8522, Japan
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Kim D, Kim SB, Ryu JL, Hong H, Chang JH, Yoo TJ, Jin X, Park HJ, Han C, Lee BH, Choi JH, Yoo HW, Kim JH, Woo DH. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Wilson's Disease Model for Screening Drug Efficacy. Cells 2020; 9:E872. [PMID: 32252475 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been extensively studied as an alternative cellular model for recapitulating phenotypic and pathophysiologic characters of human diseases. Particularly, hiPSCs generated from the genetic disease somatic cells could provide a good cellular model to screen potential drugs for treating human genetic disorders. However, the patient-derived cellular model has a limitation when the patient samples bearing genetic mutations are difficult to obtain due to their rarity. Thus, in this study, we explored the potential use of hPSC-derived Wilson's disease model generated without a patient sample to provide an alternative approach for modeling human genetic disease by applying gene editing technology. Wilson's disease hPSCs were generated by introducing a R778L mutation in the ATP7B gene (c.2333G>T) using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system into wildtype hESCs. Established Wilson's disease hESCs were further differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) and analyzed for disease phenotypes and responses against therapeutic agent treatment. R778L mutation in the ATP7B gene was successfully introduced into wildtype hESCs, and the introduction of the mutation neither altered the self-renewal ability of hESCs nor the differentiation capability into HLCs. However, R778L mutation-introduced HLCs exhibited higher vulnerability against excessive copper supplementation than wildtype HLCs. Finally, the applicability of the R778L mutation introduced HLCs in drug screening was further demonstrated using therapeutic agents against the Wilson's diseases. Therefore, the established model in this study could effectively mimic the Wilson's disease without patient's somatic cells and could provide a reliable alternative model for studying and drug screening of Wilson's disease.
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12
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Li Q, Li H, Lv Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Li S, Zheng X, Wang Y, Hao Z. Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) confers protection against hepatic fibrosis through downregulation of transforming growth factor β receptor II. J Transl Med 2020; 100:466-82. [PMID: 31641222 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) has antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitogenic, and antiapoptotic effects and thus exerts important functions in the maintenance of integrity and homeostasis of several organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and liver. Although the potent hepatoprotective effect of HIP/PAP has been validated, its impact on liver fibrosis has not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the role of HIP/PAP on hepatic fibrosis and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. We found that the expression of HIP/PAP and its mouse counterpart, Reg3B, was markedly upregulated in fibrotic human or mouse livers. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and TNF-α but not TGF-β1 significantly induced hepatic overexpression of Reg3B in mice. In both CCl4 and BDL liver fibrosis models, adenovirus-mediated ectopic expression of HIP/PAP markedly alleviated liver injury, inflammation, collagen deposition, hepatic stellate cell activation, and the overexpression of profibrotic cytokines, including transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A, B, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), in mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that, in addition to suppressing hepatic stellate cell proliferation and accelerating hepatocyte proliferation, HIP/PAP mitigated TGF-β1-induced hepatic stellate cell activation, hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and upregulated expression of profibrotic cytokines in both hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. Moreover, HIP/PAP attenuated the overexpression of TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) in fibrotic mouse livers and decreased the basal expression of TGF-βRII in nonfibrotic mouse livers as well as in cultured hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells, which is at least partly attributable to the TGF-β1-antagonizing function of HIP/PAP. This study indicates that increased expression of hepatic HIP/PAP serves as a countermeasure against liver injury and fibrosis. Exogenous supplementation of HIP/PAP might be a promising therapeutic agent for hepatic fibrosis as well as liver injury.
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Li G, Lin J, Peng Y, Qin K, Wen L, Zhao T, Feng Q. Curcumol may reverse early and advanced liver fibrogenesis through downregulating the uPA/uPAR pathway. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1421-1435. [PMID: 31989700 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested strong antifibrotic activity of curcumol in the liver; the underlying mechanisms of which, however, remain largely unknown. Aiming to investigate the role of curcumol in regulating early and advanced liver fibrosis, we designed a rat model with advanced liver fibrosis and cell model with an initial fibrotic stage. Model rats induced by CCl4 and alcohol presented advanced liver fibrosis with complete fibrous septa. The administration of curcumol (25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) resulted in reversal of liver fibrosis. Leptin-administrated liver sinusoidal endothelial cells presented defenestration and basement membrane components deposition, including laminin (LN) and type IV collagen (Col IV), the characteristics of capillarization by scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence assays. After treatment with curcumol (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/L), defenestration was restored and the levels of LN and Col IV were decreased, consistent with the rat model. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot results revealed that increased levels of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/ uPA receptor (uPAR) were observed both in vivo and in vitro, curcumol significantly reduced uPA/uPAR at both the mRNA and protein levels. Reduction of uPA/uPAR may be synergistic with matrix metallopeptidase 13 to reverse liver fibrogenesis. In conclusion, curcumol protects liver from phenotypic changes in the early and advanced fibrogenesis, possibly through uPA/uPAR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiyong Lin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Peng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kefeng Qin
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiejian Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Quansheng Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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Xie H, Su D, Zhang J, Ji D, Mao J, Hao M, Wang Q, Yu M, Mao C, Lu T. Raw and vinegar processed Curcuma wenyujin regulates hepatic fibrosis via bloking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and up-regulation of MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 246:111768. [PMID: 30849507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. (CW), a variety of Curumae Rhizoma, which documented in China Pharmacopeia, has long been used as plant medicine for its traditional effect on promoting Qi, activating blood stagnation and expelling blood stasis. Nowadays, it is often used in clinic for extraordinary effect on liver diseases. It is worthy to be noted that CW processed with vinegar has been applied in clinic for 1500 years which started in the northern and southern dynasties. AIM OF STUDY Liver fibrosis is a worldwide clinical issue. It is worth developing a multi-target and multicellular approach which is high efficiency and low side effects for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. The anti-hepatic fibrosis molecular mechanisms of CW and vinegar Curcuma wenyujin (VCW) need to be explored and elucidated. Furthermore, the study aimed to discuss the efficiency and mechanism differences between CW and VCW in hepatic fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Biochemical assays and histopathology were adopted to evaluate the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect of CW and VCW. The TGF-β/Smad signaling involving TGF-β1, TGF-βRⅠ, TGF-βRⅡ and Smad2, Smad3, Smad7 in fibrosis is examined, which is a critical step towards the evaluation of anti-hepatic fibrosis agents. Meanwhile, the MMP/TIMP balance is a potential therapy target by modulating extracellular matrix, which is also examined. Both CW and VCW inhibit the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells and induce apoptosis via blocking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Additionally, the level of MMP-2/TIMP-1 regulated significantly, which suggest CW and VCW participate in the degradation process, and maintain the formation and production of extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION Raw and vinegar processed Curcuma wenyujin regulates hepatic fibrosis via bloking TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and up-regulation of MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio. And VCW has more exhibition than CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Su
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - De Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiaohan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengting Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Chunqin Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Tulin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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15
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Ren S, Chen J, Wang Q, Li X, Xu Y, Zhang X, Mu Y, Zhang H, Huang S, Liu P. MicroRNA-744/transforming growth factor β1 relationship regulates liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Int 2019; 13:814-825. [PMID: 31643031 PMCID: PMC7400990 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs have added a new dimension to our understanding of liver cirrhosis (LC) and associated processes like the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS Serum samples were collected from 40 LC patients and 30 healthy donors. CCl4-induced LC mouse model in vivo and in vitro human HSC LX-2 and murine HSC JS-1 cells were researched. RESULTS The levels of serum microRNA (miR)-744 is inversely correlated with the severity of LC and is a reliable biomarker of LC. In CCl4-induced LC model, the abundance of miR-744 was reduced in both sera and livers compared with sham controls. Importantly, increasing miR-744 abundance with synthetic miR-744 Agomir alleviated liver fibrosis, a critical component of LC, while reducing miR-744 with Antagomir exacerbated it. To elucidate molecular mechanism underlying the suppressive role of miR-744 in LC, we observed that miR-744 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) are inversely correlated in LC patients' sera as well as sera/livers from CCl4-induced LC mice. We demonstrated that miR-744 Agomir downregulated the expression of TGFβ1 and further confirmed that TGFβ1 mRNA was a bona fide miR-744 target in HSCs. Moreover, miR-744 Agomir reduced the degree of F-actin formation and cell proliferation while miR-744 Antagomir promoted these events, suggesting that miR-744 is a negative regulator of HSC activation. CONCLUSIONS MiR-744-led suppression in HSC activation is most likely through TGFβ1 because exogenous TGFβ1 nearly negated miR-744 Agomir's action. This study suggests that reduction of miR-744 is a reliable biomarker for LC and miR-744/TGFβ1 relationship is a key regulator of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 201203, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiamei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shuang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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16
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Yang L, Chen PP, Luo M, Shi WL, Hou DS, Gao Y, Xu SF, Deng J. Inhibitory effects of total ginsenoside on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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17
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Akdoğan Ö, Atak Yücel A, Gök Sargin Z, Sönmez C, Esendağli Yilmaz G, Özenirler S. Evaluation of Plasma Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (UPAR) in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B, C and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) as Serological Fibrosis Marker. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2019; 9:29-33. [PMID: 30765936 PMCID: PMC6363952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Progressive hepatic fibrosis is the main predictor of outcome and prognosis in chronic liver diseases. The importance of the coagulation cascade has been defined in liver fibrosis; however, the role of the fibrinolytic pathway has not been clear yet. We aimed to evaluate the association between the plasma levels of soluble urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) and the severity of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B, C and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). METHODS 96 chronic hepatitis B, 22 chronic hepatitis C and 11 NAFLD patients together with 47 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. uPAR plasma levels were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS The plasma levels of uPAR in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C significantly exceeded those of healthy controls (P < 0.001) while mean uPAR levels in patients with NAFLD were not different from healthy controls. Mean uPAR levels in chronic viral hepatitis patients with F1-F3 fibrosis and F4-F6 fibrosis were higher than those of control group (P < 0.001). Mean uPAR level in patients with F4-F6 fibrosis was significantly higher than that of patients with F1-F3 fibrosis (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This is the first study that investigated uPAR as a fibrosis marker in NAFLD and chronic hepatitis B patients. It is suggested that plasma levels of uPAR are closely related to the fibrosis stage in chronic hepatitis B and C and that uPAR might be a noninvasive marker of liver fibrosis.
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Key Words
- ALT, Alanine Aminotransferase
- ECM, Extracellular Matrix
- ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- HRP, Horseradish Peroxidase
- HSCs, Hepatic Stellate Cells
- MMPs, Matrix Metalloproteinases
- NAFLD, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- NIA, Necro-Inflammatory Activity
- OD, Optical Densities
- PAIs, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitors
- TGF-beta, Transforming Growth Factor-beta
- TIMPs, Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- tPA, tissue-type Plasminogen Activator
- uPA, urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator
- uPAR, urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor
- urokinease-type plasminogen activator receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Akdoğan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Atak Yücel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Gök Sargin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey,Address for correspondence: Zeynep Gök Sargin, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06510 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey. Tel.: +90 3122027578; fax: +90 3122129016; mobile: +90 5078179704.
| | - Cemile Sönmez
- Sexually Transmitted Research Laboratory, National Public Health Institution of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Seren Özenirler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Zheng Z, Nayak L, Wang W, Yurdagul A Jr, Wang X, Cai B, Lapping S, Ozcan L, Ramakrishnan R, Pestell RG, Jain MK, Tabas I. An ATF6-tPA pathway in hepatocytes contributes to systemic fibrinolysis and is repressed by DACH1. Blood 2019; 133:743-53. [PMID: 30504459 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-864843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a major mediator of fibrinolysis and, thereby, prevents excessive coagulation without compromising hemostasis. Studies on tPA regulation have focused on its acute local release by vascular cells in response to injury or other stimuli. However, very little is known about sources, regulation, and fibrinolytic function of noninjury-induced systemic plasma tPA. We explore the role and regulation of hepatocyte-derived tPA as a source of basal plasma tPA activity and as a contributor to fibrinolysis after vascular injury. We show that hepatocyte tPA is downregulated by a pathway in which the corepressor DACH1 represses ATF6, which is an inducer of the tPA gene Plat Hepatocyte-DACH1-knockout mice show increases in liver Plat, circulating tPA, fibrinolytic activity, bleeding time, and time to thrombosis, which are reversed by silencing hepatocyte Plat Conversely, hepatocyte-ATF6-knockout mice show decreases in these parameters. The inverse correlation between DACH1 and ATF6/PLAT is conserved in human liver. These findings reveal a regulated pathway in hepatocytes that contributes to basal circulating levels of tPA and to fibrinolysis after vascular injury.
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19
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Li H, Li Q, Zhang X, Zheng X, Zhang Q, Hao Z. Thymosin β4 suppresses CCl4
-induced murine hepatic fibrosis by down-regulating transforming growth factor β receptor-II. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3043. [PMID: 29972714 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanchao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
| | - Zhiming Hao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an; Shaanxi Province China
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20
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Gao J, Ye J, Ying Y, Lin H, Luo Z. Negative regulation of TGF-β by AMPK and implications in the treatment of associated disorders. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:523-531. [PMID: 29873702 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) regulates a large number of biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, immune response, and development. In addition, TGF-β plays important roles in some pathological processes, for instance, it is upregulated and activated in fibrosis and advanced cancer. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a fuel gauge that is activated when cells sense shortage of ATP and increase in AMP or AMP:ATP ratio. Activation of AMPK slows down anabolic processes and stimulates catabolic processes, leading to increased production of ATP. Furthermore, the functions of AMPK have been extended beyond energy homeostasis. In fact, AMPK has been shown to exert a tumor suppressive effect. Recent studies have demonstrated negative impacts of AMPK on TGF-β function. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss the differences in the biological functions of TGF-β and AMPK, and some pathological processes such as fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis, as well as angiogenesis and heterotopic ossifications where TGF-β and AMPK exert opposite effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Gao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
- Department of Pathology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jinhui Ye
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
- Department of Pathology, Schools of Basic Sciences, Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang 330000, China
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21
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Liu CH, Liu CJ, Hong CM, Su TH, Yang HC, Chen KM, Huang YP, Yeh YM, Tien HL, Liu YC, Kao JH, Chen DS, Chen PJ. A noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis by BioFibroScore® in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:291-297. [PMID: 28548299 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The diagnostic accuracy of a novel serological panel (BioFibroScore®) to predict hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unknown. METHODS Three markers of BioFibroScore, including urokinase plasminogen activator, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and beta-2 microglobulin, were retrospectively evaluated in 635 HCV-infected patients who received percutaneous liver biopsy and FibroScan®. The formula of BioFibroScore to predict the severity of hepatic fibrosis was developed by adaptive boosting algorithm. The diagnostic accuracy of hepatic fibrosis was assessed both for BioFibroScore and FibroScan, taking METAVIR fibrosis score as the reference standard. RESULTS Urokinase plasminogen activator and beta-2 microglobulin were positively and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was negatively associated with the severity of hepatic fibrosis. Thirty-five (5.5%) patients had failed FibroScan assessment. By adaptive boosting model for BioFibroScore and the established reference ranges for FibroScan, 85.7% and 89.0% of the patients had an identical result for F0-1, F2, F3, and F4, as compared with liver biopsy. The concordance rate between BioFibroScore and FibroScan was 80.7%. BioFibroScore overestimated and underestimated the stage of hepatic fibrosis in 8.3% and 6.0% patients, and most patients had one stage error. Among patients with failed FibroScan assessment, 82.9% of them were correctly diagnosed by BioFibroScore. Bootstrap analysis for BioFibroScore showed the diagnostic accuracy was 80.9-88.4%. CONCLUSIONS BioFibroScore is accurate to assess the stage of hepatic fibrosis in HCV-infected patients. Applying this noninvasive test can substantially reduce the need for invasive liver biopsy and can play a role for fibrosis evaluation when FibroScan assessment was unavailable or unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hua Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Douliou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Hong
- Department of Traumatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hung Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yu-Ming Yeh
- General Biologicals Corporation, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Walton KL, Johnson KE, Harrison CA. Targeting TGF-β Mediated SMAD Signaling for the Prevention of Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:461. [PMID: 28769795 PMCID: PMC5509761 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs when there is an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and degradation. Excessive ECM deposition results in scarring and thickening of the affected tissue, and interferes with tissue and organ homeostasis – mimicking an exaggerated “wound healing” response. Many transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands are potent drivers of ECM deposition, and additionally, have a natural affinity for the ECM, creating a concentrated pool of pro-fibrotic factors at the site of injury. Consequently, TGF-β ligands are upregulated in many human fibrotic conditions and, as such, are attractive targets for fibrosis therapy. Here, we will discuss the contribution of TGF-β proteins in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, and promising anti-fibrotic approaches that target TGF-β ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Walton
- Growth Factor Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Katharine E Johnson
- Growth Factor Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Growth Factor Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, ClaytonVIC, Australia
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Pasta L, Pasta F. PAI-1 4G-4G and MTHFR 677TT in non-hepatitis C virus/hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2920-2926. [PMID: 26689658 PMCID: PMC4678379 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i29.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the different roles of thrombophilia in patients with and without viral etiology. The thrombophilic genetic factors (THRGFs), PAI-1 4G-4G, MTHFR 677TT, V Leiden 506Q and prothrombin 20210A, were studied as risk factors in 1079 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), enrolled from January 2000 to January 2014.
METHODS: All Caucasian LC patients consecutively observed in a fourteen-year period were included; the presence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and Budd Chiari syndrome (BCS) was registered. The differences between the proportions of each THRGF with regard to the presence or absence of viral etiology and the frequencies of the THRGF genotypes with those predicted in a population by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were registered.
RESULTS: Four hundred and seventeen/one thousand and seventy-six patients (38.6%) showed thrombophilia: 217 PAI-1 4G-4G, 176 MTHFR C677TT, 71 V Leiden factor and 41 prothrombin G20210 A, 84 with more than 1 THRGF; 350 presented with no viral liver cirrhosis (NVLC) and 729 with, called viral liver cirrhosis (VLC), of whom 56 patients were hepatitis C virus + hepatitis B virus. PAI-1 4G-4G, MTHFR C677TT, the presence of at least one TRHGF and the presence of > 1 THRGF, were statistically more frequent in patients with NVLC vs patients with VLC: All χ2 > 3.85 and P < 0.05. Patients with PVT and/or BCS with at least one TRHGF were 189/352 (53.7%). The Hardy-Weinberg of PAI-1 and MTHFR 677 genotypes deviated from that expected from a population in equilibrium in patients with NVLC (respectively χ2 = 39.3; P < 0.000 and χ2 = 27.94; P < 0.05), whereas the equilibrium was respected in VLC.
CONCLUSION: MTHFR 677TT was nearly twofold and PAI-1 4G-4G more than threefold more frequently found in NVLC vs patients with VLC; the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of these two polymorphisms confirms this data in NVLC. We suggest that PAI-1 4G-4G and MTHFR 677TT could be considered as factors of fibrosis and thrombosis mechanisms, increasing the inflammation response, and causing the hepatic fibrosis and augmented intrahepatic vascular resistance typical of LC. PAI-1 4G-4G and MTHFR 677TT screening of LC patients could be useful, mainly in those with NVLC, to identify patients in which new drug therapies based on the attenuation of the hepatic stellate cells activation or other mechanisms could be more easily evaluated.
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a dynamic process resulting from excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the liver; uncontrolled progression of fibrosis can eventually lead to liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The fibrogenic process is complex and modulated by a number of both hepatic and extra-hepatic biological factors. Growing evidence indicates that adipokines, a group of cytokines produced by adipose tissue, impart dynamic functions in liver and are involved in modulation of hepatic fibrosis. In particular, two key adipokines, adiponectin and leptin, directly regulate many biological responses closely associated with development and progression of hepatic fibrosis. Leptin acts as a pro-fibrogenic cytokine, while adiponectin possesses anti-fibrogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Adiponectin, acting via its cognate receptors, adiponectin receptors 1 and 2, potently suppresses fibrosis and inflammation in liver via multiple mechanisms. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of adiponectin in fibrogenic process in liver and addresses the underlying molecular mechanisms in modulation of fibrosis.
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25
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D'amico M, Pasta F, Pasta L. Thrombophilic genetic factors PAI-1 4G-4G and MTHFR 677TT as risk factors of alcohol, cryptogenic liver cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis, in a Caucasian population. Gene 2015; 568:85-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Duval F, Moreno-Cuevas JE, González-Garza MT, Rodríguez-Montalvo C, Cruz-Vega DE. Protective mechanisms of medicinal plants targeting hepatic stellate cell activation and extracellular matrix deposition in liver fibrosis. Chin Med 2014; 9:27. [PMID: 25606051 PMCID: PMC4299307 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-014-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are activated and proliferate, which causes excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, leading to scar formation and fibrosis. Medicinal plants are gaining popularity as antifibrotic agents, and are often safe, cost-effective, and versatile. This review aims to describe the protective role and mechanisms of medicinal plants in the inhibition of HSC activation and ECM deposition during the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. A systematic literature review on the anti-fibrotic mechanisms of hepatoprotective plants was performed in PubMed, which yielded articles about twelve relevant plants. Many of these plants act via disruption of the transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling pathway, possibly through reduction in oxidative stress. This reduction could explain the inhibition of HSC activation and reduction in ECM deposition. Medicinal plants could be a source of anti-liver fibrosis compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Duval
- Cell Therapy Department, School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL CP 63710 Mexico
| | - Jorge E Moreno-Cuevas
- Cell Therapy Department, School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL CP 63710 Mexico
| | | | | | - Delia Elva Cruz-Vega
- Cell Therapy Department, School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL CP 63710 Mexico
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27
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AbdulHameed MDM, Tawa GJ, Kumar K, Ippolito DL, Lewis JA, Stallings JD, Wallqvist A. Systems level analysis and identification of pathways and networks associated with liver fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112193. [PMID: 25380136 PMCID: PMC4224449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic liver injury causes necrosis and fibrosis, which may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Despite recent progress in understanding the mechanism of liver fibrosis, our knowledge of the molecular-level details of this disease is still incomplete. The elucidation of networks and pathways associated with liver fibrosis can provide insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease, as well as identify potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Towards this end, we analyzed rat gene expression data from a range of chemical exposures that produced observable periportal liver fibrosis as documented in DrugMatrix, a publicly available toxicogenomics database. We identified genes relevant to liver fibrosis using standard differential expression and co-expression analyses, and then used these genes in pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses. We identified a PPI network module associated with liver fibrosis that includes known liver fibrosis-relevant genes, such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, galectin-3, connective tissue growth factor, and lipocalin-2. We also identified several new genes, such as perilipin-3, legumain, and myocilin, which were associated with liver fibrosis. We further analyzed the expression pattern of the genes in the PPI network module across a wide range of 640 chemical exposure conditions in DrugMatrix and identified early indications of liver fibrosis for carbon tetrachloride and lipopolysaccharide exposures. Although it is well known that carbon tetrachloride and lipopolysaccharide can cause liver fibrosis, our network analysis was able to link these compounds to potential fibrotic damage before histopathological changes associated with liver fibrosis appeared. These results demonstrated that our approach is capable of identifying early-stage indicators of liver fibrosis and underscore its potential to aid in predictive toxicity, biomarker identification, and to generally identify disease-relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Diwan M. AbdulHameed
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Tawa
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle L. Ippolito
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - John A. Lewis
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Stallings
- U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Li T, Eheim AL, Klein S, Uschner FE, Smith AC, Brandon-Warner E, Ghosh S, Bonkovsky HL, Trebicka J, Schrum LW. Novel role of nuclear receptor Rev-erbα in hepatic stellate cell activation: potential therapeutic target for liver injury. Hepatology 2014; 59:2383-96. [PMID: 24497272 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) transdifferentiation from a quiescent, adipocyte-like cell to a highly secretory and contractile myofibroblast-like phenotype contributes to negative pathological consequences, including fibrosis/cirrhosis with portal hypertension (PH). Antiadipogenic mechanisms have been shown to underlie activation of HSCs. We examined the role of heme-sensing nuclear receptor Rev-erbα, a transcriptional repressor involved in metabolic and circadian regulation known to promote adipogenesis in preadipocytes, in HSC transdifferentiation. We discovered that Rev-erbα protein was up-regulated in activated HSCs and injured livers; however, transcriptional repressor activity was not affected by fibrogenic treatments. Surprisingly, increased protein expression was accompanied with increased cytoplasmic accumulation of Rev-erbα, which demonstrated distributions similar to myosin, the major cellular motor protein. Cells overexpressing a cytoplasm-localized Rev-erbα exhibited enhanced contractility. Ectopically expressed Rev-erbα responded to both adipogenic ligand and fibrogenic transforming growth factor beta treatment. Rev-erb ligand SR6452 down-regulated cytoplasmic expression of Rev-erbα, decreased expression of fibrogenic markers and the activated phenotype in HSCs, and ameliorated fibrosis and PH in rodent models. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulation of Rev-erbα is an intrinsic fibrogenic response characterized by cytoplasmic accumulation of the protein in activated HSCs. Cytoplasmic expression of Rev-erbα promotes a contractile phenotype. Rev-erbα acts as a bifunctional regulator promoting either anti- or profibrogenic response, depending on milieu. Rev-erb ligand SR6452 functions by a previously undescribed mechanism, targeting both nuclear activity and cytoplasmic expression of Rev-erbα. Our studies identify Rev-erbα as a novel regulator of HSC transdifferentiation and offers exciting new insights on the therapeutic potential of Rev-erb ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Liver Pathobiology Laboratory, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
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29
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Zhong J, Yang HC, Kon V, Fogo AB, Lawrence DA, Ma J. Vitronectin-binding PAI-1 protects against the development of cardiac fibrosis through interaction with fibroblasts. J Transl Med 2014; 94:633-44. [PMID: 24687120 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promotes or abates fibrotic processes occurring in different organs. Binding of PAI-1 to vitronectin, an extracellular matrix component, may inhibit vitronectin-integrin complex-mediated cellular responses in pathophysiological conditions. To investigate the importance of plasmin suppression vs vitronectin-binding pathways of PAI-1 in cardiac fibrosis, we studied uninephrectomized mice fed a high salt diet and infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) together with different PAI-1 variants, including PAI-1AK (AK) that inhibits plasminogen activators but does not bind vitronectin, PAI-1RR (RR) that binds vitronectin but does not have protease inhibitory effects or control PAI-1 (CPAI), the control mutant that has similar molecular backbone and half-life as AK and RR while retaining all functions of native PAI-1. Compared with RR and CPAI, non-vitronectin-binding AK significantly increased expression of cardiac fibroblast marker, periostin (Ang+AK 8.40±3.55 vs Ang+RR 2.23±0.44 and Ang+CPAI 2.33±0.12% positive area, both P<0.05) and cardiac fibrosis (Ang+AK 1.79±0.26% vs Ang+RR 0.91±0.18% and Ang+CPAI 0.81±0.12% fibrotic area, both P<0.05), as well as Col1 mRNA (Ang+AK 12.81±1.84 vs Ang+RR 4.04±1.06 and Ang+CPAI 5.23±1.21 fold increase, both P<0.05). To elucidate mechanisms underlying the protective effects of vitronectin-binding PAI-1 against fibrosis, fibroblasts from normal adult human ventricles were stimulated with Ang and different PAI-1 variants. Protease inhibitory AK and CPAI increased supernatant fibronectin, while decreasing plasminogen activator/plasmin activities and matrix metalloproteinase. RR and CPAI variants significantly reduced fibroblast expression of integrin β3, vitronectin level in the supernatant and fibroblast adhesion to vitronectin compared with the non-vitronectin-binding AK. Further, RR and CPAI preserved apoptotic, decreased anti-apoptotic and proliferative activities in fibroblasts. Thus, PAI-1 promotes or protects against development of cardiac fibrosis differentially through the protease inhibitory pathway or through its binding to vitronectin.
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30
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Rath T, Hage L, Kügler M, Menendez Menendez K, Zachoval R, Naehrlich L, Schulz R, Roderfeld M, Roeb E. Serum proteome profiling identifies novel and powerful markers of cystic fibrosis liver disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58955. [PMID: 23516586 PMCID: PMC3597583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cystic Fibrosis associated liver disease (CFLD) develops in approximately 30% of CF patients. However, routine sensitive diagnostic tools for CFLD are lacking. Within this study, we aimed to identify new experimental biomarkers for the detection of CFLD. METHODS 45 CF patients were included in the study and received transient elastography. Differential regulation of 220 different serum proteins was assessed in a subgroup of patients with and without CFLD. Most interesting candidate proteins were further quantified and validated by ELISA in the whole patient cohort. To assess a potential relation of biomarker expression to the degree of hepatic fibrosis, serum biomarkers were further determined in 18 HCV patients where liver histology was available. RESULTS 43 serum proteins differed at least 2-fold in patients with CFLD compared to those without liver disease as identified in proteome profiling. In ELISA quantifications, TIMP-4 and Endoglin were significantly up-regulated in patients with CFLD as diagnosed by clinical guidelines or increased liver stiffness. Pentraxin-3 was significantly decreased in patients with CFLD. Serum TIMP-4 and Endoglin showed highest values in HCV patients with liver cirrhosis compared to those with fibrosis but without cirrhosis. At a cut-off value of 6.3 kPa, transient elastography compassed a very high diagnostic accuracy and specificity for the detection of CFLD. Among the biomarkers, TIMP-4 and Endoglin exhibited a high diagnostic accuracy for CFLD. Diagnostic sensitivities and negative predictive values were increased when elastography and TIMP-4 and Endoglin were combined for the detection of CFLD. CONCLUSIONS Serum TIMP-4 and Endoglin are increased in CFLD and their expression correlates with hepatic staging. Determination of TIMP-4 and Endoglin together with transient elastography can increase the sensitivity for the non-invasive diagnosis of CFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rath
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lisa Hage
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marion Kügler
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Menendez Menendez
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhart Zachoval
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Gastroenterology, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Naehrlich
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Richard Schulz
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
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Beier JI, Arteel GE. Alcoholic liver disease and the potential role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrin metabolism. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:1-9. [PMID: 22238286 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a major player in fibrinolysis due to its classical role of inhibiting plasminogen activators. Although increased fibrinolysis is common in alcoholic cirrhosis, decreased fibrinolysis (driven mostly by elevated levels of PAI-1) is common during the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, whether or not PAI-1 plays a causal role in the development of early ALD was unclear. Recent studies in experimental models have suggested that PAI-1 may contribute to the development of early (steatosis), intermediate (steatohepatitis) and late (fibrosis) stages of ALD. For example, fatty liver owing to both acute and chronic ethanol was blunted by the genetic inhibition of PAI-1. This effect of targeting PAI-1 appears to be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis in the genetic absence of this acute phase protein. Results from a two-hit model employing ethanol and lipopolysaccharide administration suggest that PAI-1 plays a critical role in hepatic inflammation, most likely due to its ability to cause fibrin accumulation, which subsequently sensitizes the liver to ensuing damaging insults. Lastly, the role of PAI-1 in hepatic fibrosis is less clear and appears that PAI-1 may serve a dual role in this pathological change, both protective (enhancing regeneration) and damaging (blocking matrix degradation). In summary, results from these studies suggest that PAI-1 may play multiple roles in the various stages of ALD, both protective and damaging. The latter effect is mediated by its influence on steatosis (i.e. decreasing VLDL synthesis), inflammation (i.e. impairing fibrinolysis) and fibrosis (i.e. blunting matrix degradation), whereas the former is mediated by maintaining hepatocyte division after an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane I Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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32
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Miki D, Ohishi W, Ochi H, Hayes CN, Abe H, Tsuge M, Imamura M, Kamatani N, Nakamura Y, Chayama K. Serum PAI-1 is a novel predictor for response to pegylated interferon-α-2b plus ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2012; 19:e126-33. [PMID: 22239510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance have been reported as negative predictors for sustained virological response (SVR) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infected patients treated with pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin. They are also known to affect serum levels of several cytokines including adipocytokines. But the association between these cytokines and treatment outcome has not been fully elucidated. We examined pretreatment serum levels of 14 cytokines among 190 patients who were treated with pegylated interferon-α-2b plus ribavirin for chronic HCV-1b infection with high viral load (≥ 5 log IU/mL) and analyzed their contribution to treatment response. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), vascular endothelial growth factor, and 11 clinical factors showed significant association with SVR in univariate logistic regression analysis. Four significant factors in multivariate analysis; serum PAI-1 (odds ratio [OR] = 15.42), body mass index (OR = 4.56), rs8099917 (OR = 4.95) and fibrosis stage (OR = 5.18) were identified as independent predictors. We constructed a simple and minimally invasive prediction score for SVR based on the presence of these factors except for fibrosis stage. The accuracy of this score was 73%, and was confirmed using an independent validation cohort consisting of 31 patients (68%). The strongest correlation was between PAI-1 level and platelet count (r = 0.38, P = 1.8 × 10(-7)), and PAI-1 level was inversely correlated with fibrosis stage. Serum PAI-1 is a novel predictor for the response to combination therapy against chronic HCV-1b infection and may be associated with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Miki
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Hiroshima, Japan
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33
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Hilbers FS, Boekel NB, van den Broek AJ, van Hien R, Cornelissen S, Aleman BM, van ’t Veer LJ, van Leeuwen FE, Schmidt MK. Genetic variants in TGFβ-1 and PAI-1 as possible risk factors for cardiovascular disease after radiotherapy for breast cancer. Radiother Oncol 2012; 102:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Adipokines (adipose tissue cytokines) are polypeptide factors secreted by adipose tissue in a highly regulated manner. The 'classical' adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and resistin) are expressed only by adipocytes, but other adipokines have been shown to be released by resident and infiltrating macrophages, as well as by components of the vascular stroma. Indeed, adipose tissue inflammation is known to be associated with a modification in the pattern of adipokine secretion. Several studies indicate that adipokines can interfere with hepatic injury associated with fatty infiltration, differentially modulating steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Moreover, plasma levels of adipokines have been investigated in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in order to establish correlations with the underlying state of insulin resistance and with the type and severity of hepatic damage. In this Forum article, we provide a review of recent data that suggest a significant role for oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, and redox signaling in mediating actions of adipokines that are relevant in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, including hepatic insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Parola
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale and Centro Interuniversitario di Fisiopatologia Epatica Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Chen H, Ma H. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and liver fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1156-1159. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i11.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main pathological feature of hepatic fibrosis is extracellular matrix deposition. The fibrinolysis system plays an important role in extracellular matrix deposition in liver fibrosis. This review aims to elucidate the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, an important component of the fibrinolysis system, in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.
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36
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Beier JI, Kaiser JP, Guo L, Martínez-Maldonado M, Arteel GE. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficient mice are protected from angiotensin II-induced fibrosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:19-26. [PMID: 21501583 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PAI-1 has been shown to be both profibrotic and antifibrotic in animal models of hepatic fibrosis. Although these models have similarities to human fibrotic liver disease, no rodent model completely recapitulates the clinical situation; indeed, transaminase values in most models of hepatic fibrosis are much higher than in chronic liver diseases in humans. Here, wild-type and PAI-1(-/-) mice were administered AngII (500 ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks. ECM accumulation was evaluated by Sirius red staining, hydroxyproline content, and fibrin and collagen immunostaining. Induction of pro-fibrotic genes was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Despite the absence of any significant liver damage, AngII infusion increased the deposition of hepatic collagen and fibrin ECM, with a perisinusoidal pattern. PAI-1(-/-) mice were protected from these ECM changes, indicating a causal role of PAI-1 in this fibrosis model. Protection in the knockout strain correlated with a blunted increase in αSMA, and elevated activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP9). These data suggest that PAI-1 plays a critical role in mediating fibrosis caused by AngII and lends weight-of-evidence to a pro-fibrotic role of this protein in liver. Furthermore, the current study proposes a new model of 'pure' hepatic fibrosis in mice with little inflammation or hepatocyte death.
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Song JS, Kang CM. Inhibition of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression in Smoke-Exposed Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2011.70.6.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Sup Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cesari M, Pahor M, Incalzi RA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): a key factor linking fibrinolysis and age-related subclinical and clinical conditions. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 28:e72-91. [PMID: 20626406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The close relationship existing between aging and thrombosis has growingly been studied in this last decade. The age-related development of a prothrombotic imbalance in the fibrinolysis homeostasis has been hypothesized as the basis of this increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk. Fibrinolysis is the result of the interactions among multiple plasminogen activators and inhibitors constituting the enzymatic cascade, and ultimately leading to the degradation of fibrin. The plasminogen activator system plays a key role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a member of the superfamily of serine-protease inhibitors (or serpins), and the principal inhibitor of both the tissue-type and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, the two plasminogen activators able to activate plasminogen. Current evidence describing the central role played by PAI-1 in a number of age-related subclinical (i.e., inflammation, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance) and clinical (i.e., obesity, comorbidities, Werner syndrome) conditions is presented. CONCLUSIONS Despite some controversial and unclear issues, PAI-1 represents an extremely promising marker that may become a biological parameter to be progressively considered in the prognostic evaluation, in the disease monitoring, and as treatment target of age-related conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cesari
- Area di Geriatria, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
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Pereira TN, Walsh MJ, Lewindon PJ, Ramm GA. Paediatric cholestatic liver disease: Diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and mechanisms of fibrogenesis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1:69-84. [PMID: 21607144 PMCID: PMC3097948 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v1.i2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in children. The diagnosis and management of these diseases can be complicated by an inability to detect early stages of fibrosis and a lack of adequate interventional therapy. There is no single gold standard test that accurately reflects the presence of liver disease, or that can be used to monitor fibrosis progression, particularly in conditions such as cystic fibrosis. This has lead to controversy over how suspected liver disease in children is detected and diagnosed. This review discusses the challenges in using commonly available methods to diagnose hepatic fibrosis and monitor disease progression in children with cholestatic liver disease. In addition, the review examines the mechanisms hypothesised to be involved in the development of hepatic fibrogenesis in paediatric cholestatic liver injury which may ultimately aid in identifying new modalities to assist in both disease detection and therapeutic intervention.
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von Montfort C, Beier JI, Kaiser JP, Guo L, Joshi-Barve S, Pritchard MT, States JC, Arteel GE. PAI-1 plays a protective role in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice: role of hepatocyte division. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G657-66. [PMID: 20203062 PMCID: PMC2867423 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00107.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an acute phase protein that has been shown to play a role in experimental fibrosis caused by bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice. However, its role in more severe models of hepatic fibrosis (e.g., carbon tetrachloride; CCl(4)) has not been determined and is important for extrapolation to human disease. Wild-type or PAI-1 knockout mice were administered CCl(4) (1 ml/kg body wt ip) 2x/wk for 4 wk. Plasma (e.g., transaminase activity) and histological (e.g., Sirius red staining) indexes of liver damage and fibrosis were evaluated. Proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by PCNA and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively, as well as by indexes of cell cycle (e.g., p53, cyclin D1). In contrast to previous studies with BDL, hepatic fibrosis was enhanced in PAI-1(-/-) mice after chronic CCl(4) administration. Indeed, all indexes of liver damage were elevated in PAI-1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. This enhanced liver damage correlated with impaired hepatocyte proliferation. A similar effect on proliferation was observed after one bolus dose of CCl(4), without concomitant increases in liver damage. Under these conditions, a decrease in phospho-p38, coupled with elevated p53 protein, was observed; these results suggest impaired proliferation and a potential G(1)/S cell cycle arrest in PAI-1(-/-) mice. These data suggest that PAI-1 may play multiple roles in chronic liver diseases, both protective and damaging, the latter mediated by its influence on inflammation and fibrosis and the former via helping maintain hepatocyte division after an injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia von Montfort
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - J. Phillip Kaiser
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Luping Guo
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Michele T. Pritchard
- 3Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Gavin E. Arteel
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and ,the 2University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky; and
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Ho YC, Lin HJ, Tsai CH, Chang YC. Regulation of type I plasminogen activator inhibitor in human gingival fibroblasts with cyclosporine A. Oral Dis 2010; 16:396-401. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Martínez-Rizo A, Bueno-Topete M, González-Cuevas J, Armendáriz-Borunda J. Plasmin plays a key role in the regulation of profibrogenic molecules in hepatic stellate cells. Liver Int 2010; 30:298-310. [PMID: 19889106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmin role in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-responsive gene regulation remains to be elucidated. Also, plasmin action on co-repressor Ski-related novel protein N (SnoN) and differential activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are unknown. Thus, the role of plasmin on profibrogenic molecule expression, SnoN transcriptional kinetics and gelatinase activation was investigated. METHODS Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were transduced with adenovirus-mediated human urokinase plasminogen activator (Ad-huPA) (4 x 10(9) viral particles/ml). Overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator and therefore of plasmin, was blocked by tranexamic acid (TA) in transduced HSC. Gene expression was monitored by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. HSC-free supernatants were used to evaluate MMP-2 and MMP-9 by zymography. SnoN, TGF-beta and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were analysed by Western blot. Plasmin and SnoN expression kinetics were evaluated in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats. RESULTS Plasmin overexpression in Ad-huPA-transduced HSC significantly decreased gene expression of profibrogenic molecules [alpha1(I)collagen 66%, TIMP-1 59%, alpha-smooth muscle actin 90% and TGF-beta 55%]. Interestingly, both SnoN gene and protein expression increased prominently. Plasmin inhibition by TA upregulated the profibrogenic genes, which respond to TGF-beta-intracellular signalling. In contrast, SnoN mRNA and protein dropped importantly. Plasmin-activated MMP-9 and MMP-2 in HSC supernatants. Taken together, these findings indicate that MMP-9 activation is totally plasmin dependent. SnoN levels significantly decreased in cholestatic-BDL rats (82%) as compared with control animals. Interestingly, hepatic plasmin levels dropped 46% in BDL rats as compared with control. CONCLUSION Plasmin plays a key role in regulating TGF-beta-responding genes. In particular, regulation of TGF-beta-co-repressor (SnoN) is greatly affected, which suggests SnoN as a cardinal player in cholestasis-induced fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Martínez-Rizo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, CUCS, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, and OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Colmenero J, Bataller R, Sancho-Bru P, Domínguez M, Moreno M, Forns X, Bruguera M, Arroyo V, Brenner DA, Ginès P. Effects of losartan on hepatic expression of nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase and fibrogenic genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G726-34. [PMID: 19628656 PMCID: PMC2763804 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00162.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II promotes liver fibrogenesis by stimulating nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX)-induced oxidative stress. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers attenuate experimental liver fibrosis, yet their effects in human liver fibrosis are unknown. We investigated the effects of losartan on hepatic expression of fibrogenic, inflammatory, and NOX genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Fourteen patients with CHC and liver fibrosis received oral losartan (50 mg/day) for 18 mo. Liver biopsies were performed at baseline and after treatment. The degree of inflammation and fibrosis was evaluated by histological analysis (METAVIR). Collagen content was measured by morphometric quantification of Sirius red staining. Overall collagen content and fibrosis stage remained stable in the whole series, yet the fibrosis stage decreased in seven patients. Inflammatory activity improved in seven patients. The effect of losartan on hepatic expression of 31 profibrogenic and inflammatory genes and components of the NOX complex was assessed by quantitative PCR. Losartan treatment was associated with a significant decrease in the expression of several profibrogenic and NOX genes including procollagen alpha1(I) and alpha1(IV), urokinase-type plasminogen activator, metalloproteinase type 2, NOX activator 1 (NOXA-1) and organizer 1 (NOXO-1), and Rac-1. Losartan was well tolerated in all patients and was effective in attenuating the activity of the systemic renin-angiotensin system. No effects on serum liver tests or viral load were observed. We conclude that prolonged administration of losartan, an oral AT1 receptor blocker, is associated with downregulation of NOX components and fibrogenic genes in patients with CHC. Controlled studies are warranted to assess the effect of AT1 receptor blockers in chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Colmenero
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Ramón Bataller
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Marlene Domínguez
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Montserrat Moreno
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Xavier Forns
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Miquel Bruguera
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
| | - David A. Brenner
- 2University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Pere Ginès
- 1Liver Unit, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; and
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Bortolotti M, Kreis R, Debard C, Cariou B, Faeh D, Chetiveaux M, Ith M, Vermathen P, Stefanoni N, Lê KA, Schneiter P, Krempf M, Vidal H, Boesch C, Tappy L. High protein intake reduces intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1002-10. [PMID: 19710199 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High sugar and fat intakes are known to increase intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCLs) and to cause insulin resistance. High protein intake may facilitate weight loss and improve glucose homeostasis in insulin-resistant patients, but its effects on IHCLs remain unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effect of high protein intake on high-fat diet-induced IHCL accumulation and insulin sensitivity in healthy young men. DESIGN Ten volunteers were studied in a crossover design after 4 d of either a hypercaloric high-fat (HF) diet; a hypercaloric high-fat, high-protein (HFHP) diet; or a control, isocaloric (control) diet. IHCLs were measured by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fasting metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry, insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and plasma concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; expression of key lipogenic genes was assessed in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy specimens. RESULTS The HF diet increased IHCLs by 90 +/- 26% and plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (tPAI-1) by 54 +/- 11% (P < 0.02 for both) and inhibited plasma free fatty acids by 26 +/- 11% and beta-hydroxybutyrate by 61 +/- 27% (P < 0.05 for both). The HFHP diet blunted the increase in IHCLs and normalized plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and tPAI-1 concentrations. Insulin sensitivity was not altered, whereas the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and key lipogenic genes increased with the HF and HFHP diets (P < 0.02). Bile acid concentrations remained unchanged after the HF diet but increased by 50 +/- 24% after the HFHP diet (P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS Protein intake significantly blunts the effects of an HF diet on IHCLs and tPAI-1 through effects presumably exerted at the level of the liver. Protein-induced increases in bile acid concentrations may be involved. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00523562.
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Naderi J, Bernreuther C, Grabinski N, Putman CT, Henkel B, Bell G, Glatzel M, Sultan KR. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 up-regulation is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and associated fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2009; 175:763-71. [PMID: 19574431 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Muscle wasting remains a feature of many diseases and is counteracted by anabolic supplementation or exercise. Persisting atrophy-inducing conditions can be complicated by skeletal muscle fibrosis, which leads to functional impairment. Identification of early mechanisms that initiate atrophy-induced fibrosis may reveal novel targets for therapy or diagnosis. Therefore, we investigated changes in the expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis during glucocorticoid-induced atrophy of myotubes and compared them with insulin-like growth factor-1-induced hypertrophy. Obtained results were verified in rat gastrocnemius muscle that was exposed to microgravity by space flight for 2 weeks. Myostatin and atrogin-1 mRNA levels reflected the magnitude of atrophy. Despite differential induction of these negative muscle mass regulators, no major changes in matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9, and -14 mRNAs or their physiological inhibitors could be detected in either atrophy model. In contrast, transcript levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) was dramatically increased in atrophic myotubes and microgravity-exposed rat gastrocnemius muscle, while plasminogen activators remained unaltered. In contrast to atrophy, no increase in PAI-1 mRNA levels could be detected in rat hindlimb that was electrically stimulated for 21 days. Furthermore, a strong increase in PAI-1 mRNA levels was identified in skeletal muscle of patients with neurogenic muscle atrophy. Our study suggests that increased PAI-1 expression in atrophic skeletal muscle may lead to muscle fibrosis by reducing plasmin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Naderi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Hu PF, Chen H, Zhong W, Lin Y, Zhang X, Chen YX, Xie WF. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of siRNA against PAI-1 mRNA ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in rats. J Hepatol 2009; 51:102-13. [PMID: 19446913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a potential profibrotic molecule. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of PAI-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) on experimental hepatic fibrosis and investigate the intrinsic mechanisms. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis in rats was induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) administration or bile duct ligation (BDL). An adenovirus carrying PAI-1 shRNA (AdshPAI) was generated and administered via tail vein injection. The expression of PAI-1 was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of AdshPAI on fibrosis was evaluated by histological and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS We found that PAI-1 was downregulated after AdshPAI administration. Liver fibrosis was significantly improved after AdshPAI administration in both DMN and BDL models. AdshPAI treatment facilitated matrix degradation by correcting the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and its inhibitors (TIMPs) through upregulation of MMP9, MMP13 and downregulation of TIMP-1. Moreover, AdshPAI treatment stimulated hepatocellular proliferation and inhibited cellular apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that AdshPAI treatment has a protective effect on hepatocytes and ameliorates liver fibrogenesis. Inhibiting the upregulation of PAI-1 during liver fibrosis may be an antifibrotic pathway worth exploiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Scharpfenecker M, Kruse JJCM, Sprong D, Russell NS, Ten Dijke P, Stewart FA. Ionizing radiation shifts the PAI-1/ID-1 balance and activates notch signaling in endothelial cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73:506-13. [PMID: 19147015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Notch signaling pathways are important regulators of vascular homeostasis and vessel remodeling; mutations in these pathways can lead to vascular disorders. Similar vascular phenotypes develop in the normal tissues of cancer patients as a long-term effect of radiotherapy. Irradiation most severely affects the capillaries, which become leaky and dilated and might eventually rupture. To investigate the mechanism of such capillary damage, we studied the effect of TGF-beta and Notch signaling in microvascular endothelial cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS Human microvascular endothelial cells were irradiated with 5 or 10 Gy and activation of TGF-beta and Notch signaling pathways was assessed by biochemical methods and a cell migration assay. RESULTS Ionizing radiation induced Smad2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation and increased mRNA and protein expression of the activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5) target gene plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). At the same time, we observed diminished Smad1/5/8 activation and downregulation of the ALK1 downstream target, inhibitor of DNA binding-1 (ID-1). We also measured an upregulation of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 and the target gene Hey1. Decreased inhibitor of DNA binding-1 levels coincided with a reduced ability of the cells to migrate. CONCLUSION Ionizing radiation shifts the balance from ALK1 to ALK5 signaling and activates the Notch pathway in endothelial cells. This combination of anti-angiogenic signals contributes to reduced cell migration after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Scharpfenecker
- Department of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hu PF, Zhu YW, Zhong W, Chen YX, Lin Y, Zhang X, Yin C, Yue HY, Xie WF. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by siRNA in rat hepatic stellate cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:1917-25. [PMID: 18761555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The plasminogen activator/plasmin system is known to regulate the extracellular matrix turnover. The aim of this study was to detect the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) during liver fibrogenesis and investigate the functional effects of PAI-1 gene silencing in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) using small interfering RNA (siRNA). METHODS Hepatic fibrosis in rats was induced through serial subcutaneously injections of CCl(4) and the expression of PAI-1 was detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PAI-1 siRNA molecules were constructed and transiently transfected into HSC-T6 using the cell suspension transfection method. The pSUPER RNA interfering system was used to establish the HSC stable cell line pSUPER-shPAI. Expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-beta, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, and collagen types I and III were evaluated by real-time PCR. Cell proliferation and the cell cycle were determined by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method and flow cytometry. Collagen content in HSCs supernatant was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The results showed that PAI-1 was upregulated during liver fibrosis, and its expression was closely correlated with the deposition of collagens. SiRNA molecules were successfully transfected into HSCs and induced inhibition of PAI-1 expression time dependently. Moreover, PAI-1 siRNA treatment downregulated alpha-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor-beta, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 expression, and inhibited collagen types I and III synthesis both at the mRNA and protein level in transiently and stably transfected HSCs. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a significant functional role for PAI-1 in the development of liver fibrosis and that downregulating PAI-1 expression might present as a potential strategy to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The study of hepatic fibrosis, or scarring in response to chronic liver injury, has witnessed tremendous progress in the past two decades. Clarification of the cellular sources of scar, and emergence of hepatic stellate cells not only as a fibrogenic cell type, but also as a critical immunomodulatory and homeostatic regulator are among the most salient advances. Activation of hepatic stellate cells remains a central event in fibrosis, complemented by evidence of additional sources of matrix-producing cells including bone marrow, portal fibroblasts, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition from both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. A growing range of cytokines and their receptors and inflammatory cell subsets have further expanded our knowledge about this dynamic process. Collectively, these findings have laid the foundation for continued elucidation of underlying mechanisms, and more importantly for the implementation of rationally based approaches to limit fibrosis, accelerate repair and enhance liver regeneration in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Box 1123, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 11-70C, New York, NY 10029-6574, United States.
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Lukivskaya O, Patsenker E, Lis R, Buko VU. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity prevents liver recovery in rat thioacetamide-induced fibrosis reversal. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:317-25. [PMID: 18380797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis similar to the application of NO donors could be of benefit in liver fibrosis. Many authors believe that activation of NO synthesis by pharmacological agents is promising in the treatment of liver fibrosis. However, there is considerable controversy in understanding the role of NO in fibrogenesis and fibrolysis. The aims of our study were to evaluate the effects of L-arginine, as an NO metabolic precursor, and those of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors, L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and aminoguanidine (AG) in rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis reversal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats, 230-240 g, received TAA (200 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneally) twice a week for 3 months. Liver resolution was simulated by withdrawal of TAA administration. Thereafter the animals were subdivided into five groups and treated by intragastric intubation with: L-arginine (100 and 300 mg kg(-1)); L-NAME as an inhibitor of both constitutively expressed NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) (20 mg kg(-1)), AG as a specific inhibitor of iNOS (100 mg kg(-1)) or placebo. The severity of liver fibrosis was assessed by morphometric evaluation of liver slides stained with Azan-Mallory, hydroxyproline (Hyp) determination and mRNA steady state levels of collagen I, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, metalloproteinases (MMP)-13, -14, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 were quantified by real time PCR. The activities of serum marker enzyme, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, were measured. RESULTS TAA treatment during 3 months induced micronodular liver fibrosis with a pronounced deposition of collagen fibres. L-Arginine did not affect this deposition nor did it affect both relative and total liver hydroxyproline content. Both NOS inhibitors significantly increased the square of the liver connective tissue stained by Azan-Mallory and the above parameters characterizing liver hydroxyproline content. Both NOS inhibitors up-regulated procollagen alpha1 (I), MMP-13, TIMP-1 and PAI-1 mRNA expression. The AG effects were more pronounced. than those of L-NAME. AG treatment also increased mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 and PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Both NOS inhibitors developed a clear pro-fibrotic effect in the liver. Aminoguanidine was more fibrotic than L-NAME. Our data suggest a significant anti-fibrotic role for iNOS rather than for eNOS. L-Arginine did not show any anti-fibrotic properties in the TAA-model used.
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