1
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Sun W, Wu Y, Ying T. Progress in novel delivery technologies to improve efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105867. [PMID: 38521465 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics have achieved remarkable success in treating a wide range of human diseases. However, conventional systemic delivery methods have limitations in insufficient target tissue permeability, high costs, repeated administrations, etc. Novel technologies have been developed to address these limitations and further enhance antibody therapy. Local antibody delivery via respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, eye and blood-brain barrier have shown promising results in increasing local concentrations and overcoming barriers. Nucleic acid-encoded antibodies expressed from plasmid DNA, viral vectors or mRNA delivery platforms also offer advantages over recombinant proteins such as sustained expression, rapid onset, and lower costs. This review summarizes recent advances in antibody delivery methods and highlights innovative technologies that have potential to expand therapeutic applications of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Sun
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Weiner JA, Natarajan H, McIntosh CJ, Yang ES, Choe M, Papia CL, Axelrod KS, Kovacikova G, Pegu A, Ackerman ME. Selection of positive controls and their impact on anti-drug antibody assay performance. J Immunol Methods 2024; 528:113657. [PMID: 38479453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Development of assays to reliably identify and characterize anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) depends on positive control anti-idiotype (anti-id) reagents, which are used to demonstrate that the standards recommended by regulatory authorities are met. This work employs a set of therapeutic antibodies under clinical development and their corresponding anti-ids to investigate how different positive control reagent properties impact ADA assay development. Positive controls exhibited different response profiles and apparent assay analytical sensitivity values depending on assay format. Neither anti-id affinity for drug, nor sensitivity in direct immunoassays related to sensitivity in ADA assays. Anti-ids were differentially able to detect damage to drug conjugates used in bridging assays and were differentially drug tolerant. These parameters also failed to relate to assay sensitivity, further complicating selection of anti-ids for use in ADA assay development based on functional characteristics. Given this variability among anti-ids, alternative controls that could be employed across multiple antibody drugs were investigated as a more uniform means to define ADA detection sensitivity across drug products and assay protocols, which could help better relate assay results to clinical risks of ADA responses. Overall, this study highlights the importance of positive control selection to reliable detection and clinical interpretation of the presence and magnitude of ADA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Calum J McIntosh
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cassidy L Papia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
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3
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Mahomed S. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0015222. [PMID: 38687039 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a formidable global health concern, with 39 million people living with the virus and 1.3 million new infections reported in 2022. Despite anti-retroviral therapy's effectiveness in pre-exposure prophylaxis, its global adoption is limited. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer an alternative strategy for HIV prevention through passive immunization. Historically, passive immunization has been efficacious in the treatment of various diseases ranging from oncology to infectious diseases. Early clinical trials suggest bNAbs are safe, tolerable, and capable of reducing HIV RNA levels. Although challenges such as bNAb resistance have been noted in phase I trials, ongoing research aims to assess the additive or synergistic benefits of combining multiple bNAbs. Researchers are exploring bispecific and trispecific antibodies, and fragment crystallizable region modifications to augment antibody efficacy and half-life. Moreover, the potential of other antibody isotypes like IgG3 and IgA is under investigation. While promising, the application of bNAbs faces economic and logistical barriers. High manufacturing costs, particularly in resource-limited settings, and logistical challenges like cold-chain requirements pose obstacles. Preliminary studies suggest cost-effectiveness, although this is contingent on various factors like efficacy and distribution. Technological advancements and strategic partnerships may mitigate some challenges, but issues like molecular aggregation remain. The World Health Organization has provided preferred product characteristics for bNAbs, focusing on optimizing their efficacy, safety, and accessibility. The integration of bNAbs in HIV prophylaxis necessitates a multi-faceted approach, considering economic, logistical, and scientific variables. This review comprehensively covers the historical context, current advancements, and future avenues of bNAbs in HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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4
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Libera M, Caputo V, Laterza G, Moudoud L, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Diotti RA. The Question of HIV Vaccine: Why Is a Solution Not Yet Available? J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:2147912. [PMID: 38628675 PMCID: PMC11019575 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2147912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ever since its discovery, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has remained a significant public health concern. The number of HIV-1 seropositive individuals currently stands at 40.1 million, yet definitive treatment for the virus is still unavailable on the market. Vaccination has proven to be a potent tool in combating infectious diseases, as evidenced by its success against other pathogens. However, despite ongoing efforts and research, the unique viral characteristics have prevented the development of an effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. In this review, we aim to provide an historical overview of the various approaches attempted to create an effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. Our objective is to explore the reasons why specific methods have failed to induce a protective immune response and to analyze the different modalities of immunogen presentation. This trial is registered with NCT05414786, NCT05471076, NCT04224701, and NCT01937455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Libera
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Caputo
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Laterza
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Louiza Moudoud
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- SC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta A. Diotti
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
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5
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Feist WN, Luna SE, Ben-Efraim K, Filsinger Interrante MV, Amorin NA, Johnston NM, Bruun TUJ, Ghanim HY, Lesch BJ, Dudek AM, Porteus MH. Combining Cell-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Resistance to HIV-1 By Engineering Hematopoietic Stem Cells for CCR5 Knockout and B Cell Secretion of Therapeutic Antibodies. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.08.583956. [PMID: 38496600 PMCID: PMC10942466 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.583956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Autologous transplantation of CCR5 null hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is the only known cure for HIV-1 infection. However, this treatment is limited because of the rarity of CCR5 -null matched donors, the morbidities associated with allogeneic transplantation, and the prevalence of HIV-1 strains resistant to CCR5 knockout (KO) alone. Here, we propose a one-time therapy through autologous transplantation of HSPCs genetically engineered ex vivo to produce both CCR5 KO cells and long-term secretion of potent HIV-1 inhibiting antibodies from B cell progeny. CRISPR-Cas9-engineered HSPCs maintain engraftment capacity and multi-lineage potential in vivo and can be engineered to express multiple antibodies simultaneously. Human B cells engineered to express each antibody secrete neutralizing concentrations capable of inhibiting HIV-1 pseudovirus infection in vitro . This work lays the groundwork for a potential one-time functional cure for HIV-1 through combining the long-term delivery of therapeutic antibodies against HIV-1 and the known efficacy of CCR5 KO HSPC transplantation.
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Schriek AI, Aldon YLT, van Gils MJ, de Taeye SW. Next-generation bNAbs for HIV-1 cure strategies. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105788. [PMID: 38158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the ability to suppress viral replication using anti-retroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 remains a global public health problem. Curative strategies for HIV-1 have to target and eradicate latently infected cells across the body, i.e. the viral reservoir. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have the capacity to neutralize virions and bind to infected cells to initiate elimination of these cells. To improve the efficacy of bNAbs in terms of viral suppression and viral reservoir eradication, next generation antibodies (Abs) are being developed that address the current limitations of Ab treatment efficacy; (1) low antigen (Env) density on (reactivated) HIV-1 infected cells, (2) high viral genetic diversity, (3) exhaustion of immune cells and (4) short half-life of Abs. In this review we summarize and discuss preclinical and clinical studies in which anti-HIV-1 Abs demonstrated potent viral control, and describe the development of engineered Abs that could address the limitations described above. Next generation Abs with optimized effector function, avidity, effector cell recruitment and immune cell activation have the potential to contribute to an HIV-1 cure or durable control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Y L T Aldon
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S W de Taeye
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Dohadwala S, Geib MT, Politch JA, Anderson DJ. Innovations in monoclonal antibody-based multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Front Reprod Health 2024; 5:1337479. [PMID: 38264184 PMCID: PMC10803587 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1337479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently being produced for a number of clinical applications including contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Combinations of contraceptive and anti-STI mAbs, including antibodies against HIV-1 and HSV-2, provide a powerful and flexible approach for highly potent and specific multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) products with desirable efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. MAbs can be administered systemically by injection, or mucosally via topical products (e.g., films, gels, rings) which can be tailored for vaginal, penile or rectal administration to address the needs of different populations. The MPT field has faced challenges with safety, efficacy, production and cost. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of mAb MPTs that tackle these challenges with innovative strategies in mAb engineering, manufacturing, and delivery that could usher in a new generation of safe, efficacious, cost-effective, and scalable mAb MPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dohadwala
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew T. Geib
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph A. Politch
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Fu Y, He X, Gao XD, Li F, Ge S, Yang Z, Fan X. Prime editing: current advances and therapeutic opportunities in human diseases. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:3278-3291. [PMID: 37973465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing ushers in a new era of disease treatment since many genetic diseases are caused by base-pair mutations in genomic DNA. With the rapid development of genome editing technology, novel editing tools such as base editing and prime editing (PE) have attracted public attention, heralding a great leap forward in this field. PE, in particular, is characterized by no need for double-strand breaks (DSBs) or homology sequence templates with variable application scenarios, including point mutations as well as insertions or deletions. With higher editing efficiency and fewer byproducts than traditional editing tools, PE holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for human diseases. Subsequently, a growing demand for the standard construction of PE system has spawned numerous easy-to-access internet resources and tools for personalized prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) design and off-target site prediction. In this review, we mainly introduce the innovation and evolutionary strategy of PE systems and the auxiliary tools for PE design and analysis. Additionally, its application and future potential in the clinical field have been summarized and envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xin D Gao
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge MA 02141, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China.
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9
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Paneerselvam N, Khan A, Lawson BR. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV: Progress and challenges. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109809. [PMID: 37852345 PMCID: PMC10872707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer a novel approach to treating, preventing, or curing HIV. Pre-clinical models and clinical trials involving the passive transfer of bNAbs have demonstrated that they can control viremia and potentially serve as alternatives or complement antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, antibody decay, persistent latent reservoirs, and resistance impede bNAb treatment. This review discusses recent advancements and obstacles in applying bNAbs and proposes strategies to enhance their therapeutic potential. These strategies include multi-epitope targeting, antibody half-life extension, combining with current and newer antiretrovirals, and sustained antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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10
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Wieczorek L, Sanders-Buell E, Zemil M, Lewitus E, Kavusak E, Heller J, Molnar S, Rao M, Smith G, Bose M, Nguyen A, Dhungana A, Okada K, Parisi K, Silas D, Slike B, Ganesan A, Okulicz J, Lalani T, Agan BK, Crowell TA, Darden J, Rolland M, Vasan S, Ake J, Krebs SJ, Peel S, Tovanabutra S, Polonis VR. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011780. [PMID: 38055771 PMCID: PMC10727358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype B HIV-1 has been the primary driver of the HIV-1 epidemic in the United States (U.S.) for over forty years and is also a prominent subtype in the Americas, Europe, Australia, the Middle East and North Africa. In this study, the neutralization profiles of contemporary subtype B Envs from the U.S. were assessed to characterize changes in neutralization sensitivities over time. We generated a panel of 30 contemporary pseudoviruses (PSVs) and demonstrated continued diversification of subtype B Env from the 1980s up to 2018. Neutralization sensitivities of the contemporary subtype B PSVs were characterized using 31 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and were compared with strains from earlier in the HIV-1 pandemic. A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 NAbs for the contemporary as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the NAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A meta-analysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Wieczorek
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michelle Zemil
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Lewitus
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erin Kavusak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonah Heller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Molnar
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mekhala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Smith
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Nguyen
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adwitiya Dhungana
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine Okada
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly Parisi
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Silas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Slike
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason Okulicz
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Trevor A. Crowell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Janice Darden
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie Ake
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shelly J. Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheila Peel
- Diagnostics and Countermeasures Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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11
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Galy A, Berkhout B, Breckpot K, Pichon C, Bloom K, Kiem HP, Mühlebach MD, McCune JM. Recent Advances Using Genetic Therapies Against Infectious Diseases and for Vaccination. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:896-904. [PMID: 37639360 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of prophylatic or therapeutic medicines for infectious diseases is one of the priorities for health organizations worldwide. Innovative solutions are required to achieve effective, safe, and accessible treatments for most if not all infectious diseases, particularly those that are chronic in nature or that emerge unexpectedly over time. Genetic technologies offer versatile possibilities to design therapies against pathogens. Recent developments such as mRNA vaccines, CRISPR gene editing, and immunotherapies provide unprecedented hope to achieve significant results in the field of infectious diseases. This review will focus on advances in this domain, showcasing the cross-fertilization with other fields (e.g., oncology), and addressing some of the logistical and economic concerns important to consider when making these advances accessible to diverse populations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Galy
- ART-TG, Inserm, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Experimental Virology Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, ART-ARNm, Inserm, Orléans
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joseph M McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Campbell ESB, Goens MM, Cao W, Thompson B, Susta L, Banadyga L, Wootton SK. Recent Advancements in AAV-Vectored Immunoprophylaxis in the Nonhuman Primate Model. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2223. [PMID: 37626720 PMCID: PMC10452516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important treatment modalities for preventing and treating infectious diseases, especially for those lacking prophylactic vaccines or effective therapies. Recent advances in mAb gene cloning from naturally infected or immunized individuals has led to the development of highly potent human mAbs against a wide range of human and animal pathogens. While effective, the serum half-lives of mAbs are quite variable, with single administrations usually resulting in short-term protection, requiring repeated doses to maintain therapeutic concentrations for extended periods of time. Moreover, due to their limited time in circulation, mAb therapies are rarely given prophylactically; instead, they are generally administered therapeutically after the onset of symptoms, thus preventing mortality, but not morbidity. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have an established record of high-efficiency in vivo gene transfer in a variety of animal models and humans. When delivered to post-mitotic tissues such as skeletal muscle, brain, and heart, or to organs in which cells turn over slowly, such as the liver and lungs, AAV vector genomes assume the form of episomal concatemers that direct transgene expression, often for the lifetime of the cell. Based on these attributes, many research groups have explored AAV-vectored delivery of highly potent mAb genes as a strategy to enable long-term expression of therapeutic mAbs directly in vivo following intramuscular or intranasal administration. However, clinical trials in humans and studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) indicate that while AAVs are a powerful and promising platform for vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP), further optimization is needed to decrease anti-drug antibody (ADA) and anti-capsid antibody responses, ultimately leading to increased serum transgene expression levels and improved therapeutic efficacy. The following review will summarize the current landscape of AAV VIP in NHP models, with an emphasis on vector and transgene design as well as general delivery system optimization. In addition, major obstacles to AAV VIP, along with implications for clinical translation, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie M. Goens
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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13
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Chung C, Kudchodkar SB, Chung CN, Park YK, Xu Z, Pardi N, Abdel-Mohsen M, Muthumani K. Expanding the Reach of Monoclonal Antibodies: A Review of Synthetic Nucleic Acid Delivery in Immunotherapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:46. [PMID: 37489368 PMCID: PMC10366852 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to combat disease has revolutionized medical treatment. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in particular, have emerged as important immunotherapeutic agents with clinical relevance in treating a wide range of diseases, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. These mAbs are developed from naturally occurring antibodies and target specific epitopes of single molecules, minimizing off-target effects. Antibodies can also be designed to target particular pathogens or modulate immune function by activating or suppressing certain pathways. Despite their benefit for patients, the production and administration of monoclonal antibody therapeutics are laborious, costly, and time-consuming. Administration often requires inpatient stays and repeated dosing to maintain therapeutic levels, limiting their use in underserved populations and developing countries. Researchers are developing alternate methods to deliver monoclonal antibodies, including synthetic nucleic acid-based delivery, to overcome these limitations. These methods allow for in vivo production of monoclonal antibodies, which would significantly reduce costs and simplify administration logistics. This review explores new methods for monoclonal antibody delivery, including synthetic nucleic acids, and their potential to increase the accessibility and utility of life-saving treatments for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Curtis N Chung
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul 04500, Republic of Korea
| | - Young K Park
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul 04500, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Kar Muthumani
- GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Seoul 04500, Republic of Korea
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14
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Joshi LR, Gálvez NM, Ghosh S, Weiner DB, Balazs AB. Delivery platforms for broadly neutralizing antibodies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:191-208. [PMID: 37265268 PMCID: PMC10247185 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Passive administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is being evaluated as a therapeutic approach to prevent or treat HIV infections. However, a number of challenges face the widespread implementation of passive transfer for HIV. To reduce the need of recurrent administrations of bNAbs, gene-based delivery approaches have been developed which overcome the limitations of passive transfer. RECENT FINDINGS The use of DNA and mRNA for the delivery of bNAbs has made significant progress. DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) have shown great promise in animal models of disease and the underlying DNA-based technology is now being tested in vaccine trials for a variety of indications. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly accelerated the development of mRNA-based technology to induce protective immunity. These advances are now being successfully applied to the delivery of monoclonal antibodies using mRNA in animal models. Delivery of bNAbs using viral vectors, primarily adeno-associated virus (AAV), has shown great promise in preclinical animal models and more recently in human studies. Most recently, advances in genome editing techniques have led to engineering of monoclonal antibody expression from B cells. These efforts aim to turn B cells into a source of evolving antibodies that can improve through repeated exposure to the respective antigen. SUMMARY The use of these different platforms for antibody delivery has been demonstrated across a wide range of animal models and disease indications, including HIV. Although each approach has unique strengths and weaknesses, additional advances in efficiency of gene delivery and reduced immunogenicity will be necessary to drive widespread implementation of these technologies. Considering the mounting clinical evidence of the potential of bNAbs for HIV treatment and prevention, overcoming the remaining technical challenges for gene-based bNAb delivery represents a relatively straightforward path towards practical interventions against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicolás M.S. Gálvez
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sukanya Ghosh
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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15
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Düchs M, Blazevic D, Rechtsteiner P, Kenny C, Lamla T, Low S, Savistchenko J, Neumann M, Melki R, Schönberger T, Stierstorfer B, Wyatt D, Igney F, Ciossek T. AAV-mediated expression of a new conformational anti-aggregated α-synuclein antibody prolongs survival in a genetic model of α-synucleinopathies. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 37322068 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion-like transmission of pathology in α-synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy is increasingly recognized as one potential mechanism to address disease progression. Active and passive immunotherapies targeting insoluble, aggregated α-synuclein are already being actively explored in the clinic with mixed outcomes so far. Here, we report the identification of 306C7B3, a highly selective, aggregate-specific α-synuclein antibody with picomolar affinity devoid of binding to the monomeric, physiologic protein. 306C7B3 binding is Ser129-phosphorylation independent and shows high affinity to several different aggregated α-synuclein polymorphs, increasing the likelihood that it can also bind to the pathological seeds assumed to drive disease progression in patients. In support of this, highly selective binding to pathological aggregates in postmortem brains of MSA patients was demonstrated, with no staining in samples from other human neurodegenerative diseases. To achieve CNS exposure of 306C7B3, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) based approach driving expression of the secreted antibody within the brain of (Thy-1)-[A30P]-hα-synuclein mice was used. Widespread central transduction after intrastriatal inoculation was ensured by using the AAV2HBKO serotype, with transduction being spread to areas far away from the inoculation site. Treatment of (Thy-1)-[A30P]-hα-synuclein mice at the age of 12 months demonstrated significantly increased survival, with 306C7B3 concentration reaching 3.9 nM in the cerebrospinal fluid. These results suggest that AAV-mediated expression of 306C7B3, targeting extracellular, presumably disease-propagating aggregates of α-synuclein, has great potential as a disease-modifying therapy for α-synucleinopathies as it ensures CNS exposure of the antibody, thereby mitigating the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Düchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dragica Blazevic
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Thorsten Lamla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sarah Low
- Boehringer Ingelheim USA, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Manuela Neumann
- Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tanja Schönberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - David Wyatt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frederik Igney
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Ciossek
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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16
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Gillmann KM, Temme JS, Marglous S, Brown CE, Gildersleeve JC. Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies: Basic research and clinical applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 74:102281. [PMID: 36905763 PMCID: PMC10732169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies have important applications in human health and basic research. Therapeutic antibodies that recognize cancer- or pathogen-associated glycans have been investigated in numerous clinical trials, resulting in two FDA-approved biopharmaceuticals. Anti-glycan antibodies are also utilized to diagnose, prognosticate, and monitor disease progression, as well as to study the biological roles and expression of glycans. High-quality anti-glycan mAbs are still in limited supply, highlighting the need for new technologies for anti-glycan antibody discovery. This review discusses anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies with applications to basic research, diagnostics, and therapeutics, focusing on recent advances in mAbs targeting cancer- and infectious disease-associated glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Gillmann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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17
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Kumar SR, Duan D, Herzog RW. Immune Responses to Muscle-Directed Adeno-Associated Viral Gene Transfer in Clinical Studies. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:365-371. [PMID: 37154743 PMCID: PMC10210217 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle-directed gene therapy with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is undergoing clinical development for treating neuromuscular disorders and for systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins. Although these approaches show considerable therapeutic benefits, they are also prone to induce potent immune responses against vector or transgene products owing to the immunogenic nature of the intramuscular delivery route, or the high doses required for systemic delivery to muscle. Major immunological concerns include antibody formation against viral capsid, complement activation, and cytotoxic T cell responses against capsid or transgene products. They can negate therapy and even lead to life-threatening immunotoxicities. Herein we review clinical observations and provide an outlook for how the field addresses these problems through a combination of vector engineering and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R.P. Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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18
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Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have emerged as promising gene delivery vehicles resulting in three US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and one European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved AAV-based gene therapies. Despite being a leading platform for therapeutic gene transfer in several clinical trials, host immune responses against the AAV vector and transgene have hampered their widespread application. Multiple factors, including vector design, dose, and route of administration, contribute to the overall immunogenicity of AAVs. The immune responses against the AAV capsid and transgene involve an initial innate sensing. The innate immune response subsequently triggers an adaptive immune response to elicit a robust and specific response against the AAV vector. AAV gene therapy clinical trials and preclinical studies provide important information about the immune-mediated toxicities associated with AAV, yet studies suggest preclinical models fail to precisely predict the outcome of gene delivery in humans. This review discusses the contribution of the innate and adaptive immune response against AAVs, highlighting the challenges and potential strategies to mitigate these responses, thereby enhancing the therapeutic potential of AAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Arjomandnejad
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 386 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ishani Dasgupta
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 386 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Terence R Flotte
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 386 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Allison M Keeler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 386 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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19
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Davis-Gardner ME, Weber JA, Xie J, Pekrun K, Alexander EA, Weisgrau KL, Furlott JR, Rakasz EG, Kay MA, Gao G, Farzan M, Gardner MR. A strategy for high antibody expression with low anti-drug antibodies using AAV9 vectors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105617. [PMID: 37153616 PMCID: PMC10161250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is complicated by host immune responses that can limit transgene expression. Recent clinical trials using AAV vectors to deliver HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) by intramuscular administration resulted in poor expression with anti-drug antibodies (ADA) responses against the bNAb. Methods Here we compared the expression of, and ADA responses against, an anti-SIV antibody ITS01 when delivered by five different AAV capsids. We first evaluated ITS01 expression from AAV vectors three different 2A peptides. Rhesus macaques were selected for the study based on preexisiting neutralizing antibodies by evaluating serum samples in a neutralization assay against the five capsids used in the study. Macaques were intramuscularly administered AAV vectors at a 2.5x10^12 vg/kg over eight administration sites. ITS01 concentrations and anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were measured by ELISA and a neutralization assay was conducted to confirm ex vivo antibody potency. Results We observed that ITS01 expressed three-fold more efficiently in mice from AAV vectors in which heavy and light-chain genes were separated by a P2A ribosomal skipping peptide, compared with those bearing F2A or T2A peptides. We then measured the preexisting neutralizing antibody responses against three traditional AAV capsids in 360 rhesus macaques and observed that 8%, 16%, and 42% were seronegative for AAV1, AAV8, and AAV9, respectively. Finally, we compared ITS01 expression in seronegative macaques intramuscularly transduced with AAV1, AAV8, or AAV9, or with the synthetic capsids AAV-NP22 or AAV-KP1. We observed at 30 weeks after administration that AAV9- and AAV1-delivered vectors expressed the highest concentrations of ITS01 (224 µg/mL, n=5, and 216 µg/mL, n=3, respectively). The remaining groups expressed an average of 35-73 µg/mL. Notably, ADA responses against ITS01 were observed in six of the 19 animals. Lastly, we demonstrated that the expressed ITS01 retained its neutralizing activity with nearly the same potency of purified recombinant protein. Discussion Overall, these data suggest that the AAV9 capsid is a suitable choice for intramuscular expression of antibodies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jesse A. Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Florida (UF) Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Katja Pekrun
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eric A. Alexander
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jessica R. Furlott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark A. Kay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Florida (UF) Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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20
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Talifu Z, Liu JY, Pan YZ, Ke H, Zhang CJ, Xu X, Gao F, Yu Y, Du LJ, Li JJ. In vivo astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming for central nervous system regeneration: a narrative review. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:750-755. [PMID: 36204831 PMCID: PMC9700087 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability of damaged neurons to regenerate within the mature central nervous system (CNS) is a significant neuroscientific challenge. Astrocytes are an essential component of the CNS and participate in many physiological processes including blood-brain barrier formation, axon growth regulation, neuronal support, and higher cognitive functions such as memory. Recent reprogramming studies have confirmed that astrocytes in the mature CNS can be transformed into functional neurons. Building on in vitro work, many studies have demonstrated that astrocytes can be transformed into neurons in different disease models to replace damaged or lost cells. However, many findings in this field are controversial, as the source of new neurons has been questioned. This review summarizes progress in reprogramming astrocytes into neurons in vivo in animal models of spinal cord injury, brain injury, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing; School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia-Yi Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Zhu Pan
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing; School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Jia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University; Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center; Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science; Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing; School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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21
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Desrosiers RC. The Failure of AIDS Vaccine Efficacy Trials: Where to Go from Here. J Virol 2023; 97:e0021123. [PMID: 36916947 PMCID: PMC10062124 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00211-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The seven AIDS vaccine efficacy trials have yielded extremely disappointing results at great expense. Greater stringency is needed for government support of AIDS vaccine efficacy trials.
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22
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Li S, Zhang MY, Yuan J, Zhang YX. Nano-vaccines for gene delivery against HIV-1 infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:315-326. [PMID: 36945780 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2193266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last four decades, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has been a major public health concern. It is acknowledged that an effective vaccine remains the best hope for eliminating the HIV-1 pandemic. The prophylaxis of HIV-1 infection remains a central theme because of the absence of an available HIV-1 vaccine. The incapability of conventional delivery strategies to induce potent immunity is a crucial task to overcome and ultimately lead to a major obstacle in HIV-1 vaccine research. AREAS COVERED The literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Nano-platforms based vaccines have proven prophylaxis of various diseases for effectively activating the immune system. Nano-vaccines, including non-viral and viral vectored nano-vaccines, are in a position to improve the effectiveness of HIV-1 antigen delivery and enhance the innate and adaptive immune responses against HIV-1. Compared to traditional vaccination strategies, genetic immunization can elicit a long-term immune response to provide protective immunity for HIV-1 prevention. EXPERT OPINION The research progress on nano-vaccines for gene delivery against HIV-1 was discussed. The vaccine strategies based on nano-platforms that are being applied to stimulate effective HIV-1-specific cellular and humoral immune responses were particularly emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Meng-Yue Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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23
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Krotova K, Kuoch Yoshitomi H, Caine C, Aslanidi G. Tumor antigen-loaded AAV vaccine drives protective immunity in a melanoma animal model. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:301-11. [PMID: 36851984 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously described therapeutic opportunities provided by capsid- and expression cassette-optimized adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6) vectors to suppress tumor growth in both solid and metastatic mouse models by using artificial ovalbumin (OVA) immunogen. In the current study, we further elucidated the mechanism of function of a novel AAV-based vaccine loaded with the melanoma tumor-associated antigens premelanosome protein gp100, tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (TRP2). We showed that the AAV6-based vaccine creates cellular and humoral antigen-specific responses, while antigen expression at the site of vaccine injection was temporal, and the clearance of antigen coincided with T cell infiltration. Our data revealed the superior protective immune response of optimized AAV6-TRP1 compared with other self-antigens in a disease-free mouse model. We further assessed the ability of AAV6-TRP1 to protect animals from metastatic spread in the lungs and to extend animal survival by inhibiting solid tumor growth. Flow cytometry-based analysis indicated significant infiltration of CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor site, as well as changes in the polarization of intratumoral macrophages. Altogether, our data strongly support the use of optimized AAV vectors for cancer vaccine development.
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Vamva E, Ozog S, Leaman DP, Yu-Hong Cheng R, Irons NJ, Ott A, Stoffers C, Khan I, Goebrecht GK, Gardner MR, Farzan M, Rawlings DJ, Zwick MB, James RG, Torbett BE. A lentiviral vector B cell gene therapy platform for the delivery of the anti-HIV-1 eCD4-Ig-knob-in-hole-reversed immunoadhesin. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:366-384. [PMID: 36879849 PMCID: PMC9984920 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Barriers to effective gene therapy for many diseases include the number of modified target cells required to achieve therapeutic outcomes and host immune responses to expressed therapeutic proteins. As long-lived cells specialized for protein secretion, antibody-secreting B cells are an attractive target for foreign protein expression in blood and tissue. To neutralize HIV-1, we developed a lentiviral vector (LV) gene therapy platform for delivery of the anti-HIV-1 immunoadhesin, eCD4-Ig, to B cells. The EμB29 enhancer/promoter in the LV limited gene expression in non-B cell lineages. By engineering a knob-in-hole-reversed (KiHR) modification in the CH3-Fc eCD4-Ig domain, we reduced interactions between eCD4-Ig and endogenous B cell immunoglobulin G proteins, which improved HIV-1 neutralization potency. Unlike previous approaches in non-lymphoid cells, eCD4-Ig-KiHR produced in B cells promoted HIV-1 neutralizing protection without requiring exogenous TPST2, a tyrosine sulfation enzyme required for eCD4-Ig-KiHR function. This finding indicated that B cell machinery is well suited to produce therapeutic proteins. Lastly, to overcome the inefficient transduction efficiency associated with VSV-G LV delivery to primary B cells, an optimized measles pseudotyped LV packaging methodology achieved up to 75% transduction efficiency. Overall, our findings support the utility of B cell gene therapy platforms for therapeutic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vamva
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stosh Ozog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rene Yu-Hong Cheng
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Irons
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andee Ott
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard G. James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Hahn PA, Martins MA. Adeno-associated virus-vectored delivery of HIV biologics: the promise of a "single-shot" functional cure for HIV infection. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100316. [PMID: 36915910 PMCID: PMC10005911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of immunoglobulin-based HIV biologics (Ig-HIV), including broadly neutralizing antibodies, to suppress viral replication in pre-clinical and clinical studies illustrates how these molecules can serve as alternatives or adjuncts to antiretroviral therapy for treating HIV infection. However, the current paradigm for delivering Ig-HIVs requires repeated passive infusions, which faces both logistical and economic challenges to broad-scale implementation. One promising way to overcome these obstacles and achieve sustained expression of Ig-HIVs in vivo involves the transfer of Ig-HIV genes to host cells utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Because AAV vectors are non-pathogenic and their genomes persist in the cell nucleus as episomes, transgene expression can last for as long as the AAV-transduced cell lives. Given the long lifespan of myocytes, skeletal muscle is a preferred tissue for AAV-based immunotherapies aimed at achieving persistent delivery of Ig-HIVs. Consistent with this idea, recent studies suggest that lifelong immunity against HIV can be achieved from a one-time intramuscular dose of AAV/Ig-HIV vectors. However, realizing the promise of this approach faces significant hurdles, including the potential of AAV-delivered Ig-HIVs to induce anti-drug antibodies and the high AAV seroprevalence in the human population. Here we describe how these host immune responses can hinder AAV/Ig-HIV therapies and review current strategies for overcoming these barriers. Given the potential of AAV/Ig-HIV therapy to maintain ART-free virologic suppression and prevent HIV reinfection in people living with HIV, optimizing this strategy should become a greater priority in HIV/AIDS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Hahn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- The Skaggs Graduate School, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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26
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Lopes JA, Rghei AD, Thompson B, Susta L, Khursigara CM, Wootton SK. Overcoming Barriers to Preventing and Treating P. aeruginosa Infections Using AAV Vectored Immunoprophylaxis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123162. [PMID: 36551918 PMCID: PMC9775905 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterial pathogen of global concern and is responsible for 10-15% of nosocomial infections worldwide. This opportunistic bacterial pathogen is known to cause serious complications in immunocompromised patients and is notably the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis. Currently, the only line of defense against P. aeruginosa infections is antibiotic treatment. Due to the acquired and adaptive resistance mechanisms of this pathogen, the prevalence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa strains has increased, presenting a major problem in healthcare settings. To date, there are no approved licensed vaccines to protect against P. aeruginosa infections, prompting the urgent need alternative treatment options. An alternative to traditional vaccines is vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP), which utilizes a safe and effective adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy vector to produce sustained levels of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in vivo from a single intramuscular injection. In this review, we will provide an overview of P. aeruginosa biology and key mechanisms of pathogenesis, discuss current and emerging treatment strategies for P. aeruginosa infections and highlight AAV-VIP as a promising novel therapeutic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn A. Lopes
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amira D. Rghei
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brad Thompson
- Avamab Pharma Inc., 120, 4838 Richard Road SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6L1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cezar M. Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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27
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Backes IM, Byrd BK, Slein MD, Patel CD, Taylor SA, Garland CR, MacDonald SW, Balazs AB, Davis SC, Ackerman ME, Leib DA. Maternally transferred mAbs protect neonatal mice from HSV-induced mortality and morbidity. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220110. [PMID: 36156707 PMCID: PMC9516843 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) infections often result in significant mortality and neurological morbidity despite antiviral drug therapy. Maternally transferred herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific antibodies reduce the risk of clinically overt nHSV, but this observation has not been translationally applied. Using a neonatal mouse model, we tested the hypothesis that passive transfer of HSV-specific human mAbs can prevent mortality and morbidity associated with nHSV. The mAbs were expressed in vivo via vectored immunoprophylaxis or recombinantly. Through these maternally derived routes or through direct administration to pups, diverse mAbs to HSV glycoprotein D protected against neonatal HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. Using in vivo bioluminescent imaging, both pre- and post-exposure mAb treatment significantly reduced viral load in mouse pups. Together these studies support the notion that HSV-specific mAb-based therapies could prevent or improve HSV infection outcomes in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara M. Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Brook K. Byrd
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Matthew D. Slein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Chaya D. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Sean A. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Callaghan R. Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | | | | | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - David A. Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
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28
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Du Y, Miah KM, Habib O, Meyer-Berg H, Conway CC, Viegas MA, Dean R, Satyapertiwi D, Zhao J, Wang Y, Temperton NJ, Gamlen TPE, Gill DR, Hyde SC. Lung directed antibody gene transfer confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thorax 2022; 77:1229-1236. [PMID: 35165144 PMCID: PMC8861887 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a worldwide threat and effective antiviral drugs and vaccines are being developed in a joint global effort. However, some elderly and immune-compromised populations are unable to raise an effective immune response against traditional vaccines. AIMS We hypothesised that passive immunity engineered by the in vivo expression of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), an approach termed vectored-immunoprophylaxis (VIP), could offer sustained protection against COVID-19 in all populations irrespective of their immune status or age. METHODS We developed three key reagents to evaluate VIP for SARS-CoV-2: (i) we engineered standard laboratory mice to express human ACE2 via rAAV9 in vivo gene transfer, to allow in vivo assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, (ii) to simplify in vivo challenge studies, we generated SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein pseudotyped lentiviral vectors as a simple mimic of authentic SARS-CoV-2 that could be used under standard laboratory containment conditions and (iii) we developed in vivo gene transfer vectors to express anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs. CONCLUSIONS A single intranasal dose of rAAV9 or rSIV.F/HN vectors expressing anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 mimic infection in the lower respiratory tract of hACE2-expressing mice. If translated, the VIP approach could potentially offer a highly effective, long-term protection against COVID-19 for highly vulnerable populations; especially immune-deficient/senescent individuals, who fail to respond to conventional SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The in vivo expression of multiple anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs could enhance protection and prevent rapid mutational escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kamran M Miah
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Omar Habib
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helena Meyer-Berg
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catriona C Conway
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariana A Viegas
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Dean
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jincun Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Toby P E Gamlen
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah R Gill
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen C Hyde
- NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rghei AD, van Lieshout LP, Cao W, He S, Tierney K, Lopes JA, Zielinska N, Baracuhy EM, Campbell ESB, Minott JA, Guilleman MM, Hasson PC, Thompson B, Karimi K, Bridle BW, Susta L, Qiu X, Banadyga L, Wootton SK. Adeno-associated virus mediated expression of monoclonal antibody MR191 protects mice against Marburg virus and provides long-term expression in sheep. Gene Ther 2022:10.1038/s41434-022-00361-2. [PMID: 36050451 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vectored monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression mediated by adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery leads to sustained therapeutic mAb expression and protection against a wide range of infectious diseases in both small and large animal models, including nonhuman primates. Using our rationally engineered AAV6 triple mutant capsid, termed AAV6.2FF, we demonstrate rapid and robust expression of two potent human antibodies against Marburg virus, MR78 and MR191, following intramuscular (IM) administration. IM injection of mice with 1 × 1011 vector genomes (vg) of AAV6.2FF-MR78 and AAV6.2FF-MR191 resulted in serum concentrations of approximately 141 μg/mL and 195 μg/mL of human IgG, respectively, within the first four weeks. Mice receiving 1 × 1011 vg (high) and 1 × 1010 vg (medium) doses of AAV6.2FF-MR191 were completely protected against lethal Marburg virus challenge. No sex-based differences in serum human IgG concentrations were observed; however, administering the AAV-mAb over multiple injection sites significantly increased serum human IgG concentrations. IM administration of three two-week-old lambs with 5 × 1012 vg/kg of AAV6.2FF-MR191 resulted in serum human IgG expression that was sustained for more than 460 days, concomitant with low levels of anti-capsid and anti-drug antibodies. AAV-mAb expression is a viable method for prolonging the therapeutic effect of recombinant mAbs and represents a potential alternative "vaccine" strategy for those with compromised immune systems or in possible outbreak response scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira D Rghei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jordyn A Lopes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicole Zielinska
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Enzo M Baracuhy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elena S B Campbell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew M Guilleman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pamela C Hasson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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30
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Nahmad AD, Lazzarotto CR, Zelikson N, Kustin T, Tenuta M, Huang D, Reuveni I, Nataf D, Raviv Y, Horovitz-Fried M, Dotan I, Carmi Y, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Nemazee D, Voss JE, Stern A, Tsai SQ, Barzel A. In vivo engineered B cells secrete high titers of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1241-9. [PMID: 35681059 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of B cells engineered ex vivo to secrete broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) has shown efficacy in disease models. However, clinical translation of this approach would require specialized medical centers, technically demanding protocols and major histocompatibility complex compatibility of donor cells and recipients. Here we report in vivo B cell engineering using two adeno-associated viral vectors, with one coding for Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (saCas9) and the other for 3BNC117, an anti-HIV bNAb. After intravenously injecting the vectors into mice, we observe successful editing of B cells leading to memory retention and bNAb secretion at neutralizing titers of up to 6.8 µg ml-1. We observed minimal clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 off-target cleavage as detected by unbiased CHANGE-sequencing analysis, whereas on-target cleavage in undesired tissues is reduced by expressing saCas9 from a B cell-specific promoter. In vivo B cell engineering to express therapeutic antibodies is a safe, potent and scalable method, which may be applicable not only to infectious diseases but also in the treatment of noncommunicable conditions, such as cancer and autoimmune disease.
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31
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Gruell H, Schommers P. Broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 and concepts for application. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 54:101211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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bin Umair M, Akusa FN, Kashif H, Seerat-e-Fatima, Butt F, Azhar M, Munir I, Ahmed M, Khalil W, Sharyar H, Rafique S, Shahid M, Afzal S. Viruses as tools in gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1387-1404. [PMID: 35462594 PMCID: PMC9035288 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using viruses to our advantage has been a huge leap for humanity. Their ability to mediate horizontal gene transfer has made them useful tools for gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, and herpesviruses are a few of the most common candidates for use as therapeutic agents or efficient gene delivery systems. Efforts are being made to improve and perfect viral-vector-based therapies to overcome potential or reported drawbacks. Some preclinical trials of viral vector vaccines have yielded positive results, indicating their potential as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates. Utilization of the oncolytic activity of viruses is the future of cancer therapy, as patients will then be free from the harmful effects of chemo- or radiotherapy. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo studies showing the brilliant therapeutic potential of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musab bin Umair
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fujimura Nao Akusa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Kashif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seerat-e-Fatima
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Butt
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marium Azhar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Khalil
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Sharyar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
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Casazza JP, Cale EM, Narpala S, Yamshchikov GV, Coates EE, Hendel CS, Novik L, Holman LA, Widge AT, Apte P, Gordon I, Gaudinski MR, Conan-Cibotti M, Lin BC, Nason MC, Trofymenko O, Telscher S, Plummer SH, Wycuff D, Adams WC, Pandey JP, McDermott A, Roederer M, Sukienik AN, O'Dell S, Gall JG, Flach B, Terry TL, Choe M, Shi W, Chen X, Kaltovich F, Saunders KO, Stein JA, Doria-Rose NA, Schwartz RM, Balazs AB, Baltimore D, Nabel GJ, Koup RA, Graham BS, Ledgerwood JE, Mascola JR. Safety and tolerability of AAV8 delivery of a broadly neutralizing antibody in adults living with HIV: a phase 1, dose-escalation trial. Nat Med 2022; 28:1022-1030. [PMID: 35411076 PMCID: PMC9876739 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated transfer of DNA coding for broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bnAbs) offers an alternative to attempting to induce protection by vaccination or by repeated infusions of bnAbs. In this study, we administered a recombinant bicistronic adeno-associated virus (AAV8) vector coding for both the light and heavy chains of the potent broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody VRC07 (AAV8-VRC07) to eight adults living with HIV. All participants remained on effective anti-retroviral therapy (viral load (VL) <50 copies per milliliter) throughout this phase 1, dose-escalation clinical trial ( NCT03374202 ). AAV8-VRC07 was given at doses of 5 × 1010, 5 × 1011 and 2.5 × 1012 vector genomes per kilogram by intramuscular (IM) injection. Primary endpoints of this study were to assess the safety and tolerability of AAV8-VRC07; to determine the pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of in vivo VRC07 production; and to describe the immune response directed against AAV8-VRC07 vector and its products. Secondary endpoints were to assess the clinical effects of AAV8-VRC07 on CD4 T cell count and VL and to assess the persistence of VRC07 produced in participants. In this cohort, IM injection of AAV8-VRC07 was safe and well tolerated. No clinically significant change in CD4 T cell count or VL occurred during the 1-3 years of follow-up reported here. In participants who received AAV8-VRC07, concentrations of VRC07 were increased 6 weeks (P = 0.008) and 52 weeks (P = 0.016) after IM injection of the product. All eight individuals produced measurable amounts of serum VRC07, with maximal VRC07 concentrations >1 µg ml-1 in three individuals. In four individuals, VRC07 serum concentrations remained stable near maximal concentration for up to 3 years of follow-up. In exploratory analyses, neutralizing activity of in vivo produced VRC07 was similar to that of in vitro produced VRC07. Three of eight participants showed a non-idiotypic anti-drug antibody (ADA) response directed against the Fab portion of VRC07. This ADA response appeared to decrease the production of serum VRC07 in two of these three participants. These data represent a proof of concept that adeno-associated viral vectors can durably produce biologically active, difficult-to-induce bnAbs in vivo, which could add valuable new tools to the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Casazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Evan M Cale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Galina V Yamshchikov
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily E Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia S Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - LaSonji A Holman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicia T Widge
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Preeti Apte
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingelise Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin R Gaudinski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Conan-Cibotti
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olga Trofymenko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shinyi Telscher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah H Plummer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane Wycuff
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Adams
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janardan P Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Avery N Sukienik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason G Gall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Travis L Terry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florence Kaltovich
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Judy A Stein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Marino M, Holt MG. AAV Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery (A-MAD) in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870799. [PMID: 35493843 PMCID: PMC9039256 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutics, largely due to their exquisite targeting specificity. Several clinical areas, most notably oncology and autoimmune disorders, have seen the successful introduction of monoclonal-based therapeutics. However, their adoption for treatment of Central Nervous System diseases has been comparatively slow, largely due to issues of efficient delivery resulting from limited permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier. Nevertheless, CNS diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent as societies age, accounting for ~6.5 million fatalities worldwide per year. Therefore, harnessing the full therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives) in this clinical area has become a priority. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAVs) are a potential solution to this problem. Preclinical studies have shown that AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery provides protection against a broad range of peripheral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and malaria. The parallel identification and optimization of AAV vector platforms which cross the Blood Brain Barrier with high efficiency, widely transducing the Central Nervous System and allowing high levels of local transgene production, has now opened a number of interesting scenarios for the development of AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery strategies to target Central Nervous System proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Synapse Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Matthew G. Holt
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Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are the safest and most effective gene delivery vehicles to drive long-term transgene expression in gene therapy. While animal studies have shown promising results, the translatability of AAVs into clinical settings has been partly limited due to their restricted gene packaging capacities, off-target transduction, and immunogenicity. In this study, we analysed over two decades of AAV applications, in 136 clinical trials. This meta-analysis aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the use and successes of AAVs in clinical trials, while evaluating the approaches used to address the above challenges. First, this study reveals that the speed of novel AAV development has varied between therapeutic areas, with particular room for improvement in Central Nervous System disorders, where development has been slow. Second, the lack of dose-dependent toxicity and efficacy data indicates that optimal dosing regimes remain elusive. Third, more clinical data on the effectiveness of various immune-modulation strategies and gene editing approaches are required to direct future research and to accelerate the translation of AAV-mediated gene therapy into human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Kiu Edna Au
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Isalan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Mielcarek
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cao Y, He H, Cao K, Liu Y, Huang D, Li T, Chen G. Linear-branched poly(β-amino esters)/DNA nano-polyplexes for effective gene transfection and neural stem cell differentiation. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac4e64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Controllable regulation of stem cell differentiation is a critical concern in stem cell-based regenerative medicine. In particular, there are still great challenges in controlling the directional differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons. Herein, we developed a novel linear-branched poly(β-amino esters) (S4-TMPTA-BDA-DT, STBD) through a two-step reaction. The synthesized STBD linear branched polymers possess multiple positively charged amine terminus and degradable intermolecular ester bonds, thus endowing them with excellent properties such as high gene load, efficient gene delivery, and effective gene release and transcription in cells. In the mCherry transfection test, a high transfection efficiency of approximately 70% was achieved in primary NSCs after a single transfection. Moreover, STBD also showed high biocompatibility to NSCs without disturbing their viability and neural differentiation. With the high gene delivery property, STBD is capable of delivering siRNA (shSOX9) expression plasmid into NSCs to significantly interfere with the expression of SOX9, thus enhancing the neuronal differentiation and maturation of NSCs. The STBD/DNA nano-polyplex represents a powerful non-viral approach of gene delivery for manipulating the differentiation of stem cells, showing broad application prospects in NSC-based regenerative therapy for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Tolbert WD, Nguyen DN, Tuyishime M, Crowley AR, Chen Y, Jha S, Goodman D, Bekker V, Mudrak SV, DeVico AL, Lewis GK, Theis JF, Pinter A, Moody MA, Easterhoff D, Wiehe K, Pollara J, Saunders KO, Tomaras GD, Ackerman M, Ferrari G, Pazgier M. Structure and Fc-Effector Function of Rhesusized Variants of Human Anti-HIV-1 IgG1s. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787603. [PMID: 35069563 PMCID: PMC8770954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of human origin into Non-Human Primates (NHPs), especially those which function predominantly by a Fc-effector mechanism, requires an a priori preparation step, in which the human mAb is reengineered to an equivalent NHP IgG subclass. This can be achieved by changing both the Fc and Fab sequence while simultaneously maintaining the epitope specificity of the parent antibody. This Ab reengineering process, referred to as rhesusization, can be challenging because the simple grafting of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) into an NHP IgG subclass may impact the functionality of the mAb. Here we describe the successful rhesusization of a set of human mAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope (Env) epitopes involved in potent Fc-effector function against the virus. This set includes a mAb targeting a linear gp120 V1V2 epitope isolated from a RV144 vaccinee, a gp120 conformational epitope within the Cluster A region isolated from a RV305 vaccinated individual, and a linear gp41 epitope within the immunodominant Cys-loop region commonly targeted by most HIV-1 infected individuals. Structural analyses confirm that the rhesusized variants bind their respective Env antigens with almost identical specificity preserving epitope footprints and most antigen-Fab atomic contacts with constant regions folded as in control RM IgG1s. In addition, functional analyses confirm preservation of the Fc effector function of the rhesusized mAbs including the ability to mediate Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis by monocytes (ADCP) and neutrophils (ADNP) with potencies comparable to native macaque antibodies of similar specificity. While the antibodies chosen here are relevant for the examination of the correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine trials, the methods used are generally applicable to antibodies for other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew R. Crowley
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Valerie Bekker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah V. Mudrak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James F. Theis
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David Easterhoff
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin O. Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Margaret Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Marzena Pazgier,
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Deeks SG, Archin N, Cannon P, Collins S, Jones RB, de Jong MAWP, Lambotte O, Lamplough R, Ndung'u T, Sugarman J, Tiemessen CT, Vandekerckhove L, Lewin SR. Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021. Nat Med 2021; 27:2085-2098. [PMID: 34848888 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, lifelong treatment is required and there is no cure. HIV can integrate in the host genome and persist for the life span of the infected cell. These latently infected cells are not recognized as foreign because they are largely transcriptionally silent, but contain replication-competent virus that drives resurgence of the infection once ART is stopped. With a combination of immune activators, neutralizing antibodies, and therapeutic vaccines, some nonhuman primate models have been cured, providing optimism for these approaches now being evaluated in human clinical trials. In vivo delivery of gene-editing tools to either target the virus, boost immunity or protect cells from infection, also holds promise for future HIV cure strategies. In this Review, we discuss advances related to HIV cure in the last 5 years, highlight remaining knowledge gaps and identify priority areas for research for the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nancie Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula Cannon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivier Lambotte
- University Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM CEA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | | | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, London, UK
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ertuna YI, Fallet B, Marx AF, Dimitrova M, Kastner AL, Wagner I, Merkler D, Pinschewer DD. Vectored antibody gene delivery restores host B and T cell control of persistent viral infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110061. [PMID: 34852228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody therapy and vectored antibody gene delivery (VAGD) in particular offer an innovative approach to combat persistent viral diseases. Here, we exploit a small animal model to investigate synergies of VAGD with the host's endogenous immune defense for treating chronic viral infection. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivering the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-neutralizing antibody KL25 (AAV-KL25) establishes protective antibody titers for >200 days. When therapeutically administered to chronically infected immunocompetent wild-type mice, AAV-KL25 affords sustained viral load control. In contrast, viral mutational escape thwarts therapeutic AAV-KL25 effects when mice are unable to mount LCMV-specific antibody responses or lack CD8+ T cells. VAGD augments antiviral germinal center B cell and antibody-secreting cell responses and reduces inhibitory receptor expression on antiviral CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that VAGD fortifies host immune defense and synergizes with B cell and CD8 T cell responses to restore immune control of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf I Ertuna
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lena Kastner
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland.
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40
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Pagant S, Liberatore RA. In Vivo Electroporation of Plasmid DNA: A Promising Strategy for Rapid, Inexpensive, and Flexible Delivery of Anti-Viral Monoclonal Antibodies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1882. [PMID: 34834297 PMCID: PMC8618954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of monoclonal antibodies by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, therapeutic antibodies have become one of the predominant classes of drugs in oncology and immunology. Despite their natural function in contributing to antiviral immunity, antibodies as drugs have only more recently been thought of as tools for combating infectious diseases. Passive immunization, or the delivery of the products of an immune response, offers near-immediate protection, unlike the active immune processes triggered by traditional vaccines, which rely on the time it takes for the host's immune system to develop an effective defense. This rapid onset of protection is particularly well suited to containing outbreaks of emerging viral diseases. Despite these positive attributes, the high cost associated with antibody manufacture and the need for a cold chain for storage and transport limit their deployment on a global scale, especially in areas with limited resources. The in vivo transfer of nucleic acid-based technologies encoding optimized therapeutic antibodies transform the body into a bioreactor for rapid and sustained production of biologics and hold great promise for circumventing the obstacles faced by the traditional delivery of antibodies. In this review, we provide an overview of the different antibody delivery strategies that are currently being developed, with particular emphasis on in vivo transfection of naked plasmid DNA facilitated by electroporation.
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41
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Abstract
Cell therapies based on reprogrammed adaptive immune cells have great potential as "living drugs." As first demonstrated clinically for engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, the ability of such cells to undergo clonal expansion in response to an antigen promotes both self-renewal and self-regulation in vivo. B cells also have the potential to be developed as immune cell therapies, but engineering their specificity and functionality is more challenging than for T cells. In part, this is due to the complexity of the immunoglobulin (Ig) locus, as well as the requirement for regulated expression of both cell surface B cell receptor and secreted antibody isoforms, in order to fully recapitulate the features of natural antibody production. Recent advances in genome editing are now allowing reprogramming of B cells by site-specific engineering of the Ig locus with preformed antibodies. In this review, we discuss the potential of engineered B cells as a cell therapy, the challenges involved in editing the Ig locus and the advances that are making this possible, and envision future directions for this emerging field of immune cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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42
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Li S, Qiao Y, Jiang S, Wang B, Kong W, Shan Y. Broad and potent bispecific neutralizing antibody gene delivery using adeno-associated viral vectors for passive immunization against HIV-1. J Control Release 2021; 338:633-43. [PMID: 34509584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) possess favorable safety, and passive immunization using these can prevent or control human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, bNAbs generally used for monotherapy (IC80 > 5 μg/mL) have limited breadth and potency and neutralize only 70-90% of all HIV-1 strains. To address the need for broader coverage of the HIV-1 epidemic and enhance the ability of bNAbs to target HIV-1, we fused the single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv) of bNAbs (PG9, PGT123, or NIH45-46) with full-length ibalizumab (iMab) in an scFv-monoclonal antibody tandem format to construct bispecific bNAbs (BibNAbs). Additionally, we described the feasibility of BibNAb gene delivery mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 (rAAV8) for generating long-term expression with a single injection as opposed to short-term passive immunization requiring continuous injections. Our results showed that the expressed BibNAbs targeting two distinct epitopes exhibited neutralizing activity against 20 HIV-1 pseudoviruses in vitro. After injecting a single rAAV8 vector, the expression and neutralizing activity of the BibNAbs in serum were sustained for 24 weeks. To the best of our knowledge, very few studies have been published on BibNAb gene delivery using rAAV8 vectors against HIV-1. BibNAb gene delivery using rAAV8 vectors may be promising for passive immunization against HIV-1 infection.
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43
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Mahomed S, Garrett N, Baxter C, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS. Clinical Trials of Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention: A Review. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:370-380. [PMID: 32604408 PMCID: PMC8508778 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a promising approach to reduce the 1.7 million annual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections globally. Early studies on bnAbs showed safety in humans, but short elimination half-lives and low potency and breadth. Since 2010, several new highly potent bnAbs have been assessed in clinical trials alone or in combination for HIV prevention. Published data indicate that these bnAbs are safe and have a half-life ranging from 15 to 71 days. Only intravenous VRC01 has advanced to an efficacy trial, with results expected in late 2020. If bnAbs are shown to be effective in preventing HIV infection, they could fast-track vaccine development as correlates of protection, and contribute as passive immunization to achieving the goal of epidemic control. The purpose of the current review is to describe the current status and provide a synopsis of the available data on bnAbs in clinical trials for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columba University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- CAPRISA, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columba University, New York, New York, USA
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44
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Hargrave A, Mustafa AS, Hanif A, Tunio JH, Hanif SNM. Current Status of HIV-1 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1026. [PMID: 34579263 PMCID: PMC8471857 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and its progression to AIDS remains a significant global health challenge, particularly for low-income countries. Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infections has proven to be immensely challenging with complex biological acquisition and infection, unforeseen clinical trial disappointments, and funding issues. This paper discusses important landmarks of progress in HIV-1 vaccine development, various vaccine strategies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hargrave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Asma Hanif
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Javed H. Tunio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Shumaila Nida M. Hanif
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
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45
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Silva-Pilipich N, Smerdou C, Vanrell L. A Small Virus to Deliver Small Antibodies: New Targeted Therapies Based on AAV Delivery of Nanobodies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091956. [PMID: 34576851 PMCID: PMC8465657 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are camelid-derived single-domain antibodies that present some advantages versus conventional antibodies, such as a smaller size, and higher tissue penetrability, stability, and hydrophilicity. Although nanobodies can be delivered as proteins, in vivo expression from adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors represents an attractive strategy. This is due to the fact that AAV vectors, that can provide long-term expression of recombinant genes, have shown an excellent safety profile, and can accommodate genes for one or several nanobodies. In fact, several studies showed that AAV vectors can provide sustained nanobody expression both locally or systemically in preclinical models of human diseases. Some of the pathologies addressed with this technology include cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, infectious, and genetic diseases. Depending on the indication, AAV-delivered nanobodies can be expressed extracellularly or inside cells. Intracellular nanobodies or “intrabodies” carry out their function by interacting with cell proteins involved in disease and have also been designed to help elucidate cellular mechanisms by interfering with normal cell processes. Finally, nanobodies can also be used to retarget AAV vectors, when tethered to viral capsid proteins. This review covers applications in which AAV vectors have been used to deliver nanobodies, with a focus on their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Silva-Pilipich
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.V.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (C.S.); +508-29021505 (L.V.); Fax: +34-948194717 (C.S.)
| | - Lucía Vanrell
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Mercedes 1237, Montevideo 11100, Uruguay
- Nanogrow Biotech, CIE BIO Incubator, Mercedes 1237, Montevideo 11100, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.V.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (C.S.); +508-29021505 (L.V.); Fax: +34-948194717 (C.S.)
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46
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Phelps M, Balazs AB. Contribution to HIV Prevention and Treatment by Antibody-Mediated Effector Function and Advances in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Delivery by Vectored Immunoprophylaxis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734304. [PMID: 34603314 PMCID: PMC8479175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the viral envelope have shown significant promise in both HIV prevention and viral clearance, including pivotal results against sensitive strains in the recent Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trial. Studies of bNAb passive transfer in infected patients have demonstrated transient reduction of viral load at high concentrations that rebounds as bNAb is cleared from circulation. While neutralization is a crucial component of therapeutic efficacy, numerous studies have demonstrated that bNAbs can also mediate effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD). These functions have been shown to contribute towards protection in several models of HIV acquisition and in viral clearance during chronic infection, however the role of target epitope in facilitating these functions, as well as the contribution of individual innate functions in protection and viral clearance remain areas of active investigation. Despite their potential, the transient nature of antibody passive transfer limits the widespread use of bNAbs. To overcome this, we and others have demonstrated vectored antibody delivery capable of yielding long-lasting expression of bNAbs in vivo. Two clinical trials have shown that adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery of bNAbs is safe and capable of sustained bNAb expression for over 18 months following a single intramuscular administration. Here, we review key concepts of effector functions mediated by bNAbs against HIV infection and the potential for vectored immunoprophylaxis as a means of producing bNAbs in patients.
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47
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Vermeire G, De Smidt E, Geukens N, Williams JA, Declerck P, Hollevoet K. Improved Potency and Safety of DNA-Encoded Antibody Therapeutics Through Plasmid Backbone and Expression Cassette Engineering. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1200-1209. [PMID: 34482757 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-encoded delivery of antibodies presents a labor- and cost-effective alternative to conventional antibody therapeutics. This study aims to improve the potency and safety of this approach by evaluating various plasmid backbones and expression cassettes. In vitro, antibody levels consistently improved with decreasing sizes of backbone, ranging from conventional to minimal. In vivo, following intramuscular electrotransfer in mice, the correlation was less consistent. While the largest conventional plasmid (10.2 kb) gave the lowest monoclonal antibody (mAb) levels, a regular conventional plasmid (8.6 kb) demonstrated similar levels as a minimal Nanoplasmid (6.8 kb). A reduction in size beyond a standard conventional backbone thus did not improve mAb levels in vivo. Cassette modifications, such as swapping antibody chain order or use of two versus a single encoding plasmid, significantly increased antibody expression in vitro, but failed to translate in vivo. Conversely, a significant improvement in vivo but not in vitro was found with a set of muscle-specific promoters, of which a newly engineered variant gave roughly 1.5- to 2-fold higher plasma antibody concentrations than the ubiquitous CAG promoter. In conclusion, despite the limited translation between in vitro and in vivo, we identified various clinically relevant improvements to our DNA-based antibody platform, both in potency and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles Vermeire
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elien De Smidt
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin Hollevoet
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,PharmAbs, the KU Leuven Antibody Center-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Jeske AM, Boucher P, Curiel DT, Voss JE. Vector Strategies to Actualize B Cell-Based Gene Therapies. J Immunol 2021; 207:755-764. [PMID: 34321286 PMCID: PMC8744967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in genome editing and delivery systems have opened new possibilities for B cell gene therapy. CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases have been used to introduce transgenes into B cell genomes for subsequent secretion of exogenous therapeutic proteins from plasma cells and to program novel B cell Ag receptor specificities, allowing for the generation of desirable Ab responses that cannot normally be elicited in animal models. Genome modification of B cells or their progenitor, hematopoietic stem cells, could potentially substitute Ab or protein replacement therapies that require multiple injections over the long term. To date, B cell editing using CRISPR-Cas9 has been solely employed in preclinical studies, in which cells are edited ex vivo. In this review, we discuss current B cell engineering efforts and strategies for the eventual safe and economical adoption of modified B cells into the clinic, including in vivo viral delivery of editing reagents to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Jeske
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Paul Boucher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Biologic Therapeutics Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO; and
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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49
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Abstract
Given the absence of an effective vaccine for protection against HIV-1 infection, passive immunization strategies that utilize potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to block acquisition of HIV-1 are being rigorously pursued in the clinical setting. bnAbs have demonstrated robust protection in preclinical animal models, and several leading bnAb candidates have shown favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles when tested individually or in combinations in early phase human clinical trials. Furthermore, passive administration of bnAbs in HIV-1 infected individuals has resulted in prolonged suppression of viral rebound following interruption of combination antiretroviral therapy, and robust antiviral activity when administered to viremic individuals. Recent results from the first efficacy trials testing repeated intravenous administrations of the anti-CD4 binding site bnAb VRC01 have demonstrated positive proof of concept that bnAb passive immunization can confer protection against HIV-1 infection in humans, but have also highlighted the considerable barriers that remain for such strategies to effectively contribute to control of the epidemic. In this review, we discuss the current status of clinical studies evaluating bnAbs for HIV-1 prevention, highlight lessons learned from the recent Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) efficacy trials, and provide an overview of strategies being employed to improve the breadth, potency, and durability of antiviral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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50
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Ding C, Patel D, Ma Y, Mann JFS, Wu J, Gao Y. Employing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylactic & Therapeutic Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697683. [PMID: 34354709 PMCID: PMC8329590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery that the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the pathogen of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1983, there is still no effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. The major obstacle to the development of HIV-1 vaccine is the extreme diversity of viral genome sequences. Nonetheless, a number of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 have been made and identified in this area. Novel strategies based on using these bNAbs as an efficacious preventive and/or therapeutic intervention have been applied in clinical. In this review, we summarize the recent development of bNAbs and its application in HIV-1 acquisition prevention as well as discuss the innovative approaches being used to try to convey protection within individuals at risk and being treated for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Darshit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yunjing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of AIDS Research, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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