1
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Moroz IB, Feldman Y, Carmieli R, Liu X, Leskes M. Endogenous metal-ion dynamic nuclear polarization for NMR signal enhancement in metal organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2023; 15:336-348. [PMID: 38131097 PMCID: PMC10731914 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational design of metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials for catalysis, gas capture and storage, requires deep understanding of the host-guest interactions between the MOF and the adsorbed molecules. Solid-State NMR spectroscopy is an established tool for obtaining such structural information, however its low sensitivity limits its application. This limitation can be overcome with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) which is based on polarization transfer from unpaired electrons to the nuclei of interest and, as a result, enhancement of the NMR signal. Typically, DNP is achieved by impregnating or wetting the MOF material with a solution of nitroxide biradicals, which prevents or interferes with the study of host-guest interactions. Here we demonstrate how Gd(iii) ions doped into the MOF structure, LaBTB (BTB = 4,4',4''-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-trisbenzoate), can be employed as an efficient polarization agent, yielding up to 30-fold 13C signal enhancement for the MOF linkers, while leaving the pores empty for potential guests. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethylene glycol, loaded into the MOF as a guest, can also be polarized using our approach. We identify specific challenges in DNP studies of MOFs, associated with residual oxygen trapped within the MOF pores and the dynamics of the framework and its guests, even at cryogenic temperatures. To address these, we describe optimal conditions for carrying out and maximizing the enhancement achieved in DNP-NMR experiments. The approach presented here can be expanded to other porous materials which are currently the state-of-the-art in energy and sustainability research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia B Moroz
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yishay Feldman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
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2
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Ossadnik D, Voss J, Godt A. Equipping 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane with Substituents via Solid-Phase Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38016917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion complexes frequently show substituted 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tacn) as the ligand. Besides providing donor atoms for complex formation, tacn serves as a scaffold for equipping the complex with further functional units that are needed for the complementation and electronic tuning of the metal ion coordination sphere and/or add other features, e.g., light-absorbing antennas and groups for bioconjugation. To exploit the full potential of substituted tacn, strategies for directed syntheses of NO(R1,R1,R2) and NO(R1,R2,R3), i.e., tacn with two and even three different substituents R, are needed. Herein, we report a strategy that takes advantage of solid-phase synthesis in the assembly of the precursors NO(R1,R1,H) and NO(R1,R2,H). The assembly of NO(R1,R2,H) is based on a highly selective formation of NO(Cbz,tfAc,H), with Cbz being the link between tacn and solid phase. For this, tacn was loaded onto (4-nitrophenyl carbonate)-resin, thereby forming resin-bound (rb)-tacn, which corresponds to NO(Cbz,H,H) bound to the solid phase. Treatment of rb-tacn with ethyl trifluoroacetate gave rb-NO(tfAc,H), which corresponds to NO(Cbz,tfAc,H). With rb-tacn and rb-NO(tfAc,H) in hand, a variety of NO(R1,R1,H) and NO(R1,R2,H) were prepared, showing the broad applicability of the strategy with respect to the type of substituents and of reactions (nucleophilic substitution, reductive amination, aza-Michael addition, addition to epoxides, acylation). The study also identified limitations and points for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ossadnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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3
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Hope MA, Zhang Y, Venkatesh A, Emsley L. Dynamic nuclear polarisation of 1H in Gd-doped In(OH) 3. J Magn Reson 2023; 353:107509. [PMID: 37331306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) of solids doped with high-spin metal ions, such as Gd3+, is a useful strategy to enhance the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensitivity for these samples. Spin diffusion can relay polarisation throughout a sample, which is most effective for dense 1H networks, while the efficiency of DNP using Gd3+ depends on the symmetry of the metal site. Here, we investigate cubic In(OH)3 as a high-symmetry, proton-containing material for endogenous Gd DNP. A 1H enhancement of up to 9 is demonstrated and harnessed to measure the 17O spectrum at natural abundance. The enhancement is interpreted in terms of clustering of the Gd3+ dopants and the local reduction in symmetry of the metal site induced by proton disorder, as demonstrated by quadrupolar 115In NMR. This is the first example of 1H DNP using Gd3+ dopants in an inorganic solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hope
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Menzildjian G, Schlagnitweit J, Casano G, Ouari O, Gajan D, Lesage A. Polarizing agents for efficient high field DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy under magic-angle spinning: from design principles to formulation strategies. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6120-6148. [PMID: 37325158 PMCID: PMC10266460 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a cornerstone approach to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS), opening unprecedented analytical opportunities in chemistry and biology. DNP relies on a polarization transfer from unpaired electrons (present in endogenous or exogenous polarizing agents) to nearby nuclei. Developing and designing new polarizing sources for DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy is currently an extremely active research field per se, that has recently led to significant breakthroughs and key achievements, in particular at high magnetic fields. This review describes recent developments in this area, highlighting key design principles that have been established over time and led to the introduction of increasingly more efficient polarizing sources. After a short introduction, Section 2 presents a brief history of solid-state DNP, highlighting the main polarization transfer schemes. The third section is devoted to the development of dinitroxide radicals, discussing the guidelines that were progressively established to design the fine-tuned molecular structures in use today. In Section 4, we describe recent efforts in developing hybrid radicals composed of a narrow EPR line radical covalently linked to a nitroxide, highlighting the parameters that modulate the DNP efficiency of these mixed structures. Section 5 reviews recent advances in the design of metal complexes suitable for DNP MAS NMR as exogenous electron sources. In parallel, current strategies that exploit metal ions as endogenous polarization sources are discussed. Section 6 briefly describes the recent introduction of mixed-valence radicals. In the last part, experimental aspects regarding sample formulation are reviewed to make best use of these polarizing agents in a broad panel of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Judith Schlagnitweit
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
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5
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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6
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Buch CD, Kundu K, Marbey JJ, van Tol J, Weihe H, Hill S, Piligkos S. Spin–Lattice Relaxation Decoherence Suppression in Vanishing Orbital Angular Momentum Qubits. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17597-17603. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian D. Buch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krishnendu Kundu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Jonathan J. Marbey
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Johan van Tol
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Høgni Weihe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Hill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Stergios Piligkos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Elliott SJ, Duff BB, Taylor-Hughes AR, Cheney DJ, Corley JP, Paul S, Brookfield A, Pawsey S, Gajan D, Aspinall HC, Lesage A, Blanc F. Off-the-Shelf Gd(NO 3) 3 as an Efficient High-Spin Metal Ion Polarizing Agent for Magic Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6281-6289. [PMID: 35973071 PMCID: PMC9421651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments are widely employed in the characterization of solid media. The approach is incredibly versatile but deleteriously suffers from low sensitivity, which may be alleviated by adopting dynamic nuclear polarization methods, resulting in large signal enhancements. Paramagnetic metal ions such as Gd3+ have recently shown promising results as polarizing agents for 1H, 13C, and 15N nuclear spins. We demonstrate that the widely available and inexpensive chemical agent Gd(NO3)3 achieves significant signal enhancements for the 13C and 15N nuclear sites of [2-13C,15N]glycine at 9.4 T and ∼105 K. Analysis of the signal enhancement profiles at two magnetic fields, in conjunction with electron paramagnetic resonance data, reveals the solid effect to be the dominant signal enhancement mechanism. The signal amplification obtained paves the way for efficient dynamic nuclear polarization without the need for challenging synthesis of Gd3+ polarizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin B Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J Cheney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - John P Corley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Subhradip Paul
- DNP MAS NMR Facility, Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 3RD, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Brookfield
- Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Pawsey
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - David Gajan
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (UMR 5082, CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Helen C Aspinall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (UMR 5082, CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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8
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Rao Y, Palumbo CT, Venkatesh A, Keener M, Stevanato G, Chauvin AS, Menzildjian G, Kuzin S, Yulikov M, Jeschke G, Lesage A, Mazzanti M, Emsley L. Design Principles for the Development of Gd(III) Polarizing Agents for Magic Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:11310-11317. [PMID: 35865791 PMCID: PMC9289950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance suffers from an intrinsically low sensitivity, which can be overcome by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Gd(III) complexes are attractive exogenous polarizing agents for magic angle spinning (MAS) DNP due to their high chemical stability in contrast to nitroxide-based radicals. However, even the state-of-the-art Gd(III) complexes have so far provided relatively low DNP signal enhancements of ca. 36 in comparison to standard DNP biradicals, which show enhancements of over 200. Here, we report a series of new Gd(III) complexes for DNP and show that the observed DNP enhancements of the new and existing Gd(III) complexes are inversely proportional to the square of the zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter D, which is in turn determined by the ligand-type and the local coordination environment. The experimental DNP enhancements at 9.4 T and the ZFS parameters measured with pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy agree with the above model, paving the way for the development of more efficient Gd(III) polarizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rao
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chad T. Palumbo
- Group
of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Megan Keener
- Group
of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Chauvin
- Group
of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georges Menzildjian
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sergei Kuzin
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Group
of Coordination Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Mathew R, Sergeyev IV, Aussenac F, Gkoura L, Rosay M, Baias M. Complete resonance assignment of a pharmaceutical drug at natural isotopic abundance from DNP-Enhanced solid-state NMR. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 2022; 119:101794. [PMID: 35462269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced magic angle spinning (DNP-MAS) NMR measurements coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations enable the full resonance assignment of a complex pharmaceutical drug molecule without the need for isotopic enrichment. DNP dramatically enhances the NMR signals, thereby making possible previously intractable two-dimensional correlation NMR spectra at natural abundance. Using inputs from DFT calculations, herein we describe a significant improvement to the structure elucidation process for complex organic molecules. Further, we demonstrate that a series of two-dimensional correlation experiments, including 15N-13C TEDOR, 13C-13C INADEQUATE/SARCOSY, 19F-13C HETCOR, and 1H-13C HETCOR, can be obtained at natural isotopic abundance within reasonable experiment times, thus enabling a complete resonance assignment of sitagliptin, a pharmaceutical used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny Mathew
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Fabien Aussenac
- Bruker France, 34 rue de l'industrie, 67166, Wissembourg, France.
| | - Lydia Gkoura
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Melanie Rosay
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Maria Baias
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Abstract
The widespread application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in detection is currently hampered by its inherently low sensitivity and complications resulting from the undesired signal overlap. Here, we report a detection scheme to address these challenges, where analytes are recognized by 19F-labeled probes to induce characteristic shifts of 19F resonances that can be used as "chromatographic" signatures to pin down each low-concentration analyte in complex mixtures. This unique signal transduction mechanism allows detection sensitivity to be enhanced by using massive chemically equivalent 19F atoms, which was achieved through the proper installation of nonafluoro-tert-butoxy groups on probes of high structural symmetry. It is revealed that the binding of an analyte to the probe can be sensed by as many as 72 chemically equivalent 19F atoms, allowing the quantification of analytes at nanomolar concentrations to be routinely performed by NMR. Applications on the detection of trace amounts of prohibited drug molecules and water contaminants were demonstrated. The high sensitivity and robust resolving ability of this approach represent a first step toward extending the application of NMR to scenarios that are now governed by chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques. The detection scheme also makes possible the highly sensitive non-invasive multi-component analysis that is difficult to achieve by other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Siyi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Perras FA, Carnahan SL, Lo WS, Ward CJ, Yu J, Huang W, Rossini AJ. Hybrid quantum-classical simulations of magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization in very large spin systems. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:124112. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0086530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance can be enhanced using unpaired electron spins with a method known as dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Fundamentally, DNP involves ensembles of thousands of spins, a scale that is difficult to match computationally. This scale prevents us from gaining a complete understanding of the spin dynamics and applying simulations to design sample formulations. We recently developed an ab initio model capable of calculating DNP enhancements in systems of up to ∼1000 nuclei; however, this scale is insufficient to accurately simulate the dependence of DNP enhancements on radical concentration or magic angle spinning (MAS) frequency. We build on this work by using ab initio simulations to train a hybrid model that makes use of a rate matrix to treat nuclear spin diffusion. We show that this model can reproduce the MAS rate and concentration dependence of DNP enhancements and build-up time constants. We then apply it to predict the DNP enhancements in core–shell metal-organic-framework nanoparticles and reveal new insights into the composition of the particles’ shells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott L. Carnahan
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Wei-Shang Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Charles J. Ward
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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12
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Haber S, Leskes M. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in battery materials. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 2022; 117:101763. [PMID: 34890977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2021.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing need for portable and large-scale energy storage systems requires development of new, long lasting and highly efficient battery systems. Solid state NMR spectroscopy has emerged as an excellent method for characterizing battery materials. Yet, it is limited when it comes to probing thin interfacial layers which play a central role in the performance and lifetime of battery cells. Here we review how Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) can lift the sensitivity limitation and enable detection of the electrode-electrolyte interface, as well as the bulk of some electrode and electrolyte systems. We describe the current challenges from the point of view of materials development; considering how the unique electronic, magnetic and chemical properties differentiate battery materials from other applications of DNP in materials science. We review the current applications of exogenous and endogenous DNP from radicals, conduction electrons and paramagnetic metal ions. Finally, we provide our perspective on the opportunities and directions where battery materials can benefit from current DNP methodologies as well as project on future developments that will enable NMR investigation of battery materials with sensitivity and selectivity under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Haber
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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13
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Abstract
Solid-state NMR with magic-angle spinning (MAS) is an important method in structural biology. While NMR can provide invaluable information about local geometry on an atomic scale even for large biomolecular assemblies lacking long-range order, it is often limited by low sensitivity due to small nuclear spin polarization in thermal equilibrium. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has evolved during the last decades to become a powerful method capable of increasing this sensitivity by two to three orders of magnitude, thereby reducing the valuable experimental time from weeks or months to just hours or days; in many cases, this allows experiments that would be otherwise completely unfeasible. In this review, we give an overview of the developments that have opened the field for DNP-enhanced biomolecular solid-state NMR including state-of-the-art applications at fast MAS and high magnetic field. We present DNP mechanisms, polarizing agents, and sample constitution methods suitable for biomolecules. A wide field of biomolecular NMR applications is covered including membrane proteins, amyloid fibrils, large biomolecular assemblies, and biomaterials. Finally, we present perspectives and recent developments that may shape the field of biomolecular DNP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Biedenbänder
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Victoria Aladin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Siavash Saeidpour
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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14
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Menzildjian G, Lund A, Yulikov M, Gajan D, Niccoli L, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Jeschke G, Ouari O, Lelli M, Lesage A. Efficient Dynamic Nuclear Polarization up to 230 K with Hybrid BDPA-Nitroxide Radicals at a High Magnetic Field. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13329-13338. [PMID: 34818009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pairing the spectral resolution provided by high magnetic fields at ambient temperature with the enhanced sensitivity offered by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a major goal of modern solid-state NMR spectroscopy, which will allow one to unlock ever-challenging applications. This study demonstrates that, by combining HyTEK2, a hybrid BDPA-nitroxide biradical polarizing agent, with ortho-terphenyl (OTP), a rigid DNP matrix, enhancement factors as high as 65 can be obtained at 230 K, 40 kHz magic angle spinning (MAS), and 18.8 T. The temperature dependence of the DNP enhancement and its behavior around the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the matrix is investigated by variable-temperature EPR measurements of the electron relaxation properties and numerical simulations. A correlation is suggested between the decrease in enhancement at the passage of the Tg and the concomitant drop of both transverse electron relaxation times in the biradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alicia Lund
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lorenzo Niccoli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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15
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Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method to study the molecular structure and dynamics of materials. The inherently low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy is a consequence of low spin polarization. Hyperpolarization of a spin ensemble is defined as a population difference between spin states that far exceeds what is expected from the Boltzmann distribution for a given temperature. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can overcome the relatively low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy by using a paramagnetic matrix to hyperpolarize a nuclear spin ensemble. Application of DNP to NMR can result in sensitivity gains of up to four orders of magnitude compared to NMR without DNP. Although DNP NMR is now more routinely utilized for solid-state (ss) NMR spectroscopy, it has not been exploited to the same degree for liquid-state samples. This Review will consider challenges and advances in the application of DNP NMR to liquid-state samples. The Review is organized into four sections: (i) mechanisms of DNP NMR relevant to hyperpolarization of liquid samples; (ii) applications of liquid-state DNP NMR; (iii) available detection schemes for liquid-state samples; and (iv) instrumental challenges and outlook for liquid-state DNP NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Abhyankar
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Veronika Szalai
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
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16
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Arnedo-Sanchez L, Smith KF, Deblonde GJP, Carter KP, Moreau LM, Rees JA, Tratnjek T, Booth CH, Abergel RJ. Combining the Best of Two Chelating Titans: A Hydroxypyridinone-Decorated Macrocyclic Ligand for Efficient and Concomitant Complexation and Sensitized Luminescence of f-Elements. Chempluschem 2021; 86:483-491. [PMID: 33733616 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An ideal chelator for f-elements features rapid kinetics of complexation, high thermodynamic stability, and slow kinetics of dissociation. Here we present the facile synthesis of a macrocyclic ligand bearing four 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinone units linked to a cyclen scaffold that rapidly forms thermodynamically stable complexes with lanthanides (Sm3+ , Eu3+ , Tb3+ , Dy3+ ) and a representative late actinide (Cm3+ ) in aqueous media and concurrently sensitizes them. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy revealed an increase in the Ln/An-O bond lengths following the trend Cm>Eu>Tb and EXAFS data were compatible with time-resolved luminescence studies, which indicated one to two water molecules in the inner metal coordination sphere of Eu(III) and two water molecules for the Cm(III) complex. Spectrofluorimetric ligand competition titrations against DTPA confirmed the high thermodynamic stability of DOTHOPO complexes, with pM values between 19.9(1) and 21.9(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Arnedo-Sanchez
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kurt F Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Korey P Carter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liane M Moreau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julian A Rees
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Toni Tratnjek
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Corwin H Booth
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
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17
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Heiliger J, Matzel T, Çetiner EC, Schwalbe H, Kuenze G, Corzilius B. Site-specific dynamic nuclear polarization in a Gd(III)-labeled protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25455-25466. [PMID: 33103678 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of a biomolecule tagged with a polarizing agent has the potential to not only increase NMR sensitivity but also to provide specificity towards the tagging site. Although the general concept has been often discussed, the observation of true site-specific DNP and its dependence on the electron-nuclear distance has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate site-specific DNP in a uniformly isotope-labeled ubiquitin. By recombinant expression of three different ubiquitin point mutants (F4C, A28C, and G75C) post-translationally modified with a Gd3+-chelator tag, localized metal-ion DNP of 13C and 15N is investigated. Effects counteracting the site-specificity of DNP such as nuclear spin-lattice relaxation and proton-driven spin diffusion have been attenuated by perdeuteration of the protein. Particularly for 15N, large DNP enhancement factors on the order of 100 and above as well as localized effects within side-chain resonances differently distributed over the protein are observed. By analyzing the experimental DNP built-up dynamics combined with structural modeling of Gd3+-tags in ubiquitin supported by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) in solution, we provide, for the first time, quantitative information on the distance dependence of the initial DNP transfer. We show that the direct 15N DNP transfer rate indeed linearly depends on the square of the hyperfine interaction between the electron and the nucleus following Fermi's golden rule, however, below a certain distance cutoff paramagnetic signal bleaching may dramatically skew the correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Heiliger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Stevanato G, Casano G, Kubicki DJ, Rao Y, Esteban Hofer L, Menzildjian G, Karoui H, Siri D, Cordova M, Yulikov M, Jeschke G, Lelli M, Lesage A, Ouari O, Emsley L. Open and Closed Radicals: Local Geometry around Unpaired Electrons Governs Magic-Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16587-16599. [PMID: 32806886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of magic-angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS DNP) has allowed atomic-level characterization of materials for which conventional solid-state NMR is impractical due to the lack of sensitivity. The rapid progress of MAS DNP has been largely enabled through the understanding of rational design concepts for more efficient polarizing agents (PAs). Here, we identify a new design principle which has so far been overlooked. We find that the local geometry around the unpaired electron can change the DNP enhancement by an order of magnitude for two otherwise identical conformers. We present a set of 13 new stable mono- and dinitroxide PAs for MAS DNP NMR where this principle is demonstrated. The radicals are divided into two groups of isomers, named open (O-) and closed (C-), based on the ring conformations in the vicinity of the N-O bond. In all cases, the open conformers exhibit dramatically improved DNP performance as compared to the closed counterparts. In particular, a new urea-based biradical named HydrOPol and a mononitroxide O-MbPyTol yield enhancements of 330 ± 60 and 119 ± 25, respectively, at 9.4 T and 100 K, which are the highest enhancements reported so far in the aqueous solvents used here. We find that while the conformational changes do not significantly affect electron spin-spin distances, they do affect the distribution of the exchange couplings in these biradicals. Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments suggest that the improved performance of the open conformers is correlated with higher solvent accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Dominik J Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Rao
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Esteban Hofer
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Manuel Cordova
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM/CIRMMP), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Lund A, Casano G, Menzildjian G, Kaushik M, Stevanato G, Yulikov M, Jabbour R, Wisser D, Renom-Carrasco M, Thieuleux C, Bernada F, Karoui H, Siri D, Rosay M, Sergeyev IV, Gajan D, Lelli M, Emsley L, Ouari O, Lesage A. TinyPols: a family of water-soluble binitroxides tailored for dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy at 18.8 and 21.1 T. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2810-2818. [PMID: 34084341 PMCID: PMC8157490 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a key method to increase the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS). While efficient binitroxide polarizing agents such as AMUPol have been developed for MAS DNP NMR at magnetic fields up to 9.4 T, their performance drops rapidly at higher fields due to the unfavorable field dependence of the cross-effect (CE) mechanism and AMUPol-like radicals were so far disregarded in the context of the development of polarizing agents for very high-field DNP. Here, we introduce a new family of water-soluble binitroxides, dubbed TinyPols, which have a three-bond non-conjugated flexible amine linker allowing sizable couplings between the two unpaired electrons. We show that this adjustment of the linker is crucial and leads to unexpectedly high DNP enhancement factors at 18.8 T and 21.1 T: an improvement of about a factor 2 compared to AMUPol is reported for spinning frequencies ranging from 5 to 40 kHz, with ε H of up to 90 at 18.8 T and 38 at 21.1 T for the best radical in this series, which are the highest MAS DNP enhancements measured so far in aqueous solutions at these magnetic fields. This work not only breathes a new momentum into the design of binitroxides tailored towards high magnetic fields, but also is expected to push the application frontiers of high-resolution DNP MAS NMR, as demonstrated here on a hybrid mesostructured silica material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lund
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | | | - Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Monu Kaushik
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Dorothea Wisser
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Marc Renom-Carrasco
- Institute of Chemistry of Lyon, Laboratory C2P2 UMR 5265-CNRS-University Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, University of Lyon 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Institute of Chemistry of Lyon, Laboratory C2P2 UMR 5265-CNRS-University Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, University of Lyon 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | | | | | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR Marseille France
| | - Melanie Rosay
- Bruker Biospin Corporation 15 Fortune Drive Billerica Massachusetts 01821 USA
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation 15 Fortune Drive Billerica Massachusetts 01821 USA
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence Via Luigi Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
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20
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Saliba EP, Barnes AB. Fast electron paramagnetic resonance magic angle spinning simulations using analytical powder averaging techniques. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114107. [PMID: 31542017 PMCID: PMC7043854 DOI: 10.1063/1.5113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulations describing the spin physics underpinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy play an important role in the design of new experiments. When experiments are performed in the solid state, samples are commonly composed of powders or glasses, with molecules oriented at a large number of angles with respect to the laboratory frame. These powder angles must be represented in simulations to account for anisotropic interactions. Numerical techniques are typically used to accurately compute such powder averages. A large number of Euler angles are usually required, leading to lengthy simulation times. This is particularly true in broad spectra, such as those observed in EPR. The combination of the traditionally separate techniques of EPR and magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR could play an important role in future electron detected experiments, combined with dynamic nuclear polarization, which will allow for exceptional detection sensitivity of NMR spin coherences. Here, we present a method of reducing the required number of Euler angles in magnetic resonance simulations by analytically performing the powder average over one of the Euler angles in the static and MAS cases for the TEMPO nitroxide radical in a 7 T field. In the static case, this leads to a 97.5% reduction in simulation time over the fully numerical case and reproduces the expected spinning sideband manifold when simulated with a MAS frequency of 150 kHz. This technique is applicable to more traditional NMR experiments as well, such as those involving quadrupolar nuclei or multiple dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Alexander B Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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21
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Abstract
Polarization transfer from unpaired electron radicals to nuclear spins at low-temperature is achieved using microwave irradiation by a process broadly termed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). The resulting signal enhancement can easily exceed factors of 104 when paired with cryogenic cooling of the sample. Dissolution-DNP couples low temperature polarization methods with a rapid dissolution step, resulting in a highly polarized solution that can be used for metabolically sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate is a powerful metabolic imaging agent for investigation of in vitro and in vivo cellular metabolism by means of NMR spectroscopy and MRI. Radicals (trityl OX063 and BDPA) with narrower EPR linewidths typically produce higher nuclear polarizations when carbon-13 is the target nucleus. Increased solid-state polarization is observed when narrow line radicals are doped with lanthanide ions such as Gd3+, Ho3+, Dy3+, and Tb3+. Earlier results have demonstrated an incongruence between DNP experiments with trityl and BDPA, where the optimal concentrations for polarization transfer are disparate despite similar electron spin resonance linewidths. Here, the effects of Ho-DOTA on the solid-state polarization of [1-13C]pyruvic acid were compared for 3.35 T (1.4 K) and 5 T (1.2 K) systems using BDPA as a radical. Multiple concentrations of BDPA were doped with variable concentrations of Ho-DOTA (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM), and dissolved in 1 : 1 (v/v) of [1-13C] pyruvic acid/sulfolane mixture. Our results reveal that addition of small amounts of Ho-DOTA in the sample preparation increases the solid-state polarization for [1-13C] pyruvic acid, with the optimum Ho-DOTA concentration of 0.2 mM. Without Ho-DOTA doping, the optimum BDPA concentration found for 3.35 T (1.4 K) is 40 mM, and for 5 T (1.2 K) system it is about 60 mM. In both systems, inclusion of Ho-DOTA in the 13C DNP sample leads to a change in the breadth (ΔDNP) of the extrema between the P(+) and P(-) frequencies in microwave spectra. At no combination of BDPA and Ho3+ did polarizations reach those achievable with trityl. Simplified analysis of increased polarization as a function of decreased electron T1e used to explain results in trityl are insufficient to describe DNP with BDPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Khattri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA.
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