1
|
Fan Z, Zhou X, Peng Z, Wan S, Gao ZF, Deng S, Tong L, Han W, Chen X. Co-pyrolysis technology for enhancing the functionality of sewage sludge biochar and immobilizing heavy metals. Chemosphere 2023; 317:137929. [PMID: 36682641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) is a frequent and challenging issue for countries with big populations, due to its massive output, significant hazard potential, and challenging resource utilization. Pyrolysis can simultaneously realize the reduction, harmlessness and recycling of SS. Co-pyrolysis offers a wide range of potential in terms of increasing product quality and immobilizing heavy metals (HMs), thanks to its capacity to use additives to address the mismatch between SS characteristics and pyrolysis. High-value utilization potential of SS biochar is the key to evaluating the advancement of treatment technology. A further requirement for using biochar resources is the immobilization and bioavailability reduction of HMs. Due to the catalytic and synergistic effects in the co-pyrolysis process, co-pyrolysis SS biochar exhibits enhanced functionality and has been applied in soil improvement, pollutant adsorption and catalytic reactions. This review focuses on the research progress of different additives in improving the functionality of biochar and influencing the behavior of HMs. The key limitation and challenges in SS co-pyrolysis are then discussed. Future research prospects are detailed from seven perspectives, including pyrolysis process optimization, co-pyrolysis additive selection, catalytic mechanism research of process and product, biochar performance improvement and application field expansion, cooperative immobilization of HMs, and life cycle assessment. This review will offer recommendations and direction for future research paths, while also assist pertinent researchers in swiftly understanding the current state of SS pyrolysis research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Fan
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China.
| | - Xian Zhou
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Ziling Peng
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Sha Wan
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Zhuo Fan Gao
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Luling Tong
- Wuhan Planning & Design Institute, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Wei Han
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Research Center of Water Engineering Safety and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Water Resources, Wuhan, 430010, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lawrence RA, Ramasse QM, Holsgrove KM, Sando D, Cazorla C, Valanoor N, Arredondo MA. Effects of Multiple Local Environments on Electron Energy Loss Spectra of Epitaxial Perovskite Interfaces. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:21453-21466. [PMID: 36582487 PMCID: PMC9791663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of local chemical environments in the electron energy loss spectra of complex multiferroic oxides was studied using computational and experimental techniques. The evolution of the O K-edge across an interface between bismuth ferrite (BFO) and lanthanum strontium manganate (LSMO) was considered through spectral averaging over crystallographically equivalent positions to capture the periodicity of the local O environments. Computational techniques were used to investigate the contribution of individual atomic environments to the overall spectrum, and the role of doping and strain was considered. Chemical variation, even at the low level, was found to have a major impact on the spectral features, whereas strain only induced a small chemical shift to the edge onset energy. Through a combination of these methods, it was possible to explain experimentally observed effects such as spectral flattening near the interface as the combination of spectral responses from multiple local atomic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Lawrence
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington, North YorkshireYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M. Ramasse
- SuperSTEM
Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, DaresburyWA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina M. Holsgrove
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s
University Belfast, BelfastBT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Sando
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of Canterbury, ChristChurch8140, New Zealand
| | - Claudio Cazorla
- Departament
de Fisica, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaE-08034, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nagarajan Valanoor
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Miryam A. Arredondo
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s
University Belfast, BelfastBT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao Y, Gao W, Zhu H, Chen H, Yan S, Zhao M, Sun H, Zhang J, Zhang S. A Review on N-Doped Biochar for Oxidative Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Wastewater by Persulfate Activation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14805. [PMID: 36429520 PMCID: PMC9690619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Persulfate-based advanced oxidation process is the most efficient and commonly used technology to remove organic contaminants in wastewater. Due to the large surface area, unique electronic properties, abundant N functional groups, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, N-doped biochars (NBCs) are widely used as catalysts for persulfate activation. This review focuses on the NBC for oxidative degradation of organics-contaminated wastewater. Firstly, the preparation and modification methods of NBCs were reviewed. Then the catalytic performance of NBCs and modified NBCs on the oxidation degradation of organic contaminants were discussed with an emphasis on the degradation mechanism. We further summarized the detection technologies of activation mechanisms and the structures of NBCs affecting the PS activation, followed by the specific role of the N configuration of the NBC on its catalytic capacity. Finally, several challenges in the treatment of organics-contaminated wastewater by a persulfate-based advanced oxidation process were put forward and the recommendations for future research were proposed for further understanding of the advanced oxidation process activated by the NBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Gao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenran Gao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haonan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shanshan Yan
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hongqi Sun
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luo H, Fu H, Yin H, Lin Q. Carbon materials in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes: The roles and construction of active sites. J Hazard Mater 2022; 426:128044. [PMID: 34933260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers have paid more attention to the progress of carbon materials owing to their advantages, such as high activity, low cost, large surface area, high conductivity and high stability. Carbon materials have been widely used in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs), especially for graphene (G), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and biochar (BC). Various strategies are applied to promote their activity, however, up to now, the relationship between the structures of carbon materials and their activities in PS-AOPs has not been specifically reviewed. The methods to switch reaction pathway (radical and nonradical pathways) in carbon-persulfate-based AOPs have not been systematically explored. Hereon, this review illustrated the active sites of G, CNTs, BC and other carbon materials, and generalized the modification methods to promote the activity of carbon materials and to switch reaction pathway in PS-AOPs. The roles of carbon materials in PS-AOPs were discussed around reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the structures. ROS are frequently complex in AOPs, but main ROS generation is related to the active sites on carbon materials. The structures of carbon materials (e.g., metal-carbon bonds, the electron-deficient C atoms, unbalanced electron distribution and graphitized structures) play a decisive role in the nonradical pathway. Finally, future breakthroughs of carbon materials were proposed for practical engineering and multi-field application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hengyi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qintie Lin
- Guangdong Industrial Contaminated Site Remediation Technology and Equipment Engineering Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang W, Chen M. Catalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by peroxymonosulfate activation system composed of nitrogen-doped biochar from pomelo peel: Important roles of defects and nitrogen, and detoxification of intermediates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:57-70. [PMID: 35032777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen doping could improve the catalytic performance of carbon materials, in which the nitrogen configuration could be used as active sites for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Herein, this paper studied how to turn waste to "treasure" by agriculture waste pomelo peel to prepare nitrogen-doped biochar and successfully applied it to advanced oxidation field. The effects of the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), melamine, and pyrolysis temperature on the catalytic activity of biochar for the removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were investigated. The optimized nitrogen-doped biochar (C-N-M 1:3:4) possessed high specific surface area (SSA, 738 m2/g) and high level of nitrogen doping (nitrogen content 13.54 at%). Accordingly, it exhibited great catalytic performance for PMS activation to remove SMX antibiotic, and 95% of SMX was removed within 30 min. High catalytic activity of C-N-M 1:3:4 was attributed to rich defects, carbonyl group, high content of graphitic N and pyrrolic N, and large SSA, in which non-radical oxidation process based on singlet oxygen (1O2) and electron transfer contributed to the SMX degradation. The prepared nitrogen-doped biochar possessed high stability and reusability and the removal efficiency of SMX still reached 80% after four cycles. Additionally, the phytotoxicity assay indicated that the toxicity of degradation intermediates was obviously decreased in the PMS/ C-N-M 1:3:4 system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madsen J, Pennycook TJ, Susi T. ab initio description of bonding for transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 231:113253. [PMID: 33773844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The simulation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images or diffraction patterns is often required to interpret their contrast and extract specimen features. This is especially true for high-resolution phase-contrast imaging of materials, but electron scattering simulations based on atomistic models are widely used in materials science and structural biology. Since electron scattering is dominated by the nuclear cores, the scattering potential is typically described by the widely applied independent atom model. This approximation is fast and fairly accurate, especially for scanning TEM (STEM) annular dark-field contrast, but it completely neglects valence bonding and its effect on the transmitting electrons. However, an emerging trend in electron microscopy is to use new instrumentation and methods to extract the maximum amount of information from each electron. This is evident in the increasing popularity of techniques such as 4D-STEM combined with ptychography in materials science, and cryogenic microcrystal electron diffraction in structural biology, where subtle differences in the scattering potential may be both measurable and contain additional insights. Thus, there is increasing interest in electron scattering simulations based on electrostatic potentials obtained from first principles, mainly via density functional theory, which was previously mainly required for holography. In this Review, we discuss the motivation and basis for these developments, survey the pioneering work that has been published thus far, and give our outlook for the future. We argue that a physically better justified ab initio description of the scattering potential is both useful and viable for an increasing number of systems, and we expect such simulations to steadily gain in popularity and importance.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhavanari M, Lee KR, Su BJ, Dutta D, Hung YH, Tseng CJ, Su CY. MoS x on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene for High-Efficiency Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Unraveling the Mechanisms of Unique Interfacial Bonding for Efficient Charge Transport and Stability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:34825-34836. [PMID: 32644795 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanostructures with abundant exposed active sites and facile charge transport through conductive scaffolds to active sites are pivotal for developing an advanced and efficient electrocatalyst for water splitting. In the present study, by coating ∼3 nm MoSx on nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) pre-engrafted on a flexible carbon cloth (MNG) as a model system, an extremely low Tafel slope of 39.6 mV dec-1 with cyclic stability up to 5000 cycles is obtained. The specific fraction of N on the NG framework is also analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation light sources, and it is found that the MoSx particles are selectively positioned on the specific graphitic N sites, forming the unique Mo-N-C bonding state. This Mo-N-C bonding is founded to facilitate highly effective charge transfer directly to the active sulfur sites on the edges of MoSx, leading to a highly improved hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with excellent stability (95% retention @ 5000 cycles). The functional anchoring of MoSx by such bonding prevents particle aggregation, which plays a significant role in maintaining the stability and activity of the catalyst. Furthermore, it has been revealed that MNG samples with adequately high amounts of both pyridinic and graphitic N result in the best HER performance. This work helps in understanding the mechanisms and bonding interactions within various catalysts and the scaffold electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Bhavanari
- Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kan-Rong Lee
- Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bing Jian Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Centre, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dipak Dutta
- Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Jen Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Yuan Su
- Graduate Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hofer C, Skákalová V, Görlich T, Tripathi M, Mittelberger A, Mangler C, Monazam MRA, Susi T, Kotakoski J, Meyer JC. Direct imaging of light-element impurities in graphene reveals triple-coordinated oxygen. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4570. [PMID: 31594951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are the arguably most
important elements for organic chemistry. Due to their rich variety of possible
bonding configurations, they can form a staggering number of compounds. Here, we
present a detailed analysis of nitrogen and oxygen bonding configurations in a
defective carbon (graphene) lattice. Using aberration-corrected scanning
transmission electron microscopy and single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy,
we directly imaged oxygen atoms in graphene oxide, as well as nitrogen atoms
implanted into graphene. The collected data allows us to compare nitrogen and oxygen
bonding configurations, showing clear differences between the two elements. As
expected, nitrogen forms either two or three bonds with neighboring carbon atoms,
with three bonds being the preferred configuration. Oxygen, by contrast, tends to
bind with only two carbon atoms. Remarkably, however, triple-coordinated oxygen with
three carbon neighbors is also observed, a configuration that is exceedingly rare in
organic compounds. Annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy is able to
distinguish the contrasts between light elements. Here, the authors directly image
the bonding configurations of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in defective graphene, and
surprisingly identify instances of unusual triple-coordinated oxygen with three
carbon neighbors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu W, Xie Y, Lu S, Li P, Xie T, Zhang Y, Wang Y. One-step synthesis of nitrogen-doped sludge carbon as a bifunctional material for the adsorption and catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants. Sci Total Environ 2019; 680:51-60. [PMID: 31100668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) materials have been extensively investigated for their great potential applications in adsorption, catalysis, etc. Herein, we report a facile one-step pyrolysis process for NC synthesis using abundant bio-waste of excess sludge as carbon source and cheap precursor of urea as nitrogen source. The developed materials were evaluated for organic pollutants removal through adsorption and catalytic oxidation by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Experimental results demonstrated that nitrogen doping significantly affected the elemental composition and microstructure of NC, leading to improved adsorption capability as well as PMS activation activity for methylene blue (MB) removal. The adsorption capacity for MB reached 35.831 mg g-1 over NC-700 sample (NC prepared at 700 °C). In MB catalytic oxidation experiments, effects of sample calcination temperature, catalyst dosage, PMS loading, and co-existing ions were investigated. Under optimal reaction conditions, 98.70% of MB could be removed in 20 min. Through radical quenching and electron spin resonance (ESR) tests, it was confirmed that singlet oxygen (1O2) was the main reactive species for MB degradation. Additionally, NC-700 performed well in recycle studies without significant efficiency loss. Other typical organic pollutants including malachite green (MG), methyl orange (MO), bisphenol A (BPA), phenol (PE), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) could also be removed using NC-700 as adsorbent and catalyst. These features manifest that excess sludge-derived NC could be a promising material for organic pollutants remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Panyu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Tonghui Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Yabo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of structurally well-defined motifs of graphitic materials is crucial to understanding their physicochemical properties and to elicit new functions. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of TriQuinoline (TQ) as a molecular model for pyridinic-nitrogen defects in graphene sheets. TQ is a trimer of quinoline units concatenated at the 2- and 8-positions in a head-to-tail fashion, whose structure leads to unusual aromatisation behaviour at the final stage of the synthesis. The central atomic-sized void endows TQ with high proton affinity, which was confirmed empirically and computationally. TQ•H+ is a two-dimensional cationic molecule that displays both π-π and CH-π contact modes, culminating in the formation of the ternary complex ([12]cycloparaphenylene(CPP) ⊃ (TQ•H+/coronene)) that consists of TQ•H+, coronene (flat), and [12]cycloparaphenylene ([12]CPP) (ring). The water-miscibility of TQ•H+ allows it to serve as an efficient DNA intercalator for e.g. the inhibition of topoisomerase I activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Adachi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Naoya Kumagai
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Su C, Tripathi M, Yan QB, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Hofer C, Wang H, Basile L, Su G, Dong M, Meyer JC, Kotakoski J, Kong J, Idrobo JC, Susi T, Li J. Engineering single-atom dynamics with electron irradiation. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav2252. [PMID: 31114798 PMCID: PMC6524980 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atomic engineering is envisioned to involve selectively inducing the desired dynamics of single atoms and combining these steps for larger-scale assemblies. Here, we focus on the first part by surveying the single-step dynamics of graphene dopants, primarily phosphorus, caused by electron irradiation both in experiment and simulation, and develop a theory for describing the probabilities of competing configurational outcomes depending on the postcollision momentum vector of the primary knock-on atom. The predicted branching ratio of configurational transformations agrees well with our atomically resolved experiments. This suggests a way for biasing the dynamics toward desired outcomes, paving the road for designing and further upscaling atomic engineering using electron irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Su
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Research Lab of Electronics (RLE), Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mukesh Tripathi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Qing-Bo Yan
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zegao Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNano), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Christoph Hofer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Haozhe Wang
- Research Lab of Electronics (RLE), Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leonardo Basile
- Department of Physics, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 170517, Ecuador
| | - Gang Su
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, and CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNano), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jing Kong
- Research Lab of Electronics (RLE), Massachusetts Institutes of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen X, Liang Y, Wan L, Xie Z, Easton CD, Bourgeois L, Wang Z, Bao Q, Zhu Y, Tao S, Wang H. Construction of porous N-doped graphene layer for efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Dyck O, Kim S, Jimenez-Izal E, Alexandrova AN, Kalinin SV, Jesse S. Building Structures Atom by Atom via Electron Beam Manipulation. Small 2018; 14:e1801771. [PMID: 30146718 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Building materials from the atom up is the pinnacle of materials fabrication. Until recently the only platform that offered single-atom manipulation was scanning tunneling microscopy. Here controlled manipulation and assembly of a few atom structures are demonstrated by bringing together single atoms using a scanning transmission electron microscope. An atomically focused electron beam is used to introduce Si substitutional defects and defect clusters in graphene with spatial control of a few nanometers and enable controlled motion of Si atoms. The Si substitutional defects are then further manipulated to form dimers, trimers, and more complex structures. The dynamics of a beam-induced atomic-scale chemical process is captured in a time-series of images at atomic resolution. These studies suggest that control of the e-beam-induced local processes offers the next step toward atom-by-atom nanofabrication, providing an enabling tool for the study of atomic-scale chemistry in 2D materials and fabrication of predefined structures and defects with atomic specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Dyck
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Songkil Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
| | - Elisa Jimenez-Izal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- California NanoSystems Institute, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stephen Jesse
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hage FS, Hardcastle TP, Gjerding MN, Kepaptsoglou DM, Seabourne CR, Winther KT, Zan R, Amani JA, Hofsaess HC, Bangert U, Thygesen KS, Ramasse QM. Local Plasmon Engineering in Doped Graphene. ACS Nano 2018; 12:1837-1848. [PMID: 29369611 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom B or N substitutional doping in single-layer suspended graphene, realized by low-energy ion implantation, is shown to induce a dampening or enhancement of the characteristic interband π plasmon of graphene through a high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy study using scanning transmission electron microscopy. A relative 16% decrease or 20% increase in the π plasmon quality factor is attributed to the presence of a single substitutional B or N atom dopant, respectively. This modification is in both cases shown to be relatively localized, with data suggesting the plasmonic response tailoring can no longer be detected within experimental uncertainties beyond a distance of approximately 1 nm from the dopant. Ab initio calculations confirm the trends observed experimentally. Our results directly confirm the possibility of tailoring the plasmonic properties of graphene in the ultraviolet waveband at the atomic scale, a crucial step in the quest for utilizing graphene's properties toward the development of plasmonic and optoelectronic devices operating at ultraviolet frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor P Hardcastle
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, U.K
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Morten N Gjerding
- CAMD and Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark , Fysikvej 1, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Demie M Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, U.K
- York NanoCentre, University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5BR, U.K
| | - Che R Seabourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Kirsten T Winther
- CAMD and Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark , Fysikvej 1, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Recep Zan
- Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Niğde Omer Halisdemir University , Niğde 51000, Turkey
| | - Julian Alexander Amani
- II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans C Hofsaess
- II Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ursel Bangert
- Bernal Institute and Department of Physics, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kristian S Thygesen
- CAMD and Center for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark , Fysikvej 1, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, U.K
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
- School of Physics, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fang B, Yang J, Chen C, Zhang C, Chang D, Xu H, Gao C. Carbon Nanotubes Loaded on Graphene Microfolds as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Jia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Dan Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schiros T, Nordlund D, Palova L, Zhao L, Levendorf M, Jaye C, Reichman D, Park J, Hybertsen M, Pasupathy A. Atomistic Interrogation of B-N Co-dopant Structures and Their Electronic Effects in Graphene. ACS Nano 2016; 10:6574-6584. [PMID: 27327863 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping has been demonstrated to be an effective method for producing high-quality, large-area graphene with controlled carrier concentrations and an atomically tailored work function. The emergent optoelectronic properties and surface reactivity of carbon nanostructures are dictated by the microstructure of atomic dopants. Co-doping of graphene with boron and nitrogen offers the possibility to further tune the electronic properties of graphene at the atomic level, potentially creating p- and n-type domains in a single carbon sheet, opening a gap between valence and conduction bands in the 2-D semimetal. Using a suite of high-resolution synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory based computation we visualize and characterize B-N dopant bond structures and their electronic effects at the atomic level in single-layer graphene grown on a copper substrate. We find there is a thermodynamic driving force for B and N atoms to cluster into BNC structures in graphene, rather than randomly distribute into isolated B and N graphitic dopants, although under the present growth conditions, kinetics limit segregation of large B-N domains. We observe that the doping effect of these BNC structures, which open a small band gap in graphene, follows the B:N ratio (B > N, p-type; B < N, n-type; B═N, neutral). We attribute this to the comparable electron-withdrawing and -donating effects, respectively, of individual graphitic B and N dopants, although local electrostatics also play a role in the work function change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theanne Schiros
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Fashion Institute of Technology/State University of New York , New York, New York 10001, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Levendorf
- Chemistry Department, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 10065, United States
| | - Cherno Jaye
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | | | - Jiwoong Park
- Chemistry Department, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mark Hybertsen
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu X, Zhang S, Li C, Zhu C, Chen Y, Gao P, Qi L, Zhang X. Hollow CoP nanopaticle/N-doped graphene hybrids as highly active and stable bifunctional catalysts for full water splitting. Nanoscale 2016; 8:10902-10907. [PMID: 27181021 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01867j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An alkaline electrolyzer fabricated by employing hollow CoP nanoparticles/N-doped graphene as bifunctional catalysts exhibits remarkable activity with a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at a cell voltage of 1.58 V and considerable stability over 65 h of continuous electrolysis operation, favorably comparable to the integrated performance of commercial Pt/C and IrO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Yu
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, and College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chang SLY, Barnard AS, Dwyer C, Boothroyd CB, Hocking RK, Ōsawa E, Nicholls RJ. Counting vacancies and nitrogen-vacancy centers in detonation nanodiamond. Nanoscale 2016; 8:10548-52. [PMID: 27147128 PMCID: PMC5048336 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Detonation nanodiamond particles (DND) contain highly-stable nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers, making it important for quantum-optical and biotechnology applications. However, due to the small particle size, the N-V concentrations are believed to be intrinsically very low, spawning efforts to understand the formation of N-V centers and vacancies, and increase their concentration. Here we show that vacancies in DND can be detected and quantified using simulation-aided electron energy loss spectroscopy. Despite the small particle size, we find that vacancies exist at concentrations of about 1 at%. Based on this experimental finding, we use ab initio calculations to predict that about one fifth of vacancies in DND form N-V centers. The ability to directly detect and quantify vacancies in DND, and predict the corresponding N-V formation probability, has a significant impact to those emerging technologies where higher concentrations and better dispersion of N-V centres are critically required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shery L Y Chang
- Leroy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
| | | | | | - Chris B Boothroyd
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rosalie K Hocking
- College of Science Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Eiji Ōsawa
- NanoCarbon Research Institute, Ueda, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patole SP, Simões F, Yapici TF, Warsama BH, Anjum DH, Costa PM. An evaluation of microwave-assisted fusion and microwave-assisted acid digestion methods for determining elemental impurities in carbon nanostructures using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 148:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
20
|
Magne D, Mauchamp V, Célérier S, Chartier P, Cabioc'h T. Site-projected electronic structure of two-dimensional Ti3C2MXene: the role of the surface functionalization groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30946-30953. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05985f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of the surface groups in chemical bonding in two dimensional Ti3C2is evidenced at the nano-object level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Magne
- Institut Pprime
- UPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ISAE-ENSMA
- 86962 Futuroscope-Chasseneuil Cedex
- France
| | - Vincent Mauchamp
- Institut Pprime
- UPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ISAE-ENSMA
- 86962 Futuroscope-Chasseneuil Cedex
- France
| | - Stéphane Célérier
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP)
- Université de Poitiers
- CNRS
- F-86073 Poitiers
- France
| | - Patrick Chartier
- Institut Pprime
- UPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ISAE-ENSMA
- 86962 Futuroscope-Chasseneuil Cedex
- France
| | - Thierry Cabioc'h
- Institut Pprime
- UPR 3346 CNRS – Université de Poitiers – ISAE-ENSMA
- 86962 Futuroscope-Chasseneuil Cedex
- France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nie Y, Xie X, Chen S, Ding W, Qi X, Wang Y, Wang J, Li W, Wei Z, Shao M. Towards Effective Utilization of Nitrogen-Containing Active Sites: Nitrogen-doped Carbon Layers Wrapped CNTs Electrocatalysts for Superior Oxygen Reduction. Electrochim Acta 2016; 187:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
22
|
Kepaptsoglou D, Hardcastle TP, Seabourne CR, Bangert U, Zan R, Amani JA, Hofsäss H, Nicholls RJ, Brydson RMD, Scott AJ, Ramasse QM. Electronic Structure Modification of Ion Implanted Graphene: The Spectroscopic Signatures of p- and n-Type Doping. ACS Nano 2015; 9:11398-11407. [PMID: 26446310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations is used to describe the electronic structure modifications incurred by free-standing graphene through two types of single-atom doping. The N K and C K electron energy loss transitions show the presence of π* bonding states, which are highly localized around the N dopant. In contrast, the B K transition of a single B dopant atom shows an unusual broad asymmetric peak which is the result of delocalized π* states away from the B dopant. The asymmetry of the B K toward higher energies is attributed to highly localized σ* antibonding states. These experimental observations are then interpreted as direct fingerprints of the expected p- and n-type behavior of graphene doped in this fashion, through careful comparison with density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demie Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory , SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor P Hardcastle
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Che R Seabourne
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ursel Bangert
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Recep Zan
- School of Materials, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Alexander Amani
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Hofsäss
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Nicholls
- Deparment of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Rik M D Brydson
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Scott
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory , SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
High density and controllable nitrogen doping in graphene is a critical issue to realize high performance graphene-based devices. In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient method to selectively produce graphitic-N and pyridinic-N defects in graphene by using the mixture plasma of ozone and nitrogen. The atomic structure, electronic structure, and dynamic behavior of these nitrogen defects are systematically studied at the atomic level by using a scanning transmission electron microscopy. The pyridinic-N exhibits higher chemical activity and tends to trap a series of transition metal atoms (Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, and Fe) as individual atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Po-Yuan Teng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Masanori Koshino
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sanders S, Cabrero-Vilatela A, Kidambi PR, Alexander-Webber JA, Weijtens C, Braeuninger-Weimer P, Aria AI, Qasim MM, Wilkinson TD, Robertson J, Hofmann S, Meyer J. Engineering high charge transfer n-doping of graphene electrodes and its application to organic electronics. Nanoscale 2015; 7:13135-13142. [PMID: 26176814 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using thermally evaporated cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) in an organic matrix, we present a novel strategy for efficient n-doping of monolayer graphene and a ∼90% reduction in its sheet resistance to ∼250 Ohm sq(-1). Photoemission spectroscopy confirms the presence of a large interface dipole of ∼0.9 eV between graphene and the Cs2CO3/organic matrix. This leads to a strong charge transfer based doping of graphene with a Fermi level shift of ∼1.0 eV. Using this approach we demonstrate efficient, standard industrial manufacturing process compatible graphene-based inverted organic light emitting diodes on glass and flexible substrates with efficiencies comparable to those of state-of-the-art ITO based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sanders
- Philips Research, Philipsstrasse 8, 52068 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tang C, Wang HS, Wang HF, Zhang Q, Tian GL, Nie JQ, Wei F. Spatially Confined Hybridization of Nanometer-Sized NiFe Hydroxides into Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Frameworks Leading to Superior Oxygen Evolution Reactivity. Adv Mater 2015; 27:4516-4522. [PMID: 26115530 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-sized hydroxide active centers are uniformly and strongly hybridized into a graphene framework by means of defect-anchored nucleation and spatially confined growth, resulting in a superior electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. This family of strongly coupled complexes and the topology-assisted fabrication strategy is expected to open up new avenues of research. It sheds light on a novel branch of advanced nano-architectured materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Han-Sen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Fan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Li Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Qi Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ke X, Bittencourt C, Van Tendeloo G. Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:1541-57. [PMID: 26425406 PMCID: PMC4578338 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A major revolution for electron microscopy in the past decade is the introduction of aberration correction, which enables one to increase both the spatial resolution and the energy resolution to the optical limit. Aberration correction has contributed significantly to the imaging at low operating voltages. This is crucial for carbon-based nanomaterials which are sensitive to electron irradiation. The research of carbon nanomaterials and nanohybrids, in particular the fundamental understanding of defects and interfaces, can now be carried out in unprecedented detail by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM). This review discusses new possibilities and limits of AC-TEM at low voltage, including the structural imaging at atomic resolution, in three dimensions and spectroscopic investigation of chemistry and bonding. In situ TEM of carbon-based nanomaterials is discussed and illustrated through recent reports with particular emphasis on the underlying physics of interactions between electrons and carbon atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Ke
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemistry of Interaction Plasma Surface (ChiPS), University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The development of low cost, durable and efficient nanocatalysts to substitute expensive and rare noble metals (e.g. Pt, Au and Pd) in overcoming the sluggish kinetic process of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential to satisfy the demand for sustainable energy conversion and storage in the future. Graphene based transition metal oxide nanocomposites have extensively been proven to be a type of promising highly efficient and economic nanocatalyst for optimizing the ORR to solve the world-wide energy crisis. Synthesized nanocomposites exhibit synergetic advantages and avoid the respective disadvantages. In this feature article, we concentrate on the recent leading works of different categories of introduced transition metal oxides on graphene: from the commonly-used classes (FeOx, MnOx, and CoOx) to some rare and heat-studied issues (TiOx, NiCoOx and Co-MnOx). Moreover, the morphologies of the supported oxides on graphene with various dimensional nanostructures, such as one dimensional nanocrystals, two dimensional nanosheets/nanoplates and some special multidimensional frameworks are further reviewed. The strategies used to synthesize and characterize these well-designed nanocomposites and their superior properties for the ORR compared to the traditional catalysts are carefully summarized. This work aims to highlight the meaning of the multiphase establishment of graphene-based transition metal oxide nanocomposites and its structural-dependent ORR performance and mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Susi T, Pichler T, Ayala P. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:177-92. [PMID: 25671162 PMCID: PMC4311644 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the best tools for studying the chemical modification of surfaces, and in particular the distribution and bonding of heteroatom dopants in carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. Although these materials have superb intrinsic properties, these often need to be modified in a controlled way for specific applications. Towards this aim, the most studied dopants are neighbors to carbon in the periodic table, nitrogen and boron, with phosphorus starting to emerge as an interesting new alternative. Hundreds of studies have used XPS for analyzing the concentration and bonding of dopants in various materials. Although the majority of works has concentrated on nitrogen, important work is still ongoing to identify its precise atomic bonding configurations. In general, care should be taken in the preparation of a suitable sample, consideration of the intrinsic photoemission response of the material in question, and the appropriate spectral analysis. If this is not the case, incorrect conclusions can easily be drawn, especially in the assignment of measured binding energies into specific atomic configurations. Starting from the characteristics of pristine materials, this review provides a practical guide for interpreting X-ray photoelectron spectra of doped graphitic carbon nanomaterials, and a reference for their binding energies that are vital for compositional analysis via XPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Ayala
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Warner JH, Lin YC, He K, Koshino M, Suenaga K. Stability and spectroscopy of single nitrogen dopants in graphene at elevated temperatures. ACS Nano 2014; 8:11806-11815. [PMID: 25389658 DOI: 10.1021/nn5054798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single nitrogen (N) dopants in graphene are investigated using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Using an in situ heating holder at 500 °C provided us with clean graphene surfaces, and we demonstrate that isolated N substitutional atoms remain localized and stable in the graphene lattice even during local sp(2) bond reconstruction. The high stability of isolated N dopants enabled us to acquire 2D EELS maps with simultaneous ADF-STEM images to map out the local bonding variations. We show that a substitutional N dopant causes changes in the EELS of the carbon (C) atoms it is directly bonded to. An upshift in the π* peak of the C K-edge EELS of ∼0.5 eV is resolved and supported by density functional theory simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Arenal R, March K, Ewels CP, Rocquefelte X, Kociak M, Loiseau A, Stéphan O. Atomic configuration of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 2014; 14:5509-16. [PMID: 25157857 DOI: 10.1021/nl501645g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Having access to the chemical environment at the atomic level of a dopant in a nanostructure is crucial for the understanding of its properties. We have performed atomically resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy to detect individual nitrogen dopants in single-walled carbon nanotubes and compared with first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that nitrogen doping occurs as single atoms in different bonding configurations: graphitic-like and pyrrolic-like substitutional nitrogen neighboring local lattice distortion such as Stone-Thrower-Wales defects. We also show that the largest fraction of nitrogen amount is found in poly aromatic species that are adsorbed on the surface of the nanotube walls. The stability under the electron beam of these nanotubes has been studied in two different cases of nitrogen incorporation content and configuration. These findings provide key information for the applications of these nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza , Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pan CT, Hinks JA, Ramasse QM, Greaves G, Bangert U, Donnelly SE, Haigh SJ. In-situ observation and atomic resolution imaging of the ion irradiation induced amorphisation of graphene. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6334. [PMID: 25284688 PMCID: PMC4185388 DOI: 10.1038/srep06334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion irradiation has been observed to induce a macroscopic flattening and in-plane shrinkage of graphene sheets without a complete loss of crystallinity. Electron diffraction studies performed during simultaneous in-situ ion irradiation have allowed identification of the fluence at which the graphene sheet loses long-range order. This approach has facilitated complementary ex-situ investigations, allowing the first atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images of ion-irradiation induced graphene defect structures together with quantitative analysis of defect densities using Raman spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-T Pan
- 1] School of Materials, University of Manchester, Material Science Centre, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom [2] School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - J A Hinks
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Q M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, STFC Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - G Greaves
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - U Bangert
- 1] School of Materials, University of Manchester, Material Science Centre, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom [2]
| | - S E Donnelly
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - S J Haigh
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Material Science Centre, Grosvenor Street, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Susi T, Kotakoski J, Kepaptsoglou D, Mangler C, Lovejoy TC, Krivanek OL, Zan R, Bangert U, Ayala P, Meyer JC, Ramasse Q. Silicon-carbon bond inversions driven by 60-keV electrons in graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:115501. [PMID: 25259987 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that 60-keV electron irradiation drives the diffusion of threefold-coordinated Si dopants in graphene by one lattice site at a time. First principles simulations reveal that each step is caused by an electron impact on a C atom next to the dopant. Although the atomic motion happens below our experimental time resolution, stochastic analysis of 38 such lattice jumps reveals a probability for their occurrence in a good agreement with the simulations. Conversions from three- to fourfold coordinated dopant structures and the subsequent reverse process are significantly less likely than the direct bond inversion. Our results thus provide a model of nondestructive and atomically precise structural modification and detection for two-dimensional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toma Susi
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Demie Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, STFC Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens Mangler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Recep Zan
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom and Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Niğde University, 51000 Niğde, Turkey
| | - Ursel Bangert
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Paola Ayala
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jannik C Meyer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Quentin Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, STFC Daresbury Campus, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Koós AA, Murdock AT, Nemes-Incze P, Nicholls RJ, Pollard AJ, Spencer SJ, Shard AG, Roy D, Biró LP, Grobert N. Effects of temperature and ammonia flow rate on the chemical vapour deposition growth of nitrogen-doped graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19446-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02132k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
35
|
Hasnip PJ, Refson K, Probert MIJ, Yates JR, Clark SJ, Pickard CJ. Density functional theory in the solid state. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 372:20130270. [PMID: 24516184 PMCID: PMC3928868 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) has been used in many fields of the physical sciences, but none so successfully as in the solid state. From its origins in condensed matter physics, it has expanded into materials science, high-pressure physics and mineralogy, solid-state chemistry and more, powering entire computational subdisciplines. Modern DFT simulation codes can calculate a vast range of structural, chemical, optical, spectroscopic, elastic, vibrational and thermodynamic phenomena. The ability to predict structure-property relationships has revolutionized experimental fields, such as vibrational and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, where it is the primary method to analyse and interpret experimental spectra. In semiconductor physics, great progress has been made in the electronic structure of bulk and defect states despite the severe challenges presented by the description of excited states. Studies are no longer restricted to known crystallographic structures. DFT is increasingly used as an exploratory tool for materials discovery and computational experiments, culminating in ex nihilo crystal structure prediction, which addresses the long-standing difficult problem of how to predict crystal structure polymorphs from nothing but a specified chemical composition. We present an overview of the capabilities of solid-state DFT simulations in all of these topics, illustrated with recent examples using the CASTEP computer program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Hasnip
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- e-mail:
| | - Keith Refson
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | - Jonathan R. Yates
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Stewart J. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Chris J. Pickard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Srivastava D, Susi T, Borghei M, Kari L. Dissociation of oxygen on pristine and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes: a spin-polarized density functional study. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47784c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen adsorption energies for pristine and N-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes of different diameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toma Susi
- Department of Applied Physics
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maryam Borghei
- Department of Applied Physics
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Laasonen Kari
- Department of Chemistry
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|