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Sponaugle A, Weideman AMK, Ranek J, Atassi G, Kuruc J, Adimora AA, Archin NM, Gay C, Kuritzkes DR, Margolis DM, Vincent BG, Stanley N, Hudgens MG, Eron JJ, Goonetilleke N. Dominant CD4 + T cell receptors remain stable throughout antiretroviral therapy-mediated immune restoration in people with HIV. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101268. [PMID: 37949070 PMCID: PMC10694675 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In people with HIV (PWH), the post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) window is critical for immune restoration and HIV reservoir stabilization. We employ deep immune profiling and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and examine proliferation to assess how ART impacts T cell homeostasis. In PWH on long-term ART, lymphocyte frequencies and phenotypes are mostly stable. By contrast, broad phenotypic changes in natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, B cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are observed in the post-ART window. Whereas CD8+ T cells mostly restore, memory CD4+ T subsets and cytolytic NK cells show incomplete restoration 1.4 years post ART. Surprisingly, the hierarchies and frequencies of dominant CD4 TCR clonotypes (0.1%-11% of all CD4+ T cells) remain stable post ART, suggesting that clonal homeostasis can be independent of homeostatic processes regulating CD4+ T cell absolute number, phenotypes, and function. The slow restoration of host immunity post ART also has implications for the design of ART interruption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Sponaugle
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ann Marie K Weideman
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jolene Ranek
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gatphan Atassi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - JoAnn Kuruc
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adaora A Adimora
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancie M Archin
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia Gay
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Stanley
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Computer Science, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Khalili P, Vatankhah R. Studying the importance of regulatory T cells in chemoimmunotherapy mathematical modeling and proposing new approaches for developing a mathematical dynamic of cancer. J Theor Biol 2023; 563:111437. [PMID: 36804841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Studying the mathematical dynamics of cancer has gained the attention of bioengineers in the past three decades. Different kinds of modelling considering various aspects of treatment have been proposed. In this paper, the key role of Regulatory T cells is discussed and a model in ordinary differential equation (ODE) form is proposed by adding this state to the system dynamics considering chemoimmunotherapy treatment. Regulatory T cells are considered as one of the main tumor cells' tactics to deceive the body's immune system. The improved model is verified mathematically and biologically and fits all criteria in both fields. The results show that entering Regulatory T cells state on cancer mathematical modelling for simulating body cells for chemoimmunotherapy provides a way to identify critical cases more carefully, which a simplified model is unable to accomplish. This point emphasizes the fact that this state must be present in cancer modelling to anticipate immune response more accurately. The advanced system fixed points are obtained by the Newton method and bifurcation diagrams are derived and discussed. New features and remarks are proposed during the journey of developing more accurate models that have the best fit with laboratory data. The sensitivity chart of the model is illustrated and novel aspects of discussions are made with the aim of personalizing a model for a patient and identifying critical conditions based on the chart before any treatment begins. This point enables physicians to determine whether critical conditions have occurred for a patient in a specific treatment or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Khalili
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Vatankhah
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Prognostic Significance of the Post-Treatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Pharyngeal Cancers Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041248. [PMID: 36831590 PMCID: PMC9954210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are well-established prognosticators in various cancers including head and neck cancers, there have been relatively few studies on the clinical significance of the post-treatment values. This study aimed to investigate the changes in NLR and PLR after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and to evaluate their prognostic significance in pharyngeal cancers. METHODS This study was retrospectively conducted on 461 consecutive patients with primary pharyngeal cancer who had received definitive CCRT. Blood test results before and after CCRT were obtained, and the pre- and post-treatment NLR and PLR were calculated. Patient prognosis was evaluated based on overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). RESULTS After CCRT, the NLR increased from 2.01 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.53-2.62) to 2.69 (IQR, 1.93-3.81), and the PLR increased from 118.84 (IQR, 92.61-151.63) to 193.19 (IQR, 146.28-262.46). Along with high pre-treatment NLR and high pre-treatment PLR, high post-treatment NLR was also significantly associated with worse OS and RFS (p = 0.013 and p = 0.026). In addition, patients with a high ΔNLR (i.e., the difference between pre- and post-treatment NLRs) had significantly worse OS and RFS (p = 0.013 and p = 0.026). However, only a high pre-treatment NLR (hazard ratio (HR), 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-4.08; p = 0.014), age (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.14-4.08; p = 0.018), and stage IV (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.15-3.89; p = 0.017) were independent prognostic factors for OS in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS In patients with pharyngeal cancers, following CCRT, the NLR and PLR increased significantly from pre-treatment values. Like the pre-treatment NLR and PLR, a high post-treatment NLR and a significant increase in NLR were also associated with poor prognosis. Further prospective studies are required to prove the independent significance of the post-treatment NLR and PLR.
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Silence, escape and survival drive the persistence of HIV. Nature 2023; 614:236-237. [PMID: 36599993 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-04492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Venkatesulu B, Giridhar P, Pujari L, Chou B, Lee JH, Block AM, Upadhyay R, Welsh JS, Harkenrider MM, Krishnan S, Verma V, En Hsieh C, Pradhan S, Small W, Solanki AA. Lymphocyte sparing normal tissue effects in the clinic (LymphoTEC): A systematic review of dose constraint considerations to mitigate radiation-related lymphopenia in the era of immunotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2022; 177:81-94. [PMID: 36334694 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-related lymphopenia has been associated with suboptimal tumor control rates leading to inferior survival outcomes. To date, no standardized dose constraints are available to limit radiation dose to resident and circulating lymphocyte populations. We undertook this systemic review of the literature to provide a synopsis of the dosimetric predictors of radiation-related lymphopenia in solid malignancies. METHODOLOGY A systematic literature review of PubMed (National Institutes of Health), Cochrane Central (Cochrane collaboration), and Google Scholar was conducted with the following keywords: "radiation", "lymphopenia", "cancer", "dosimetric predictors" with an inclusion deadline of May 31, 2022. Studies that met prespecified inclusion criteria were designated either Good, Fair, or Poor Quality based on the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment. The dosimetric parameters derived from Good Quality studies were tabulated as LymphoTEC dose constraints. Dosimetric parameters derived from Fair and Poor-quality studies were grouped as optional. RESULTS An initial systematic search of the literature yielded 1,632 articles. After screening, a total of 48 studies met inclusion criteria and were divided into the following categories: central nervous system (CNS, 6), thoracic (11), gastrointestinal (26), gynecologic (2), head and neck, breast, and genitourinary (one each) cancers. Lung mean dose, heart mean dose, brain V25, spleen mean dose, estimated dose to immune cells, and bone marrow V10 were among the strongest predictors for severe lymphopenia related to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Optimizing the delivery of radiation therapy to limit dose to lymphocyte-rich structures may curb the negative oncologic impact of lymphocyte depletion. The dose constraints described herein may be considered for prospective validation and future use in clinical trials to limit risk of radiation-related lymphopenia and possibly improve cancer-associated outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- BhanuPrasad Venkatesulu
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Edward Hines Veteran affairs hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Lincoln Pujari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata memorial center, Varanasi, India
| | - Brian Chou
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Edward Hines Veteran affairs hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jae Han Lee
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Alec M Block
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Edward Hines Veteran affairs hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rituraj Upadhyay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James S Welsh
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Edward Hines Veteran affairs hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew M Harkenrider
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson cancer center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng En Hsieh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Satyajit Pradhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata memorial center, Varanasi, India
| | - William Small
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Abhishek A Solanki
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Edward Hines Veteran affairs hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
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Su B, Kong D, Yang X, Zhang T, Kuang YQ. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells: a cryptic coordinator in HIV-infected immune reconstitution. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3043-3053. [PMID: 35243649 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has largely transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition, approximately 10%~40% of HIV-infected individuals who receive effective ART and sustain long-term viral suppression still cannot achieve optimal immune reconstitution. These patients are called immunological non-responders, a state associated with poor clinical prognosis. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved unconventional T cell subset defined by expression of semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes metabolites derived from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related protein-1 (MR1). MAIT cells, which are considered to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, produce a wide range of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules upon activation through TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms, which is of major importance in defense against a variety of pathogens. In addition, MAIT cells are involved in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. The number of MAIT cells is dramatically and irreversibly decreased in the early stage of HIV infection and is not fully restored even after long-term suppressive ART. In light of the important role of MAIT cells in mucosal immunity and because microbial translocation is inversely associated with CD4+ T cell counts, we propose that MAIT cells participate in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and microbial homeostasis, thus further affecting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected individuals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Deshenyue Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
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Young S, Ragulojan R, Chen T, Owen J, D’souza D, Sanghvi T, Golzarian J, Flanagan S. Dynamic Lymphocyte Changes Following Transarterial Radioembolization: Association with Normal Liver Dose and Effect on Overall Survival. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:29-39. [PMID: 35155299 PMCID: PMC8824436 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s350219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the dynamic changes of lymphocytes following transarterial radioembolization (TARE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their relationship to normal liver dose (NLD). Materials and Methods A total of 93 patients who underwent 102 treatments were retrospectively reviewed. Absolute lymphocyte counts pretreatment and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated. Kaplan–Meier, Spearman correlation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were performed. Results The mean absolute lymphocyte count at baseline was 1.25 ± 0.79 103/µL which was significantly greater than 1 (0.71 ± 0.47 103/µL, p<0.0001), 3 (0.79 ± 0.77 103/µL, p=0.0003), and 6 (0.81 ± 0.44 103/µL, p=0.0001) months, but not significantly different than 12 (0.92 ± 0.8 103/µL, p=0.12) months post treatment. There was a modest negative correlation between NLD and lymphocyte count at 1 month (rho= −0.216, p=0.03), which strengthened at 3 months post treatment (rho= −0.342, p=0.008). AUC of ROC analysis between absolute lymphocyte count ≤1 103/µL or >1 103/µL at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post treatment was 0.625, 0.676, 0.560, and 0.794, respectively. Univariate analysis of overall survival when separating patients by a lymphocyte count of ≤1 103/µL and >1 103/µL demonstrated a significant difference at 1 (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.33–0.95, p=0.03), 3 (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18–0.94, p=0.035) and 6 (HR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.17–0.77, p=0.008) months post treatment, but not pretreatment or at 12 months. Conclusion NLD may correlate with lymphocyte depression at 1 and 3 months and lymphopenia may portend a worse overall survival in the post treatment setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamar Young
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Correspondence: Shamar Young, Tel +1 612-624-6189, Email
| | - Ranjan Ragulojan
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joshua Owen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Donna D’souza
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tina Sanghvi
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jafar Golzarian
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Siobhan Flanagan
- University of Minnesota, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Bitsouni V, Tsilidis V. Mathematical modeling of tumor-immune system interactions: the effect of rituximab on breast cancer immune response. J Theor Biol 2022; 539:111001. [PMID: 34998860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
tBregs are a newly discovered subcategory of B regulatory cells, which are generated by breast cancer, resulting in the increase of Tregs and therefore in the death of NK cells. In this study, we use a mathematical and computational approach to investigate the complex interactions between the aforementioned cells as well as CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells and B cells. Furthermore, we use data fitting to prove that the functional response regarding the lysis of breast cancer cells by NK cells has a ratio-dependent form. Additionally, we include in our model the concentration of rituximab - a monoclonal antibody that has been suggested as a potential breast cancer therapy - and test its effect, when the standard, as well as experimental dosages, are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bitsouni
- Department of Mathematics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Parodos Aristotelous Str., GR-26335 Patras, Greece.
| | - Vasilis Tsilidis
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, 18 Parodos Aristotelous Str., GR-26335 Patras, Greece.
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Fuchs T, Puellmann K, Wang C, Han J, Beham AW, Neumaier M, Kaminski WE. Trilineage Sequencing Reveals Complex TCRβ Transcriptomes in Neutrophils and Monocytes Alongside T Cells. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:926-936. [PMID: 33662627 PMCID: PMC9402791 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate the presence of T cell receptor (TCR)-based combinatorial immune receptors beyond T cells in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. In this study, using a semiquantitative trilineage immune repertoire sequencing approach as well as under rigorous bioinformatic conditions, we identify highly complex TCRβ transcriptomes in human circulating monocytes and neutrophils that separately encode repertoire diversities one and two orders of magnitude smaller than that of T cells. Intraindividual transcriptomic analyses reveal that neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells express distinct TCRβ repertoires with less than 0.1% overall trilineage repertoire sharing. Interindividual comparison shows that in all three leukocyte lineages, the vast majority of the expressed TCRβ variants are private. We also find that differentiation of monocytes into macrophages induces dramatic individual-specific repertoire shifts, revealing a surprising degree of immune repertoire plasticity in the monocyte lineage. These results uncover the remarkable complexity of the two phagocyte-based flexible immune systems which until now has been hidden in the shadow of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Fuchs
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D- 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | - Jian Han
- iRepertoire inc. Huntsville, AL 35806, USA; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | | | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D- 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Kaminski
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg Medical Faculty Mannheim, D- 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Ingenium digital diagnostics, D-87662 Kaltental, Germany.
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Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Cossarizza A, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020410. [PMID: 33669403 PMCID: PMC7920460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infections, HIV itself and the adverse effects of cART are the main factors that contribute to hepatic cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Among the molecular mechanisms that are activated in the liver during HIV infection, apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes stands out as a key pathogenic player. In this review, we will discuss the evidence and potential mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by HIV, HIV-encoded proteins, or cART. Some antiretroviral drugs, especially the older generation, can induce apoptosis of hepatic cells, which occurs through a variety of mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), all of which ultimately lead to caspase activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ángela B. Moragrega
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-396-4167; Fax: +34-96-398-3879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Nilsson A, Chiodi F. Early Antiretroviral Therapy May Preserve Vaccine Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients by Preventing Damage to Long-Lived Plasma Cells. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:176-179. [PMID: 31867631 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology at Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Extensive proteomic and transcriptomic changes quench the TCR/CD3 activation signal of latently HIV-1 infected T cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008748. [PMID: 33465149 PMCID: PMC7846126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomolecular mechanisms controlling latent HIV-1 infection, despite their importance for the development of a cure for HIV-1 infection, are only partially understood. For example, ex vivo studies have recently shown that T cell activation only triggered HIV-1 reactivation in a fraction of the latently infected CD4+ T cell reservoir, but the molecular biology of this phenomenon is unclear. We demonstrate that HIV-1 infection of primary T cells and T cell lines indeed generates a substantial amount of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 activation-inert latently infected T cells. RNA-level analysis identified extensive transcriptomic differences between uninfected, TCR/CD3 activation-responsive and -inert T cells, but did not reveal a gene expression signature that could functionally explain TCR/CD3 signaling inertness. Network analysis suggested a largely stochastic nature of these gene expression changes (transcriptomic noise), raising the possibility that widespread gene dysregulation could provide a reactivation threshold by impairing overall signal transduction efficacy. Indeed, compounds that are known to induce genetic noise, such as HDAC inhibitors impeded the ability of TCR/CD3 activation to trigger HIV-1 reactivation. Unlike for transcriptomic data, pathway enrichment analysis based on phospho-proteomic data directly identified an altered TCR signaling motif. Network analysis of this data set identified drug targets that would promote TCR/CD3-mediated HIV-1 reactivation in the fraction of otherwise TCR/CD3-reactivation inert latently HIV-1 infected T cells, regardless of whether the latency models were based on T cell lines or primary T cells. The data emphasize that latent HIV-1 infection is largely the result of extensive, stable biomolecular changes to the signaling network of the host T cells harboring latent HIV-1 infection events. In extension, the data imply that therapeutic restoration of host cell responsiveness prior to the use of any activating stimulus will likely have to be an element of future HIV-1 cure therapies. A curative therapy for HIV-1 infection will at least require the eradication of a small pool of CD4+ helper T cells in which the virus can persist in an inactive, latent state, even after years of successful antiretroviral therapy. It has been assumed that activation of these viral reservoir T cells will also reactivate the latent virus, which is a prerequisite for the destruction of these cells. Remarkably, this is not always the case and following application of even the most potent stimuli that activate normal T cells through their T cell receptor, a large portion of the latent virus pool remains in a dormant state. Herein we demonstrate that a large part of latent HIV-1 infection events reside in T cells that have been rendered activation inert. We provide a systemwide, biomolecular description of the changes that render latently HIV-1 infected T cells activation inert and using this description, devise pharmacologic interference strategies that render initially activation inert T cells responsive to stimulation. This in turn allows for efficient triggering of HIV-1 reactivation in a large part of the otherwise unresponsive latently HIV-1 infected T cell reservoir.
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Ahmed R, Miners KL, Lahoz-Beneytez J, Jones RE, Roger L, Baboonian C, Zhang Y, Wang ECY, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM, Baird DM, Price DA, Macallan DC, Asquith B, Ladell K. CD57 + Memory T Cells Proliferate In Vivo. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108501. [PMID: 33326780 PMCID: PMC7758161 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A central paradigm in the field of lymphocyte biology asserts that replicatively senescent memory T cells express the carbohydrate epitope CD57. These cells nonetheless accumulate with age and expand numerically in response to persistent antigenic stimulation. Here, we use in vivo deuterium labeling and ex vivo analyses of telomere length, telomerase activity, and intracellular expression of the cell-cycle marker Ki67 to distinguish between two non-exclusive scenarios: (1) CD57+ memory T cells do not proliferate and instead arise via phenotypic transition from the CD57- memory T cell pool; and/or (2) CD57+ memory T cells self-renew via intracompartmental proliferation. Our results provide compelling evidence in favor of the latter scenario and further suggest in conjunction with mathematical modeling that self-renewal is by far the most abundant source of newly generated CD57+ memory T cells. Immunological memory therefore appears to be intrinsically sustainable among highly differentiated subsets of T cells that express CD57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Ahmed
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Rhiannon E Jones
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Laureline Roger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christina Baboonian
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- HIV Frontiers Program, Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Derek C Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London SW17 0QT, UK.
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Neonatal Unit, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.
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14
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Kumbhari A, Egelston CA, Lee PP, Kim PS. Mature Dendritic Cells May Promote High-Avidity Tuning of Vaccine T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584680. [PMID: 33193401 PMCID: PMC7662095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines can elicit tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), but durable reductions in tumor burden require vaccines that stimulate high-avidity CTLs. Recent advances in immunotherapy responses have led to renewed interest in vaccine approaches, including dendritic cell vaccine strategies. However, dendritic cell requirements for vaccines that generate potent anti-tumor T-cell responses are unclear. Here we use mathematical modeling to show that, counterintuitively, increasing levels of immature dendritic cells may lead to selective expansion of high-avidity CTLs. This finding is in contrast with traditional dendritic cell vaccine approaches that have sought to harness ex vivo generated mature dendritic cells. We show that the injection of vaccine antigens in the context of increased numbers of immature dendritic cells results in a decreased overall peptide:MHC complex load that favors high-avidity CTL activation and expansion. Overall, our results provide a firm basis for further development of this approach, both alone and in combination with other immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kumbhari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colt A Egelston
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Peter S Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Micronuclei as biomarkers of DNA damage, aneuploidy, inducers of chromosomal hypermutation and as sources of pro-inflammatory DNA in humans. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108342. [PMID: 33339572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MNi) are among the most widely studied biomarkers of DNA damage and chromosomal instability in humans. They originate from chromosome fragments or intact chromosomes that are not included in daughter nuclei during mitosis. The main reasons for their formation are a lack of functional centromere in the chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes or defects in one or more of the proteins of the mitotic system that, consequently, fails to segregate chromosomes properly. Assays have been developed to measure MNi in peripheral blood lymphocytes, red blood cells as well as various types of epithelial cells such as buccal, nasal, urothelial and cervical cells. Some of the assays have been further developed into micronucleus (MN) cytome assays to include additional nuclear anomalies, cell death and nuclear division biomarkers. In addition, the use of molecular probes has been adopted widely for the purpose of understanding the mechanistic origin of MNi. MN assays in humans are used for the purpose of investigating the genotoxic effects of adverse environmental, life-style and occupational factors, genetic susceptibility to DNA damage, and for determining risk of accelerated aging and diseases affected by genomic instability such as developmental defects and cancer. The emerging new knowledge showing that chromosomes trapped in MNi can undergo a high rate of fragmentation and become massively re-arranged have highlighted the possibility that MN formation is not only a biomarker of induced DNA damage but also a mechanism that drives hypermutation. Furthermore, another line of recent research showed that DNA and chromatin leaking from disrupted MNi triggers the innate immune cGAS-STING mechanism that promotes inflammation which can cause a wide-range of age-related diseases if left unresolved. For these reasons, MN assays in humans have become an increasingly important biomarker of disease initiation and progression across all life-stages.
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16
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Kumbhari A, Kim PS, Lee PP. Optimisation of anti-cancer peptide vaccines to preferentially elicit high-avidity T cells. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Stable isotope labeling is a generally applicable method of quantifying cell dynamics. Its advent has opened up the way for the quantitative study of T cells in humans. However, the literature is confusing as estimates vary by orders of magnitude between studies. In this short review we aim to explain the reasons for the discrepancies in estimates, clarify which estimates have been superseded and why and highlight the current best estimates. We focus on stable isotope labeling of T cell subsets in healthy humans. Current best estimates of the proliferation and production of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Explanation of why estimates vary between studies and which estimates have been superseded. Discussion of the implications of model choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Xu J, Koelle S, Guttorp P, Wu C, Dunbar C, Abkowitz JL, Minin VN. Statistical inference for partially observed branching processes with application to cell lineage tracking of in vivo hematopoiesis. Ann Appl Stat 2019. [DOI: 10.1214/19-aoas1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Bensalem A, Mulleman D, Thibault G, Azzopardi N, Goupille P, Paintaud G, Ternant D. CD4+ count-dependent concentration-effect relationship of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:2747-2758. [PMID: 31454097 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Rituximab is approved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A substantial decrease in CD4+ count was observed in responders after a single cycle of treatment. This study aimed to describe and quantifying the influence of CD4+ count depletion on the concentration-response relationship of rituximab in RA patients. METHODS In this retrospective monocentric observational study, 52 patients were assessed. Repeated measurements of rituximab concentrations (pharmacokinetics), CD4+ counts (biomarker) and disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28, clinical response) were made. Rituximab pharmacokinetics was described using a 2-compartment model, and CD4+ cell counts and DAS28 measurements were described using indirect turnover and direct Emax pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models, respectively. Delay between rituximab concentrations and responses was accounted for by including biophase compartments. RESULTS Elimination half-life of rituximab was 18 days. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model showed that DAS28 response to rituximab was partly associated with CD4+ cell depletion. At 6 months, a deeper DAS28 decrease was observed in patients when CD4+ cell count is decreased: median [interquartile range] of DAS28 was 3.7 [2.9-4.4] and 4.5 [3.7-5.3] in patients with and without CD4+ decrease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to quantify the relationship between rituximab concentrations, CD4+ count and DAS28 in RA patients. This model showed that approximately 75% of patients had CD4+ count decrease, and that the clinical improvement is 2-fold higher in patients with CD4+ cells decrease than in others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Mulleman
- EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Department of Rheumatology, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Thibault
- EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Laboratory of Immunology, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,ERL 7001, CNRS, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Azzopardi
- EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,ERL 7001, CNRS, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Goupille
- EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Department of Rheumatology, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gilles Paintaud
- EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - David Ternant
- EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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20
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Ellsworth SG, Yalamanchali A, Zhang H, Grossman SA, Hobbs R, Jin JY. Comprehensive Analysis of the Kinetics of Radiation-Induced Lymphocyte Loss in Patients Treated with External Beam Radiation Therapy. Radiat Res 2019; 193:73-81. [PMID: 31675264 DOI: 10.1667/rr15367.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) is associated with worse survival in patients with solid tumors, as well as lower response rates to checkpoint inhibitors. While single-fraction total-body irradiation is known to result in exponential decreases in the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), the kinetics of lymphocyte loss after focal fractionated exposures have not previously been characterized. In the current study, lymphocyte loss kinetics was analyzed among patients undergoing focal fractionated radiotherapy for clinical indications. This registry-based study included 419 patients who received either total-body irradiation (TBI; n = 30), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT; n = 73) or conventionally fractionated chemoradiation therapy (CFRT; n = 316). For each patient, serial ALCs were plotted against radiotherapy fraction number. The initial three weeks of treatment for CFRT patients and the entirety of treatment for SBRT and TBI patients were fit to exponential decay in the form ALC(x) = ae-bx, where ALC(x) is the ALC after x fractions. From those fits, fractional lymphocyte loss (FLL) was calculated as FLL = (1 - e-b) * 100, and multivariable regression was performed to identify significant correlates of FLL. Median linearized R2 when fitting the initial fractions was 0.98, 0.93 and 0.97 for patients receiving TBI, SBRT and CFRT, respectively. In CFRT patients, apparent ALC loss rate slowed after week 3. Fitting ALC loss over the entire CFRT course therefore required the addition of a constant term, "c". For TBI and SBRT patients, treatment ended during the pure exponential decay phase. Initial FLL varied significantly with treatment technique. Mean FLL was 35.5%, 24.3% and 10.77% for patients receiving TBI, SBRT and CFRT, respectively (P < 0.001). Significant correlates of FLL varied by site and included field size, dose per fraction, mean spleen dose, chemotherapy backbone and age. Finally, total percentage ALC loss during radiotherapy was highly correlated with FLL (P < 0.001). Lymphocyte depletion kinetics during the initial phase of fractionated radiotherapy are characterized by pure exponential decay. Initial FLL is strongly correlated with radiotherapy planning parameters and total percentage ALC loss. The two groups with the highest FLL received no concurrent chemotherapy, suggesting that ALC loss can be a consequence of radiotherapy alone. This work may assist in selecting patients for adaptive radiotherapy approaches to mitigate RIL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah G Ellsworth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Departments of
| | - Anirudh Yalamanchali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Departments of
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Departments of
| | | | - Robert Hobbs
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jian-Yue Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
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21
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Alam I, Alam W, Aljuraiban GS, Abulmeaty M, Shivappa N, Razak S. Nutritional, immunological and antioxidant defense status of outpatients diagnosed with colorectal cancer - a case-control study of the little-studied population. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:1307-1320. [PMID: 31591902 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1673448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate nutritional and immunological status of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in a little-studied population from developing country, Pakistan. Data on 81 CRC patients and 37 healthy controls (HCs) were collected on nutritional status, nutrient intake, percent body fat (%BF), selected immunological parameters, phytochemical index (PI), healthy eating index (HEI), and prognostic nutrition index (PNI). Blood samples were used for immunological and antiradical defense potential (expressed as 50% hemolysis time; HT50). Results show 40/81 (49.4%) patients reported weight loss in past 3-6 mo, Significant differences were found in HEI values between patients vs. HCs, and between patients in low vs. high PNI groups (P, for all trends <0.05). Patients in the higher PNI group were heavier, had higher % BF, higher energy intake, and higher PI score as compared to patients in the low PNI group (P < 0.05). Low PNI was positively associated with non-significantly lower CD4:CD8 ratios, higher B-cells and NK cells (P, for all trends >0.05), but with significantly higher hs-CRP levels, and lower HT50 values (P, for all trends <0.001). In conclusion, CRC patients in a little-studied population have compromised nutritional and immunological health with lower HEI and PNI scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifitikhar Alam
- Clinical Nutrition Program, Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajid Alam
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry, KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ghadeer S Aljuraiban
- Clinical Nutrition Program, Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abulmeaty
- Clinical Nutrition Program, Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Suhail Razak
- Clinical Nutrition Program, Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nash D, Robertson M. How to Evolve the Response to the Global HIV Epidemic With New Metrics and Targets Based on Pre-Treatment CD4 Counts. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:304-313. [PMID: 31278620 PMCID: PMC10938289 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Early diagnosis and treatment of HIV following seroconversion improves individual and population health. Using published data on pre-treatment CD4 cell counts, we benchmarked the level of immunodeficiency at HIV diagnosis and ART initiation in the "real world" against those of the treatment and control arms of landmark controlled trials that successfully reduced HIV-related deaths (INSIGHT/START) and onward HIV transmission (HPTN 052). RECENT FINDINGS The median CD4 count in the treatment vs. control arms of the INSIGHT/START trial and HPTN 052 were 650 vs. 408 cells/μL and 442 vs. 221 cells/μL, respectively. In the real world, recent global estimates of the median CD4 count at start of ART range from 234 to 350 cells/μL, and only 25% of those initiating ART do so early (i.e., with CD4 > 500 cells/μL). Recent global data on trends in the median CD4 count at diagnosis and ART initiation are not encouraging. We identify a critical need for new targets and metrics for persons newly diagnosed with HIV, newly enrolling in HIV care, and newly initiating ART, based on pre-treatment CD4 counts, to help increase the focus of implementation efforts on achieving earlier diagnosis, linkage to care, and ART initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
- CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, 55 W. 125th St., 6th Floor, New York, NY, USA.
| | - McKaylee Robertson
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Borghans JAM, Tesselaar K, de Boer RJ. Current best estimates for the average lifespans of mouse and human leukocytes: reviewing two decades of deuterium-labeling experiments. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:233-248. [PMID: 30129193 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium is a non-toxic, stable isotope that can safely be administered to humans and mice to study their cellular turnover rates in vivo. It is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA strands during cell division, without interference with the kinetics of cells, and the accumulation and loss of deuterium in the DNA of sorted (sub-)populations of leukocytes can be used to estimate their cellular production rates and lifespans. In the past two decades, this powerful technology has been used to estimate the turnover rates of various types of leukocytes. Although it is the most reliable technique currently available to study leukocyte turnover, there are remarkable differences between the cellular turnover rates estimated by some of these studies. We have recently established that part of this variation is due to (a) difficulties in estimating deuterium availability in some deuterium-labeling studies, and (b) assumptions made by the mathematical models employed to fit the data. Being aware of these two problems, we here aim to approach a consensus on the life expectancies of different types of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils in mice and men. We address remaining outstanding problems whenever appropriate and discuss for which immune subpopulations we currently have too little information to draw firm conclusions about their turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Valentinuzzi D, Simončič U, Uršič K, Vrankar M, Turk M, Jeraj R. Predicting tumour response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with computational modelling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:025017. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaf96c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The interplay between immune response and HIV is intensely studied via mathematical modeling, with significant insights but few direct answers. In this short review, we highlight advances and knowledge gaps across different aspects of immunity. In particular, we identify the innate immune response and its role in priming the adaptive response as ripe for modeling. The latter have been the focus of most modeling studies, but we also synthesize key outstanding questions regarding effector mechanisms of cellular immunity and development of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Thus far, most modeling studies aimed to infer general immune mechanisms; we foresee that significant progress will be made next by detailed quantitative fitting of models to data, and prediction of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Laboratorio de Biomatematica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal and Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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26
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Negi N, Mojumdar K, Singh R, Sharma A, Das BK, Sreenivas V, Vajpayee M. Comparative Proliferation Capacity of Gag-C-Specific Naive and Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Rapid, Viremic Slow, and Slow Progressors During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:513-524. [PMID: 30156469 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact cause of altered dynamics in T cells compartment during HIV infection remains elusive to date. In this longitudinal study, the proliferation frequency of different T cell subsets was investigated in untreated HIV-1-infected Indian individuals stratified as rapid (R), viremic slow (VS), slow (S) progressors, and healthy controls. Ten healthy and 20 treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals were enrolled. Expression of Ki67 nuclear antigen was examined on HIV-specific T cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Upon stimulation with HIV-1 Gag-C peptide pools, effector memory (EM) CD4 T cells (R vs. S, EM CD4, p < 0.05) of R progressors proliferated significantly compared with those of S progressors at baseline. However, central memory (CM) CD8 T cell subsets proliferated significantly in VS and S progressors compared with those in R progressors, wherein highest proliferation frequency of EM CD8 T cells was observed. At follow-up visit, the proliferation frequency of naive CD8 T cells was significantly higher in R progressors than S progressors (R vs. S naive CD8, p < 0.05). The findings suggest altered dynamics of different CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in R, VS, and S progressors. The increase in CM T cell proliferation in VS and S progressors could be attributed to slower progression of the HIV infection. Hence, treatment strategies must be focused on restoring the homeostatic balance to restore T cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Negi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravinder Singh
- 3 Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Vishnubhatla Sreenivas
- 4 Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Vajpayee
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
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Jiang C, Wang K, Song L. Global dynamics of a delay virus model with recruitment and saturation effects of immune responses. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2018; 14:1233-1246. [PMID: 29161858 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2017063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we formulate a virus dynamics model with the recruitment of immune responses, saturation effects and an intracellular time delay. With the help of uniform persistence theory and Lyapunov method, we show that the global stability of the model is totally determined by the basic reproductive number R0. Furthermore, we analyze the effects of the recruitment of immune responses on virus infection by numerical simulation. The results show ignoring the recruitment of immune responses will result in overestimation of the basic reproductive number and the severity of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Jiang
- Department of Mathematics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kaifa Wang
- Department of Mathematics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- Department of Mathematics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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28
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Jarosinski KW, Carpenter JE, Buckingham EM, Jackson W, Knudtson K, Moffat JF, Kita H, Grose C. Cellular Stress Response to Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection of Human Skin Includes Highly Elevated Interleukin-6 Expression. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy118. [PMID: 30014002 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious cycle of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) after reactivation from the dorsal root ganglia includes replication and assembly of complete enveloped virions in the human skin to cause the characteristic herpes zoster (shingles). Methods To pursue studies of innate immunity to VZV infection, we have adapted a fetal skin organ culture model to a human neonatal foreskin explant model. Results Abundant expression of VZV IE62, gE, and gC was visualized by confocal microscopy while numerous enveloped virions were observed by electron microscopy in infected skin organ cultures. Microarray experiments demonstrated that the patterns of upregulated transcripts differed between VZV-infected cells and VZV-infected skin explants. One result stood out, namely a >30-fold elevated interleukin (IL)-6 level in the infected skin explant that was not present in the infected monolayer culture. The IL-6 results in the polyermase chain reaction (PCR) assay were reproduced by quantitative PCR testing with newly designed primers. To determine if increased transcription was accompanied by increased IL-6 expression, we quantitated the levels of IL-6 protein in the explant media at increasing intervals after infection. We found a statistically significant increase in IL-6 protein levels secreted into the media from VZV-infected skin explants as compared with mock-infected explants. Conclusions The cellular stress response to VZV infection in neonatal skin explants included highly elevated levels of IL-6 transcription and expression. This skin organ model could be adapted to other viruses with a skin tropism, such as herpes simplex virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Erin M Buckingham
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Wallen Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kevin Knudtson
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jennifer F Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Charles Grose
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Stelekati E, Chen Z, Manne S, Kurachi M, Ali MA, Lewy K, Cai Z, Nzingha K, McLane LM, Hope JL, Fike AJ, Katsikis PD, Wherry EJ. Long-Term Persistence of Exhausted CD8 T Cells in Chronic Infection Is Regulated by MicroRNA-155. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2142-2156. [PMID: 29768211 PMCID: PMC5986283 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections and tumors drive development of exhausted T (TEX) cells. In these settings, TEX cells establish an important host-pathogen or host-tumor stalemate. However, TEX cells erode over time, leading to loss of pathogen or cancer containment. We identified microRNA (miR)-155 as a key regulator of sustained TEX cell responses during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Genetic deficiency of miR-155 ablated CD8 T cell responses during chronic infection. Conversely, enhanced miR-155 expression promoted expansion and long-term persistence of TEX cells. However, rather than strictly antagonizing exhaustion, miR-155 promoted a terminal TEX cell subset. Transcriptional profiling identified coordinated control of cell signaling and transcription factor pathways, including the key AP-1 family member Fosl2. Overexpression of Fosl2 reversed the miR-155 effects, identifying a link between miR-155 and the AP-1 transcriptional program in regulating TEX cells. Thus, we identify a mechanism of miR-155 regulation of TEX cells and a key role for Fosl2 in T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erietta Stelekati
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohammed-Alkhatim Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keith Lewy
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhangying Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura M McLane
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adam J Fike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Abnormal immune activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells, especially of memory and effector phenotypes, take place during HIV-1 infection, and these abnormal features persist during administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to infected patients. The molecular mechanisms for CD8+ T-cell expansion remain poorly characterized. In this article, we review the literature addressing features of CD8+ T-cell immune pathology and present an integrated view on the mechanisms leading to abnormal CD8+ T-cell expansion during HIV-1 infection. The expression of molecules important for directing the homing of CD8+ T cells between the circulation and lymphoid tissues, in particular CCR5 and CXCR3, is increased in CD8+ T cells in circulation and in inflamed tissues during HIV-1 infection; these disturbances in the homing capacity of CD8+ T cells have been linked to increased CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The production of IL-15, a cytokine responsible for physiological proliferation of CD8+ T cells, is increased in lymphoid tissues during HIV-1 infection as result of microbial translocation and severe inflammation. IL-15, and additional inflammatory cytokines, may lead to deregulated proliferation of CD8+ T cells and explain the accumulation of CD8+ T cells in circulation. The decreased capacity of CD8+ T cells to localize to gut-associated lymphoid tissue also contributes to the accumulation of these cells in blood. Control of inflammation, through ART administration during primary HIV-1 infection or therapies aimed at controlling inflammation during HIV-1 infection, is pivotal to prevent abnormal expansion of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nasi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Venkatesulu BP, Mallick S, Lin SH, Krishnan S. A systematic review of the influence of radiation-induced lymphopenia on survival outcomes in solid tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 123:42-51. [PMID: 29482778 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphopenia is a common accompaniment of multimodal cancer therapy. As the most radiosensitive cells of the hematopoietic system, lymphocytes residing within or circulating through a radiation portal are frequently depleted by radiation therapy. The recognition that radiation-induced reduction of circulating lymphocyte counts and eventual lymphocyte infiltration of tumors have a tangible impact on overall survival outcomes has revived the interest in understanding the causes of treatment-associated lymphopenia and developing strategies to predict, prevent and ameliorate this well-documented phenomenon. In this systematic review, we have performed a comprehensive search of the literature to elucidate the studies that document a correlation between radiation-associated lymphopenia and survival outcomes in solid malignancies. We also summarize potential unifying paradigms that account for radiation-induced lymphopenia across studies and lay the groundwork for attempting to explain and/or counter this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Prasad Venkatesulu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Supriya Mallick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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32
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Hensman Moss DJ, Robertson N, Farmer R, Scahill RI, Haider S, Tessari MA, Flynn G, Fischer DF, Wild EJ, Macdonald D, Tabrizi SJ. Quantification of huntingtin protein species in Huntington's disease patient leukocytes using optimised electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189891. [PMID: 29272284 PMCID: PMC5741241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the gene encoding huntingtin (HTT). Optimizing peripheral quantification of huntingtin throughout the course of HD is valuable not only to illuminate the natural history and pathogenesis of disease, but also to detect peripheral effects of drugs in clinical trial. RATIONALE We previously demonstrated that mutant HTT (mHTT) was significantly elevated in purified HD patient leukocytes compared with controls and that these levels track disease progression. Our present study investigates whether the same result can be achieved with a simpler and more scalable collection technique that is more suitable for clinical trials. METHODS We collected whole blood at 133 patient visits in two sample sets and generated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Levels of mHTT, as well as N-, and C-terminal and mid-region huntingtin were measured in the PBMCs using ELISA-based Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) electrochemiluminescence immunoassay platforms, and we evaluated the relationship between different HTT species, disease stage, and brain atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSIONS The assays were sensitive and accurate. We confirm our previous findings that mHTT increases with advancing disease stage in patient PBMCs, this time using a simple collection protocol and scalable assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina J. Hensman Moss
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Robertson
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Farmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael I. Scahill
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Haider
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Edward J. Wild
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Macdonald
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Tabrizi
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Cummins NW, Rizza S, Litzow MR, Hua S, Lee GQ, Einkauf K, Chun TW, Rhame F, Baker JV, Busch MP, Chomont N, Dean PG, Fromentin R, Haase AT, Hampton D, Keating SM, Lada SM, Lee TH, Natesampillai S, Richman DD, Schacker TW, Wietgrefe S, Yu XG, Yao JD, Zeuli J, Lichterfeld M, Badley AD. Extensive virologic and immunologic characterization in an HIV-infected individual following allogeneic stem cell transplant and analytic cessation of antiretroviral therapy: A case study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002461. [PMID: 29182633 PMCID: PMC5705162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notwithstanding 1 documented case of HIV-1 cure following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), several subsequent cases of allo-SCT in HIV-1 positive individuals have failed to cure HIV-1 infection. The aim of our study was to describe changes in the HIV reservoir in a single chronically HIV-infected patient on suppressive antiretroviral therapy who underwent allo-SCT for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS AND FINDINGS We prospectively collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by leukapheresis from a 55-year-old man with chronic HIV infection before and after allo-SCT to measure the size of the HIV-1 reservoir and characterize viral phylogeny and phenotypic changes in immune cells. At day 784 post-transplant, when HIV-1 was undetectable by multiple measures-including PCR measurements of both total and integrated HIV-1 DNA, replication-competent virus measurement by large cell input quantitative viral outgrowth assay, and in situ hybridization of colon tissue-the patient consented to an analytic treatment interruption (ATI) with frequent clinical monitoring. He remained aviremic off antiretroviral therapy until ATI day 288, when a low-level virus rebound of 60 HIV-1 copies/ml occurred, which increased to 1,640 HIV-1 copies/ml 5 days later, prompting reinitiation of ART. Rebounding plasma HIV-1 sequences were phylogenetically distinct from proviral HIV-1 DNA detected in circulating PBMCs before transplantation. The main limitations of this study are the insensitivity of reservoir measurements, and the fact that it describes a single case. CONCLUSIONS allo-SCT led to a significant reduction in the size of the HIV-1 reservoir and a >9-month-long ART-free remission from HIV-1 replication. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the origin of rebound virus was distinct from the viruses identified pre-transplant in the PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stacey Rizza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephane Hua
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guinevere Q. Lee
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin Einkauf
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- HIV Immunovirology Unit, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frank Rhame
- Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Allina Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jason V. Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Patrick G. Dean
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ashley T. Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dylan Hampton
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sheila M. Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Lada
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sekar Natesampillai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Douglas D. Richman
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Schacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen Wietgrefe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John Zeuli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khan S, Telwatte S, Trapecar M, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. Differentiating Immune Cell Targets in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue for HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S40-S58. [PMID: 28882067 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest challenge to an HIV cure is the persistence of latently infected cells containing inducible, replication-competent proviral genomes, which constitute only a small fraction of total or infected cells in the body. Although resting CD4+ T cells in the blood are a well-known source of viral rebound, more than 90% of the body's lymphocytes reside elsewhere. Many are in gut tissue, where HIV DNA levels per million CD4+ T cells are considerably higher than in the blood. Despite the significant contribution of gut tissue to viral replication and persistence, little is known about the cell types that support persistence of HIV in the gut; importantly, T cells in the gut have phenotypic, functional, and survival properties that are distinct from T cells in other tissues. The mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained will likely depend on the location and cytokine milieu surrounding the latently infected cells in each compartment. Therefore, successful HIV cure strategies require identification and characterization of the exact cell types that support viral persistence, particularly in the gut. In this review, we describe the seeding of the latent HIV reservoir in the gut mucosa; highlight the evidence for compartmentalization and depletion of T cells; summarize the immunologic consequences of HIV infection within the gut milieu; propose how the damaged gut environment may promote the latent HIV reservoir; and explore several immune cell targets in the gut and their place on the path toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven Yukl
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Gabel M, Regoes RR, Graw F. More or less-On the influence of labelling strategies to infer cell population dynamics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185523. [PMID: 29045427 PMCID: PMC5646766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of labelled cell populations has been an essential tool to determine and quantify cellular dynamics. The experimental methods to label and track cells over time range from fluorescent dyes over congenic markers towards single-cell labelling techniques, such as genetic barcodes. While these methods have been widely used to quantify cell differentiation and division dynamics, the extent to which the applied labelling strategy actually affects the quantification of the dynamics has not been determined so far. This is especially important in situations where measurements can only be obtained at a single time point, as e.g. due to organ harvest. To this end, we studied the appropriateness of various labelling strategies as characterised by the number of different labels and the initial number of cells per label to quantify cellular dynamics. We simulated adoptive transfer experiments in systems of various complexity that assumed either homoeostatic cellular turnover or cell expansion dynamics involving various steps of cell differentiation and proliferation. Re-sampling cells at a single time point, we determined the ability of different labelling strategies to recover the underlying kinetics. Our results indicate that cell transition and expansion rates are differently affected by experimental shortcomings, such as loss of cells during transfer or sampling, dependent on the labelling strategy used. Furthermore, uniformly distributed labels in the transferred population generally lead to more robust and less biased results than non-equal label sizes. In addition, our analysis indicates that certain labelling approaches incorporate a systematic bias for the identification of complex cell expansion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabel
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MG); (FG)
| | - Roland R. Regoes
- Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Graw
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MG); (FG)
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Bhatnagar N, Girard PM, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Didier C, Collias L, Jung C, Bollens D, Duvivier C, Von Platen C, Scott-Algara D, Weiss L. Potential Role of Vδ2 + γδ T Cells in Regulation of Immune Activation in Primary HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1189. [PMID: 28993778 PMCID: PMC5622291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although conventional regulatory T cells (Tregs) are sufficient in controlling low residual T-cell activation in ART-treated patients, they are not efficient in controlling exaggerated immune activation associated with high levels of HIV replication in primary HIV infection (PHI). Our previous data suggested that double negative (DN) T cells including mainly γδ DN T cells play a role in the control of immune activation in PHI. Since γδ T cells are capable of exerting regulatory functions, we investigated their implication as Tregs in PHI as well as chronic HIV infection (CHI). In a cross-sectional study of 58 HIV-infected patients, in the primary and the chronic phase either ART-treated or untreated (UT), we analyzed phenotype and cytokine production of γδ T cells using flow cytometry. Cytokine production was assessed following in vitro stimulation with isopentenyl pyrophosphate or plate-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies. We found that the proportion of γδ T cells negatively correlated with CD8 T-cell activation in PHI patients. Furthermore, we found that in these patients, the Vδ2 receptor bearing (Vδ2+) γδ T cells were strongly activated, exhibited low terminal differentiation, and produced the anti-inflammatory cytokine, TGF-β. In contrast, in UT-CHI, we observed a remarkable expansion of γδ T cells, where the Vδ2+ γδ T cells comprised of an elevated proportion of terminally differentiated cells producing high levels of IFN-γ but very low levels of TGF-β. We also found that this loss of regulatory feature of γδ T cells in CHI was a lasting impairment as we did not find recovery of TGF-β production even in ART-CHI patients successfully treated for more than 5 years. Our data therefore suggest that during the primary HIV infection, Vδ2+ γδ T cells may act as Tregs controlling immune activation through production of TGF-β. However, in CHI, γδ T cells transform from an anti-inflammatory into pro-inflammatory cytokine profile and participate in sustenance of immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bhatnagar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Cytokines et Inflammation, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Céline Didier
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Cytokines et Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Lio Collias
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Jung
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | | | - Claudine Duvivier
- Centre Médical de l'Institut Pasteur, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker Pasteur, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Weiss
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Cytokines et Inflammation, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Abstract
The modulation of tuberculosis (TB)-induced immunopathology caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfection remains incompletely understood but underlies the change seen in the natural history, presentation, and prognosis of TB in such patients. The deleterious combination of these two pathogens has been dubbed a "deadly syndemic," with each favoring the replication of the other and thereby contributing to accelerated disease morbidity and mortality. HIV-1 is the best-recognized risk factor for the development of active TB and accounts for 13% of cases globally. The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has considerably mitigated this risk. Rapid roll-out of ART globally and the recent recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to initiate ART for everyone living with HIV at any CD4 cell count should lead to further reductions in HIV-1-associated TB incidence because susceptibility to TB is inversely proportional to CD4 count. However, it is important to note that even after successful ART, patients with HIV-1 are still at increased risk for TB. Indeed, in settings of high TB incidence, the occurrence of TB often remains the first presentation of, and thereby the entry into, HIV care. As advantageous as ART-induced immune recovery is, it may also give rise to immunopathology, especially in the lower-CD4-count strata in the form of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. TB-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome will continue to impact the HIV-TB syndemic.
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38
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Buxbaum NP, Farthing DE, Maglakelidze N, Lizak M, Merkle H, Carpenter AC, Oliver BU, Kapoor V, Castro E, Swan GA, Dos Santos LM, Bouladoux NJ, Bare CV, Flomerfelt FA, Eckhaus MA, Telford WG, Belkaid Y, Bosselut RJ, Gress RE. In vivo kinetics and nonradioactive imaging of rapidly proliferating cells in graft-versus-host disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92851. [PMID: 28614804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers a cure for cancers that are refractory to chemotherapy and radiation. Most HSCT recipients develop chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a systemic alloimmune attack on host organs. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, as biopsies are risky. T cells are central to the biology of cGVHD. We found that a low Treg/CD4+ T effector memory (Tem) ratio in circulation, lymphoid, and target organs identified early and established mouse cGVHD. Using deuterated water labeling to measure multicompartment in vivo kinetics of these subsets, we show robust Tem and Treg proliferation in lymphoid and target organs, while Tregs undergo apoptosis in target organs. Since deuterium enrichment into DNA serves as a proxy for cell proliferation, we developed a whole-body clinically relevant deuterium MRI approach to nonradioactively detect cGVHD and potentially allow imaging of other diseases characterized by rapidly proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya P Buxbaum
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Donald E Farthing
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Martin Lizak
- In Vivo NMR Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Hellmut Merkle
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | | | - Brittany U Oliver
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Gregory A Swan
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Liliane M Dos Santos
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Nicolas J Bouladoux
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Catherine V Bare
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William G Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Remy J Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute
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39
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The Role of Caveolin 1 in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060129. [PMID: 28587148 PMCID: PMC5490806 DOI: 10.3390/v9060129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin 1 (Cav-1) is a major component of the caveolae structure and is expressed in a variety of cell types including macrophages, which are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Caveolae structures are present in abundance in mechanically stressed cells such as endothelial cells and adipocytes. HIV infection induces dysfunction of these cells and promotes pathogenesis. Cav-1 and the caveolae structure are believed to be involved in multiple cellular processes that include signal transduction, lipid regulation, endocytosis, transcytosis, and mechanoprotection. Such a broad biological role of Cav-1/caveolae is bound to have functional cross relationships with several molecular pathways including HIV replication and viral-induced pathogenesis. The current review covers the relationship of Cav-1 and HIV in respect to viral replication, persistence, and the potential role in pathogenesis.
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40
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Vidya Vijayan KK, Karthigeyan KP, Tripathi SP, Hanna LE. Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28588579 PMCID: PMC5440548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity that leads ultimately to death. HIV infection in humans is caused by two related yet distinct viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is typically less virulent than HIV-1 and permits the host to mount a more effective and sustained T-cell immunity. Although both infections manifest the same clinical spectrum, the much lower rate of CD4+ T-cell decline and slower progression of disease in HIV-2 infected individuals have grabbed the attention of several researchers. Here, we review the most recent findings on the differential rate of decline of CD4+ T-cell in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and provide plausible reasons for the observed differences between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vidya Vijayan
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Srikanth P Tripathi
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
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41
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Abstract
Mathematical modeling reveals that long-term immunological memory is maintained in a manner that is even more dynamic than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biomatemática, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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42
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Friedman A, Hao W. The Role of Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment. Bull Math Biol 2017; 80:1111-1133. [PMID: 28382422 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles shed by cells as a means of communication with other cells. Exosomes contain mRNAs, microRNAs (miRs) and functional proteins. In the present paper, we develop a mathematical model of tumor-immune interaction by means of exosomes shed by pancreatic cancer cells and dendritic cells. Cancer cells' exosomes contain miRs that promote their proliferation and that inhibit immune response by dendritic cells, and by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Dendritic cells release exosomes with proteins that induce apoptosis of cancer cells and that block regulatory T cells. Simulations of the model show how the size of the pancreatic cancer can be determined by measurement of specific miRs (miR-21 and miR-203 in the case of pancreatic cancer), suggesting these miRs as biomarkers for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Friedman
- Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Biosciences Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wenrui Hao
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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43
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Cañete A, Carmona R, Ariza L, Sánchez MJ, Rojas A, Muñoz-Chápuli R. A population of hematopoietic stem cells derives from GATA4-expressing progenitors located in the placenta and lateral mesoderm of mice. Haematologica 2017; 102:647-655. [PMID: 28057738 PMCID: PMC5395105 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.155812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors are expressed in the mesoderm and endoderm during development. GATA1–3, but not GATA4, are critically involved in hematopoiesis. An enhancer (G2) of the mouse Gata4 gene directs its expression throughout the lateral mesoderm and the allantois, beginning at embryonic day 7.5, becoming restricted to the septum transversum by embryonic day 10.5, and disappearing by midgestation. We have studied the developmental fate of the G2-Gata4 cell lineage using a G2-Gata4Cre;R26REYFP mouse line. We found a substantial number of YFP+ hematopoietic cells of lymphoid, myeloid and erythroid lineages in embryos. Fetal CD41+/cKit+/CD34+ and Lin−/cKit+/CD31+ YFP+ hematopoietic progenitors were much more abundant in the placenta than in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros area. They were clonogenic in the MethoCult assay and fully reconstituted hematopoiesis in myeloablated mice. YFP+ cells represented about 20% of the hematopoietic system of adult mice. Adult YFP+ hematopoietic stem cells constituted a long-term repopulating, transplantable population. Thus, a lineage of adult hematopoietic stem cells is characterized by the expression of GATA4 in their embryonic progenitors and probably by its extraembryonic (placental) origin, although GATA4 appeared not to be required for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. Both lineages basically showed similar physiological behavior in normal mice, but clinically relevant properties of this particular hematopoietic stem cell population should be checked in physiopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cañete
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Málaga, Spain.,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Rita Carmona
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Málaga, Spain.,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Ariza
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Málaga, Spain.,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - María José Sánchez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide (UPO), Seville, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas-CIBERDEM, Seville, Spain
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Málaga, Spain .,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
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44
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Ahmed R, Roger L, Costa Del Amo P, Miners KL, Jones RE, Boelen L, Fali T, Elemans M, Zhang Y, Appay V, Baird DM, Asquith B, Price DA, Macallan DC, Ladell K. Human Stem Cell-like Memory T Cells Are Maintained in a State of Dynamic Flux. Cell Rep 2016; 17:2811-2818. [PMID: 27974195 PMCID: PMC5186732 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity requires the generation of memory T cells from naive precursors selected in the thymus. The key intermediaries in this process are stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells, multipotent progenitors that can both self-renew and replenish more differentiated subsets of memory T cells. In theory, antigen specificity within the TSCM pool may be imprinted statically as a function of largely dormant cells and/or retained dynamically by more transitory subpopulations. To explore the origins of immunological memory, we measured the turnover of TSCM cells in vivo using stable isotope labeling with heavy water. The data indicate that TSCM cells in both young and elderly subjects are maintained by ongoing proliferation. In line with this finding, TSCM cells displayed limited telomere length erosion coupled with high expression levels of active telomerase and Ki67. Collectively, these observations show that TSCM cells exist in a state of perpetual flux throughout the human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Ahmed
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Laureline Roger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Pedro Costa Del Amo
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rhiannon E Jones
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lies Boelen
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Tinhinane Fali
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France; INSERM U1135, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marjet Elemans
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France; INSERM U1135, CIMI-Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Derek C Macallan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; St. George's University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT, UK.
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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45
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Brodin J, Zanini F, Thebo L, Lanz C, Bratt G, Neher RA, Albert J. Establishment and stability of the latent HIV-1 DNA reservoir. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27855060 PMCID: PMC5201419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection cannot be cured because the virus persists as integrated proviral DNA in long-lived cells despite years of suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). In a previous paper (Zanini et al, 2015) we documented HIV-1 evolution in 10 untreated patients. Here we characterize establishment, turnover, and evolution of viral DNA reservoirs in the same patients after 3–18 years of suppressive ART. A median of 14% (range 0–42%) of the DNA sequences were defective due to G-to-A hypermutation. Remaining DNA sequences showed no evidence of evolution over years of suppressive ART. Most sequences from the DNA reservoirs were very similar to viruses actively replicating in plasma (RNA sequences) shortly before start of ART. The results do not support persistent HIV-1 replication as a mechanism to maintain the HIV-1 reservoir during suppressive therapy. Rather, the data indicate that DNA variants are turning over as long as patients are untreated and that suppressive ART halts this turnover. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18889.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Brodin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Zanini
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lina Thebo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Lanz
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Göran Bratt
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Venhälsan, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard A Neher
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The article reviews our current knowledge regarding the role of sex and sex hormones in regulating innate immune responses to viral infections, which may account for the described sex differences in immunity to HIV-1. RECENT FINDINGS Prominent sex differences exist in various infectious and autoimmune diseases. Biological mechanisms underlying these differences include the modulation of immunological pathways by sex hormones and gene dosage effects of immunomodulatory genes encoded by the X chromosome. During HIV-1 infections, women have been shown to present with lower viral load levels in primary infection, although their progression to AIDS is faster in comparison with men when accounting for viral load levels in chronic infection. HIV-1-infected women furthermore tend to have higher levels of immune activation and interferon-stimulated gene expression in comparison with men for the same viral load, which has been associated to innate sensing of HIV-1 by Toll-like receptor 7 and the consequent interferon-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. SUMMARY Improvement in understanding the mechanisms associated with sex differences in HIV-1-mediated immunopathology will be critical to take sex differences into consideration when designing experimental and clinical studies in HIV-1-infected populations.
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47
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Hopkins AM, Moghaddami M, Foster DJR, Proudman SM, Upton RN, Wiese MD. Intracellular CD3+ T Lymphocyte Teriflunomide Concentration Is Poorly Correlated with and Has Greater Variability Than Unbound Plasma Teriflunomide Concentration. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:8-16. [PMID: 27742727 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leflunomide's active metabolite teriflunomide inhibits dihydro-oroate dehydrogenase, an enzyme essential to proliferation of T lymphocytes. As teriflunomide must reach the target site to have this effect, this study assessed the distribution of teriflunomide into T lymphocytes, as intracellular concentrations may be a superior response biomarker to plasma concentrations. CD3 MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) were used to extract CD3+ T cells from the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were taking a stable dose of leflunomide. Unbound plasma and intra-CD3+ T cell teriflunomide concentrations were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentration (log transformed) and partition differences were assessed through paired Student t tests. Sixteen patients provided plasma steady-state teriflunomide samples, and eight provided a sample 6-12 weeks later. At time-point one, the geometric mean teriflunomide concentration (range) in CD3+ T cells was 18.12 μg/L (6.15-42.26 μg/L) compared with 69.75 μg/L (32.89-263.1 μg/L) unbound in plasma (P < 0.001). The mean partition coefficient (range) for unbound plasma teriflunomide into CD3+ T cells was 0.295 (0.092-0.632), which was significantly different from unity (P < 0.001). The median (range) change in teriflunomide concentration between the two time points was 14% (-10% to 40%) in unbound plasma and -29% (-69 to 138%) for CD3+ T cells. Because teriflunomide concentrations in CD3+ T cells were lower and displayed a higher intraindividual variability than the unbound plasma concentrations, its applicability as a therapeutic drug-monitoring marker may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Hopkins
- University of South Australia, Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U.) and Sansom Institute for Health Research (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U., M.D.W), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Arthritis Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M.); Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M., S.M.P.); and Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (S.M.P.)
| | - Mahin Moghaddami
- University of South Australia, Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U.) and Sansom Institute for Health Research (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U., M.D.W), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Arthritis Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M.); Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M., S.M.P.); and Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (S.M.P.)
| | - David J R Foster
- University of South Australia, Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U.) and Sansom Institute for Health Research (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U., M.D.W), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Arthritis Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M.); Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M., S.M.P.); and Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (S.M.P.)
| | - Susanna M Proudman
- University of South Australia, Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U.) and Sansom Institute for Health Research (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U., M.D.W), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Arthritis Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M.); Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M., S.M.P.); and Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (S.M.P.)
| | - Richard N Upton
- University of South Australia, Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U.) and Sansom Institute for Health Research (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U., M.D.W), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Arthritis Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M.); Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M., S.M.P.); and Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (S.M.P.)
| | - Michael D Wiese
- University of South Australia, Australian Centre for Pharmacometrics (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U.) and Sansom Institute for Health Research (A.M.H., D.J.R.F., R.N.U., M.D.W), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Arthritis Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M.); Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (M.M., S.M.P.); and Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (S.M.P.)
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48
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Abstract
Current directions and emerging possibilities under investigation for the integration of synthetic and semi-synthetic multivalent architectures with biology are discussed. Attention is focussed around multivalent interactions, their fundamental role in biology, and current and potential approaches in emulating them in terms of structure and functionality using synthetic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Mahon
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Mihail Barboiu
- Adaptative Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, Institut Européen des Membranes, ENSCM/UMII/UMR-CNRS 5635, Pl. Eugène Bataillon, CC 047, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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49
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Chen C, Su Y, Chen J, Song Y, Zhuang R, Xiao B, Guo S. Specially modified stromal and immune microenvironment in injected bone marrow following intrabone transplantation facilitates allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell engraftment. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:614-623.e3. [PMID: 27090963 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the first key step is the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) across the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barrier. Intrabone bone marrow transplantation (IBBMT) could replace more recipient stromal cells with donor cells and facilitate allogeneic organ transplantation compared with the conventional intravenous approach. However, it remains unknown whether and how IBBMT reconstructs the immune microenvironment for allogeneic HSCs. We explored where the BM microenvironment changes by determining BM stromal cell chimerism and measuring the change in CXCL-12 expression and regulatory T cells in recipient BM. We found that most stromal cells were replaced by allogeneic cells in the injected BM, with higher expression of immune regulatory cytokines (interleukin-10) compared with the contralateral BM and the intravenous group BM. This difference was independent of injury caused by intrabone injection. Consistent with the microenvironment modification, the allogeneic the engraftment rate and reconstitution capacity of HSCs were enhanced in the injected BM compared with the contralateral BM and intravenous group BM. Surgical removal of the injected bone at 7 days rather than 21 days reduced the levels of allogeneic granulocytes and HSCs in the peripheral blood. In conclusion, IBBMT specially modifies stromal cells in the injected BM which provide immune protective cues that improve the engraftment of allogeneic HSCs in an early period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianwu Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yajuan Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ran Zhuang
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuzhong Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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50
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Abstract
Mathematical and statistical methods enable multidisciplinary approaches that catalyse discovery. Together with experimental methods, they identify key hypotheses, define measurable observables and reconcile disparate results. We collect a representative sample of studies in T-cell biology that illustrate the benefits of modelling–experimental collaborations and that have proven valuable or even groundbreaking. We conclude that it is possible to find excellent examples of synergy between mathematical modelling and experiment in immunology, which have brought significant insight that would not be available without these collaborations, but that much remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Castro
- Universidad Pontificia Comillas , E28015 Madrid , Spain
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory , Theoretical Biology and Biophysics , Los Alamos, NM 87545 , USA
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