1
|
Zhang X, Wu H, Yu X, Luo H, Lu Y, Yang H, Li X, Li Z, Tang L, Wang Z. Determination of Bitterness of Andrographis Herba Based on Electronic Tongue Technology and Discovery of the Key Compounds of Bitter Substances. Molecules 2018; 23:E3362. [PMID: 30572573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographis Herba (AH), the dry aerial segments of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, is a common herbal remedy with bitter properties in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Although bitterness is one of the features representing Chinese medicine, it has not been implemented as an index to assess the quality and efficacy of TCM because of peoples' subjectivity to taste. In this study, 30 batches of AH with different commercial classifications (leaves, stems, or mixtures of both) were collected. Bitterness of AH was quantified by electronic tongue technology. Meanwhile, chemical compositions were characterized through establishing high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints. The result indicated that the radar curves of the bitterness from different AH commercial classifications displayed different taste fingerprint information. Based on six taste factors, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score three-dimensional (3D) plot exhibited a clear grouping trend (R²X, 0.912; Q², 0.763) among the three different commercial classifications. Six compounds (Peaks 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8) with positive correlation to bitterness were discovered by a Spearman correlation analysis. Peaks 2, 6, 7, 8 were identified as andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and dehydroandrographolide, respectively. The electronic tongue can be used to distinguish AH samples with different commercial classifications and for quality evaluation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hautakangas MR, Hinttala R, Rantala H, Nieminen P, Uusimaa J, Hassinen IE. Evaluating clinical mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes from biopsy specimens presenting skewed probability distribution of activity data. Mitochondrion 2016; 29:53-8. [PMID: 27223842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to the relative rarity of mitochondrial diseases, generating reference ranges is problematic in evaluation of respiratory chain activities particularly in pediatric cases. We determined the sample distribution of respiratory chain enzyme activities in skeletal muscle biopsies collected from pediatric patients suspected of neuromuscular disorders. Activities of NADH-ubiquinone reductase, NADH-cytochrome c reductase, succinate-cytochrome c reductase; ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities have log-normal distributions even when confirmed mitochondrial diseases were ruled out. Impact of the log-normal distribution of the respiratory chain enzyme activities on clinical diagnostics is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milla-Riikka Hautakangas
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Heikki Rantala
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Pentti Nieminen
- Medical Informatics and Statistics Group, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | - Ilmo E Hassinen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Benard G, Trian T, Bellance N, Berger P, Lavie J, Espil-Taris C, Rocher C, Eimer-Bouillot S, Goizet C, Nouette-Gaulain K, Letellier T, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. Adaptative capacity of mitochondrial biogenesis and of mitochondrial dynamics in response to pathogenic respiratory chain dysfunction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:350-65. [PMID: 22369111 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cellular energy homeostasy relies on mitochondrial plasticity, the molecular determinants of which are multiple. Yet, the relative contribution of and possible cooperation between mitochondrial biogenesis and morphogenesis to cellular energy homeostasy remains elusive. Here we analyzed the adaptative capacity of mitochondrial content and dynamics in muscle biopsies of patients with a complex IV defect, and in skin fibroblasts challenged with complex IV inhibition. RESULTS We observed a biphasic variation of the mitochondrial content upon complex IV inhibition in muscle biopsies and in skin fibroblasts. Adjustment of mitochondrial content for respiratory maintenance was blocked by using a dominant negative form of CREB (CREB-M1) and by L-NAME, a blocker of NO production. Accordingly, cells treated with KCN 6 μM showed higher levels of phospho-CREB, PGC1α mRNA, eNOS mRNA, and mtTFA mRNA. We also observed the increased expression of the fission protein DRP1 during fibroblasts adaptation, as well as mitochondrial ultrastructural defects indicative of increased fission in patients muscle micrographs. Accordingly, the expression of a dominant negative form of DRP1 (K38A mutant) reduced the biogenic response in fibroblasts challenged with 6 μM KCN. INNOVATION Our findings indicate that mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial fission cooperate to promote cellular adaptation to respiratory chain inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our data show for the first time that DRP1 intervenes during the initiation of the mitochondrial adaptative response to respiratory chain defects. The evidenced pathway of mitochondrial adaptation to respiratory chain deficiency provides a safety mechanism against mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benard
- Université Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schulz KL, Eckert A, Rhein V, Mai S, Haase W, Reichert AS, Jendrach M, Müller WE, Leuner K. A New Link to Mitochondrial Impairment in Tauopathies. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:205-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
5
|
Aleardi AM, Benard G, Augereau O, Malgat M, Talbot JC, Mazat JP, Letellier T, Dachary-Prigent J, Solaini GC, Rossignol R. Gradual alteration of mitochondrial structure and function by beta-amyloids: importance of membrane viscosity changes, energy deprivation, reactive oxygen species production, and cytochrome c release. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2005; 37:207-25. [PMID: 16167177 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-005-6631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) accumulation is considered to be a key pathogenic factor in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms by which it triggers neuronal dysfunction remain unclear. We hypothesized that gradual mitochondrial dysfunction could play a central role in both initiation and progression of sporadic AD. Thus, we analyzed changes in mitochondrial structure and function following direct exposure to increasing concentrations of A beta(1--42) and A beta(25--35) in order to look more closely at the relationships between mitochondrial membrane viscosity, ATP synthesis, ROS production, and cytochrome c release. Our results show the accumulation of monomeric A beta within rat brain and muscle mitochondria. Subsequently, we observed four different and additive modes of action of A beta, which were concentration dependent: (i) an increase in mitochondrial membrane viscosity with a concomitant decrease in ATP/O, (ii) respiratory chain complexes inhibition, (iii) a potentialization of ROS production, and (iv) cytochrome c release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Aleardi
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della libertà 33, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duclos M, Gouarne C, Martin C, Rocher C, Mormède P, Letellier T. Effects of corticosterone on muscle mitochondria identifying different sensitivity to glucocorticoids in Lewis and Fischer rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E159-67. [PMID: 12965871 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00281.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in rat have demonstrated decreased number of mitochondria and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation after administration of glucocorticoids but at supraphysiological doses and using synthetic glucocorticoids. To analyze the relationships between corticosterone levels (the natural glucocorticoid in rat) and muscle mitochondrial metabolism, Lewis and Fischer 344 rats were bilaterally adrenalectomized and implanted with different corticosterone pellets (0, 12, 50, 100, and 200 mg of corticosterone). Rats bearing a corticosterone pellet delivering corticosterone at concentrations in the range of chronic stress-induced levels presented a lower amount of functional muscle mitochondria with a decrease in cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase activities and a depletion of mitochondrial DNA. Moreover, a strain difference in tissue sensitivity to corticosterone was depicted both in end-organ sensitive to glucocorticoids (body, thymus, and adrenal weights) and in muscle mitochondrial metabolism (Lewis > Fischer). Interestingly, this strain difference was also observed in the absence of corticosterone, with a deleterious effect on muscle mitochondrial metabolism in Fischer rats, whereas no effects were observed in Lewis rats. We therefore postulate that corticosterone is necessary for muscle mitochondrial metabolism exerting its effects in Fischer rats with an inverted U curve, whereby too little (only Fischer) or too much (Fischer and Lewis) corticosterone is deleterious to muscle mitochondrial metabolism. In conclusion, we propose a general model of coordinate regulation of mitochondrial energetic metabolism by glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Duclos
- Laboratoire Neurogénétique et Stress, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U471, Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux II, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Trouillas J, Daniel L, Guigard MP, Tong S, Gouvernet J, Jouanneau E, Jan M, Perrin G, Fischer G, Tabarin A, Rougon G, Figarella-Branger D. Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecules expressed in human pituitary tumors and related to extrasellar invasion. J Neurosurg 2003; 98:1084-93. [PMID: 12744370 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2003.98.5.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Pituitary adenomas are usually benign tumors; however, some behave aggressively and metastasize. Until now, no specific marker of aggressive behavior or malignancy has been found. The polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is highly expressed in embryonic tissues such as the brain and pituitary, is detected in some and neuroendocrine tumors. Because polysialylation has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth and migration, polysialylated NCAM expression has been considered as a prognostic marker in such tumors. METHODS In the present study, the authors analyzed polysialylated NCAM expression in 82 pituitary tumors from humans: 49 secreting adenomas, 32 nonfunctioning adenomas, and one growth hormone and prolactin-secreting carcinoma associated with acromegaly and spinal and liver metastases. Based on immunohistochemical analyses, the tumors were classified as somatotropic (22 tumors), prolactinoma (14 tumors), corticotropic (17 tumors), and gonadotropic or so-called null cell adenomas (28 tumors). Assessment of polysialylated NCAM was performed using three different methods (immunohistochemical analysis, Western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) with a specific mouse monoclonal immunoglobulin M (Men B) that recognizes polysialic acid on NCAM. Tumoral NCAM expression was also evaluated with the aid of immunohistochemical analysis. Using this method, NCAM and polysialylated NCAM were studied in six healthy pituitaries. In addition, correlations were investigated using three statistical methods (chi-square test, nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test, and principal component analysis) to compare tumoral polysialylated NCAM expression and seven parameters (tumor size and type, intrasphenoidal or cavernous sinus invasion, Ki-67 index, mitoses, and patient age and sex). Neural cell adhesion molecules were expressed in the healthy anterior pituitary and in all tumors. In contrast, polysialylated NCAM was not found in the healthy pituitary gland, but was expressed in 46.3% of typical pituitary tumors and 85% of the tumors selected as highly aggressive, including one carcinoma and three tumors with histological characteristics that raised suspicion of malignancy. There was no significant correlation between polysialylated NCAM expression and tumor size, tumor type, Ki-67 index, mitoses, or patient age and sex. In contrast, the expression of polysialylated NCAM, which was sensitive to endoneuraminidase-N treatment, was strongly correlated with tumor invasion (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In pituitary tumors in humans, expression of polysialylated NCAM is strongly related to tumor invasion and confirms the clinical diagnosis of aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Trouillas
- Laboratoire d'Histologie et d'Embryologie moléculaires et Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale U433, Faculté de Médecine Lyon RTH-Laennec, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The metabolic myopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders inherited by a variety of modes that include gene defects in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Many factors impact on the expression of the pathogenic mutations that cause these disorders including genetic background, environmental factors, and coexisting disorders. Molecular technology has greatly improved the ability to make definitive diagnoses in many of the metabolic myopathies in the last decade and particularly has demonstrated that the wide diversity in the severity of mutations contributes to understanding genotype-phenotype correlations. In some cases, molecular testing obviates the necessity to perform an invasive muscle biopsy. However, it is also clear that the diagnostic yield from molecular testing is incomplete and particularly low among the mitochondrial myopathies as a group, ranging from approximately 6% to 19% in well-classified high-risk groups. Therefore, it is often essential to combine clinical, biochemical, histopathologic, and molecular data for each patient in order to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. The approach to the laboratory diagnosis of metabolic myopathies is described emphasizing both noninvasive and invasive testing, highlighting the molecular methodologies with the benefits and disadvantages of each technology, and documenting how to determine whether patients have coexisting disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgirene D Vladutiu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Pathology, Division of Genetics, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Buffalo, 936 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, New York, 14209, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
We retrospectively reviewed 118 muscle biopsy specimens from 113 patients with clinical and/or biochemical evidence of mitochondrial cytopathy. Light microscopic evaluation revealed histologic abnormalities in 65 specimens. The most common histologic findings included angular atrophic esterase-positive muscle fibers, type II muscle atrophy, regenerating muscle fibers, and scattered cytochrome-oxidase deficient fibers. Ragged red fibers were noted in 3 specimens on a Gomori trichrome stain. Electron microscopic evaluation was performed in 113 muscle specimens, and in 34, no abnormalities were identified. Increased numbers of mitochondria, particularly in the subsarcolemmal region, were identified in 54 specimens. Increased mitochondrial size was seen in 8 specimens and paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions in 3. Other ultrastructural findings included focally increased glycogen deposition, focal Z-band streaming, and focally increased lipid accumulation. For 39 cases, concomitant skin biopsy specimens were available; abnormalities were identified by electron microscopy in 12. The majority of biopsy specimens demonstrated some light or electron microscopic abnormality. Specific histologic findings suggestive of mitochondrial abnormalities (partial cytochrome oxidase deficiency, ragged red fibers) were noted in a minority of cases. Ultrastructural evidence of mitochondrial abnormalities was noted in the majority of cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rollins
- Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Cleveland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|