1
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Chikami Y, Yahata K. The structural and functional modularity of ovarian follicle epithelium in the pill-millipede Hyleoglomeris japonica Verhoeff, 1936 (Diplopoda: Glomerida: Glomeridae). Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102372. [PMID: 38598872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian somatic tissues typically surround developing oocytes and play a crucial role in oogenesis across various metazoans, often displaying structural properties specific to their functions. However, there is an absence of evident structural modularity in the follicle epithelium of Myriapoda. We report here two structurally and developmentally distinct domains within the follicle epithelium of the Japanese pill millipede, Hyleoglomeris japonica. The follicle epithelium of H. japonica exhibits a thick cell mass at the apex of the follicle. These cells harbor abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, and numerous microvilli, indicative of synthetic/secretory activities. Moreover, their height increases as oogenesis progresses. In contrast, another region of the epithelium lacks these features. Our findings highlight the presence of structural and functional modularity in the follicle epithelium of H. japonica. We suggest classifying the follicle epithelium of Myriapoda into three types: homogenous epithelia with enhanced synthetic activities, homogenous epithelia with diminished such activities, and heterogeneous epithelia with varying synthetic activities. These findings prompt a reevaluation of the nature of ovarian somatic tissues in Myriapoda as well as in Arthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Chikami
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Yahata
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
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2
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Mishina T, Chiu MC, Hashiguchi Y, Oishi S, Sasaki A, Okada R, Uchiyama H, Sasaki T, Sakura M, Takeshima H, Sato T. Massive horizontal gene transfer and the evolution of nematomorph-driven behavioral manipulation of mantids. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4988-4994.e5. [PMID: 37863060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
To complete their life cycle, a wide range of parasites must manipulate the behavior of their hosts.1 This manipulation is a well-known example of the "extended phenotype,2" where genes in one organism have phenotypic effects on another organism. Recent studies have explored the parasite genes responsible for such manipulation of host behavior, including the potential molecular mechanisms.3,4 However, little is known about how parasites have acquired the genes involved in manipulating phylogenetically distinct hosts.4 In a fascinating example of the extended phenotype, nematomorph parasites have evolved the ability to induce their terrestrial insect hosts to enter bodies of water, where the parasite then reproduces. Here, we comprehensively analyzed nematomorphs and their mantid hosts, focusing on the transcriptomic changes associated with host manipulations and sequence similarity between host and parasite genes to test molecular mimicry. The nematomorph's transcriptome changed during host manipulation, whereas no distinct changes were found in mantids. We then discovered numerous possible host-derived genes in nematomorphs, and these genes were frequently up-regulated during host manipulation. Our findings suggest a possible general role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the molecular mechanisms of host manipulation, as well as in the genome evolution of manipulative parasites. The evidence of HGT between multicellular eukaryotes remains scarce but is increasing and, therefore, elucidating its mechanisms will advance our understanding of the enduring influence of HGT on the evolution of the web of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tappei Mishina
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe 6500047, Japan.
| | - Ming-Chung Chiu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan; Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 50007, Taiwan
| | - Yasuyuki Hashiguchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 5690801, Japan.
| | - Sayumi Oishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan
| | - Atsunari Sasaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okada
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan
| | - Hironobu Uchiyama
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 1568502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Bioresource Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi 2430034, Japan
| | - Midori Sakura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Takeshima
- Research Center of Marine Bioresources, Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 49-8-2, Katsumi, Obama, Fukui Prefecture 9170116, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan; Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu 5202113, Japan.
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3
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Kikuchi DW, Allen WL, Arbuckle K, Aubier TG, Briolat ES, Burdfield-Steel ER, Cheney KL, Daňková K, Elias M, Hämäläinen L, Herberstein ME, Hossie TJ, Joron M, Kunte K, Leavell BC, Lindstedt C, Lorioux-Chevalier U, McClure M, McLellan CF, Medina I, Nawge V, Páez E, Pal A, Pekár S, Penacchio O, Raška J, Reader T, Rojas B, Rönkä KH, Rößler DC, Rowe C, Rowland HM, Roy A, Schaal KA, Sherratt TN, Skelhorn J, Smart HR, Stankowich T, Stefan AM, Summers K, Taylor CH, Thorogood R, Umbers K, Winters AE, Yeager J, Exnerová A. The evolution and ecology of multiple antipredator defences. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:975-991. [PMID: 37363877 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of multiple defences in a prey. However, a prey may use multiple defences to protect itself during a single predator encounter. Such "defence portfolios" that defend prey against a single instance of predation are distributed across and within successive stages of the predation sequence (encounter, detection, identification, approach (attack), subjugation and consumption). We contend that at present, our understanding of defence portfolio evolution is incomplete, and seen from the fragmentary perspective of specific sensory systems (e.g., visual) or specific types of defences (especially aposematism). In this review, we aim to build a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing the evolution of multiple prey defences, beginning with hypotheses for the evolution of multiple defences in general, and defence portfolios in particular. We then examine idealized models of resource trade-offs and functional interactions between traits, along with evidence supporting them. We find that defence portfolios are constrained by resource allocation to other aspects of life history, as well as functional incompatibilities between different defences. We also find that selection is likely to favour combinations of defences that have synergistic effects on predator behaviour and prey survival. Next, we examine specific aspects of prey ecology, genetics and development, and predator cognition that modify the predictions of current hypotheses or introduce competing hypotheses. We outline schema for gathering data on the distribution of prey defences across species and geography, determining how multiple defences are produced, and testing the proximate mechanisms by which multiple prey defences impact predator behaviour. Adopting these approaches will strengthen our understanding of multiple defensive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Kikuchi
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Evolutionary Biology, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Thomas G Aubier
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 5174, CNRS/IRD, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emily R Burdfield-Steel
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen L Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Klára Daňková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | - Liisa Hämäläinen
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie E Herberstein
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas J Hossie
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Joron
- CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Krushnamegh Kunte
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Brian C Leavell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Carita Lindstedt
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ugo Lorioux-Chevalier
- Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, Cayenne, France
| | - Melanie McClure
- Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, Cayenne, France
| | | | - Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Viraj Nawge
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Erika Páez
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Arka Pal
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Penacchio
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Computer Vision Center, Computer Science Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Raška
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Reader
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bibiana Rojas
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja H Rönkä
- HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniela C Rößler
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Candy Rowe
- Institute of Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannah M Rowland
- Max Planck Research Group Predators and Toxic Prey, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Arlety Roy
- Laboratoire Écologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, Cayenne, France
| | - Kaitlin A Schaal
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - John Skelhorn
- Institute of Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannah R Smart
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ted Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Amanda M Stefan
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Summers
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rose Thorogood
- HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programme in Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kate Umbers
- Hawkesbury Institute of the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Science Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne E Winters
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Justin Yeager
- Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alice Exnerová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Benavides LR, Edgecombe GD, Giribet G. Re-evaluating and dating myriapod diversification with phylotranscriptomics under a regime of dense taxon sampling. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107621. [PMID: 36116731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent transcriptomic studies of myriapod phylogeny have been based on relatively small datasets with <40 myriapod terminals and variably supported or contradicted the traditional morphological groupings of Progoneata and Dignatha. Here we amassed a large dataset of 104 myriapod terminals, including multiple species for each of the four myriapod classes. Across the tree, most nodes are stable and well supported. Most analyses across a range of gene occupancy levels provide moderate to strong support for a deep split of Myriapoda into Symphyla + Pauropoda (=Edafopoda) and an uncontradicted grouping of Chilopoda + Diplopoda (=Pectinopoda nov.), as in other recent transcriptome-based analyses; no analysis recovers Progoneata or Dignatha as clades. As in all recent multi-locus and phylogenomic studies, chilopod interrelationships resolve with Craterostigmus excluded from Amalpighiata rather than uniting with other centipedes with maternal brood care in Phylactometria. Diplopod ordinal interrelationships are largely congruent with morphology-based classifications. Chilognathan clades that are not invariably advocated by morphologists include Glomerida + Glomeridesmida, such that the volvation-related characters of pill millipedes may be convergent, and Stemmiulida + Polydesmida more closely allied to Juliformia than to Callipodida + Chordeumatida. The latter relationship implies homoplasy in spinnerets and contradicts Nematophora. A time-tree with nodes calibrated by 25 myriapod and six outgroup fossil terminals recovers Cambrian-Ordovician divergences for the deepest splits in Myriapoda, Edafopoda and Pectinopoda, predating the terrestrial fossil record of myriapods as in other published chronograms, whereas age estimates within Chilopoda and Diplopoda overlap with or do not appreciably predate the calibration fossils. The grouping of Chilopoda and Diplopoda is recovered in all our analyses and is formalized as Pectinopoda nov., named for the shared presence of mandibular comb lamellae. New taxonomic proposals for Chilopoda based on uncontradicted clades are Tykhepoda nov. for the three blind families of Scolopendromorpha that share a "sieve-type" gizzard, and Taktikospina nov. for Scolopendromorpha to the exclusion of Mimopidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia R Benavides
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | | | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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5
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Abstract
Paul Marek and William Shear introduce the arthropod sub-phylum myriapoda, which includes centipedes, millipedes and other multi-legged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Marek
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - William A Shear
- Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA 23943, USA
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6
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Sardar P, Šustr V, Chroňáková A, Lorenc F, Faktorová L. De novo metatranscriptomic exploration of gene function in the millipede holobiont. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16173. [PMID: 36171216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrate-microbial associations are widespread in the biosphere and are often related to the function of novel genes, fitness advantages, and even speciation events. Despite ~ 13,000 species of millipedes identified across the world, millipedes and their gut microbiota are markedly understudied compared to other arthropods. Exploring the contribution of individual host-associated microbes is often challenging as many are uncultivable. In this study, we conducted metatranscriptomic profiling of different body segments of a millipede at the holobiont level. This is the first reported transcriptome assembly of a tropical millipede Telodeinopus aoutii (Demange, 1971), as well as the first study on any Myriapoda holobiont. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed that Telodeinopus aoutii contained > 90% of the core Arthropoda genes. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Euryarchaeota represented dominant and functionally active phyla in the millipede gut, among which 97% of Bacteroidetes and 98% of Firmicutes were present exclusively in the hindgut. A total of 37,831 predicted protein-coding genes of millipede holobiont belonged to six enzyme classes. Around 35% of these proteins were produced by microbiota in the hindgut and 21% by the host in the midgut. Our results indicated that although major metabolic pathways operate at the holobiont level, the involvement of some host and microbial genes are mutually exclusive and microbes predominantly contribute to essential amino acid biosynthesis, short-chain fatty acid metabolism, and fermentation.
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Jones TH, Harrison DP, Menegatti C, Mevers E, Knott K, Marek P, Hennen DA, Kasson MT, Macias AM, Lovett B, Saporito RA. Deoxybuzonamine Isomers from the Millipede Brachycybe lecontii (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae). J Nat Prod 2022; 85:1134-1140. [PMID: 35389651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Millipedes (Diplopoda) are well known for their toxic or repellent defensive secretions. Here, we describe (6aR,10aS,10bR)-8,8-dimethyldodecahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline [trans-anti-trans-deoxybuzonamine (1a)] and (rel-6aR,10aR,10bR)-8,8-dimethyldodecahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline [trans-syn-cis-deoxybuzonamine (1b)], two isomers of deoxybuzonamine found in the chemical defense secretions of the millipede Brachycybe lecontii Wood (Colobognatha, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). The carbon-nitrogen skeleton of these compounds was determined from their MS and GC-FTIR spectra obtained from the MeOH extract of whole millipedes, along with a subsequent selective synthesis. Their structures were established from their 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR (COSY, NOESY, multiplicity-edited HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, HMBC) spectra. Additionally, computational chemistry (DFT and DP4) was used to identify the relative configurations of 1a and 1b by comparing predicted 13C data to their experimental values, and the absolute configuration of 1a was determined by comparing its experimental specific rotation with that of the computationally calculated value. This is the first report of dodecahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline alkaloids from a platydesmidan millipede.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tappey H Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia 24450, United States
| | - Daniel P Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia 24450, United States
| | - Carla Menegatti
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emily Mevers
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kenneth Knott
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Paul Marek
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Derek A Hennen
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Brian Lovett
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Ralph A Saporito
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio 44118, United States
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Moritz L, Borisova E, Hammel JU, Blanke A, Wesener T. A previously unknown feeding mode in millipedes and the convergence of fluid feeding across arthropods. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm0577. [PMID: 35171667 PMCID: PMC8849289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report fluid feeding with a sucking pump in the arthropod class Diplopoda, using a combination of synchrotron tomography, histology, electron microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstructions. Within the head of nine species of the enigmatic Colobognatha, we found a pumping chamber, which acts as positive displacement pump and is notably similar to that of insects, showing even fine structural convergences. The sucking pump of these millipedes works together with protractible mouthparts and externally secreted saliva for the acquisition of liquid food. Fluid feeding is one of the great evolutionary innovations of terrestrial arthropods, and our study suggests that it evolved with similar biomechanical solutions convergent across all major arthropod taxa. While fluid-feeding insects are megadiverse today, it remains unclear why other lineages, such as Colobognatha, are comparably species poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Moritz
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Section Myriapoda, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Elena Borisova
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jörg U. Hammel
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Wesener
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Section Myriapoda, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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9
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Marek PE, Buzatto BA, Shear WA, Means JC, Black DG, Harvey MS, Rodriguez J. The first true millipede-1306 legs long. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23126. [PMID: 34916527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The name “millipede” translates to a thousand feet (from mille “thousand” and pes “foot”). However, no millipede has ever been described with more than 750 legs. We discovered a new record-setting species of millipede with 1,306 legs, Eumillipes persephone, from Western Australia. This diminutive animal (0.95 mm wide, 95.7 mm long) has 330 segments, a cone-shaped head with enormous antennae, and a beak for feeding. A distant relative of the previous record holder, Illacme plenipes from California, it belongs to a different order, the Polyzoniida. Discovered 60 m below ground in a drill hole created for mineral exploration, E. persephone possesses troglomorphic features; it lacks eyes and pigmentation, and it has a greatly elongated body—features that stand in stark contrast to its closest surface-dwelling relatives in Australia and all other members of its order. Using phylogenomics, we found that super-elongation (> 180 segments) evolved repeatedly in the millipede class Diplopoda. The striking morphological similarity between E. persephone and I. plenipes is a result of convergent evolution, probably for locomotion in similar soil habitats. Discovered in the resource-rich Goldfields-Esperance region and threatened by encroaching surface mining, documentation of this species and conservation of its habitat are of critical importance.
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10
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Hassler MF, Harrison DP, Jones TH, Richart CH, Saporito RA. Gosodesmine, a 7-Substituted Hexahydroindolizine from the Millipede Gosodesmus claremontus. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:2764-2768. [PMID: 32915571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Millipedes (Diplopoda) are well known for their toxic or repellent defensive secretions. Here we describe gosodesmine (1), 7-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,5,8,8a-hexahydroindolizine, a unique alkaloid with some terpene character found in the chemical defense secretions of the millipede Gosodesmus claremontus Chamberlin (Colobognatha, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). The structure of 1 was suggested by its mass spectra and GC-FTIR spectra and established from its 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR spectra and 1D NOE studies. The 7-substituted indolizidine carbon skeleton of 1 was confirmed by unambiguous synthesis. This is the first report of an alkaloid from a platydesmid millipede and the first report of a 7-substituted indolizidine from an arthropod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline F Hassler
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia 24450, United States
| | - Daniel P Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia 24450, United States
| | - Tappey H Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia 24450, United States
| | - Casey H Richart
- Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, United States
| | - Ralph A Saporito
- Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Ohio 44118, United States
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Garrison NL, Brewer MS, Bond JE. Shifting evolutionary sands: transcriptome characterization of the Aptostichus atomarius species complex. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:68. [PMID: 32539685 PMCID: PMC7294663 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mygalomorph spiders represent a diverse, yet understudied lineage for which genomic level data has only recently become accessible through high-throughput genomic and transcriptomic sequencing methods. The Aptostichus atomarius species complex (family Euctenizidae) includes two coastal dune endemic members, each with inland sister species - affording exploration of dune adaptation associated patterns at the transcriptomic level. We apply an RNAseq approach to examine gene family conservation across the species complex and test for patterns of positive selection along branches leading to dune endemic species. RESULTS An average of ~ 44,000 contigs were assembled for eight spiders representing dune (n = 2), inland (n = 4), and atomarius species complex outgroup taxa (n = 2). Transcriptomes were estimated to be 64% complete on average with 77 spider reference orthologs missing from all taxa. Over 18,000 orthologous gene clusters were identified within the atomarius complex members, > 5000 were detected in all species, and ~ 4700 were shared between species complex members and outgroup Aptostichus species. Gene family analysis with the FUSTr pipeline identified 47 gene families appearing to be under selection in the atomarius ingroup; four of the five top clusters include sequences strongly resembling other arthropod venom peptides. The COATS pipeline identified six gene clusters under positive selection on branches leading to dune species, three of which reflected the preferred species tree. Genes under selection were identified as Cytochrome P450 2c15 (also recovered in the FUSTr analysis), Niemann 2 Pick C1-like, and Kainate 2 isoform X1. CONCLUSIONS We have generated eight draft transcriptomes for a closely related and ecologically diverse group of trapdoor spiders, identifying venom gene families potentially under selection across the Aptostichus atomarius complex and chemosensory-associated gene families under selection in dune endemic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Garrison
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Michael S. Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Howell Science Complex N407, 1000 E 5th St, Greenville, NC 27858 USA
| | - Jason E. Bond
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Academic Surge Building 1282, Davis, CA 95616-5270 USA
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12
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Abstract
The Tömösváry organ is a sensory structure of the head in myriapods and some other terrestrial arthropods. Due to its variable shape, size, and position in millipedes (Diplopoda) the Tömösváry organ is commonly used as diagnostic character in taxonomic descriptions and often included in phylogenetic analyses. For the Polydesmida, the largest millipede order, the Tömösváry organ is inconsistently stated as being either absent or present as a pear-shaped pit covered by a membrane or cuticular disc. In order to resolve this inconsistency, we investigated the morphology of the presumable Tömösváry organ in four polydesmidan species based on paraffin-histology, semi-thin sections and micro-computed tomography. Our results unambiguously favor the view that the articulation of the cephalic tentorium with the head capsule was misidentified as the Tömösváry organ in previous studies, and thus that the Tömösváry organ indeed is absent in the Polydesmida. The pear-shaped pit proved to represent the distal roundish expansion of the incisura lateralis, to which - similarly as in julidan millipedes - the tentorial transverse bar is articulated. The absence of the Tömösváry organ in the Polydesmida does not affect the topology of the interrelationships among the millipede orders retrieved in previous cladistic analyses based on morphology. As a character shared by Colobognatha and Juliformia, however, absence of a Tömösváry organ in Polydesmida favors the optimization of its presence in nematophoran millipedes as a reversal. Further studies are needed to clarify whether among chilognathan millipedes a Tömösváry organ really exists in taxa such as Stemmiulida, and whether the Tömösváry organs are homologous across millipedes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Moritz
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Section Myriapoda, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, GermanyZoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander KoenigBonnGermany
| | - Markus Koch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121, Bonn, GermanyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Dept. Information Technology and Biodiversity Informatics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, GermanySenckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungFrankfurt am MainGermany
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13
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Wong VL, Hennen DA, Macias AM, Brewer MS, Kasson MT, Marek P. Natural history of the social millipede Brachycybe lecontii Wood, 1864. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e50770. [PMID: 32296285 PMCID: PMC7148388 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e50770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The millipede Brachycybe lecontii Wood, 1864 is a fungivorous social millipede known for paternal care of eggs and forming multi-generational aggregations. We investigated the life history, paternal care, chemical defence, feeding and social behaviour of B. lecontii and provided morphological and anatomical descriptions, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on observations of B. lecontii from 13 locations throughout its distribution, we report the following natural history aspects. The oviposition period of B. lecontii lasted from mid-April to late June and the incubation period lasted 3-4 weeks. Only males cared for the eggs and subsequent care of juveniles was not observed. In one case, the clutches of two males became combined and they were later cared for by only one of the males. The defensive compound of B. lecontii is stored in large glands occupying a third of the paranotal volume and were observed only in stadia II millipedes and older. We observed B. lecontii feeding on fungi of the order Polyporales and describe a cuticular structure on the tip of the labrum that may relate to fungivory. We found that their stellate-shaped aggregations (pinwheels) do not form in the absence of fungus and suggest the aggregation is associated with feeding. We describe and illustrate a previously undescribed comb-like structure on the tibia and tarsi of the six anterior-most leg-pairs and measure the colour and spectral reflectance of the B. lecontii exoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Wong
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States of America Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
| | - Derek A Hennen
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States of America Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
| | - Angie M Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown United States of America
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States of America Department of Biology, East Carolina University Greenville United States of America
| | - Matt T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States of America Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown United States of America
| | - Paul Marek
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, United States of America Virginia Tech Blacksburg United States of America.,Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, United States of America Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
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14
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Abstract
Across the Metazoa, the emergence of new ecological interactions has been enabled by the repeated evolution of exocrine glands. Specialized glands have arisen recurrently and with great frequency, even in single genera or species, transforming how animals interact with their environment through trophic resource exploitation, pheromonal communication, chemical defense and parental care. The widespread convergent evolution of animal glands implies that exocrine secretory cells are a hotspot of metazoan cell type innovation. Each evolutionary origin of a novel gland involves a process of 'gland cell type assembly': the stitching together of unique biosynthesis pathways; coordinated changes in secretory systems to enable efficient chemical release; and transcriptional deployment of these machineries into cells constituting the gland. This molecular evolutionary process influences what types of compound a given species is capable of secreting, and, consequently, the kinds of ecological interactions that species can display. Here, we discuss what is known about the evolutionary assembly of gland cell types and propose a framework for how it may happen. We posit the existence of 'terminal selector' transcription factors that program gland function via regulatory recruitment of biosynthetic enzymes and secretory proteins. We suggest ancestral enzymes are initially co-opted into the novel gland, fostering pleiotropic conflict that drives enzyme duplication. This process has yielded the observed pattern of modular, gland-specific biosynthesis pathways optimized for manufacturing specific secretions. We anticipate that single-cell technologies and gene editing methods applicable in diverse species will transform the study of animal chemical interactions, revealing how gland cell types are assembled and functionally configured at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Brückner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joseph Parker
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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15
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Macias AM, Marek PE, Morrissey EM, Brewer MS, Short DP, Stauder CM, Wickert KL, Berger MC, Metheny AM, Stajich JE, Boyce G, Rio RVM, Panaccione DG, Wong V, Jones TH, Kasson MT. Diversity and function of fungi associated with the fungivorous millipede, Brachycybe lecontii. FUNGAL ECOL 2019; 41:187-197. [PMID: 31871487 PMCID: PMC6927558 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fungivorous millipedes (subterclass Colobognatha) likely represent some of the earliest known mycophagous terrestrial arthropods, yet their fungal partners remain elusive. Here we describe relationships between fungi and the fungivorous millipede, Brachycybe lecontii. Their fungal community is surprisingly diverse, including 176 genera, 39 orders, four phyla, and several undescribed species. Of particular interest are twelve genera conserved across wood substrates and millipede clades that comprise the core fungal community of B. lecontii. Wood decay fungi, long speculated to serve as the primary food source for Brachycybe species, were absent from this core assemblage and proved lethal to millipedes in pathogenicity assays while entomopathogenic Hypocreales were more common in the core but had little effect on millipede health. This study represents the first survey of fungal communities associated with any colobognath millipede, and these results offer a glimpse into the complexity of millipede fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M. Macias
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Paul E. Marek
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ember M. Morrissey
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Michael S. Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | | | - Cameron M. Stauder
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kristen L. Wickert
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Matthew C. Berger
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Amy M. Metheny
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jason E. Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Greg Boyce
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Rita V. M. Rio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Daniel G. Panaccione
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Victoria Wong
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Tappey H. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Matt T. Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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16
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Miller SW, Movsesyan A, Zhang S, Fernández R, Posakony JW. Evolutionary emergence of Hairless as a novel component of the Notch signaling pathway. eLife 2019; 8:48115. [PMID: 31545167 PMCID: PMC6777938 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)], the transcription factor at the end of the Notch pathway in Drosophila, utilizes the Hairless protein to recruit two co-repressors, Groucho (Gro) and C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP), indirectly. Hairless is present only in the Pancrustacea, raising the question of how Su(H) in other protostomes gains repressive function. We show that Su(H) from a wide array of arthropods, molluscs, and annelids includes motifs that directly bind Gro and CtBP; thus, direct co-repressor recruitment is ancestral in the protostomes. How did Hairless come to replace this ancestral paradigm? Our discovery of a protein (S-CAP) in Myriapods and Chelicerates that contains a motif similar to the Su(H)-binding domain in Hairless has revealed a likely evolutionary connection between Hairless and Metastasis-associated (MTA) protein, a component of the NuRD complex. Sequence comparison and widely conserved microsynteny suggest that S-CAP and Hairless arose from a tandem duplication of an ancestral MTA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Miller
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Artem Movsesyan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Sui Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James W Posakony
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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17
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Moritz L, Wesener T. The first known fossils of the Platydesmida—an extant American genus in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Diplopoda: Platydesmida: Andrognathidae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-019-00408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Ilić B, Unković N, Ćirić A, Glamočlija J, Ljaljević Grbić M, Raspotnig G, Bodner M, Vukojević J, Makarov S. Phenol-based millipede defence: antimicrobial activity of secretions from the Balkan endemic millipede Apfelbeckia insculpta (L. Koch, 1867) (Diplopoda: Callipodida). Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:37. [PMID: 31209578 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Millipedes use an array of chemical compounds to defend themselves from predator attack. These chemical substances can have additional roles, i.e. defence against various pathogens. We evaluated the efficacy of the defensive secretion of Apfelbeckia insculpta (L. Koch, 1867) against bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. The tested secretion consisted of two compounds, p-cresol and phenol, and showed antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal potential against all selected microorganisms. The most sensitive bacterium in our study was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the tested defensive secretion manifested the lowest activity against Escherichia coli. The defensive secretion of A. insculpta also showed an ability, albeit mild, to suppress biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. Among the tested yeasts, Candida albicans and C. krusei were the most susceptible and most resistant species, respectively. Finally, the concentration of extracts obtained from the tested defensive secretion needed to achieve an antifungal effect was lowest in the case of Cladosporium cladosporioides. Fusarium verticillioides and Penicillium rubens were the micromycetes most resistant to the tested secretion. Our results indicate that antibacterial activity of the defensive secretion of A. insculpta is similar to or slightly weaker than that of streptomycin, while comparison with antimycotics showed that the tested millipede secretion has stronger activity than fluconazole, but weaker activity than nystatin and ketoconazole. The present study corroborates previous findings indicating that the defensive secretions of millipedes can have different roles apart from antipredator protection and are effective against pathogenic microorganisms.
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19
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Ilić B, Unković N, Knežević A, Savković Ž, Ljaljević Grbić M, Vukojević J, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Lučić L. Multifaceted activity of millipede secretions: Antioxidant, antineurodegenerative, and anti-Fusarium effects of the defensive secretions of Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) and Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Diplopoda: Julida). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209999. [PMID: 30605481 PMCID: PMC6317802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the millipede order Julida rely on dominantly quinonic defensive secretions with several minor, non-quinonic components. The free radical-scavenging activities of ethanol, methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane extracts of defensive secretions emitted by Pachyiulus hungaricus (Karsch, 1881) and Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) were investigated using the ABTS, DPPH, and total reducing power (TRP) tests. The obtained extracts were also tested for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase activity. Finally, the antifungal potential of both julid extracts was evaluated against seven Fusarium species. Secretions of both species showed activity against free radicals, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and all of the selected fungal species. The secretions of P. hungaricus exhibited a more potent antioxidative effect than did those of M. unilineatum, while there were no significant differences of antiacetylcholinesterase activity between the tested extracts. Only the hexane extract of M. unilineatum showed an effect on tyrosinase activity stronger than that of P. hungaricus. Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, and F. verticillioides were the fungi most resistant to secretions of both julids. The Fusarium species most susceptible to the secretion of P. hungaricus was F. avenaceum, while the concentrations of M. unilienatum extracts needed to inhibit and completely suppress fungal growth were lowest in the case of their action on F. lateritium. Our data support previous findings that julid defensive secretions possess an antimicrobial potential and reveal their antioxidative and antineurodegenrative properties. Bearing in mind the chemical complexity of the tested defensive secretions, we presume that they can also exhibit other biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Ilić
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nikola Unković
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Knežević
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Savković
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ljaljević Grbić
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vukojević
- Department of Algology, Mycology, and Lichenology, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zvezdana Jovanović
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Makarov
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luka Lučić
- Department of Animal Development, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
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Bodner M, Vagalinski B, Raspotnig G. Chemotaxonomic potential of exocrine alkyl esters in julid millipedes (Diplopoda: Julidae: Cylindroiulini). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Shorter PL, Hennen DA, Marek PE. Cryptic diversity in Andrognathuscorticarius Cope, 1869 and description of a new Andrognathus species from New Mexico (Diplopoda, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). Zookeys 2018:19-41. [PMID: 30283233 PMCID: PMC6168611 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.786.27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrognathus is a genus of small, thin-bodied millipedes found in deciduous forests of North America. Poorly understood, these organisms inhabit decaying wood and have morphologically conserved and difficult-to-identify sexual characters that have limited study historically. Recent use of scanning electron microscopy has uncovered variation in male genitalia that was previously unknown in the genus. The distribution of Andrognathus and the extent of this variability across the continent, however, were undocumented, and a wealth of natural history collections remained uncatalogued. Here a new species of Andrognathus is described from New Mexico, Andrognathusgrubbsisp. n., natural history collections are utilized to create a comprehensive map of the genus, and a neotype established for the type species, Andrognathuscorticarius Cope, 1869. Analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) for A.corticarius was completed for the type series and individuals across the species distribution, but little variation was found. Andrognathusgrubbsisp. n. joins A.corticarius and A.hoffmani Shear & Marek, 2009 as the only members of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Shorter
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America.,Louisiana State University, Department of Entomology & School of Renewable Natural Resources, Life Sciences Building, Forestry Lane, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Louisiana State University Baton Rouge United States of America
| | - Derek A Hennen
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
| | - Paul E Marek
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Entomology, Price Hall, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg United States of America
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22
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Nuylert A, Kuwahara Y, Hongpattarakere T, Asano Y. Identification of saturated and unsaturated 1-methoxyalkanes from the Thai millipede Orthomorpha communis as potential "Raincoat Compounds". Sci Rep 2018; 8:11730. [PMID: 30082895 PMCID: PMC6079017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixtures of saturated and unsaturated 1-methoxyalkanes (alkyl methyl ethers, representing more than 45.4% of the millipede hexane extracts) were newly identified from the Thai polydesmid millipede, Orthomorpha communis, in addition to well-known polydesmid defense allomones (benzaldehyde, benzoyl cyanide, benzoic acid, mandelonitrile, and mandelonitrile benzoate) and phenolics (phenol, o- and p-cresol, 2-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-5-methylphenol and 3-methoxy-4-methylphenol). The major compound was 1-methoxy-n-hexadecane (32.9%), and the mixture might function as “raincoat compounds” for the species to keep off water penetration and also to prevent desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aem Nuylert
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecular Project, JST, ERATO, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.,Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kuwahara
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecular Project, JST, ERATO, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Tipparat Hongpattarakere
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Asano Active Enzyme Molecular Project, JST, ERATO, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan. .,Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
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Derkarabetian S, Starrett J, Tsurusaki N, Ubick D, Castillo S, Hedin M. A stable phylogenomic classification of Travunioidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores) based on sequence capture of ultraconserved elements. Zookeys 2018; 760:1-36. [PMID: 29872361 PMCID: PMC5986891 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.760.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetics has transitioned into the phylogenomic era, with data derived from next-generation sequencing technologies allowing unprecedented phylogenetic resolution in all animal groups, including understudied invertebrate taxa. Within the most diverse harvestmen suborder, Laniatores, most relationships at all taxonomic levels have yet to be explored from a phylogenomics perspective. Travunioidea is an early-diverging lineage of laniatorean harvestmen with a Laurasian distribution, with species distributed in eastern Asia, eastern and western North America, and south-central Europe. This clade has had a challenging taxonomic history, but the current classification consists of ~77 species in three families, the Travuniidae, Paranonychidae, and Nippononychidae. Travunioidea classification has traditionally been based on structure of the tarsal claws of the hind legs. However, it is now clear that tarsal claw structure is a poor taxonomic character due to homoplasy at all taxonomic levels. Here, we utilize DNA sequences derived from capture of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to reconstruct travunioid relationships. Data matrices consisting of 317-677 loci were used in maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and species tree analyses. Resulting phylogenies recover four consistent and highly supported clades; the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the enigmatic genus Yuria is less certain. Based on the resulting phylogenies, a revision of Travunioidea is proposed, now consisting of the Travuniidae, Cladonychiidae, Paranonychidae (Nippononychidae is synonymized), and the new family Cryptomastridae Derkarabetian & Hedin, fam. n., diagnosed here. The phylogenetic utility and diagnostic features of the intestinal complex and male genitalia are discussed in light of phylogenomic results, and the inappropriateness of the tarsal claw in diagnosing higher-level taxa is further corroborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahan Derkarabetian
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614, USA
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Present address: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James Starrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Nobuo Tsurusaki
- Laboratory of Zoological Systematics, Faculty of Agriculture, in Faculty of Regional Sciences Building, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8551, Japan
| | - Darrell Ubick
- Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
| | - Stephanie Castillo
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Marshal Hedin
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-4614, USA
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