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Ravenel K, Guegan H, Gastebois A, Bouchara JP, Gangneux JP, Giraud S. Fungal Colonization of the Airways of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: the Role of the Environmental Reservoirs. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:19. [PMID: 38407729 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi frequently colonize the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis and may cause severe diseases, such as the allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The most common filamentous fungi capable to chronically colonize the respiratory tract of the patients are Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium species. Defining the treatment strategy may be challenging, the number of available drugs being limited and some of the causative agents being multiresistant microorganisms. The knowledge of the fungal niches in the outdoor and indoor environment is needed for understanding the origin of the contamination of the patients. In light of the abundance of some of the causative molds in compost, agricultural and flower fields, occupational activities related to such environments should be discouraged for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In addition, the microbiological monitoring of their indoor environment, including analysis of air and dust on surfaces, is essential to propose preventive measures aiming to reduce the exposure to environmental molds. Nevertheless, some specific niches were also identified in the indoor environment, in relation with humidity which favors the growth of thermotolerant molds. Potted plants were reported as indoor reservoirs for Scedosporium species. Likewise, Exophiala dermatitidis may be spread in the kitchen via dishwashers. However, genotype studies are still required to establish the link between dishwashers and colonization of the airways of CF patients by this black yeast. Moreover, as nothing is known regarding the other filamentous fungi associated with CF, further studies should be conducted to identify other potential specific niches in the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Ravenel
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Hélène Guegan
- EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Gastebois
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sandrine Giraud
- IRF (Infections Respiratoires Fongiques), SFR ICAT 4208, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, Angers, France.
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Kurbessoian T, Murante D, Crocker A, Hogan DA, Stajich JE. In host evolution of Exophiala dermatitidis in cystic fibrosis lung micro-environment. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:jkad126. [PMID: 37293838 PMCID: PMC10484061 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) are susceptible to chronic lung infections that lead to inflammation and irreversible lung damage. While most respiratory infections that occur in CF are caused by bacteria, some are dominated by fungi such as the slow-growing black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. Here, we analyze isolates of E. dermatitidis cultured from two samples, collected from a single subject 2 years apart. One isolate genome was sequenced using long-read Nanopore technology as an in-population reference to use in comparative single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion-deletion variant analyses of 23 isolates. We then used population genomics and phylo-genomics to compare the isolates to each other as well as the reference genome strain E. dermatitidis NIH/UT8656. Within the CF lung population, three E. dermatitidis clades were detected, each with varying mutation rates. Overall, the isolates were highly similar suggesting that they were recently diverged. All isolates were MAT 1-1, which was consistent with their high relatedness and the absence of evidence for mating or recombination between isolates. Phylogenetic analysis grouped sets of isolates into clades that contained isolates from both early and late time points indicating there are multiple persistent lineages. Functional assessment of variants unique to each clade identified alleles in genes that encode transporters, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases, iron acquisition, and DNA repair processes. Consistent with the genomic heterogeneity, isolates showed some stable phenotype heterogeneity in melanin production, subtle differences in antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations, and growth on different substrates. The persistent population heterogeneity identified in lung-derived isolates is an important factor to consider in the study of chronic fungal infections, and the analysis of changes in fungal pathogens over time may provide important insights into the physiology of black yeasts and other slow-growing fungi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kurbessoian
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Daniel Murante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Alex Crocker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Quan Y, Deng S, Prenafeta-boldủ FX, Mayer VE, Muggia L, Cometto A, Vicente VA, da Silva NM, Grisolia ME, Song Y, Ahmed SA, Niu X, de Souza Lima BJF, Feng P, Vitale RG, Teixeira M, Sudhadham M, de Azevedo CPES, Bocca A, Haase G, Selbmann L, Shi D, Kang Y, de Hoog S. The origin of human pathogenicity and biological interactions in Chaetothyriales. FUNGAL DIVERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-023-00518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractFungi in the order Chaetothyriales are renowned for their ability to cause human infections. Nevertheless, they are not regarded as primary pathogens, but rather as opportunists with a natural habitat in the environment. Extremotolerance is a major trend in the order, but quite different from black yeasts in Capnodiales which focus on endurance, an important additional parameter is advancing toxin management. In the ancestral ecology of rock colonization, the association with metabolite-producing lichens is significant. Ant-association, dealing with pheromones and repellents, is another mainstay in the order. The phylogenetically derived family, Herpotrichiellaceae, shows dual ecology in monoaromatic hydrocarbon assimilation and the ability to cause disease in humans and cold-blooded vertebrates. In this study, data on ecology, phylogeny, and genomics were collected and analyzed in order to support this hypothesis on the evolutionary route of the species of Chaetothyriales. Comparing the ribosomal tree with that of enzymes involved in toluene degradation, a significant expansion of cytochromes is observed and the toluene catabolism is found to be complete in some of the Herpotrichiellaceae. This might enhance human systemic infection. However, since most species have to be traumatically inoculated in order to cause disease, their invasive potential is categorized as opportunism. Only in chromoblastomycosis, true pathogenicity might be surmised. The criterion would be the possible escape of agents of vertebrate disease from the host, enabling dispersal of adapted genotypes to subsequent generations.
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Mapook A, Hyde KD, Hassan K, Kemkuignou BM, Čmoková A, Surup F, Kuhnert E, Paomephan P, Cheng T, de Hoog S, Song Y, Jayawardena RS, Al-Hatmi AMS, Mahmoudi T, Ponts N, Studt-Reinhold L, Richard-Forget F, Chethana KWT, Harishchandra DL, Mortimer PE, Li H, Lumyong S, Aiduang W, Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Bhunjun CS, Yu FM, Zhao Q, Schaefer D, Stadler M. Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022; 116:547-614. [PMID: 36123995 PMCID: PMC9476466 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of -OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward many new fungal and fungus-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausana Mapook
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510225 China
| | - Khadija Hassan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Surup
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pathompong Paomephan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - K. W. Thilini Chethana
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Dulanjalee L. Harishchandra
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Huili Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Saisamorm Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
| | - Worawoot Aiduang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Feng-Ming Yu
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Doug Schaefer
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
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Marques GN, Cota JB, Leal MO, Silva NU, Flanagan CA, Crosta L, Tavares L, Oliveira M. First Documentation of Exophiala spp. Isolation in Psittaciformes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131699. [PMID: 35804598 PMCID: PMC9264867 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fungi species are reported to act as opportunistic agents of infection in avian species. After the isolation of Exophiala spp., a dematiaceous fungal pathogen associated with a mucosal lesion in a military macaw (Ara militar), samples were collected from another 24 birds of the order Psittaciformes to study the possibility of Exophiala spp. being part of the commensal microbiota of these animals or its possible association with other clinical conditions. Swab samples were collected from the trachea and/or choanae of the birds and inoculated in Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar for fungal isolation. After incubation, fungal species were identified through their macroscopic and microscopic morphology. The presence of Exophiala spp. was identified in 15 of the 25 birds sampled and no statistical association was found between the clinical record of the birds and the fungal isolation. Our results suggest that Exophiala spp. can colonize the upper respiratory airways of psittaciform birds and has a low pathogenic potential in these animals. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of Exophiala spp. isolation from samples of the upper respiratory tract of Psittaciformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo N. Marques
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - João B. Cota
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.C.); (L.T.)
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miriam O. Leal
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - Nuno U. Silva
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - Carla A. Flanagan
- Zoomarine Portugal, E.N. 125, Km 65, 8201-864 Guia, Portugal; (G.N.M.); (M.O.L.); (N.U.S.); (C.A.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Crosta
- AEZAVEC (Avian, Exotic and Zoo Animal Veterinary Consultants), 22040 Tirol, Italy;
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.C.); (L.T.)
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.B.C.); (L.T.)
- Laboratório Associado Para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Ahamad A, Tehreem B, Farooqi M, Maramara B. Case report and literature review: double jeopardy – Exophiala dermatitidis and Mycobacterium canariasense central line-associated bloodstream infection in a patient. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000347. [PMID: 35812706 PMCID: PMC9260090 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is the most common nosocomial-acquired infection, affecting 38 000 patients in the USA annually. Approximately 8–10 % of inserted catheters lead to bloodstream infections, and ~25–30 % of infections are associated with mortality. Although proper line maintenance is essential to prevent infection, it is quite a challenge to avoid infection in patients with a long-term catheter. We present a case of a female in her 40s with a previous history of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) who has had a central line for total parenteral nutrition for the past 2 years. The patient recently visited the emergency room with fever and generalized fatigue. Blood cultures sent to microbiology were positive for black mould, Exophiala dermatitidis. However, after a few days, microbiology reported an additional micro-organism, Mycobacterium canariasense, a pathogen rarely associated with bacteraemia. The patient was administered voriconazole and moxifloxacin for black mould and mycobacterium infection, respectively. We present an unusual case of rare opportunistic organisms causing bacteraemia and fungaemia in a patient with a long-term catheter. CLABSI remains a serious challenge for clinical facilities. Implementation and monitoring of effective strategies can prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients with long-term catheters and can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with CLABSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrinash Ahamad
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, School of Health Professions, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bushra Tehreem
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Maaz Farooqi
- Medical Informatics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Bennadette Maramara
- Divison of Infectious Disease, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Alimu Y, Ban S, Yaguchi T. Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Strains Morphologically Identified as <i>Exophiala dermatitidis</i> from Clinical and Environmental Specimens in Japan. Med Mycol J 2022; 63:1-9. [DOI: 10.3314/mmj.21-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yikelamu Alimu
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University
| | - Sayaka Ban
- Medical Mycology Research Center (MMRC), Chiba University
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Sohlberg E, Sarlin T, Juvonen R. Fungal diversity on brewery filling hall surfaces and quality control samples. Yeast 2021; 39:141-155. [PMID: 34957597 PMCID: PMC9303908 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Breweries produce an increasing selection of beer and non-beer beverages. Yeast and filamentous fungi may compromise quality and safety of these products in several ways. Recent studies on fungal communities in breweries are scarce and mostly conducted with culture-dependent methods. We explored fungal diversity in the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in four breweries. Samples were taken for next generation sequencing (NGS) at the key contamination sites in ten filling lines. Moreover, fungal isolates were identified in 68 quality control samples taken from raw materials, filling line surfaces, air and products. NGS gave a comprehensive view of fungal diversity on filling line surfaces. The surface-attached communities mainly contained ascomycetous fungi. Depending on the site, the dominant genera included Candida, Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, Zygosaccharomyces, Alternaria, Didymella, and Exophiala. Sanger sequencing revealed 28 and 27 species of yeast and filamentous fungi, respectively, among 91 isolates. The most common species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Wickerhamomuces anomalus were detected throughout production. Filling line surface and air samples showed the greatest diversity of yeast and filamentous fungi, respectively. The isolates of the most common yeast genera Candida, Pichia, Saccharomyces and Wickerhamomyces showed low spoilage abilities in carbonated, chemically preserved drinks but could grow in products with reduced hurdles. Preservative resistant yeasts were rare, belonging to the species Dekkera bruxellensis, Pichia manschurica and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Penicillium spp. were dominant filamentous fungi. The results of this study help to evaluate spoilage risks caused by fungal contaminants detected in breweries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Sohlberg
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuija Sarlin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riikka Juvonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, Finland
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Sun L, D’Amico DJ. Composition, Succession, and Source Tracking of Microbial Communities throughout the Traditional Production of a Farmstead Cheese. mSystems 2021; 6:e0083021. [PMID: 34581601 PMCID: PMC8547439 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00830-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the advent of milk pasteurization and the use of defined-strain starter cultures, the production and ripening of cheese relied on the introduction and growth of adventitious microbes from the environment. This study characterized microbial community structures throughout a traditional farmstead cheese production continuum and evaluated the role of the environment in microbial transfer. In total, 118 samples (e.g., raw milk, cheese, and environmental surfaces) were collected from milk harvesting through cheese ripening. Microbial communities were characterized based on amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer genes using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results indicated that the environment in each processing room harbored unique microbial ecosystems and consistently contributed microbes to milk, curd, and cheese. The diverse microbial composition of milk was initially attributed to milker hands and cow teats and then changed substantially following overnight ripening in a wooden vat to one dominated by lactic acid bacteria, including Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc, as well as fungi such as Exophiala, Kluyveromyces, and Candida. Additional microbial contributions were attributed to processing tools, but the composition of the cheese paste remained relatively stable over 60 days of ripening. In contrast, rind communities that were largely influenced by direct contact with bamboo aging mats showed a distinct succession pattern compared to the interior sections. Overall, these findings highlight the critical role of traditional tools and practices in shaping the microbial composition of cheese and broaden our understanding of processing environments as important sources of microbes in food. IMPORTANCE Throughout the 20th century, especially in the United States, sanitation practices, pasteurization of milk, and the use of commercial defined-strain starter cultures have enhanced the safety and consistency of cheese. However, these practices can reduce cheese microbial diversity. The rapid growth of the artisanal cheese industry in the United States has renewed interest in recapturing the diversity of dairy products and the microbes involved in their production. Here, we demonstrate the essential role of the environment, including the use of wooden tools and cheesemaking equipment, as sources of dominant microbes that shape the fermentation and ripening processes of a traditional farmstead cheese produced without the addition of starter cultures or direct inoculation of any other bacteria or fungi. These data enrich our understanding of the microbial interactions between products and the environment and identify taxa that contribute to the microbial diversity of cheese and cheese production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Sun
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis J. D’Amico
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Isola D, Scano A, Orrù G, Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Zucconi L. Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites: Is There Something More Than Exophiala xenobiotica? New Insights into Black Fungal Diversity Using the Long Cold Incubation Method. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100817. [PMID: 34682237 PMCID: PMC8538888 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-made hydrocarbon-rich environments are important reservoirs of microorganisms with specific degrading abilities and pathogenic potential. In particular, black fungi are of great interest, but their presence in the environment is frequently underestimated because they are difficult to isolate. In the frame of a biodiversity study from fuel-contaminated sites involving 30 diesel car tanks and 112 fuel pump dispensers (52 diesel and 60 gasoline, respectively), a total of 181 black fungal strains were isolated. The long cold incubation (LCI) of water-suspended samples, followed by plating on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC), gave isolation yields up to six times (6.6) higher than those of direct plating on DRBC, and those of enrichment with a phenolic mix. The sequencing of ITS and LSU-rDNA confirmed the dominance of potentially pathogenic fungi from the family Herpotrichiellaceae and Exophiala xenobiotica. Moreover, other opportunistic species were found, including E. opportunistica, E. oligosperma, E. phaeomuriformis, and Rhinocladiella similis. The recurrent presence of E. crusticola, Knufia epidermidis, Aureobasidium melanogenum, Cladosporium spp., and Scolecobasidium spp. was also recorded. Interestingly, 12% of total isolates, corresponding to 50% of taxa found (16/32), represent new species. All the novel taxa in this study were isolated by LCI. These findings suggest that black fungal diversity in hydrocarbon-rich niches remains largely unexplored and that LCI can be an efficient tool for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Isola
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0761-357138
| | - Alessandra Scano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (G.O.)
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (G.O.)
| | | | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
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11
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Kulesza K, Biedunkiewicz A, Nowacka K, Dynowska M, Urbaniak M, Stępień Ł. Dishwashers as an Extreme Environment of Potentially Pathogenic Yeast Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:446. [PMID: 33917934 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the yeast species diversity in the specific environment of dishwashers, taking into account the potential risk for users. Yeasts were isolated from ten dishwashers and from tap water supplied to the appliances. Samples were collected for mycological analyses at the beginning of each month, from February to May 2016. Four dishwasher sites (rubber seals, detergent dispensers, sprinklers, and water drains) were analyzed. The microfungi were identified by the standard procedures applied in mycological diagnostics. To confirm species identification, molecular analysis was performed based on the sequences of the D1/D2 region. The presence of microfungi was detected in 70% of the investigated appliances. Rubber seals, detergent dispensers, and water drains were the most frequently colonized elements. Thirty-five yeast strains were isolated in this study, of which twenty-seven were obtained from dishwashers and eight from tap water. The strains belonged to six genera and six species (Candida parapsilosis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Dipodascus capitatus, Exophiala dermatitidis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). Most of the strains came from rubber seals. In this way, it was demonstrated that the dishwashers’ condition is sufficient as an ecological niche for microfungi.
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Song Y, Menezes da Silva N, Vicente VA, Quan Y, Teixeira M, Gong J, de Hoog S, Li R. Comparative genomics of opportunistic Phialophora species involved in divergent disease types. Mycoses 2021; 64:555-568. [PMID: 33455056 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black opportunists Phialophora verrucosa complex species can cause different disease types in competent and in immunocompromised individuals, but are remarkably overrepresented in CARD9-related infections. OBJECTIVES To better understand the ecology and potential pathogenicity of opportunistic Phialophora species and reveal eventual genetic parameters associated with the behaviour in vivo and genetic profiles in patients with CARD9 immunodeficiency. METHODS Genomes of 26 strains belonging to six species of the Phialophora verrucosa complex were sequenced. Using multilocus analysis, all environmental and clinical strains were identified correctly. We compared the genomes of agents from different disease types among each other including CARD9 immunodeficiency. RESULTS We obtained genome sizes of the 26 Phialophora strains ranged between 32 and 37 MB. Some species showed considerable intraspecific genomic variation. P americana showed the highest degree of variability. P verrucosa was variable in CAZy enzymes, whereas P americana varied in PKS-related genes. Phialophora species, particularly P verrucosa, are relatively frequent in patients with CARD9-related immunodeficiency. Different mutations in the CARD9 gene seem to increase susceptibility for infection by different groups of species, that is either Candida, dermatophytes or black fungi. A number of patients with chromoblastomycosis revealed an as yet unknown CARD9 mutation. TNFα impairment was prevalent in patients with CARD9 infections, while CBM patients were invariably IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS From genomic investigations, the known virulence factors between clinical and environmental strains did not reveal any significant difference. Phialophora complex has an equal chance to cause infection in humans, either healthy or CARD9-impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Nickolas Menezes da Silva
- Graduate Program in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vania A Vicente
- Graduate Program in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yu Quan
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Teixeira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Applied Research & Development Building, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-Graduation Program, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
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Tabatabaei Z, Rafiee A, Abbasi A, Mehdizadeh A, Morovati R, Hoseini M. Investigation of fungal contamination in indoor air and on surfaces of traditional public baths in a historical city. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2020; 18:925-932. [PMID: 33312613 PMCID: PMC7721940 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been proven that exposure to bioaerosols is associated with several health effects, such as pulmonary diseases and allergies. The present cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate fungal contamination in indoor air and on the surfaces of four traditional baths in Shiraz, Iran, one of the most historical cities in the world. Samples were taken from indoor air, using a microbial air sampler, as well as the surfaces of the shower, hallway, and dressing rooms of studied baths for 3 months. Totally 180 samples, including 45 air and 135 surfaces samples, were collected from studied baths. The concentrations of fungi collected from the air of studied baths were ranged from 22.6 to 34.6 CFU/m3. Besides, the levels of fungi collected from the surface samples of studied baths were ranged from 21.2 to 60 CFU/m2. The highest and lowest fungi species detected both in air and surfaces samples of the studied baths were Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp. respectively. Although the levels of fungi in the studied baths were lower than the levels recommended by the World Health Organization, some environmental health measures such as washing and disinfecting surfaces and tools after each working shift and periodic inspections are recommended ensuring the safety of costumers who are visiting such places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Tabatabaei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Alireza Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akbar Mehdizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roya Morovati
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Toberna CP, Kram JJF, Beck ET, Ray S, Gavinski T, Sterkel AK, Baumgardner DJ. Attempted Isolation of Cryptococcus Species and Incidental Isolation of Exophiala dermatitidis from Human Oral Cavities. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:1051-5. [PMID: 32949296 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular studies suggest that Cryptococcus may inhabit the normal human mouth. We attempted to isolate Cryptococcus from 21 adult non-acutely ill patients and 40 volunteer medical and non-medical staff in Southeastern Wisconsin, USA. An upper lip sulcus culture and an oral rinse specimen were inoculated separately onto Staib (birdseed) agar containing chloramphenicol and incubated in gas impermeable zip lock bags at 35 °C. No cryptococci were grown from any of the 122 samples from the 61 subjects. Both specimens from a woman with no risk factors for fungal disease yielded a black yeast at 4 days on Staib agar. This isolate was shown to be Exophiala dermatitidis by colony and microscopic morphology, analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and sequencing through the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA gene. This appears to be a novel isolation of E. dermatitidis from the oral cavity of a generally healthy human.
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15
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Quan Y, Muggia L, Moreno LF, Wang M, Al-hatmi AMS, da Silva Menezes N, Shi D, Deng S, Ahmed S, Hyde KD, Vicente VA, Kang Y, Stielow JB, de Hoog S. A re-evaluation of the Chaetothyriales using criteria of comparative biology. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020; 103:47-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChaetothyriales is an ascomycetous order within Eurotiomycetes. The order is particularly known through the black yeasts and filamentous relatives that cause opportunistic infections in humans. All species in the order are consistently melanized. Ecology and habitats of species are highly diverse, and often rather extreme in terms of exposition and toxicity. Families are defined on the basis of evolutionary history, which is reconstructed by time of divergence and concepts of comparative biology using stochastical character mapping and a multi-rate Brownian motion model to reconstruct ecological ancestral character states. Ancestry is hypothesized to be with a rock-inhabiting life style. Ecological disparity increased significantly in late Jurassic, probably due to expansion of cytochromes followed by colonization of vacant ecospaces. Dramatic diversification took place subsequently, but at a low level of innovation resulting in strong niche conservatism for extant taxa. Families are ecologically different in degrees of specialization. One of the clades has adapted ant domatia, which are rich in hydrocarbons. In derived families, similar processes have enabled survival in domesticated environments rich in creosote and toxic hydrocarbons, and this ability might also explain the pronounced infectious ability of vertebrate hosts observed in these families. Conventional systems of morphological classification poorly correspond with recent phylogenetic data. Species are hypothesized to have low competitive ability against neighboring microbes, which interferes with their laboratory isolation on routine media. The dataset is unbalanced in that a large part of the extant biodiversity has not been analyzed by molecular methods, novel taxonomic entities being introduced at a regular pace. Our study comprises all available species sequenced to date for LSU and ITS, and a nomenclatural overview is provided. A limited number of species could not be assigned to any extant family.
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Iwahashi C, Eguchi H, Hotta F, Uezumi M, Sawa M, Kimura M, Yaguchi T, Kusaka S. Orbital abscess caused by Exophiala dermatitidis following posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide: a case report and a review of literature related to Exophiala eye infections. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:566. [PMID: 32746887 PMCID: PMC7398408 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) has been widely adopted in the clinical setting of ophthalmology and its infectious complications are rare. However, orbital abscess following STTA has been reported in seven cases. Furthermore, although eye infections due to Exophiala species are uncommon, there have been 19 cases to date. E. jeanselmei, E. phaeomuriformis, E. werneckii, and E. dermatitidis have been reported to cause human eye infections; however, to the best of our knowledge, orbital abscess caused by E. dermatitidis has not yet been reported. We describe the first documented case of fungal orbital abscess caused by E. dermatitidis following STTA. We also review the related literature of orbital abscess following STTA, as well as eye infections caused by the four Exophiala species. Case presentation The patient was a 69-year-old Japanese woman with diabetic mellitus. She had a macular oedema in her right eye, which occurred secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. An orbital abscess caused by E. dermatitidis occurred 4 months after the second STTA for the macular oedema, which was successfully treated by a surgical debridement and systemic administration of voriconazole. Conclusions Our findings in the patient and from our literature survey caution ophthalmologists to the fact that STTA can cause fungal orbital infections, especially in diabetic patients. Furthermore, surgical treatment is one of the most important risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Iwahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2, Ohonohigashi, Osakasayama-shi, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2, Ohonohigashi, Osakasayama-shi, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Fumika Hotta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2, Ohonohigashi, Osakasayama-shi, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Mayu Uezumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sakai City Medical Center, 1-1-1, Ebaraji-cho, Nishi-ku, Sakai City, Osaka, 593-08304, Japan
| | - Miki Sawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sakai City Medical Center, 1-1-1, Ebaraji-cho, Nishi-ku, Sakai City, Osaka, 593-08304, Japan
| | - Masatomo Kimura
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Shunji Kusaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2, Ohonohigashi, Osakasayama-shi, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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Jayaram M, Nagao H. First Report of Environmental Isolation of Exophiala spp. in Malaysia. Curr Microbiol. 2020;77:2915-2924. [PMID: 32661678 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Exophiala dermatitidis has been frequently isolated from tropical regions of the world. However, there is no report of environmental isolation of Exophiala spp. from Malaysia. The information regarding the ecology of this microbe is important for a better understanding of the opportunism. This study aims to conduct a survey of natural distribution of Exophiala spp. in Malaysia. Forty-seven strains of Exophiala-like was isolated by using selective media. These isolates from the fields were molecularly identified based on the ITS region. The biochemical activity of these microbes was tested by conducting various tests, i.e. DNase test, proteinase activity, and urea hydrolysis. Overall, 22 strains of E. dermatitidis were successfully obtained and identified from burnt tree bark, oil dripped soil sample, hot spring biofilm, railway track stones, tar road contaminated with petrol hydrocarbon, drain and deep mud of Sungai Pinang besides the new discovery from pigeon droppings. A single strain of E. heteromorpha was identified from tar road contaminated with petrol hydrocarbon. Genotypes of the isolated E. dermatitidis were identified by the neighbor-joining tree and grouped into Genotype A, A2 and B. The existence of new Genotype A4 was confirmed by a similar cladogram position in both neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood tree. The survival of E. dermatitidis in the hydrocarbon contaminated environment was studied by supplying engine oil and observing the growth pattern. The results of this study suggest that the opportunistic Exophiala spp. was isolated from nutrient limited and harsh conditions in the natural environment.
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Lavrin T, Konte T, Kostanjšek R, Sitar S, Sepčič K, Prpar Mihevc S, Žagar E, Župunski V, Lenassi M, Rogelj B, Gunde Cimerman N. The Neurotropic Black Yeast Exophiala dermatitidis Induces Neurocytotoxicity in Neuroblastoma Cells and Progressive Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040963. [PMID: 32295162 PMCID: PMC7226985 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotropic and extremophilic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis (Herpotrichellaceae) inhabits diverse indoor environments, in particular bathrooms, steam baths, and dishwashers. Here, we show that the selected strain, EXF-10123, is polymorphic, can grow at 37 °C, is able to assimilate aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, mineral oil, n-hexadecane), and shows abundant growth with selected neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, glutamate, and dopamine) as sole carbon sources. We have for the first time demonstrated the effect of E. dermatitidis on neuroblastoma cell model SH-SY5Y. Aqueous and organic extracts of E. dermatitidis biomass reduced SH-SY5Y viability by 51% and 37%, respectively. Melanized extracellular vesicles (EVs) prepared from this strain reduced viability of the SH-SY5Y to 21%, while non-melanized EVs were considerably less neurotoxic (79% viability). We also demonstrated direct interactions of E. dermatitidis with SH-SY5Y by scanning electron and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The observed invasion and penetration of neuroblastoma cells by E. dermatitidis hyphae presumably causes the degradation of most neuroblastoma cells in only three days. This may represent a so far unknown indirect or direct cause for the development of some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teja Lavrin
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (N.G.C.); Tel.: +386-(0)1-543-7652 (T.L.); +386-(0)1-320-3400 (N.G.C.)
| | - Tilen Konte
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Simona Sitar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.S.); (E.Ž.)
| | - Kristina Sepčič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.S.); (E.Ž.)
| | - Vera Župunski
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.Ž.); (B.R.)
| | - Metka Lenassi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.Ž.); (B.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biomedical Research Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Gunde Cimerman
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (N.G.C.); Tel.: +386-(0)1-543-7652 (T.L.); +386-(0)1-320-3400 (N.G.C.)
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Bakker A, Siegel JA, Mendell MJ, Prussin AJ, Marr LC, Peccia J. Bacterial and fungal ecology on air conditioning cooling coils is influenced by climate and building factors. Indoor Air 2020; 30:326-334. [PMID: 31845419 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of biofilms on the cooling coils of commercial air conditioning (AC) units can significantly reduce the heat transfer efficiency of the coils and may lead to the aerosolization of microbes into occupied spaces of a building. We investigated how climate and AC operation influence the ecology of microbial communities on AC coils. Forty large-scale commercial ACs were considered with representation from warm-humid and hot-dry climates. Both bacterial and fungal ecologies, including richness and taxa, on the cooling coil surfaces were significantly impacted by outdoor climate, through differences in dew point that result in increased moisture (condensate) on coils, and by the minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV 8 vs MERV 14) of building air filters. Based on targeted qPCR and sequence analysis, low efficiency upstream filters (MERV 8) were associated with a greater abundance of pathogenic bacteria and medically relevant fungi. As the implementation of air conditioning continues to grow worldwide, better understanding of the factors impacting microbial growth and ecology on cooling coils should enable more rational approaches for biofilm control and ultimately result in reduced energy consumption and healthier buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Bakker
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Siegel
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J Mendell
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Aaron J Prussin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Tischner Z, Kredics L, Marik T, Vörös K, Kriszt B, Péter B, Magyar D. Environmental characteristics and taxonomy of microscopic fungi isolated from washing machines. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:650-659. [PMID: 31416584 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Washing machines (WMs) are convenient places for fungal colonization. This study is focused on fungal diversity of WMs, and investigates relationships between habits of WM users and colonising species. Housekeeping conditions and habits were assessed in Hungary with a questionnaire. Several fungal species were identified by microscopy and sequence analysis of diagnostic loci. Based on the results, 32 % of the sampled WMs were highly polluted with various species of fungi. Forty six percent of them were colonised also by opportunistically human pathogenic species. In total, 32 yeast and 39 filamentous fungal strains were isolated. Growth tests were conducted with five selected taxa (Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis, Cystobasidium slooffiae, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis and the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC)) to ascertain their tolerance ranges. None of the examined isolates were able to grow >50 °C, 4.10 < pH < 10.88. FOSC could grow at high salinity. More species were detected in WMs operated in rooms without heating systems (p = 0.0025). The number of species was higher in WMs located in the kitchen than the ones kept in bathroom or in other rooms (p = 0.0205). WMs may serve as a reservoir of pathogenic fungi, the presence of which may depend on the usage of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Tischner
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Air Hygiene and Aerobiology, National Public Health Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Marik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Vörös
- Semmelweis University, School of Ph.D. Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Péter
- Department of Air Hygiene and Aerobiology, National Public Health Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Donát Magyar
- Department of Air Hygiene and Aerobiology, National Public Health Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Coleine C, Selbmann L, Masonjones S, Onofri S, Zucconi L, Stajich JE. Draft Genome Sequence of an Antarctic Isolate of the Black Yeast Fungus Exophiala mesophila. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:e00142-19. [PMID: 31072892 PMCID: PMC6509517 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00142-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 30.43-Mb draft genome sequence with 10,355 predicted protein-coding genes was produced for the ascomycete fungus Exophiala mesophila strain CCFEE 6314, a black yeast isolated from Antarctic cryptoendolithic communities. The sequence will be of importance for identifying differences among extremophiles and mesophiles and cataloguing the global population diversity of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Coleine
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Mycological Section, Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA), Genoa, Italy
| | - Sawyer Masonjones
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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22
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Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is an opportunistic pathogen, causing phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, chromoblastomycosis and fatal infections of the central nervous system in otherwise healthy Asian patients. In addition, it is also regularly isolated from respiratory samples from cystic fibrosis patients, with rates varying between 1% and 19%.Melanin, as part of the cell wall of black yeasts, is one major factor known contributing to the pathogenicity of E. dermatitidis and increased resistance against host defense and anti-infective therapeutics. Further virulence factors, e.g. the capability to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilm were reported. A better understanding of the pathogenicity of E. dermatitidis is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, the current knowledge of E. dermatitidis prevalence, clinical importance, diagnosis, microbiological characteristics, virulence attributes, susceptibility, and resistances as well as therapeutically strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kirchhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maike Olsowski
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Rath
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg Steinmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Klinikum Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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23
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Zajc J, Gostinčar C, Černoša A, Gunde-Cimerman N. Stress-Tolerant Yeasts: Opportunistic Pathogenicity Versus Biocontrol Potential. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010042. [PMID: 30646593 PMCID: PMC6357073 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-tolerant fungi that can thrive under various environmental extremes are highly desirable for their application to biological control, as an alternative to chemicals for pest management. However, in fungi, the mechanisms of stress tolerance might also have roles in mammal opportunism. We tested five species with high biocontrol potential in agriculture (Aureobasidium pullulans, Debayomyces hansenii, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Metschnikowia fructicola, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) and two species recognized as emerging opportunistic human pathogens (Exophiala dermatitidis, Aureobasidium melanogenum) for growth under oligotrophic conditions and at 37 °C, and for tolerance to oxidative stress, formation of biofilms, production of hydrolytic enzymes and siderophores, and use of hydrocarbons as sole carbon source. The results show large overlap between traits desirable for biocontrol and traits linked to opportunism (growth under oligotrophic conditions, production of siderophores, high oxidative stress tolerance, and specific enzyme activities). Based on existing knowledge and these data, we suggest that oligotrophism and thermotolerance together with siderophore production at 37 °C, urease activity, melanization, and biofilm production are the main traits that increase the potential for fungi to cause opportunistic infections in mammals. These traits should be carefully considered when assessing safety of potential biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Zajc
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Institut 'Jožef Stefan', Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anja Černoša
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Metin B, Döğen A, Yıldırım E, de Hoog GS, Heitman J, Ilkit M. Mating type (MAT) locus and possible sexuality of the opportunistic pathogen Exophiala dermatitidis. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 124:29-38. [PMID: 30611834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction among the black yeasts is generally limited to environmental saprobic species and is rarely observed among opportunists in humans. To date, a complete sexual cycle has not been observed in Exophiala dermatitidis. In this study, we aimed to gain insight into the reproductive mode of E. dermatitidis by characterizing its mating type (MAT) locus, conducting MAT screening of environmental and clinical isolates, examining the expression of the MAT genes and analyzing the virulence of the isolates of different mating types. Similar to other members of the Pezizomycotina, the E. dermatitidis genome harbors a high mobility group (HMG) domain gene (MAT1-2-1) in the vicinity of the SLA2 and APN2 genes. The MAT loci of 74 E. dermatitidis isolates (11 clinical and 63 environmental) were screened by PCR, and the surrounding region was amplified using long-range PCR. Sequencing of the ∼ 12-kb PCR product of a MAT1-1 isolate revealed an α-box gene (MAT1-1-1). The MAT1-1 idiomorph was 3544-bp long and harbored the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-4 genes. The MAT1-2 idiomorph was longer, 3771-bp, and harbored only the MAT1-2-1 gene. This structure suggests a heterothallic reproduction mode. The distribution of MAT among 74 isolates was ∼ 1:1 with a MAT1-1:MAT1-2 ratio of 35:39. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the MAT genes are transcribed. No significant difference was detected in the virulence of isolates representing different mating types using a Galleria mellonella model (P > 0.05). Collectively, E. dermatitidis is the first opportunistic black yeast in which both MAT idiomorphs have been characterized. The occurrence of isolates bearing both idiomorphs, their approximately equal distribution, and the expression of the MAT genes suggest that E. dermatitidis might reproduce sexually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Metin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Esra Yıldırım
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
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25
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Abstract
Black yeasts (BY) comprise a group of polyextremotolerant fungi, mainly belonging to the order Chaetothyriales, which are capable of colonizing a wide range of extreme environments. The tolerance to hostile habitats can be explained by their intrinsic ability to survive under acidic, alkaline, and toxic conditions, high temperature, low nutrient availability, and osmotic and mechanical stress. Occasionally, some species can cause human chromoblastomycosis, a chronic subcutaneous infection, as well as disseminated or cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Three years after the release of the first black yeast genome, the number of projects for sequencing these organisms has significantly increased. Over 37 genomes of important opportunistic and saprobic black yeasts and relatives are now available in different databases. The whole-genome sequencing, as well as the analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs and the determination of protein expression profiles generated an unprecedented amount of data, requiring the development of a curated repository to provide easy accesses to this information. In the present article, we review various aspects of the impact of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics on black yeast studies. We discuss recent key findings achieved by the use of these technologies and further directions for medical mycology in this area. An important vehicle is the Working Groups on Black Yeasts and Chromoblastomycosis, under the umbrella of ISHAM, which unite the clinicians and a highly diverse population of fundamental scientists to exchange data for joint publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ferreira Moreno
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc / CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Ekowati Y, Ferrero G, Kennedy MD, de Roda Husman AM, Schets FM. Potential transmission pathways of clinically relevant fungi in indoor swimming pool facilities. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:1107-1115. [PMID: 30145117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Possible transmission pathways of fungi in indoor swimming pool facilities were assessed through fungal counting in different areas of the facilities and typing of the collected fungal isolates. Air, water and surface samples were collected from seven different indoor swimming pool facilities. Fungal species were identified based on their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Maximum fungal concentrations of 6.2 CFU/cm2, 1.39 CFU/100 mL, and 202 CFU/m³ were found on surfaces, in water and air, respectively. In total, 458 isolates were obtained, belonging to 111 fungal species, of which 50 species were clinically relevant. Phialophora oxyspora (13.3%) and Trichosporon dohaense (5.0%) were the most frequently isolated species and were merely detected on floors, as were the dermatophytes, Trichophyton interdigitale and T. rubrum. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the dominant fungi in water and air. No typical patterns of fungal concentrations along the preferential pathways of pool visitors were observed, however, sites where pool visitors converge while moving from one room (e.g. dressing room) to another (e.g. shower room) and walking barefoot displayed the highest fungal concentrations thus posing the highest risk of contamination. The dispersal of fungi on floors is most likely facilitated by the pool visitors and cleaning tools. Clinically relevant fungi, including the ones rarely identified in nature, were widely detected on floors, in water and in air, as well as on cleaning tools and flexibeams. Preventive measures such as cleaning should minimize the prevalence of clinically relevant fungi in swimming pool facilities since these potentially pose health risks to those vulnerable for infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Ekowati
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maria D Kennedy
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Domplein 29, 3512 JE, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Poyntner C, Mirastschijski U, Sterflinger K, Tafer H. Transcriptome Study of an Exophiala dermatitidis PKS1 Mutant on an ex Vivo Skin Model: Is Melanin Important for Infection? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1457. [PMID: 30018609 PMCID: PMC6037837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is a polyextremophilic human pathogen, especially known for growing in man-made extreme environments. Reported diseases caused by this fungus range from benign cutaneous to systemic infections with 40% fatality rate. While the number of cases steadily increases in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent people, detailed knowledge about infection mechanisms, virulence factors and host response are scarce. To understand the impact of the putative virulence factor melanin on the infection, we generated a polyketide synthase (PKS1) mutant using CRISPR/Cas9 resulting in a melanin deficient strain. The mutant and the wild-type fungus were inoculated onto skin explants using an ex vivo skin organ culture model to simulate in vivo cutaneous infection. The difference between the mutant and wild-type transcriptional landscapes, as assessed by whole RNA-sequencing, were small and were observed in pathways related to the copper homeostasis, cell wall genes and proteases. Seven days after inoculation the wild-type fungus completely colonized the stratum corneum, invaded the skin and infected keratinocytes while the mutant had only partially covered the skin and showed no invasiveness. Our results suggest that melanin dramatically improves the invasiveness and virulence of E. dermatitidis during the first days of the skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Poyntner
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Mirastschijski
- Wound Repair Unit, Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Division of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Rotkreuzklinikum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakim Tafer
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Gülmez D, Doğan Ö, Boral B, Döğen A, İlkit M, de Hoog GS, Arikan-Akdagli S. In vitro activities of antifungal drugs against environmentalExophialaisolates and review of the literature. Mycoses 2018; 61:561-569. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolunay Gülmez
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Özlem Doğan
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
- Medical Microbiology Department; Haydarpaşa Numune Hospital; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Barış Boral
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Çukurova University; Adana Turkey
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mersin University; Mersin Turkey
| | - Macit İlkit
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Çukurova University; Adana Turkey
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sevtap Arikan-Akdagli
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
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29
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Lang R, Minion J, Skinner S, Wong A. Disseminated Exophiala dermatitidis causing septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:255. [PMID: 29866071 PMCID: PMC5987487 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exophiala dermatitidis is a melanized fungus isolated from many environmental sources. Infections caused by Exophiala species are typically seen in immunocompromised hosts and manifest most commonly as cutaneous or subcutaneous disease. Systemic infections are exceedingly rare and associated with significant morbidity and mortality Case presentation A 28-year-old female originally from India presented with fevers, chills, weight loss and increasing back pain. She had a recent diffuse maculopapular rash that resulted in skin biopsy and a tentative diagnosis of sarcoidosis, leading to administration of azathioprine and prednisone. An MRI of her spine revealed a large paraspinal abscess requiring surgical intervention and hardware placement. Cultures from the paraspinal abscess grew a colony of dark pigmented mold. Microscopy of the culture revealed a melanized fungus, identified as Exophiala dermatitidis. Voriconazole was initially utilized, but due to relapse of infection involving the right iliac crest and left proximal humerus, she received a prolonged course of amphotericin B and posaconazole in combination and required 7 separate surgical interventions. Prolonged disease stability following discontinuation of therapy was achieved. Conclusions Described is the first identified case of disseminated Exophiala dermatitidis causing osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in a patient on immunosuppressive therapy. A positive outcome was achieved through aggressive surgical intervention and prolonged treatment with broad-spectrum antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raynell Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Minion
- Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stuart Skinner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.,4E - ID Clinic, Regina General Hospital, 1440 14th Avenue Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alexander Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. .,4E - ID Clinic, Regina General Hospital, 1440 14th Avenue Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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30
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Wang X, Cai W, van den Ende AHGG, Zhang J, Xie T, Xi L, Li X, Sun J, de Hoog S. Indoor wet cells as a habitat for melanized fungi, opportunistic pathogens on humans and other vertebrates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7685. [PMID: 29769615 PMCID: PMC5955924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor wet cells serve as an environmental reservoir for a wide diversity of melanized fungi. A total of 313 melanized fungi were isolated at five locations in Guangzhou, China. Internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS) sequencing showed a preponderance of 27 species belonging to 10 genera; 64.22% (n = 201) were known as human opportunists in the orders Chaetothyriales and Venturiales, potentially causing cutaneous and sometimes deep infections. Knufia epidermidis was the most frequently encountered species in bathrooms (n = 26), while in kitchens Ochroconis musae (n = 14), Phialophora oxyspora (n = 12) and P. europaea (n = 10) were prevalent. Since the majority of species isolated are common agents of cutaneous infections and are rarely encountered in the natural environment, it is hypothesized that indoor facilities explain the previously enigmatic sources of infection by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Guangming New District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenying Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Junmin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Dematology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
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31
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Watanabe N, Gotoh A, Shirane S, Hamano Y, Hirai Y, Shimizu M, Nakamura A, Matsumoto K, Morita K, Mori T, Ohsaka A, Komatsu N. BreakthroughExophiala dermatitidisinfection during prophylactic administration of micafungin during second umbilical cord blood transplantation after graft failure. Transpl Infect Dis 2018; 20:e12833. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Watanabe
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiko Gotoh
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuichi Shirane
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasuharu Hamano
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuji Hirai
- Department of General Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Juntendo University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Maika Shimizu
- Clinical Laboratory; Juntendo University Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- Clinical Laboratory; Juntendo University Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kunihiko Morita
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akimichi Ohsaka
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation; Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Division of Hematology; Department of Medicine; Juntendo University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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Song Y, Laureijssen-van de Sande WWJ, Moreno LF, Gerrits van den Ende B, Li R, de Hoog S. Comparative Ecology of Capsular Exophiala Species Causing Disseminated Infection in Humans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2514. [PMID: 29312215 PMCID: PMC5742258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exophiala spinifera and Exophiala dermatitidis (Fungi: Chaetothyriales) are black yeast agents potentially causing disseminated infection in apparently healthy humans. They are the only Exophiala species producing extracellular polysaccharides around yeast cells. In order to gain understanding of eventual differences in intrinsic virulence of the species, their clinical profiles were compared and found to be different, suggesting pathogenic strategies rather than coincidental opportunism. Ecologically relevant factors were compared in a model set of strains of both species, and significant differences were found in clinical and environmental preferences, but virulence, tested in Galleria mellonella larvae, yielded nearly identical results. Virulence factors, i.e., melanin, capsule and muriform cells responded in opposite direction under hydrogen peroxide and temperature stress and thus were inconsistent with their hypothesized role in survival of phagocytosis. On the basis of physiological profiles, possible natural habitats of both species were extrapolated, which proved to be environmental rather than animal-associated. Using comparative genomic analyses we found differences in gene content related to lipid metabolism, cell wall modification and polysaccharide capsule production. Despite the fact that both species cause disseminated infections in apparently healthy humans, it is concluded that they are opportunists rather than pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Dermatoses, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Grenouillet F, Cimon B, Pana-Katatali H, Person C, Gainet-Brun M, Malinge MC, Le Govic Y, Richaud-Thiriez B, Bouchara JP. Exophiala dermatitidis Revealing Cystic Fibrosis in Adult Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease. Mycopathologia. 2018;183:71-79. [PMID: 29094263 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic inherited disease due to mutations in the gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Because of the huge diversity of CFTR mutations, the CF phenotypes are highly heterogeneous, varying from typical to mild form of CF, also called atypical CF. These atypical features are more frequently diagnosed at adolescence or adulthood, and among clinical signs and symptoms leading to suspect a mild form of CF, colonization or infection of the respiratory tract due to well-known CF pathogens should be a warning signal. Exophiala dermatitidis is a melanized dimorphic fungus commonly detected in respiratory specimens from CF patients, but only very rarely from respiratory specimens from non-CF patients. We described here two cases of chronic colonization of the airways by E. dermatitidis, with recurrent pneumonia and hemoptysis in one patient, which led clinicians to diagnose mild forms of CF in these elderly patients who were 68- and 87-year-old. These cases of late CF diagnosis suggest that airway colonization or respiratory infections due to E. dermatitidis in patients with bronchiectasis should led to search for a mild form of CF, regardless of the age and associated symptoms. On a broader level, in patients with chronic respiratory disease and recurrent pulmonary infections, an allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis or an airway colonization by CF-related fungi like E. dermatitidis or some Aspergillus, Scedosporium or Rasamsonia species, should be considered as potential markers of atypical CF and should led clinicians to conduct investigations for CF diagnosis.
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Schwarz C, Hartl D, Eickmeier O, Hector A, Benden C, Durieu I, Sole A, Gartner S, Milla CE, Barry PJ. Progress in Definition, Prevention and Treatment of Fungal Infections in Cystic Fibrosis. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:21-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aggarwal S, Yamaguchi T, Dana R, Hamrah P. Exophiala phaeomuriformis Fungal Keratitis: Case Report and In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Findings. Eye Contact Lens 2017; 43:e4-6. [PMID: 26513718 DOI: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal infections, particularly fungal keratitis due to rare fungal species, pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because of difficulty in identification and varying susceptibility profiles. In this study, we report the first case of fungal keratitis because of Exophiala phaeomuriformis. METHODS We report the clinical findings and microbial identification techniques of a case of fungal keratitis due to E. phaeomuriformis. An 84-year-old woman presented with redness, pain, and itching in the left eye for 2 weeks. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed one broken suture from previous penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), black infiltrates at the 4-o'clock position, without an overlying epithelial defect and hypopyon. Microbial identification was based cultures on Sabouraud dextrose agar and DNA sequencing and correlations to laser in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM; Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph 3/Rostock Cornea Module, Heidelberg Engineering) and multiphoton microscopy (Ultima Microscope; Prairie Technologies) images. RESULTS Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed one broken suture from previous PKP, black infiltrates at the 4-o'clock position, without an overlying epithelial defect and hypopyon. Based on a clinical suspicion of fungal keratitis, antifungals and fortified antibiotics were started. However, the patient did not respond to therapy and required urgent PKP. After surgery, the patient was maintained on topical and systemic voriconazole and also topical 2% cyclosporine for 5 months because of possibility of scleral involvement noticed during surgery. At the end of the treatment period, her vision improved from hand motion to 20/40, with no recurrence observed in a follow-up period of 1 year. Results of diagnostic tests were supported by fungal elements in stroma on IVCM. Culture from the infiltrate grew black yeast. DNA sequencing led to the diagnosis of E. phaeomuriformis keratitis. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed sensitivity to voriconazole. CONCLUSION This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of E. phaeomuriformis fungal keratitis. Diagnostic testing included slit-lamp biomicroscopy, which revealed pigmented infiltrates, culture plates grew black yeast, microscopy showed branched fungal hyphae with budding conidia, and physiological features showed tolerance to high temperatures, nitrate assimilation, and ribosomal DNA sequencing. Collectively, these tests demonstrate unique features seen for this microorganism. High suspicion should be kept with pigmented infiltrates and with dark yeast on culture plates. Prompt and aggressive medical management with voriconazole or therapeutic PKP in nonresponsive cases is essential to prevent irreversible loss of vision.
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Cleinman IB, Gonçalves SS, Nucci M, Quintella DC, Halpern M, Akiti T, Barreiros G, Colombo AL, Santoro-Lopes G. Respiratory Tract Infection Caused by Fonsecaea monophora After Kidney Transplantation. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:1101-1109. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Babič M, Gunde-cimerman N, Vargha M, Tischner Z, Magyar D, Veríssimo C, Sabino R, Viegas C, Meyer W, Brandão J. Fungal Contaminants in Drinking Water Regulation? A Tale of Ecology, Exposure, Purification and Clinical Relevance. IJERPH 2017; 14:636. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological drinking water safety is traditionally monitored mainly by bacterial parameters that indicate faecal contamination. These parameters correlate with gastro-intestinal illness, despite the fact that viral agents, resulting from faecal contamination, are usually the cause. This leaves behind microbes that can cause illness other than gastro-intestinal and several emerging pathogens, disregarding non-endemic microbial contaminants and those with recent pathogenic activity reported. This white paper focuses on one group of contaminants known to cause allergies, opportunistic infections and intoxications: Fungi. It presents a review on their occurrence, ecology and physiology. Additionally, factors contributing to their presence in water distribution systems, as well as their effect on water quality are discussed. Presence of opportunistic and pathogenic fungi in drinking water can pose a health risk to consumers due to daily contact with water, via several exposure points, such as drinking and showering. The clinical relevance and influence on human health of the most common fungal contaminants in drinking water is discussed. Our goal with this paper is to place fungal contaminants on the roadmap of evidence based and emerging threats for drinking water quality safety regulations.
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Babič MN, Zupančič J, Gunde-Cimerman N, de Hoog S, Zalar P. Ecology of the Human Opportunistic Black Yeast Exophiala dermatitidis Indicates Preference for Human-Made Habitats. Mycopathologia. 2018;183:201-212. [PMID: 28447292 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exophiala dermatitidis is an ascomycetous black yeast from the order Chaetothyriales. Its growth characteristics include the polymorphic life cycle, ability to grow at high and low temperatures, at a wide pH range, survival at high concentrations of NaCl, and survival at high UV and radioactive radiation. Exophiala dermatitidis causes deep or localized phaeohyphomycosis in immuno-compromised people worldwide and is regularly encountered in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. Regardless of numerous ecological studies worldwide, little is known about its natural habitat or the possible infection routes. The present review summarizes the published data on its frequency of occurrence in nature and in man-made habitats. We additionally confirmed its presence with culture-depending methods from a variety of habitats, such as glacial meltwater, mineral water, mineral-rich salt-pan mud, dishwashers, kitchens and different environments polluted with aromatic hydrocarbons. In conclusion, the frequency of its recovery was the highest in man-made indoor habitats, connected to water sources, and exposed to occasional high temperatures and oxidative stress.
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Teixeira M, Moreno L, Stielow B, Muszewska A, Hainaut M, Gonzaga L, Abouelleil A, Patané J, Priest M, Souza R, Young S, Ferreira K, Zeng Q, da Cunha M, Gladki A, Barker B, Vicente V, de Souza E, Almeida S, Henrissat B, Vasconcelos A, Deng S, Voglmayr H, Moussa T, Gorbushina A, Felipe M, Cuomo C, de Hoog GS. Exploring the genomic diversity of black yeasts and relatives ( Chaetothyriales, Ascomycota). Stud Mycol 2017; 86:1-28. [PMID: 28348446 PMCID: PMC5358931 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Chaetothyriales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycetes) harbours obligatorily melanised fungi and includes numerous etiologic agents of chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and other diseases of vertebrate hosts. Diseases range from mild cutaneous to fatal cerebral or disseminated infections and affect humans and cold-blooded animals globally. In addition, Chaetothyriales comprise species with aquatic, rock-inhabiting, ant-associated, and mycoparasitic life-styles, as well as species that tolerate toxic compounds, suggesting a high degree of versatile extremotolerance. To understand their biology and divergent niche occupation, we sequenced and annotated a set of 23 genomes of main the human opportunists within the Chaetothyriales as well as related environmental species. Our analyses included fungi with diverse life-styles, namely opportunistic pathogens and closely related saprobes, to identify genomic adaptations related to pathogenesis. Furthermore, ecological preferences of Chaetothyriales were analysed, in conjuncture with the order-level phylogeny based on conserved ribosomal genes. General characteristics, phylogenomic relationships, transposable elements, sex-related genes, protein family evolution, genes related to protein degradation (MEROPS), carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), melanin synthesis and secondary metabolism were investigated and compared between species. Genome assemblies varied from 25.81 Mb (Capronia coronata) to 43.03 Mb (Cladophialophora immunda). The bantiana-clade contained the highest number of predicted genes (12 817 on average) as well as larger genomes. We found a low content of mobile elements, with DNA transposons from Tc1/Mariner superfamily being the most abundant across analysed species. Additionally, we identified a reduction of carbohydrate degrading enzymes, specifically many of the Glycosyl Hydrolase (GH) class, while most of the Pectin Lyase (PL) genes were lost in etiological agents of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. An expansion was found in protein degrading peptidase enzyme families S12 (serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidases) and M38 (isoaspartyl dipeptidases). Based on genomic information, a wide range of abilities of melanin biosynthesis was revealed; genes related to metabolically distinct DHN, DOPA and pyomelanin pathways were identified. The MAT (MAting Type) locus and other sex-related genes were recognized in all 23 black fungi. Members of the asexual genera Fonsecaea and Cladophialophora appear to be heterothallic with a single copy of either MAT-1-1 or MAT-1-2 in each individual. All Capronia species are homothallic as both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 genes were found in each single genome. The genomic synteny of the MAT-locus flanking genes (SLA2-APN2-COX13) is not conserved in black fungi as is commonly observed in Eurotiomycetes, indicating a unique genomic context for MAT in those species. The heterokaryon (het) genes expansion associated with the low selective pressure at the MAT-locus suggests that a parasexual cycle may play an important role in generating diversity among those fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Teixeira
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - L.F. Moreno
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazi1
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B.J. Stielow
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Hainaut
- Université Aix-Marseille (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - L. Gonzaga
- The National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Brazil
| | | | - J.S.L. Patané
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Priest
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - R. Souza
- The National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Brazil
| | - S. Young
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - K.S. Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Q. Zeng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - M.M.L. da Cunha
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia UFRJ-Xerém-NUMPEX-BIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. Gladki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B. Barker
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - V.A. Vicente
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazi1
| | - E.M. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - S. Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B. Henrissat
- Université Aix-Marseille (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - A.T.R. Vasconcelos
- The National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Brazil
| | - S. Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - H. Voglmayr
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T.A.A. Moussa
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A. Gorbushina
- Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - M.S.S. Felipe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - C.A. Cuomo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazi1
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kirchhoff L, Olsowski M, Zilmans K, Dittmer S, Haase G, Sedlacek L, Steinmann E, Buer J, Rath PM, Steinmann J. Biofilm formation of the black yeast-like fungus Exophiala dermatitidis and its susceptibility to antiinfective agents. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42886. [PMID: 28211475 DOI: 10.1038/srep42886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various fungi have the ability to colonize surfaces and to form biofilms. Fungal biofilm-associated infections are frequently refractory to targeted treatment because of resistance to antifungal drugs. One fungus that frequently colonises the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is the opportunistic black yeast-like fungus Exophiala dermatitidis. We investigated the biofilm-forming ability of E. dermatitidis and its susceptibility to various antiinfective agents and natural compounds. We tested 58 E. dermatitidis isolates with a biofilm assay based on crystal violet staining. In addition, we used three isolates to examine the antibiofilm activity of voriconazole, micafungin, colistin, farnesol, and the plant derivatives 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-b-D-glucopyranose (PGG) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with an XTT reduction assay. We analysed the effect of the agents on cell to surface adhesion, biofilm formation, and the mature biofilm. The biofilms were also investigated by confocal laser scan microscopy. We found that E. dermatitidis builds biofilm in a strain-specific manner. Invasive E. dermatitidis isolates form most biomass in biofilm. The antiinfective agents and the natural compounds exhibited poor antibiofilm activity. The greatest impact of the compounds was detected when they were added prior cell adhesion. These findings suggest that prevention may be more effective than treatment of biofilm-associated E. dermatitidis infections.
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Yazdanparast SA, Mohseni S, De Hoog GS, Aslani N, Sadeh A, Badali H. Consistent high prevalence of Exophiala dermatitidis, a neurotropic opportunist, on railway sleepers. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:180-187. [PMID: 28190754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental isolation of black yeasts potentially causing human disorders is essential for understanding ecology and routes of infection. Several Exophiala species show prevalence for man-made environments rich in monoaromatic compounds, such as creosote-treated or petroleum-stained railway sleepers. Ambient climatic conditions play a role in species composition in suitable habitats. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to establish the composition of Exophiala species in railway stations as a potential source of human infections in a subtropical region with evaluation of their antifungal susceptibility profiles. We examined 150 railway samples using cotton swabs moistened with sterile physiological saline. Black yeasts and relatives were selected on theirs colony morphology and identified based on ITS rDNA sequencing. Overall, 36 (24%) of samples were positive for black yeast-like fungi, i.e., Exophiala dermatitidis (n=20, 55.6%) was predominant, followed by E. phaeomuriformis (n=9, 25%), E. heteromorpha (n=5, 13.9%), and E. xenobiotica (n=2, 5.6%). Massive contaminations of E. dermatitidis were seen on railway sleepers on creosoted oak wood at the region close to the sea level, while in cold climates were primarily contaminated with clinically insignificant or rare human opportunists (E. crusticola). It seems that, high temperature and humidity are significant effect on species diversity. Moreover, the MIC results for all E. dermatitidis and E. phaeomuriformis strains revealed the widest range and the highest MICs to caspofungin (range 1-16mg/L, Geometric mean 4.912mg/L), and the lowest MIC for posaconazole (0.016-0.031mg/L, G mean 0.061mg/L). However, their clinical effectiveness in the treatment of Exophiala infections remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Yazdanparast
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mohseni
- Department of Microbiology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - G S De Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N Aslani
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - A Sadeh
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - H Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Centre (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Poyntner C, Blasi B, Arcalis E, Mirastschijski U, Sterflinger K, Tafer H. The Transcriptome of Exophiala dermatitidis during Ex-vivo Skin Model Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:136. [PMID: 27822460 PMCID: PMC5075926 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is a widespread polyextremophile and human pathogen, that is found in extreme natural habitats and man-made environments such as dishwashers. It can cause various diseases ranging from phaeohyphomycosis and systemic infections, with fatality rates reaching 40%. While the number of cases in immunocompromised patients are increasing, knowledge of the infections, virulence factors and host response is still scarce. In this study, for the first time, an artificial infection of an ex-vivo skin model with Exophiala dermatitidis was monitored microscopically and transcriptomically. Results show that Exophiala dermatitidis is able to actively grow and penetrate the skin. The analysis of the genomic and RNA-sequencing data delivers a rich and complex transcriptome where circular RNAs, fusion transcripts, long non-coding RNAs and antisense transcripts are found. Changes in transcription strongly affect pathways related to nutrients acquisition, energy metabolism, cell wall, morphological switch, and known virulence factors. The L-Tyrosine melanin pathway is specifically upregulated during infection. Moreover the production of secondary metabolites, especially alkaloids, is increased. Our study is the first that gives an insight into the complexity of the transcriptome of Exophiala dermatitidis during artificial skin infections and reveals new virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Poyntner
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Blasi
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Mirastschijski
- Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakim Tafer
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
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Moat J, Rizoulis A, Fox G, Upton M. Domestic shower hose biofilms contain fungal species capable of causing opportunistic infection. J Water Health 2016; 14:727-737. [PMID: 27740540 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The domestic environment can be a source of pathogenic bacteria. We show here that domestic shower hoses may harbour potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Well-developed biofilms were physically removed from the internal surface of shower hoses collected in four locations in England and Scotland. Amplicon pyrosequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA targets revealed the presence of common aquatic and environmental bacteria, including members of the Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and non-tuberculous Mycobacteria. These bacteria are associated with infections in immunocompromised hosts and are widely reported in shower systems and as causes of water-acquired infection. More importantly, this study represents the first detailed analysis of fungal populations in shower systems and revealed the presence of sequences related to Exophiala mesophila, Fusarium fujikuroi and Malassezia restricta. These organisms can be associated with the environment and healthy skin, but also with infection in compromised and immuno-competent hosts and occurrence of dandruff. Domestic showering may result in exposure to aerosols of bacteria and fungi that are potentially pathogenic and toxigenic. It may be prudent to limit development of these biofilms by the use of disinfectants, or regular replacement of hoses, where immuno-compromised persons are present.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
- Biofilms/growth & development
- England
- Fungi/classification
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Fungi/physiology
- Opportunistic Infections/microbiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/metabolism
- Scotland
- Water Microbiology
- Water Supply
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Affiliation(s)
- John Moat
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail: ; Current address: AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Rumford Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Athanasios Rizoulis
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Graeme Fox
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail:
| | - Mathew Upton
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK E-mail: ; Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Novak Babič M, Zalar P, Ženko B, Džeroski S, Gunde-cimerman N. Yeasts and yeast-like fungi in tap water and groundwater, and their transmission to household appliances. FUNGAL ECOL 2016; 20:30-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zupančič J, Novak Babič M, Zalar P, Gunde-Cimerman N. The Black Yeast Exophiala dermatitidis and Other Selected Opportunistic Human Fungal Pathogens Spread from Dishwashers to Kitchens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148166. [PMID: 26867131 PMCID: PMC4750988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the diversity and distribution of fungi in nine different sites inside 30 residential dishwashers. In total, 503 fungal strains were isolated, which belong to 10 genera and 84 species. Irrespective of the sampled site, 83% of the dishwashers were positive for fungi. The most frequent opportunistic pathogenic species were Exophiala dermatitidis, Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Exophiala phaeomuriformis, Fusarium dimerum, and the Saprochaete/Magnusiomyces clade. The black yeast E. dermatitidis was detected in 47% of the dishwashers, primarily at the dishwasher rubber seals, at up to 106 CFU/cm2; the other fungi detected were in the range of 102 to 105 CFU/cm2. The other most heavily contaminated dishwasher sites were side nozzles, doors and drains. Only F. dimerum was isolated from washed dishes, while dishwasher waste water contained E. dermatitidis, Exophiala oligosperma and Sarocladium killiense. Plumbing systems supplying water to household appliances represent the most probable route for contamination of dishwashers, as the fungi that represented the core dishwasher mycobiota were also detected in the tap water. Hot aerosols from dishwashers contained the human opportunistic yeast C. parapsilosis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and E. dermatitidis (as well as common air-borne genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Cladosporium). Comparison of fungal contamination of kitchens without and with dishwashers revealed that virtually all were contaminated with fungi. In both cases, the most contaminated sites were the kitchen drain and the dish drying rack. The most important difference was higher prevalence of black yeasts (E. dermatitidis in particular) in kitchens with dishwashers. In kitchens without dishwashers, C. parapsilosis strongly prevailed with negligible occurrence of E. dermatitidis. F. dimerum was isolated only from kitchens with dishwashers, while Saprochaete/Magnusiomyces isolates were only found within dishwashers. We conclude that dishwashers represent a reservoir of enriched opportunistic pathogenic species that can spread from the dishwasher into the indoor biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Zupančič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Zalar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Sav H, Ozakkas F, Altınbas R, Kiraz N, Tümgör A, Gümral R, Döğen A, Ilkit M, de Hoog GS. Virulence markers of opportunistic black yeast in Exophiala. Mycoses 2016; 59:343-50. [PMID: 26857806 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The black yeast genus Exophiala is known to cause a wide variety of diseases in severely ill individuals but can also affect immunocompetent individuals. Virulence markers and other physiological parameters were tested in eight clinical and 218 environmental strains, with a specific focus on human-dominated habitats for the latter. Urease and catalase were consistently present in all samples; four strains expressed proteinase and three strains expressed DNase, whereas none of the strains showed phospholipase, haemolysis, or co-haemolysis activities. Biofilm formation was identified in 30 (13.8%) of the environmental isolates, particularly in strains from dishwashers, and was noted in only two (25%) of the clinical strains. These results indicate that virulence factors are inconsistently present in the investigated Exophiala species, suggesting opportunism rather than pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Sav
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozakkas
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabiye Altınbas
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Kiraz
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Tümgör
- Department of Microbiology, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Gümral
- Department of Microbiology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
In this study, we investigated the applicability of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification of Exophiala species. The analysis included a total of 110 Exophiala isolates, including 15 CBS strains representing 4 species, Exophiala dermatitidis (61), E. phaeomuriformis (36), E. crusticola (9), and E. heteromorpha (4), that had been previously identified based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. We also compared the relative efficacies of Sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) and Columbia agar (CA) for use in MALDI-TOF MS. Remarkably, we obtained a log-score value ≥2.0 by using either SGA or CA for all 15 CBS strains, indicating species-level identification. The remaining 95 Exophiala strains were identified to the genus or species levels, with identification rates of 96.8% and 90.5%, using SGA or CA, respectively. Most of the E. dermatitidis (100% and 92.9%), E. phaeomuriformis (80.6% and 83.9%), E. crusticola (50% and 100%), and E. heteromorpha (100% and 100%) isolates were correctly identified using SGA or CA, respectively. Furthermore, 58.9% and 26.3% of the strains had log-score values of ≥2.0 by using SGA and CA, respectively. Our results indicate that MALDI-TOF MS is a rapid and reliable technique with high rates of correct taxonomic identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betil Özhak-Baysan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Dilara Öğünç
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aylin Döğen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China Sun Yat-sen Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Romão D, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Viegas C, Barroso H, Duarte A, Solo-Gabriele H, Gunde-Cimerman N, Babič MN, Marom T, Brandão J. Children and Sand Play: Screening of Potential Harmful Microorganisms in Sandboxes, Parks, and Beaches. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-015-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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