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Inamura N, Kawai T, Watanabe T, Aoki H, Aoyama M, Nakayama A, Matsuda J, Enokido Y. Promyelinating drugs ameliorate oligodendrocyte pathologies in a mouse model of Krabbe disease. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108497. [PMID: 38763041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare inherited demyelinating disorder caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramide (GalCer) β-galactosidase. Most patients with KD exhibit fatal cerebral demyelination with apoptotic oligodendrocyte (OL) death and die before the age of 2-4 years. We have previously reported that primary OLs isolated from the brains of twitcher (twi) mice, an authentic mouse model of KD, have cell-autonomous developmental defects and undergo apoptotic death accompanied by abnormal accumulation of psychosine, an endogenous cytotoxic lyso-derivative of GalCer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the preclinical promyelinating drugs clemastine and Sob-AM2 on KD OL pathologies using primary OLs isolated from the brains of twi mice. Both agents specifically prevented the apoptotic death observed in twi OLs. However, while Sob-AM2 showed higher efficacy in restoring the impaired differentiation and maturation of twi OLs, clemastine more potently reduced the endogenous psychosine levels. These results present the first preclinical in vitro data, suggesting that clemastine and Sob-AM2 can act directly and distinctly on OLs in KD and ameliorate their cellular pathologies associated with myelin degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Inamura
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Taeko Kawai
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakayama
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan; Department of Neurobiochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Enokido
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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Braz SO, Morgado MM, Pereira MI, Monteiro AC, Golonzhka O, Jarpe M, Brites P, Sousa MM, Nogueira-Rodrigues J. HDAC-6 inhibition ameliorates the early neuropathology in a mouse model of Krabbe disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1231659. [PMID: 37588057 PMCID: PMC10426153 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1231659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Krabbe disease (KD), mutations in β-galactosylceramidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme responsible for the catabolism of galactolipids, leads to the accumulation of its substrates galactocerebroside and psychosine. This neurologic condition is characterized by a severe and progressive demyelination together with neuron-autonomous defects and degeneration. Twitcher mice mimic the infantile form of KD, which is the most common form of the human disease. The Twitcher CNS and PNS present demyelination, axonal loss and neuronal defects including decreased levels of acetylated tubulin, decreased microtubule stability and impaired axonal transport. Methods We tested whether inhibiting the α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 with a specific inhibitor, ACY-738, was able to counteract the early neuropathology and neuronal defects of Twitcher mice. Results Our data show that delivery of ACY-738 corrects the low levels of acetylated tubulin in the Twitcher nervous system. Furthermore, it reverts the loss myelinated axons in the sciatic nerve and in the optic nerve when administered from birth to postnatal day 9, suggesting that the drug holds neuroprotective properties. The extended delivery of ACY-738 to Twitcher mice delayed axonal degeneration in the CNS and ameliorated the general presentation of the disease. ACY-738 was effective in rescuing neuronal defects of Twitcher neurons, stabilizing microtubule dynamics and increasing the axonal transport of mitochondria. Discussion Overall, our results support that ACY-738 has a neuroprotective effect in KD and should be considered as an add-on therapy combined with strategies targeting metabolic correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra O. Braz
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene M. Morgado
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta I. Pereira
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Monteiro
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Golonzhka
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew Jarpe
- Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Brites
- NeuroLipid Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica M. Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Nogueira-Rodrigues
- Nerve Regeneration Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zhang T, Alonzo I, Stubben C, Geng Y, Herdman C, Chandler N, Doane KP, Pluimer BR, Trauger SA, Peterson RT. A zebrafish model of combined saposin deficiency identifies acid sphingomyelinase as a potential therapeutic target. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049995. [PMID: 37183607 PMCID: PMC10320721 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are a subcategory of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) caused by mutations in enzymes of the sphingolipid catabolic pathway. Like many LSDs, neurological involvement in sphingolipidoses leads to early mortality with limited treatment options. Given the role of myelin loss as a major contributor toward LSD-associated neurodegeneration, we investigated the pathways contributing to demyelination in a CRISPR-Cas9-generated zebrafish model of combined saposin (psap) deficiency. psap knockout (KO) zebrafish recapitulated major LSD pathologies, including reduced lifespan, reduced lipid storage, impaired locomotion and severe myelin loss; loss of myelin basic protein a (mbpa) mRNA was progressive, with no changes in additional markers of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Brain transcriptomics revealed dysregulated mTORC1 signaling and elevated neuroinflammation, where increased proinflammatory cytokine expression preceded and mTORC1 signaling changes followed mbpa loss. We examined pharmacological and genetic rescue strategies via water tank administration of the multiple sclerosis drug monomethylfumarate (MMF), and crossing the psap KO line into an acid sphingomyelinase (smpd1) deficiency model. smpd1 mutagenesis, but not MMF treatment, prolonged lifespan in psap KO zebrafish, highlighting the modulation of acid sphingomyelinase activity as a potential path toward sphingolipidosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ivy Alonzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatic Analysis Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Yijie Geng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chelsea Herdman
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nancy Chandler
- Electron Microscopy Core Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kim P. Doane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Brock R. Pluimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sunia A. Trauger
- Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Lin DS, Huang YW, Lee TH, Chang L, Huang ZD, Wu TY, Wang TJ, Ho CS. Rapamycin Alleviates Protein Aggregates, Reduces Neuroinflammation, and Rescues Demyelination in Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070993. [PMID: 37048066 PMCID: PMC10093124 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown in vivo and in vitro previously that psychosine causes dysfunction of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system underlying the pathogenesis of globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), a devastating lysosomal storage disease complicated by global demyelination. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in twitcher mice, a murine model of infantile GLD, in biochemical, histochemical, and clinical aspects. Administration of rapamycin to twitcher mice inhibited mTOR signaling in the brains, and significantly reduced the accumulation of insoluble ubiquitinated protein and the formation of ubiquitin aggregates. The astrocytes and microglia reactivity were attenuated in that reactive astrocytes, ameboid microglia, and globoid cells were reduced in the brains of rapamycin-treated twitcher mice. Furthermore, rapamycin improved the cortical myelination, neurite density, and rescued the network complexity in the cortex of twitcher mice. The therapeutic action of rapamycin on the pathology of the twitcher mice's brains prolonged the longevity of treated twitcher mice. Overall, these findings validate the therapeutic efficacy of rapamycin and highlight enhancing degradation of aggregates as a therapeutic strategy to modulate neuroinflammation, demyelination, and disease progression of GLD and other leukodystrophies associated with intracellular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar-Shong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Lung Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
| | - Zon-Darr Huang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yen Wu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Che-Sheng Ho
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
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5
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Mechanotransduction Impairment in Primary Fibroblast Model of Krabbe Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030927. [PMID: 36979906 PMCID: PMC10046230 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of the galactosylceramidase (GALC) functional enzyme. No cure is currently available. Here, we investigate the mechanotransduction process in primary fibroblasts collected from the twitcher mouse, a natural KD murine model. Thanks to mechanotransduction, cells can sense their environment and convert external mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals that result in intracellular changes. In GALC-deficient fibroblasts, we show that focal adhesions (FAs), the protein clusters necessary to adhere and migrate, are increased, and that single-cell migration and wound healing are impaired. We also investigate the involvement of the autophagic process in this framework. We show a dysregulation in the FA turnover: here, the treatment with the autophagy activator rapamycin boosts cell migration and improves the clearance of FAs in GALC-deficient fibroblasts. We propose mechanosensing impairment as a novel potential pathological mechanism in twitcher fibroblasts, and more in general in Krabbe disease.
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6
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Heller G, Bradbury AM, Sands MS, Bongarzone ER. Preclinical studies in Krabbe disease: A model for the investigation of novel combination therapies for lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Ther 2023; 31:7-23. [PMID: 36196048 PMCID: PMC9840155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by mutations in the galc gene. There are over 50 monogenetic LSDs, which largely impede the normal development of children and often lead to premature death. At present, there are no cures for LSDs and the available treatments are generally insufficient, short acting, and not without co-morbidities or long-term side effects. The last 30 years have seen significant advances in our understanding of LSD pathology as well as treatment options. Two gene therapy-based clinical trials, NCT04693598 and NCT04771416, for KD were recently started based on those advances. This review will discuss how our knowledge of KD got to where it is today, focusing on preclinical investigations, and how what was discovered may prove beneficial for the treatment of other LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Heller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St M/C 512, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Allison M Bradbury
- Center for Gene Therapy, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Abigail Wexner Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St M/C 512, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Reliable and Fast Genotyping Protocol for Galactosylceramidase (Galc) in the Twitcher (Twi) Mouse. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123146. [PMID: 36551902 PMCID: PMC9776230 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Twitcher (Twi) is a neurological Krabbe disease (KD, or globoid cell leukodystrophy) spontaneous mutant line in mice. The genome of the Twi mouse presents a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), leading to an enzymatically inactive galactosylceramidase (Galc) protein that causes KD. In this context, mouse Twi genotyping is an essential step in KD research. To date, the genotyping method used is labor-intensive and often has ambiguous results. Here, we evaluated a novel protocol for the genotype determination of Galc mutation status in Twi mice based on the allele-discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Here, DNA is extracted from Twi mice (n = 20, pilot study; n = 120, verification study) and control group (n = 10, pilot study; n = 30 verification study) and assessed by allele-discrimination real-time PCR to detect SNP c.355G>A. Using the allele-discrimination PCR, all of the samples are identified correctly with the genotype GG (wild-type, WT), GA (heterozygote, HET), or AA (homozygote, HOM) using the first analysis and no animals are not genotyped. We demonstrated that this novel method can be used to distinguish KD timely, accurately, and without ambiguity in HOM, WT, and HET animals. This protocol represents a great opportunity to increase accuracy and speed in KD research.
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8
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Wu G, Li Z, Li J, Li X, Wang M, Zhang J, Liu G, Zhang P. A neglected neurodegenerative disease: Adult-onset globoid cell leukodystrophy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998275. [PMID: 36161165 PMCID: PMC9490374 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease, and adult-onset GLD is more even neglected by clinicians. This review provides detailed discussions of the serum enzymes, genes, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging features, and therapies of GLD, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of adult-onset GLD, in an attempt to provide clinicians with in-depth insights into this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guode Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Manxia Wang,
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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9
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Coltrini D, Chandran AMK, Belleri M, Poliani PL, Cominelli M, Pagani F, Capra M, Calza S, Prioni S, Mauri L, Prinetti A, Kofler JK, Escolar ML, Presta M. β-Galactosylceramidase Deficiency Causes Upregulation of Long Pentraxin-3 in the Central Nervous System of Krabbe Patients and Twitcher Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169436. [PMID: 36012705 PMCID: PMC9409448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe disease, is a neurodegenerative sphingolipidosis caused by genetic deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosylceramidase (GALC), characterized by neuroinflammation and demyelination of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. The acute phase protein long pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor and a regulator of innate immunity. Growing evidence points to the involvement of PTX3 in neurodegeneration. However, the expression and role of PTX3 in the neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory processes that characterize GLD remain unexplored. Here, immunohistochemical analysis of brain samples from Krabbe patients showed that macrophages and globoid cells are intensely immunoreactive for PTX3. Accordingly, Ptx3 expression increases throughout the course of the disease in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord of GALC-deficient twitcher (Galctwi/twi) mice, an authentic animal model of GLD. This was paralleled by the upregulation of proinflammatory genes and M1-polarized macrophage/microglia markers and of the levels of PTX3 protein in CNS and plasma of twitcher animals. Crossing of Galctwi/twi mice with transgenic PTX3 overexpressing animals (hPTX3 mice) demonstrated that constitutive PTX3 overexpression reduced the severity of clinical signs and the upregulation of proinflammatory genes in the spinal cord of P35 hPTX3/Galctwi/twi mice when compared to Galctwi/twi littermates, leading to a limited increase of their life span. However, this occurred in the absence of a significant impact on the histopathological findings and on the accumulation of the neurotoxic metabolite psychosine when evaluated at this late time point of the disease. In conclusion, our results provide the first evidence that PTX3 is produced in the CNS of GALC-deficient Krabbe patients and twitcher mice. PTX3 may exert a protective role by reducing the neuroinflammatory response that occurs in the spinal cord of GALC-deficient animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Coltrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Adwaid Manu Krishna Chandran
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Mirella Belleri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Pietro L. Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Miriam Capra
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Julia K. Kofler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA
| | - Maria L. Escolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224-1334, USA
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italymarco.prestanibs.it (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Zaccariotto E, Cachón-González MB, Wang B, Lim S, Hirth B, Park H, Fezoui M, Sardi SP, Mason P, Barker RH, Cox TM. A novel brain-penetrant oral UGT8 inhibitor decreases in vivo galactosphingolipid biosynthesis in murine Krabbe disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112808. [PMID: 35290889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disease due to impaired lysosomal β-galactosylceramidase (GALC) activity and formation of neurotoxic β-galactosylsphingosine ('psychosine'). We investigated substrate reduction therapy with a novel brain-penetrant inhibitor of galactosylceramide biosynthesis, RA 5557, in twitcher mice that lack GALC activity and model Krabbe disease. This thienopyridine derivative selectively inhibits uridine diphosphate-galactose glycosyltransferase 8 (UGT8), the final step in the generation of galactosylceramides which are precursors of sulphatide and, in the pathological lysosome, the immediate source of psychosine. Administration of RA 5557, reduced pathologically elevated psychosine concentrations (72-86%) in the midbrain and cerebral cortex in twitcher mice: the inhibitor decreased galactosylceramides by about 70% in midbrain and cerebral cortex in mutant and wild type animals. Exposure to the inhibitor significantly decreased several characteristic inflammatory response markers without causing apparent toxicity to myelin-producing cells in wild type and mutant mice; transcript abundance of oligodendrocyte markers MBP (myelin basic protein) and murine UGT8 was unchanged. Administration of the inhibitor before conception and during several breeding cycles to mice did not impair fertility and gave rise to healthy offspring. Nevertheless, given the unchanged lifespan, it appears that GALC has critical functions in the nervous system beyond the hydrolysis of galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine. Our findings support further therapeutic exploration of orally active UGT8 inhibitors in Krabbe disease and related galactosphingolipid disorders. The potent thienopyridine derivative with effective target engagement here studied appears to have an acceptable safety profile in vivo; judicious dose optimization will be needed to ensure efficacious clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Zaccariotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Bing Wang
- Early Development, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Sungtaek Lim
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Bradford Hirth
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Hyejung Park
- Early Development, Sanofi R&D, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Malika Fezoui
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Paul Mason
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Robert H Barker
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Reiter CR, Rebiai R, Kwak A, Marshall J, Wozniak D, Scesa G, Nguyen D, Rue E, Pathmasiri KC, Pijewski R, van Breemen R, Cologna S, Crocker SJ, Givogri MI, Bongarzone ER. The Pathogenic Sphingolipid Psychosine is Secreted in Extracellular Vesicles in the Brain of a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221087817. [PMID: 35300522 PMCID: PMC8943320 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221087817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosine exerts most of its toxic effects by altering membrane dynamics with increased shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we discovered that a fraction of psychosine produced in the brain of the Twitcher mouse, a model for Krabbe disease, is associated with secreted EVs. We evaluated the effects of attenuating EV secretion in the Twitcher brain by depleting ceramide production with an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase 2, GW4869. Twitcher mice treated with GW4869 had decreased overall EV levels, reduced EV-associated psychosine and unexpectedly, correlated with increased disease severity. Notably, characterization of well-established, neuroanatomic hallmarks of disease pathology, such as demyelination and inflammatory gliosis, remained essentially unaltered in the brains of GW4869-treated Twitcher mice compared to vehicle-treated Twitcher controls. Further analysis of Twitcher brain pathophysiology is required to understand the mechanism behind early-onset disease severity in GW4869-treated mice. The results herein demonstrate that some pathogenic lipids like psychosine may be secreted using EV pathways. Our results highlight the relevance of this secretory mechanism as a possible contributor to spreading pathogenic lipids in neurological lipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R. Reiter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rima Rebiai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angelika Kwak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeff Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dylan Wozniak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giusepe Scesa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Rue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Koralege C. Pathmasiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Pijewski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Richard van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J. Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - M Irene Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Del Grosso A, Parlanti G, Angella L, Giordano N, Tonazzini I, Ottalagana E, Carpi S, Pellegrino RM, Alabed HBR, Emiliani C, Caleo M, Cecchini M. Chronic lithium administration in a mouse model for Krabbe disease. JIMD Rep 2022; 63:50-65. [PMID: 35028271 PMCID: PMC8743347 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD; or globoid cell leukodystrophy) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the galactosylceramidase (GALC) enzyme. No cure is currently available for KD. Clinical applied treatments are supportive only. Recently, we demonstrated that two differently acting autophagy inducers (lithium and rapamycin) can improve some KD hallmarks in-vitro, laying the foundation for their in-vivo pre-clinical testing. Here, we test lithium carbonate in-vivo, in the spontaneous mouse model for KD, the Twitcher (TWI) mouse. The drug is administered ad libitum via drinking water (600 mg/L) starting from post natal day 20. We longitudinally monitor the mouse motor performance through the grip strength, the hanging wire and the rotarod tests, and a set of biochemical parameters related to the KD pathogenesis [i.e., GALC enzymatic activity, psychosine (PSY) accumulation and astrogliosis]. Additionally, we investigate the expression of some crucial markers related to the two pathways that could be altered by lithium: the autophagy and the β-catenin-dependent pathways. Results demonstrate that lithium has not a significant rescue effect on the TWI phenotype, although it can slightly and transiently improves muscle strength. We also show that lithium, with this administration protocol, is unable to stimulate autophagy in the TWI mice central nervous system, whereas results suggest that it can restore the β-catenin activation status in the TWI sciatic nerve. Overall, these data provide intriguing inputs for further evaluations of lithium treatment in TWI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Lucia Angella
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Nadia Giordano
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei CavalieriPisaItaly
- CNR Neuroscience InstitutePisaItaly
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Elisa Ottalagana
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Sara Carpi
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | | | - Husam B. R. Alabed
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei CavalieriPisaItaly
- CNR Neuroscience InstitutePisaItaly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
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13
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Wenger DA, Luzi P, Rafi MA. Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Krabbe Disease. Int J Neonatal Screen 2021; 7:57. [PMID: 34449528 PMCID: PMC8396024 DOI: 10.3390/ijns7030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is an autosomal recessive leukodystrophy caused by pathogenic variants in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. GALC activity is needed for the lysosomal hydrolysis of galactosylceramide, an important component of myelin. While most patients are infants, older patients are also diagnosed. Starting in 1970, a diagnosis could be made by measuring GALC activity in leukocytes and cultured cells. After the purification of GALC in 1993, the cDNA and genes were cloned. Over 260 disease-causing variants as well as activity lowering benign variants have been identified. While some pathogenic variants can be considered "severe," others can be considered "mild." The combination of alleles determines the type of Krabbe disease a person will have. To identify patients earlier, newborn screening (NBS) has been implemented in several states. Low GALC activity in this screening test may indicate a diagnosis of Krabbe disease. Second tier testing as well as neuro-diagnostic studies may be required to identify those individuals needing immediate treatment. Treatment of pre-symptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients at this time is limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Treatment studies using the mouse and dog models have shown that combining bone marrow transplantation with intra-venous gene therapy provides the best outcomes in terms of survival, behavior, and preservation of normal myelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems. With earlier diagnosis of patients through newborn screening and advances in treatment, it is hoped that more patients will have a much better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wenger
- Lysosomal Diseases Testing Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (P.L.); (M.A.R.)
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14
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Babcock MC, Mikulka CR, Wang B, Chandriani S, Chandra S, Xu Y, Webster K, Feng Y, Nelvagal HR, Giaramita A, Yip BK, Lo M, Jiang X, Chao Q, Woloszynek JC, Shen Y, Bhagwat S, Sands MS, Crawford BE. Substrate reduction therapy for Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy using a novel ceramide galactosyltransferase inhibitor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14486. [PMID: 34262084 PMCID: PMC8280112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) and metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) are caused by accumulation of the glycolipids galactosylceramide (GalCer) and sulfatide and their toxic metabolites psychosine and lysosulfatide, respectively. We discovered a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor (S202) of ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGT), the key enzyme for GalCer biosynthesis, and characterized its use as substrate reduction therapy (SRT). Treating a KD mouse model with S202 dose-dependently reduced GalCer and psychosine in the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems and significantly increased lifespan. Similarly, treating an MLD mouse model decreased sulfatides and lysosulfatide levels. Interestingly, lower doses of S202 partially inhibited CGT and selectively reduced synthesis of non-hydroxylated forms of GalCer and sulfatide, which appear to be the primary source of psychosine and lysosulfatide. Higher doses of S202 more completely inhibited CGT and reduced the levels of both non-hydroxylated and hydroxylated forms of GalCer and sulfatide. Despite the significant benefits observed in murine models of KD and MLD, chronic CGT inhibition negatively impacted both the CNS and PNS of wild-type mice. Therefore, further studies are necessary to elucidate the full therapeutic potential of CGT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Babcock
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Christina R Mikulka
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Sanjay Chandriani
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Sundeep Chandra
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Yue Xu
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Katherine Webster
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Ying Feng
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Hemanth R Nelvagal
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alex Giaramita
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Bryan K Yip
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Melanie Lo
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Qi Chao
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Josh C Woloszynek
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Yuqiao Shen
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Shripad Bhagwat
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brett E Crawford
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA.
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15
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Cachón-González MB, Wang S, Cox TM. Expression of Ripk1 and DAM genes correlates with severity and progression of Krabbe disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2082-2099. [PMID: 34172992 PMCID: PMC8561423 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease, an inherited leukodystrophy, is a sphingolipidosis caused by deficiency of β-galactocerebrosidase: it is characterized by myelin loss, and pathological activation of macrophage/microglia and astrocytes. To define driving pathogenic factors, we explored the expression repertoire of candidate neuroinflammatory genes: upregulation of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (Ripk1) and disease-associated microglia (DAM) genes, including Cst7 and Ch25h, correlated with severity of Krabbe disease genetically modelled in the twitcher mouse. Upregulation of Ripk1 in Iba1/Mac2-positive microglia/macrophage associated with the pathognomic hypertrophic/globoid phenotype of this disease. Widespread accumulation of ubiquitinin1 in white and grey matter co-localised with p62. In Sandhoff disease, another sphingolipid disorder, neuroinflammation, accumulation of p62 and increased Ripk1 expression was observed. The upregulated DAM genes and macrophage/microglia expression of Ripk1 in the authentic model of Krabbe disease strongly resemble those reported in Alzheimer disease associating with disturbed autophagosomal/lysosomal homeostasis. Activation of this shared molecular repertoire, suggests the potential for therapeutic interdiction at a common activation step, irrespective of proximal causation. To clarify the role of Ripk1 in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, we first explored the contribution of its kinase function, by intercrossing twitcher and the K45A kinase-dead Ripk1 mouse and breeding to homozygosity. Genetic ablation of Ripk1 kinase activity neither altered the neuropathological features nor the survival of twitcher mice. We conclude that Ripk1 kinase-dependent inflammatory and degenerative capabilities play no instrumental role in Krabbe disease; however, putative kinase-independent functions of Ripk1 remain formally to be explored in its molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Cachón-González
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, PO Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, PO Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, PO Box 157, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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16
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Heller GJ, Marshall MS, Issa Y, Marshall JN, Nguyen D, Rue E, Pathmasiri KC, Domowicz MS, van Breemen RB, Tai LM, Cologna SM, Crocker SJ, Givogri MI, Sands MS, Bongarzone ER. Waning efficacy in a long-term AAV-mediated gene therapy study in the murine model of Krabbe disease. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1883-1902. [PMID: 33508430 PMCID: PMC8116612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal AAV9-gene therapy of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC) significantly ameliorates central and peripheral neuropathology, prolongs survival, and largely normalizes motor deficits in Twitcher mice. Despite these therapeutic milestones, new observations identified the presence of multiple small focal demyelinating areas in the brain after 6-8 months. These lesions are in stark contrast to the diffuse, global demyelination that affects the brain of naive Twitcher mice. Late-onset lesions exhibited lysosomal alterations with reduced expression of GALC and increased psychosine levels. Furthermore, we found that lesions were closely associated with the extravasation of plasma fibrinogen and activation of the fibrinogen-BMP-SMAD-GFAP gliotic response. Extravasation of fibrinogen correlated with tight junction disruptions of the vasculature within the lesioned areas. The lesions were surrounded by normal appearing white matter. Our study shows that the dysregulation of therapeutic GALC was likely driven by the exhaustion of therapeutic AAV episomal DNA within the lesions, paralleling the presence of proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitors and glia. We believe that this is the first demonstration of diminishing expression in vivo from an AAV gene therapy vector with detrimental effects in the brain of a lysosomal storage disease animal model. The development of this phenotype linking localized loss of GALC activity with relapsing neuropathology in the adult brain of neonatally AAV-gene therapy-treated Twitcher mice identifies and alerts to possible late-onset reductions of AAV efficacy, with implications to other genetic leukodystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Heller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Yazan Issa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emily Rue
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Miriam S Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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17
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Abed Rabbo M, Khodour Y, Kaguni LS, Stiban J. Sphingolipid lysosomal storage diseases: from bench to bedside. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:44. [PMID: 33941173 PMCID: PMC8094529 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudicum described sphingolipids (SLs) in the late nineteenth century, but it was only in the past fifty years that SL research surged in importance and applicability. Currently, sphingolipids and their metabolism are hotly debated topics in various biochemical fields. Similar to other macromolecular reactions, SL metabolism has important implications in health and disease in most cells. A plethora of SL-related genetic ailments has been described. Defects in SL catabolism can cause the accumulation of SLs, leading to many types of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) collectively called sphingolipidoses. These diseases mainly impact the neuronal and immune systems, but other systems can be affected as well. This review aims to present a comprehensive, up-to-date picture of the rapidly growing field of sphingolipid LSDs, their etiology, pathology, and potential therapeutic strategies. We first describe LSDs biochemically and briefly discuss their catabolism, followed by general aspects of the major diseases such as Gaucher, Krabbe, Fabry, and Farber among others. We conclude with an overview of the available and potential future therapies for many of the diseases. We strive to present the most important and recent findings from basic research and clinical applications, and to provide a valuable source for understanding these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Abed Rabbo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine
| | - Yara Khodour
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine
| | - Laurie S Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, P.O. Box 14, Ramallah, West Bank, 627, Palestine.
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18
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Bradbury AM, Bongarzone ER, Sands MS. Krabbe disease: New hope for an old disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 752:135841. [PMID: 33766733 PMCID: PMC8802533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) characterized by progressive and profound demyelination. Infantile, juvenile and adult-onset forms of Krabbe disease have been described, with infantile being the most common. Children with an infantile-onset generally appear normal at birth but begin to miss developmental milestones by six months of age and die by two to four years of age. Krabbe disease is caused by a deficiency of the acid hydrolase galactosylceramidase (GALC) which is responsible for the degradation of galactosylceramides and sphingolipids, which are abundant in myelin membranes. The absence of GALC leads to the toxic accumulation of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), a lysoderivative of galactosylceramides, in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells resulting in demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems, respectively. Treatment strategies such as enzyme replacement, substrate reduction, enzyme chaperones, and gene therapy have shown promise in LSDs. Unfortunately, Krabbe disease has been relatively refractory to most single-therapy interventions. Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can alter the course of Krabbe disease and is the current standard-of-care, it simply slows the progression, even when initiated in pre-symptomatic children. However, the recent success of combinatorial therapeutic approaches in small animal models of Krabbe disease and the identification of new pathogenic mechanisms provide hope for the development of effective treatments for this devastating disease. This review provides a brief history of Krabbe disease and the evolution of single and combination therapeutic approaches and discusses new pathogenic mechanisms and how they might impact the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bradbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, United States.
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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19
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Inamura N, Go S, Watanabe T, Takase H, Takakura N, Nakayama A, Takebayashi H, Matsuda J, Enokido Y. Reduction in miR-219 expression underlies cellular pathogenesis of oligodendrocytes in a mouse model of Krabbe disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12951. [PMID: 33822434 PMCID: PMC8412087 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD), also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy, is an inherited demyelinating disease caused by the deficiency of lysosomal galactosylceramidase (GALC) activity. Most of the patients are characterized by early‐onset cerebral demyelination with apoptotic oligodendrocyte (OL) death and die before 2 years of age. However, the mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis in the developing OLs before death and the exact causes of white matter degeneration remain largely unknown. We have recently reported that OLs of twitcher mouse, an authentic mouse model of KD, exhibit developmental defects and endogenous accumulation of psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), a cytotoxic lyso‐derivative of galactosylceramide. Here, we show that attenuated expression of microRNA (miR)‐219, a critical regulator of OL differentiation and myelination, mediates cellular pathogenesis of KD OLs. Expression and functional activity of miR‐219 were repressed in developing twitcher mouse OLs. By using OL precursor cells (OPCs) isolated from the twitcher mouse brain, we show that exogenously supplemented miR‐219 effectively rescued their cell‐autonomous developmental defects and apoptotic death. miR‐219 also reduced endogenous accumulation of psychosine in twitcher OLs. Collectively, these results highlight the role of the reduced miR‐219 expression in KD pathogenesis and suggest that miR‐219 has therapeutic potential for treating KD OL pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Inamura
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Core Laboratory, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakayama
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan.,Department of Neurobiochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Enokido
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
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20
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Rafi MA, Luzi P, Wenger DA. Can early treatment of twitcher mice with high dose AAVrh10-GALC eliminate the need for BMT? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 11:135-146. [PMID: 33842284 PMCID: PMC8022232 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene resulting in neuro-inflammation and defective myelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Most infantile patients present with clinical features before six months of age and die before two years of age. The only treatment available for pre-symptomatic or mildly affected individuals is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the animal models, combining bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with gene therapy has shown the best results in disease outcome. In this study, we examine the outcome of gene therapy alone. Methods: Twitcher (twi) mice used in the study, have a W339X mutation in the GALC gene. Genotype identification of the mice was performed shortly after birth or post-natal day 1 (PND1), using polymerase chain reaction on the toe clips followed by restriction enzyme digestion and electrophoresis. Eight or nine-day-old affected mice were used for gene therapy treatment alone or combined with BMT. While iv injection of 4 × 1013 gc/kg of body weight of viral vector was used originally, different viral titers were also used without BMT to evaluate their outcomes. Results: When the standard viral dose was increased four- and ten-fold (4X and 10X) without BMT, the lifespans were increased significantly. Without BMT the affected mice were fertile, had the same weight and appearance as wild type mice and had normal strength and gait. The brains showed no staining for CD68, a marker for activated microglia/macrophages, and less astrogliosis than untreated twi mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that, it may be possible to treat human KD patients with high dose AAVrh10 without blood stem cell transplantation which would eliminate the side effects of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Paola Luzi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David A Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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21
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Bradbury AM, Bagel JH, Nguyen D, Lykken EA, Pesayco Salvador J, Jiang X, Swain GP, Assenmacher CA, Hendricks IJ, Miyadera K, Hess RS, Ostrager A, ODonnell P, Sands MS, Ory DS, Shelton GD, Bongarzone ER, Gray SJ, Vite CH. Krabbe disease successfully treated via monotherapy of intrathecal gene therapy. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4906-4920. [PMID: 32773406 DOI: 10.1172/jci133953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD; Krabbe disease) is a progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by deficient activity of the hydrolytic enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC). The ensuing cytotoxic accumulation of psychosine results in diffuse central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS) demyelination. Presymptomatic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only treatment for infantile-onset GLD; however, clinical outcomes of HSCT recipients often remain poor, and procedure-related morbidity is high. There are no effective therapies for symptomatic patients. Herein, we demonstrate in the naturally occurring canine model of GLD that presymptomatic monotherapy with intrathecal AAV9 encoding canine GALC administered into the cisterna magna increased GALC enzyme activity, normalized psychosine concentration, improved myelination, and attenuated inflammation in both the CNS and PNS. Moreover, AAV-mediated therapy successfully prevented clinical neurological dysfunction, allowing treated dogs to live beyond 2.5 years of age, more than 7 times longer than untreated dogs. Furthermore, we found that a 5-fold lower dose resulted in an attenuated form of disease, indicating that sufficient dosing is critical. Finally, postsymptomatic therapy with high-dose AAV9 also significantly extended lifespan, signifying a treatment option for patients for whom HSCT is not applicable. If translatable to patients, these findings would improve the outcomes of patients treated either pre- or postsymptomatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bradbury
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica H Bagel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik A Lykken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jill Pesayco Salvador
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gary P Swain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles A Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian J Hendricks
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keiko Miyadera
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arielle Ostrager
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia ODonnell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Li Y, Miller CA, Shea LK, Jiang X, Guzman MA, Chandler RJ, Ramakrishnan SM, Smith SN, Venditti CP, Vogler CA, Ory DS, Ley TJ, Sands MS. Enhanced Efficacy and Increased Long-Term Toxicity of CNS-Directed, AAV-Based Combination Therapy for Krabbe Disease. Mol Ther 2021; 29:691-701. [PMID: 33388420 PMCID: PMC7854295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe disease) is a demyelinating disease caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC) and the progressive accumulation of the toxic metabolite psychosine. We showed previously that central nervous system (CNS)-directed, adeno-associated virus (AAV)2/5-mediated gene therapy synergized with bone marrow transplantation and substrate reduction therapy (SRT) to greatly increase therapeutic efficacy in the murine model of Krabbe disease (Twitcher). However, motor deficits remained largely refractory to treatment. In the current study, we replaced AAV2/5 with an AAV2/9 vector. This single change significantly improved several endpoints primarily associated with motor function. However, nearly all (14/16) of the combination-treated Twitcher mice and all (19/19) of the combination-treated wild-type mice developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 10 out of 10 tumors analyzed had AAV integrations within the Rian locus. Several animals had additional integrations within or near genes that regulate cell growth or death, are known or potential tumor suppressors, or are associated with poor prognosis in human HCC. Finally, the substrate reduction drug L-cycloserine significantly decreased the level of the pro-apoptotic ceramide 18:0. These data demonstrate the value of AAV-based combination therapy for Krabbe disease. However, they also suggest that other therapies or co-morbidities must be taken into account before AAV-mediated gene therapy is considered for human therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedda Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher A Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren K Shea
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Miguel A Guzman
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randy J Chandler
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sai M Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephanie N Smith
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles P Venditti
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carole A Vogler
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy J Ley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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23
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Marshall MS, Issa Y, Heller G, Nguyen D, Bongarzone ER. AAV-Mediated GALC Gene Therapy Rescues Alpha-Synucleinopathy in the Spinal Cord of a Leukodystrophic Lysosomal Storage Disease Mouse Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:619712. [PMID: 33424556 PMCID: PMC7785790 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.619712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe's disease (KD) is primarily a demyelinating disorder, but recent studies have identified the presence of neuronal protein aggregates in the brain, at least partially composed by alpha-synuclein (α-syn). The role of this protein aggregation in the pathogenesis of KD is largely unknown, but it has added KD to a growing list of lysosomal storage diseases that can be also be considered as proteinopathies. While the presence of these protein aggregates within the KD brain is now appreciated, the remainder of the central nervous system (CNS) remains uncharacterized. This study is the first to report the presence of thioflavin-S reactive inclusions throughout the spinal cord of both murine and human spinal tissue. Stereological analysis revealed the temporal and spatial accumulation of these inclusions within the neurons of the ventral spinal cord vs. those located in the dorsal cord. This study also confirmed that these thio-S positive accumulations are present within neuronal populations and are made up at least in part by α-syn in both the twitcher mouse and cord autopsied material from affected human patients. Significantly, neonatal gene therapy for galactosylceramidase, a treatment that strongly improves the survival and health of KD mice, but not bone marrow transplantation prevents the formation of these inclusions in spinal neurons. These results expand the understanding of α-syn protein aggregation within the CNS of individuals afflicted with KD and underlines the tractability of this problem via early gene therapy, with potential impact to other synucleinopathies such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yazan Issa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory Heller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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24
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Tonazzini I, Cerri C, Del Grosso A, Antonini S, Allegra M, Caleo M, Cecchini M. Visual System Impairment in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease: The Twitcher Mouse. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010007. [PMID: 33374753 PMCID: PMC7824544 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD, or globoid cell leukodystrophy; OMIM #245200) is an inherited neurodegenerative condition belonging to the class of the lysosomal storage disorders. It is caused by genetic alterations in the gene encoding for the enzyme galactosylceramidase, which is responsible for cleaving the glycosydic linkage of galatosylsphingosine (psychosine or PSY), a highly cytotoxic molecule. Here, we describe morphological and functional alterations in the visual system of the Twitcher (TWI) mouse, the most used animal model of Krabbe disease. We report in vivo electrophysiological recordings showing defective basic functional properties of the TWI primary visual cortex. In particular, we demonstrate a reduced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, and a delayed visual response. Specific neuropathological alterations are present in the TWI visual cortex, with reduced myelination, increased astrogliosis and microglia activation, and around the whole brain. Finally, we quantify PSY content in the brain and optic nerves by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. An increasing PSY accumulation with time, the characteristic hallmark of KD, is found in both districts. These results represent the first complete characterization of the TWI visual system. Our data set a baseline for an easy testing of potential therapies for this district, which is also dramatically affected in KD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Chiara Cerri
- Istituto Neuroscienze-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Antonini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Manuela Allegra
- Istituto Neuroscienze-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Istituto Neuroscienze-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Lin DS, Ho CS, Huang YW, Wu TY, Lee TH, Huang ZD, Wang TJ, Yang SJ, Chiang MF. Impairment of Proteasome and Autophagy Underlying the Pathogenesis of Leukodystrophy. Cells 2020; 9:E1124. [PMID: 32370022 PMCID: PMC7290671 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) and autophagy causing cytoplasmic aggregation of ubiquitin andp62 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative disorders, yet, they have not been fully elucidated in leukodystrophies. The relationship among impairment of UPS, autophagy, and globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), one of the most common demyelinating leukodystrophies, is clarified in this study. We examined the ubiquitin and autophagy markers in the brains of twitcher mice, a murine model of infantile GLD, and in human oligodendrocytes incubated with psychosine. Immunohistochemical examinations showed spatiotemporal accumulation of ubiquitin- and p62-aggregates mainly in the white matter of brain and spinal cord at disease progression. Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant accumulation of ubiquitin, p62, and LC3-II in insoluble fraction in parallel with progressive demyelination and neuroinflammation in twitcher brains. In vitro study validated a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of psychosine upon autophagy and UPS machinery. Inhibition of autophagy and UPS exacerbated the accumulation of insoluble ubiquitin, p62, and LC3-II proteins mediated by psychosine cytotoxicity as well as increased cytoplasmic deposition of ubiquitin- and p62-aggregates, and accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Further, the subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species and reduction of mitochondrial respiration led to cell death. Our studies validate the impairment of proteasome and autophagy underlying the pathogenesis of GLD. These findings provide a novel insight into pathogenesis of GLD and suggest a specific pathomechanism as an ideal target for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar-Shong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
| | - Che-Sheng Ho
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Tsu-Yen Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Zo-Darr Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Tuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
| | - Shun-Jie Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei 11260, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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Rafi MA, Luzi P, Wenger DA. Conditions for combining gene therapy with bone marrow transplantation in murine Krabbe disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 10:105-115. [PMID: 32363154 PMCID: PMC7186542 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2020.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. This results in defective myelination in the peripheral and central nervous systems due to low GALC activity. Treatment at this time is limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pre-symptomatic individuals. While this treatment extends the lives of treated individuals, most have difficulty walking by the end of the first decade due to peripheral neuropathy. Studies in the murine model of KD, twitcher (twi) combining bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with AAVrh10-mGALC showed a great extension of life from 40 days to about 400 days, with some living a full life time. Methods: In order to find the optimum conditions for dosing and timing of this combined treatment, twi mice were injected with five doses of AAVrh10-mGALC at different times after BMT. Survival, as well as GALC expression were monitored along with studies of sciatic nerve myelination and possible liver pathology. Results: Dosing had a pronounced effect on survival and measured GALC activity. There was window of time after BMT to inject the viral vector and see similar results, however delaying both the BMT and the viral injection shortened the lifespans of the treated mice. Lowering the viral dose too much decreased the correction of the sciatic nerve myelination. There was no evidence for hepatic neoplasia. Conclusion: These studies provide the conditions optimum for successfully treating the murine model of KD. There is some flexibility in dosing and timing to obtain a satisfactory outcome. These studies are critical to the planning of a human trial combining the "standard of care", HSCT, with a single iv injection of AAVrh10-GALC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Paola Luzi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David A Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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β-Galactosylceramidase Deficiency Causes Bone Marrow Vascular Defects in an Animal Model of Krabbe Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010251. [PMID: 31905906 PMCID: PMC6982065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive sphingolipidosis caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase β-galactosylceramidase (GALC). Oligodendroglia degeneration and demyelination of the nervous system lead to neurological dysfunctions which are usually lethal by two years of age. At present, the only clinical treatment with any proven efficacy is hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, which is more effective when administered in the neonatal period to presymptomatic recipients. Bone marrow (BM) sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) play a pivotal role in stem cell engraftment and reconstitution of hematopoiesis. Previous observations had shown significant alterations of microvascular endothelial cells in the brain of KD patients and in Galc mutant twitcher mice, an authentic model of the disease. In the present study, we investigated the vascular component of the BM in the femurs of symptomatic homozygous twitcher mice at postnatal day P36. Histological, immunohistochemical, and two-photon microscopy imaging analyses revealed the presence of significant alterations of the diaphyseal BM vasculature, characterized by enlarged, discontinuous, and hemorrhagic SECs that express the endothelial marker vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) but lack platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) expression. In addition, computer-aided image analysis indicates that twitcher CD31-/VEGFR2+ SECs show a significant increase in lumen size and in the number and size of endothelial gaps compared to BM SECs of wild type littermates. These results suggest that morphofunctional defects in the BM vascular niche may contribute to the limited therapeutic efficacy of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in KD patients at symptomatic stages of the disease.
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Del Grosso A, Galliani M, Angella L, Santi M, Tonazzini I, Parlanti G, Signore G, Cecchini M. Brain-targeted enzyme-loaded nanoparticles: A breach through the blood-brain barrier for enzyme replacement therapy in Krabbe disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax7462. [PMID: 31799395 PMCID: PMC6867879 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) result from an enzyme deficiency within lysosomes. The systemic administration of the missing enzyme, however, is not effective in the case of LSDs with central nervous system (CNS)-involvement. Here, an enzyme delivery system based on the encapsulation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) into poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with brain targeting peptides (Ang2, g7 or Tf2) is demonstrated for Krabbe disease, a neurodegenerative LSD caused by galactosylceramidase (GALC) deficiency. We first synthesize and characterize Ang2-, g7- and Tf2-targeted GALC CLEA NPs. We study NP cell trafficking and capability to reinstate enzymatic activity in vitro. Then, we successfully test our formulations in the Twitcher mouse. We report enzymatic activity measurements in the nervous system and in accumulation districts upon intraperitoneal injections, demonstrating activity recovery in the brain up to the unaffected mice level. Together, these results open new therapeutic perspectives for all LSDs with major CNS-involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Galliani
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Angella
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Melissa Santi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56017 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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29
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Li Y, Xu Y, Benitez BA, Nagree MS, Dearborn JT, Jiang X, Guzman MA, Woloszynek JC, Giaramita A, Yip BK, Elsbernd J, Babcock MC, Lo M, Fowler SC, Wozniak DF, Vogler CA, Medin JA, Crawford BE, Sands MS. Genetic ablation of acid ceramidase in Krabbe disease confirms the psychosine hypothesis and identifies a new therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20097-20103. [PMID: 31527255 PMCID: PMC6778236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe disease) is a fatal demyelinating disorder caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC). GALC deficiency leads to the accumulation of the cytotoxic glycolipid, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). Complementary evidence suggested that psychosine is synthesized via an anabolic pathway. Here, we show instead that psychosine is generated catabolically through the deacylation of galactosylceramide by acid ceramidase (ACDase). This reaction uncouples GALC deficiency from psychosine accumulation, allowing us to test the long-standing "psychosine hypothesis." We demonstrate that genetic loss of ACDase activity (Farber disease) in the GALC-deficient mouse model of human GLD (twitcher) eliminates psychosine accumulation and cures GLD. These data suggest that ACDase could be a target for substrate reduction therapy (SRT) in Krabbe patients. We show that pharmacological inhibition of ACDase activity with carmofur significantly decreases psychosine accumulation in cells from a Krabbe patient and prolongs the life span of the twitcher (Twi) mouse. Previous SRT experiments in the Twi mouse utilized l-cycloserine, which inhibits an enzyme several steps upstream of psychosine synthesis, thus altering the balance of other important lipids. Drugs that directly inhibit ACDase may have a more acceptable safety profile due to their mechanistic proximity to psychosine biogenesis. In total, these data clarify our understanding of psychosine synthesis, confirm the long-held psychosine hypothesis, and provide the impetus to discover safe and effective inhibitors of ACDase to treat Krabbe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedda Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Murtaza S Nagree
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Joshua T Dearborn
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Miguel A Guzman
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Josh C Woloszynek
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Alex Giaramita
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Bryan K Yip
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Joseph Elsbernd
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Michael C Babcock
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Melanie Lo
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Stephen C Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - David F Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Carole A Vogler
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
- Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Brett E Crawford
- Department of Research, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA 94949
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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30
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Pan X, Sands SA, Yue Y, Zhang K, LeVine SM, Duan D. An Engineered Galactosylceramidase Construct Improves AAV Gene Therapy for Krabbe Disease in Twitcher Mice. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1039-1051. [PMID: 31184217 PMCID: PMC6761594 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the galactosylceramidase gene. In the infantile form, patients die before 3 years of age. Systemic adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) gene therapy was recently shown to reverse the disease course in human patients in another lethal infantile neurodegenerative disease. To explore AAV9 therapy for Krabbe disease, we engineered a codon-optimized AAV9 galactosylceramidase vector. We further incorporated features to allow AAV9-derived galactosylceramidase to more efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and be secreted from transduced cells. We tested the optimized vector by a single systemic injection in the twitcher mouse, an authentic Krabbe disease model. Untreated twitcher mice showed characteristic neuropathology and motion defects. They died prematurely with a median life span of 41 days. Intravenous injection in 2-day-old twitcher mice reduced central and peripheral neuropathology and significantly improved the gait pattern and body weight. Noticeably, the median life span was extended to 150 days. Intraperitoneal injection in 6- to 12-day-old twitcher mice also significantly improved the motor function, body weight, and median life span (to 104 days). Our results far exceed the ≤70 days median life span seen in all reported stand-alone systemic AAV therapies. Our study highlights the importance of vector engineering for Krabbe disease gene therapy. The engineered vector warrants further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Pan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Scott A. Sands
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yongping Yue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Keqing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Steven M. LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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31
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Dysregulated autophagy as a new aspect of the molecular pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:195-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Signorini C, Cardile V, Pannuzzo G, Graziano ACE, Durand T, Galano JM, Oger C, Leoncini S, Cortelazzo A, Lee JCY, Hayek J, De Felice C. Increased isoprostanoid levels in brain from murine model of Krabbe disease - Relevance of isoprostanes, dihomo-isoprostanes and neuroprostanes to disease severity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 139:46-54. [PMID: 31100476 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare and devastating pediatric leukodystrophy caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. The disease leads to impaired myelin formation and extensive myelin damage in the brain. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of KD but insofar few information is available. The gray and white matter of the brain are rich in docosahexaenoic acid and adrenic acid respectively and under non-enzymatic oxidative stress, release isoprostanoids, i.e. F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs) and F2-dihomo-isoprostanes (F2-dihomo-IsoPs). In this study, the formation of isoprostanoids in brain tissue was investigated in a well-established KD mouse model (twitcher) that recapitulates the human pathology. According to the genotype determinations, three groups of mice were selected: wild-type control mice (n = 13), heterozygotes mice (carriers of GALC mutations, n = 14) and homozygous twitcher mice (n = 13). Measurement of F2-dihomo-IsoP and F4-NeuroP levels were performed on whole brain tissue obtained at day 15 and day 35 of the life cycle. Brain isoprostanoid levels were significantly higher in the twitcher mice compared to the heterozygous and wild-type control mice. However, F2-dihomo-IsoP and F4-NeuroP levels did not differ in brain of day 15 compared to day 35 of the heterozygote mice. Interestingly, isoprostanoid levels were proportionally enhanced with disease severity (F2-dihomo-IsoPs, rho = 0.54; F4-NeuroPs, rho = 0.581; P values ≤ 0.05; n = 13). Our findings are the first to show the key role of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidative damage to brain grey and white matter in the pathogenesis and progression of KD. This shed new insights on the biochemical indexes of KD progression, and potentially provide information for novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Signorini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Sect. of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Silvia Leoncini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessio Cortelazzo
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- The University of Hong Kong, School of Biological Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudio De Felice
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.
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33
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Pellegrini D, Del Grosso A, Angella L, Giordano N, Dilillo M, Tonazzini I, Caleo M, Cecchini M, McDonnell LA. Quantitative Microproteomics Based Characterization of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System of a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1227-1241. [PMID: 30926673 PMCID: PMC6553931 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a rare, childhood lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase (GALC). The major effect of GALC deficiency is the accumulation of psychosine in the nervous system and widespread degeneration of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, causing rapid demyelination. The molecular mechanisms of Krabbe disease are not yet fully elucidated and a definite cure is still missing. Here we report the first in-depth characterization of the proteome of the Twitcher mouse, a spontaneous mouse model of Krabbe disease, to investigate the proteome changes in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. We applied a TMT-based workflow to compare the proteomes of the corpus callosum, motor cortex and sciatic nerves of littermate homozygous Twitcher and wild-type mice. More than 400 protein groups exhibited differences in expression and included proteins involved in pathways that can be linked to Krabbe disease, such as inflammatory and defense response, lysosomal proteins accumulation, demyelination, reduced nervous system development and cell adhesion. These findings provide new insights on the molecular mechanisms of Krabbe disease, representing a starting point for future functional experiments to study the molecular pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pellegrini
- From ‡NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
- §Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56107 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ambra Del Grosso
- From ‡NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
- ¶NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Marialaura Dilillo
- §Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56107 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Cecchini
- From ‡NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
- ¶NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liam A McDonnell
- §Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56107 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy;
- **Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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34
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Inamura N, Kito M, Go S, Kishi S, Hosokawa M, Asai K, Takakura N, Takebayashi H, Matsuda J, Enokido Y. Developmental defects and aberrant accumulation of endogenous psychosine in oligodendrocytes in a murine model of Krabbe disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 120:51-62. [PMID: 30176352 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD), or globoid cell leukodystrophy, is an inherited lysosomal storage disease with leukodystrophy caused by a mutation in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene. The majority of patients show the early onset form of KD dominated by cerebral demyelination with apoptotic oligodendrocyte (OL) death. However, the initial pathophysiological changes in developing OLs remain poorly understood. Here, we show that OLs of twitcher mice, an authentic mouse model of KD, exhibited developmental defects and impaired myelin formation in vivo and in vitro. In twitcher mouse brain, abnormal myelination and reduced expression of myelin genes during the period of most active OL differentiation and myelination preceded subsequent progressive OL death and demyelination. Importantly, twitcher mouse OL precursor cells proliferated normally, but their differentiation and survival were intrinsically defective. These defects were associated with aberrant accumulation of endogenous psychosine (galactosylsphingosine) and reduced activation of the Erk1/2 and Akt/mTOR pathways before apoptotic cell death. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GALC deficiency in developing KD OLs profoundly affects their differentiation and maturation, indicating the critical contribution of OL dysfunction to KD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Inamura
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Momoko Kito
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kishi
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Masanori Hosokawa
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Asai
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Enokido
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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35
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α-Synuclein interacts directly but reversibly with psychosine: implications for α-synucleinopathies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12462. [PMID: 30127535 PMCID: PMC6102231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein, the hallmark of α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease, occurs in various glycosphingolipidoses. Although α-synuclein aggregation correlates with deficiencies in the lysosomal degradation of glycosphingolipids (GSL), the mechanism(s) involved in this aggregation remains unclear. We previously described the aggregation of α-synuclein in Krabbe’s disease (KD), a neurodegenerative glycosphingolipidosis caused by lysosomal deficiency of galactosyl-ceramidase (GALC) and the accumulation of the GSL psychosine. Here, we used a multi-pronged approach including genetic, biophysical and biochemical techniques to determine the pathogenic contribution, reversibility, and molecular mechanism of aggregation of α-synuclein in KD. While genetic knock-out of α-synuclein reduces, but does not completely prevent, neurological signs in a mouse model of KD, genetic correction of GALC deficiency completely prevents α-synuclein aggregation. We show that psychosine forms hydrophilic clusters and binds the C-terminus of α-synuclein through its amino group and sugar moiety, suggesting that psychosine promotes an open/aggregation-prone conformation of α-synuclein. Dopamine and carbidopa reverse the structural changes of psychosine by mediating a closed/aggregation-resistant conformation of α-synuclein. Our results underscore the therapeutic potential of lysosomal correction and small molecules to reduce neuronal burden in α-synucleinopathies, and provide a mechanistic understanding of α-synuclein aggregation in glycosphingolipidoses.
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36
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Sidhu R, Mikulka CR, Fujiwara H, Sands MS, Schaffer JE, Ory DS, Jiang X. A HILIC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of the lysosomal disease markers galactosylsphingosine and glucosylsphingosine in mouse serum. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4235. [PMID: 29516569 PMCID: PMC5992066 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies of galactosylceramidase and glucocerebrosidase result in the accumulation of galactosylsphingosine (GalSph) and glucosylsphingosine (GluSph) in Krabbe and Gaucher diseases, respectively. GalSph and GluSph are useful biomarkers for both diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effects. We have developed and validated a sensitive, accurate, high-throughput assay for simultaneous determination of the concentration of GalSph and GluSph in mouse serum. GalSph and GluSph and their deuterated internal standards were extracted by protein precipitation in quantitative recoveries, baseline separated by hydrophilic interaction chromatography and detected by positive-ion electrospray mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Total run time was 7 min. The lower limit of quantification was 0.2 ng/mL for both GalSph and GluSph. Sample stability, assay precision and accuracy, and method robustness were demonstrated. This method has been successfully applied to measurement of these lipid biomarkers in a natural history study in twitcher (Krabbe) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Sidhu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Christina R. Mikulka
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mark S. Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jean E. Schaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daniel S. Ory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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37
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Dillenburg A, Ireland G, Holloway RK, Davies CL, Evans FL, Swire M, Bechler ME, Soong D, Yuen TJ, Su GH, Becher JC, Smith C, Williams A, Miron VE. Activin receptors regulate the oligodendrocyte lineage in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:887-906. [PMID: 29397421 PMCID: PMC5954071 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent neurological disorders of myelin include perinatal brain injury leading to cerebral palsy in infants and multiple sclerosis in adults. Although these disorders have distinct etiologies, they share a common neuropathological feature of failed progenitor differentiation into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and lack of myelin, for which there is an unmet clinical need. Here, we reveal that a molecular pathology common to both disorders is dysregulation of activin receptors and that activin receptor signaling is required for the majority of myelin generation in development and following injury. Using a constitutive conditional knockout of all activin receptor signaling in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, we discovered this signaling to be required for myelination via regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin compaction. These processes were found to be dependent on the activin receptor subtype Acvr2a, which is expressed during oligodendrocyte differentiation and axonal ensheathment in development and following myelin injury. During efficient myelin regeneration, Acvr2a upregulation was seen to coincide with downregulation of Acvr2b, a receptor subtype with relatively higher ligand affinity; Acvr2b was shown to be dispensable for activin receptor-driven oligodendrocyte differentiation and its overexpression was sufficient to impair the abovementioned ligand-driven responses. In actively myelinating or remyelinating areas of human perinatal brain injury and multiple sclerosis tissue, respectively, oligodendrocyte lineage cells expressing Acvr2a outnumbered those expressing Acvr2b, whereas in non-repairing lesions Acvr2b+ cells were increased. Thus, we propose that following human white matter injury, this increase in Acvr2b expression would sequester ligand and consequently impair Acvr2a-driven oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation. Our results demonstrate dysregulated activin receptor signaling in common myelin disorders and reveal Acvr2a as a novel therapeutic target for myelin generation following injury across the lifespan.
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38
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Marshall MS, Issa Y, Jakubauskas B, Stoskute M, Elackattu V, Marshall JN, Bogue W, Nguyen D, Hauck Z, Rue E, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Zaric V, Bosland M, van Breemen RB, Givogri MI, Gray SJ, Crocker SJ, Bongarzone ER. Long-Term Improvement of Neurological Signs and Metabolic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Krabbe's Disease after Global Gene Therapy. Mol Ther 2018; 26:874-889. [PMID: 29433937 PMCID: PMC5910889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a global adeno-associated virus (AAV)9-based gene therapy protocol to deliver therapeutic galactosylceramidase (GALC), a lysosomal enzyme that is deficient in Krabbe's disease. When globally administered via intrathecal, intracranial, and intravenous injections to newborn mice affected with GALC deficiency (twitcher mice), this approach largely surpassed prior published benchmarks of survival and metabolic correction, showing long-term protection of demyelination, neuroinflammation, and motor function. Bone marrow transplantation, performed in this protocol without immunosuppressive preconditioning, added minimal benefits to the AAV9 gene therapy. Contrasting with other proposed pre-clinical therapies, these results demonstrate that achieving nearly complete correction of GALC's metabolic deficiencies across the entire nervous system via gene therapy can have a significant improvement to behavioral deficits, pathophysiological changes, and survival. These results are an important consideration for determining the safest and most effective manner for adapting gene therapy to treat this leukodystrophy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yazan Issa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benas Jakubauskas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Monika Stoskute
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vince Elackattu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wil Bogue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zane Hauck
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Rue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Violeta Zaric
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maarten Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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39
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Nicaise AM, Bongarzone ER, Crocker SJ. A microglial hypothesis of globoid cell leukodystrophy pathology. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1049-61. [PMID: 27638591 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), also known as Krabbe's disease, is a fatal demyelinating disease accompanied by the formation of giant, multinucleated cells called globoid cells. Previously believed to be a byproduct of inflammation, these cells can be found early in disease before evidence of any damage. The precise mechanism by which these globoid cells cause oligodendrocyte dysfunction is not completely understood, nor is their cell type defined. This Review outlines the idea that microglial cells are transformed into an unknown and undefined novel M3 phenotype in GLD, which is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes, leading to disease progression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Nicaise
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.
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40
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Weinstock NI, Wrabetz L, Feltri ML, Shin D. Metabolic profiling reveals biochemical pathways and potential biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1094-107. [PMID: 27638595 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is caused by mutations in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene, which encodes a lysosomal enzyme that degrades galactolipids, including galactosylceramide and galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). GALC deficiency results in progressive intracellular accumulation of psychosine, which is believed to be the main cause for the demyelinating neurodegeneration in KD pathology. Umbilical cord blood transplantation slows disease progression when performed presymptomatically but carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Accurate presymptomatic diagnosis is therefore critical to facilitate the efficacy of existing transplant approaches and to avoid unnecessary treatment of children who will not develop KD. Unfortunately, current diagnostic criteria, including GALC activity, genetic analysis, and psychosine measurement, are insufficient for secure presymptomatic diagnosis. This study performs a global metabolomic analysis to identify pathogenetic metabolic pathways and novel biomarkers implicated in the authentic mouse model of KD known as twitcher. At a time point before onset of signs of disease, twitcher hindbrains had metabolic profiles similar to WT, with the exception of a decrease in metabolites related to glucose energy metabolism. Many metabolic pathways were altered after early signs of disease in the twitcher, including decreased phospholipid turnover, restricted mitochondrial metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, increased inflammation, and changes in neurotransmitter metabolism and osmolytes. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is increased before signs of disease appear, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for early diagnosis of KD. Additionally, given the early changes in glucose metabolism in the pathogenesis of KD, diagnostic modalities that report metabolic function, such as positron emission tomography, may be useful in KD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav I Weinstock
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Daesung Shin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. .,Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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41
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Wenger DA, Rafi MA, Luzi P. Krabbe disease: One Hundred years from the bedside to the bench to the bedside. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:982-9. [PMID: 27638583 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This Review summarizes the progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of Krabbe disease from the description of five patients in by Knud Krabbe until 2016. To determine the cause of this genetic disease, pathological and chemical analyses of tissues from the nervous systems of patients were performed. It was determined that these patients had a pathological feature known as globoid cell in the brain and that this consisted partially of galactosylceramide, a major sphingolipid component of myelin. The finding that these patients had a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity opened the way to relatively simple diagnostic testing with easily obtainable tissue samples, studies leading to the purification of GALC, and cloning of the GALC cDNA and gene. The availability of the gene sequence led to the identification of mutations in patients and to the current studies involving the use of viral vectors containing the GALC cDNA to treat experimentally naturally occurring animal models, such as twitcher mice. Currently, treatment of presymptomatic human patients is limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). With recent studies showing successful treatment of animal models with a combination of HSCT and viral gene therapy, it is hoped that more effective treatments will soon be available for human patients. For this Review, it is not possible to reference all of the articles contributing to our current state of knowledge about this disease; however, we have chosen those that have influenced our studies by suggesting research paths to pursue. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paola Luzi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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42
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Sands SA, LeVine SM. Substrate reduction therapy for Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1261-72. [PMID: 27638608 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe's disease (KD) is a lysosomal storage disorder in which galactosylceramide, a major glycosphingolipid of myelin, and psychosine (galactose-sphingosine) cannot be adequately metabolized because of a deficiency in galactosylceramidase. Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) has been tested in preclinical studies. The premise of SRT is to reduce the synthesis of substrates that are not adequately digested so that the substrate burden is lowered, resulting in less accumulation of unmetabolized material. SRT is used for Gaucher's disease, in which inhibitors of the terminal biosynthetic step are used. Unfortunately, an inhibitor for the final step of galactosylceramide biosynthesis, i.e., UDP glycosyltransferase 8 (a.k.a. UDP-galactose ceramide galactosyltransferase), has not been found. Approaches that inhibit an earlier biosynthetic step or that lessen the substrate burden by other means, such as genetic manipulations, have been tested in the twitcher mouse model of KD. Either as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with other approaches, SRT slowed the disease course, indicating that this approach has potential therapeutic value. For instance, in individuals with adult-onset disease, SRT theoretically could lessen the production of substrates so that residual enzymatic activity could adequately manage the lower substrate burden. In more severe forms of disease, SRT theoretically could be part of a combination therapy. However, SRT has the potential to impair normal function by reducing the synthesis of galactosylceramide to levels that impede myelin function, or SRT could have other deleterious effects. Thus, multiple issues need to be resolved before this approach is ready for testing in humans. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sands
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Steven M LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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43
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Karumuthil-Melethil S, Gray SJ. Immunological considerations for treating globoid cell leukodystrophy. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1349-58. [PMID: 27638617 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD, or Krabbe's disease) is a severe inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by the lack of a lysosomal enzyme, GALC. The disease has been characterized in humans as well as three naturally occurring animal models, murine, canine, and nonhuman primate. Multiple treatment strategies have been explored for GLD, including enzyme replacement therapy, small-molecule pharmacological approaches, gene therapy, and bone marrow transplant. No single therapeutic approach has proved to be entirely effective, and the reason for this is not well understood. It is unclear whether initiation of a neuroinflammatory cascade in GLD precedes demyelination, a hallmark of the disease, but it does precede overt symptoms. This Review explores what is known about the role of inflammation and the immune response in the progression of GLD as well as how various treatment strategies might interplay with innate and adaptive immune responses involved in GLD. The focus of this Review is on GLD, but these concepts may have relevance for other, related diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J Gray
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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44
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Parlanti P, Cappello V, Brun F, Tromba G, Rigolio R, Tonazzini I, Cecchini M, Piazza V, Gemmi M. Size and specimen-dependent strategy for x-ray micro-ct and tem correlative analysis of nervous system samples. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2858. [PMID: 28588216 PMCID: PMC5460131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative approaches are a powerful tool in the investigation of biological samples, but require specific preparation procedures to maintain the strength of the employed methods. Here we report the optimization of the embedding protocol of nervous system samples for a correlative synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) approach. We demonstrate that it is possible to locate, with the micrometric resolution of micro-CT, specific volumes of interest for a further ultrastructural characterization to be performed with TEM. This approach can be applied to samples of different size and morphology up to several cm. Our optimized method represents an invaluable tool for investigating those pathologies in which microscopic alterations are localized in few confined regions, rather than diffused in entire tissues, organs or systems. We present a proof of concept of our method in a mouse model of Globoid Cells Leukodistrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parlanti
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Cappello
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - F Brun
- National Research Council - Institute of Nanotechnology (CNR Nanotech) c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via A. Valerio 10, I-34127, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Tromba
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, I-34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Rigolio
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Experimental Neurology Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, I-20900, Monza, Italy
| | - I Tonazzini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca, I-20122, Milano, Italy
| | - M Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Nanoscienze - CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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45
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de Vito G, Cappello V, Tonazzini I, Cecchini M, Piazza V. RP-CARS reveals molecular spatial order anomalies in myelin of an animal model of Krabbe disease. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:385-393. [PMID: 26990139 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare demyelinating sphingolipidosis, often fatal in the first years of life. It is caused by the inactivation of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme that causes an increase in the cellular levels of psychosine considered to be at the origin of the tissue-level effects. GALC is inactivated also in the Twitcher (TWI) mouse: a genetic model of KD that is providing important insights into the understating of the pathogenetic process and the development of possible treatments. In this article an innovative optical technique, RP-CARS, is proposed as a tool to study the degree of order of the CH2 bonds inside the myelin sheaths of TWI-mice sciatic-nerve fibres. RP-CARS, a recently developed variation of CARS microscopy, is able to combine the intrinsic chemical selectivity of CARS microscopy with molecular-bond-spatial-orientation sensibility. This is the first time RP-CARS is applied to the study of a genetic model of a pathology, leading to the demonstration of a post-onset progressive spatial disorganization of the myelin CH2 bonds. The presented result could be of great interest for a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the human KD and, moreover, it is an additional proof of the experimental validity of this microscopy technique. RP-CARS image (2850 cm-1 , CH2 bonds) of a sciatic-nerve optical longitudinal section from a Twitcher P23 (symptomatic) mouse. Scale bar: 10 microns. The image was constructed by colour-mapping the degree of molecular order of the CH2 bonds inside the myelin walls, as displayed in the colour bar on the right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe de Vito
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Cappello
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, I-56127, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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Marques ARA, Willems LI, Herrera Moro D, Florea BI, Scheij S, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen CPAA, Verhoek M, Nelson JK, Kallemeijn WW, Biela-Banas A, Martin OR, Cachón-González MB, Kim NN, Cox TM, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. A Specific Activity-Based Probe to Monitor Family GH59 Galactosylceramidase, the Enzyme Deficient in Krabbe Disease. Chembiochem 2017; 18:402-412. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André R. A. Marques
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Present address: Institute of Biochemistry; Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel; Otto-Hahn-Platz 9 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Lianne I. Willems
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteeinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby V5A 1S6 BC Canada
| | - Daniela Herrera Moro
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteeinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Scheij
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cindy P. A. A. van Roomen
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marri Verhoek
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jessica K. Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Kallemeijn
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Anna Biela-Banas
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry; Université D'Orléans; Rue de Chartres B. P. 6759 45100 Orléans France
| | - Olivier R. Martin
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry; Université D'Orléans; Rue de Chartres B. P. 6759 45100 Orléans France
| | - M. Begoña Cachón-González
- Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Nee Na Kim
- Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Timothy M. Cox
- Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Hills Road Cambridge CB2 2QQ UK
| | - Rolf G. Boot
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteeinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 15 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry; Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
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Luddi A, Gori M, Crifasi L, Marrocco C, Belmonte G, Costantino-Ceccarini E, Piomboni P. Impaired spermatogenesis in the twitcher mouse: A morphological evaluation from the seminiferous tubules to epididymal transit. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2017; 63:77-85. [PMID: 28103109 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2016.1271918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process of proliferation and differentiation during male germ cell development whereby undifferentiated spermatogonial germ cells evolve into maturing spermatozoa. In this developmental process the interactions between different cell types are finely regulated, hence any disruption in these relationships leads to male infertility. The twitcher mouse, the murine model of Krabbe disease, is characterized by deficiency of galactosylceramidase, an enzyme also involved in the metabolism of the galactosyl-alkyl-acyl-glycerol, the precursor of sulfogalactosyl-alkyl-acyl-glycerol, the most abundant glycolipid in spermatozoa. Twitcher mice are sterile due to alterations of spermatogenesis resulting in the production of spermatozoa with abnormally swollen acrosomes and bent flagella, mainly at the midpiece-principal piece junction. The current study employs light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy to examine the defective spermiogenesis leading to the morphological abnormalities of mature sperm. This study reveals that alterations in germ cell development can be initially detected at the stage VIII and IX of spermatogenesis. The disrupted spermatogenetic process leads to a reduced number of elongating spermatids and spermatozoa in these mutant animals. Electron microscopy analysis demonstrates major acrosomal and chromatin condensation defects in the mutants. In addition, in twitcher mice, the epididymal architecture is impaired, with stereocilia of caput and corpus broken, detached and completely spread out into the lumen. These findings indicate that seminolipid expression is crucial for proper development of spermatocytes and spermatids and for their normal differentiation into mature spermatozoa. ABBREVIATIONS GALC: galactosylceramidase; GalAAG: galactosyl-alkyl-acyl-glycerol; SGalAAG: sulfogalactosylalkylacylglycerol; PND: postnatal day; PAS: periodic acid-Schiff stain; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; PFA: paraformaldheyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Luddi
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Gori
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Crifasi
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Camilla Marrocco
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Belmonte
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | | | - Paola Piomboni
- a Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , University of Siena , Siena, Italy
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Cappello V, Marchetti L, Parlanti P, Landi S, Tonazzini I, Cecchini M, Piazza V, Gemmi M. Ultrastructural Characterization of the Lower Motor System in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:1. [PMID: 28442746 PMCID: PMC5431369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6276] [Impact Index Per Article: 784.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the lack of β- galactosylceramidase enzymatic activity and by widespread accumulation of the cytotoxic galactosyl-sphingosine in neuronal, myelinating and endothelial cells. Despite the wide use of Twitcher mice as experimental model for KD, the ultrastructure of this model is partial and mainly addressing peripheral nerves. More details are requested to elucidate the basis of the motor defects, which are the first to appear during KD onset. Here we use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to focus on the alterations produced by KD in the lower motor system at postnatal day 15 (P15), a nearly asymptomatic stage, and in the juvenile P30 mouse. We find mild effects on motorneuron soma, severe ones on sciatic nerves and very severe effects on nerve terminals and neuromuscular junctions at P30, with peripheral damage being already detectable at P15. Finally, we find that the gastrocnemius muscle undergoes atrophy and structural changes that are independent of denervation at P15. Our data further characterize the ultrastructural analysis of the KD mouse model, and support recent theories of a dying-back mechanism for neuronal degeneration, which is independent of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cappello
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Piazza San Silvestro, 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Piazza San Silvestro, 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Parlanti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Piazza San Silvestro, 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Landi
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Piazza San Silvestro, 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Piazza San Silvestro, 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Zhu H, Ornaghi F, Belin S, Givogri MI, Wrabetz L, Bongarzone ER. Generation of a LacZ reporter transgenic mouse line for the stereological analysis of oligodendrocyte loss in galactosylceramidase deficiency. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1520-1530. [PMID: 27426866 PMCID: PMC5069144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe's disease is a leukodystrophy resulting from deficiency of galactosylceramidase and the accumulation of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) in the nervous system. Psychosine is believed to cause central demyelination by killing oligodendrocytes. Quantitative analysis of this process is lacking. To address this, we generated a new transgenic reporter twitcher line in which myelinating oligodendrocytes are genetically marked by the expression of LacZ under control of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter. MBP-LacZ-twitcher transgenic mice were used for unbiased stereological quantification of β-galactosidase+ oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord. As expected, we found decreased numbers of these cells in mutant cords, paralleling the severity of clinical disease. The decrease of oligodendrocytes does not correlate well with the increase of psychosine. The new MBP-LacZ-twitcher line will be a useful genetic tool for measuring changes in oligodendrocyte numbers in different regions of the mutant CNS and in preclinical trials of therapies to prevent demyelination. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francesca Ornaghi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sophie Belin
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence Wrabetz
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Potter GB, Petryniak MA. Neuroimmune mechanisms in Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1341-8. [PMID: 27638616 PMCID: PMC5129482 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, activation of innate immune components of the nervous system followed by an adaptive immune response, is observed in most leukodystrophies and coincides with white matter pathology, disease progression, and morbidity. Despite this, there is a major gap in our knowledge of the contribution of the immune system to disease phenotype. Inflammation in Krabbe's disease has been considered a secondary effect, resulting from cell-autonomous oligodendroglial cell death or myelin loss resulting from psychosine accumulation. However, recent studies have shown immune activation preceding clinical symptoms and white matter pathology. Moreover, the therapeutic effect underlying hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the only treatment for Krabbe's disease, has been demonstrated to occur via immunomodulation. This Review highlights recent advances in elaboration of the immune cascade involved in Krabbe's disease. Mechanistic insight into the inflammatory pathways participating in myelin and axon loss or preservation may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for this disorder. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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