1
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Agyemang E, Gonneville AN, Tiruvadi-Krishnan S, Lamichhane R. Exploring GPCR conformational dynamics using single-molecule fluorescence. Methods 2024; 226:35-48. [PMID: 38604413 PMCID: PMC11098685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that transmit specific external stimuli into cells by changing their conformation. This conformational change allows them to couple and activate G-proteins to initiate signal transduction. A critical challenge in studying and inferring these structural dynamics arises from the complexity of the cellular environment, including the presence of various endogenous factors. Due to the recent advances in cell-expression systems, membrane-protein purification techniques, and labeling approaches, it is now possible to study the structural dynamics of GPCRs at a single-molecule level both in vitro and in live cells. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art techniques and strategies for expressing, purifying, and labeling GPCRs in the context of single-molecule research. We also highlight four recent studies that demonstrate the applications of single-molecule microscopy in revealing the dynamics of GPCRs. These techniques are also useful as complementary methods to verify the results obtained from other structural biology tools like cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Agyemang
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Alyssa N Gonneville
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sriram Tiruvadi-Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rajan Lamichhane
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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2
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Sieber B, Coronas-Serna JM, Martin SG. A focus on yeast mating: From pheromone signaling to cell-cell fusion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:83-95. [PMID: 35148940 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells live in a chemical environment and are able to orient towards chemical cues. Unicellular haploid fungal cells communicate by secreting pheromones to reproduce sexually. In the yeast models Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, pheromonal communication activates similar pathways composed of cognate G-protein-coupled receptors and downstream small GTPase Cdc42 and MAP kinase cascades. Local pheromone release and sensing, at a mobile surface polarity patch, underlie spatial gradient interpretation to form pairs between two cells of distinct mating types. Concentration of secretion at the point of cell-cell contact then leads to local cell wall digestion for cell fusion, forming a diploid zygote that prevents further fusion attempts. A number of asymmetries between mating types may promote efficiency of the system. In this review, we present our current knowledge of pheromone signaling in the two model yeasts, with an emphasis on how cells decode the pheromone signal spatially and ultimately fuse together. Though overall pathway architectures are similar in the two species, their large evolutionary distance allows to explore how conceptually similar solutions to a general biological problem can arise from divergent molecular components.
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3
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Shaw WM, Yamauchi H, Mead J, Gowers GF, Bell DJ, Öling D, Larsson N, Wigglesworth M, Ladds G, Ellis T. Engineering a Model Cell for Rational Tuning of GPCR Signaling. Cell 2019; 177:782-796.e27. [PMID: 30955892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is the primary method eukaryotes use to respond to specific cues in their environment. However, the relationship between stimulus and response for each GPCR is difficult to predict due to diversity in natural signal transduction architecture and expression. Using genome engineering in yeast, we constructed an insulated, modular GPCR signal transduction system to study how the response to stimuli can be predictably tuned using synthetic tools. We delineated the contributions of a minimal set of key components via computational and experimental refactoring, identifying simple design principles for rationally tuning the dose response. Using five different GPCRs, we demonstrate how this enables cells and consortia to be engineered to respond to desired concentrations of peptides, metabolites, and hormones relevant to human health. This work enables rational tuning of cell sensing while providing a framework to guide reprogramming of GPCR-based signaling in other systems.
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4
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Kim K, Lee J, Ghil S. The regulators of G protein signaling
RGS
16 and
RGS
18 inhibit protease‐activated receptor 2/Gi/o signaling through distinct interactions with Gα in live cells. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3126-3138. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiman Kim
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
| | - Jinyong Lee
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
| | - Sungho Ghil
- Department of Life Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
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5
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Chan EC, Ren C, Xie Z, Jude J, Barker T, Koziol-White CA, Ma M, Panettieri RA, Wu D, Rosenberg HF, Druey KM. Regulator of G protein signaling 5 restricts neutrophil chemotaxis and trafficking. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12690-12702. [PMID: 29929985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are white blood cells that are mobilized to damaged tissues and to sites of pathogen invasion, providing the first line of host defense. Chemokines displayed on the surface of blood vessels promote migration of neutrophils to these sites, and tissue- and pathogen-derived chemoattractant signals, including N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP), elicit further migration to sites of infection. Although nearly all chemoattractant receptors use heterotrimeric G proteins to transmit signals, many of the mechanisms lying downstream of chemoattractant receptors that either promote or limit neutrophil motility are incompletely defined. Here, we show that regulator of G protein signaling 5 (RGS5), a protein that modulates G protein activity, is expressed in both human and murine neutrophils. We detected significantly more neutrophils in the airways of Rgs5-/- mice than WT counterparts following acute respiratory virus infection and in the peritoneum in response to injection of thioglycollate, a biochemical proinflammatory stimulus. RGS5-deficient neutrophils responded with increased chemotaxis elicited by the chemokines CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL2, and CXCL12 but not fMLP. Moreover, adhesion of these cells was increased in the presence of both CXCL2 and fMLP. In summary, our results indicate that RGS5 deficiency increases chemotaxis and adhesion, leading to more efficient neutrophil mobilization to inflamed tissues in mice. These findings suggest that RGS5 expression and activity in neutrophils determine their migrational patterns in the complex microenvironments characteristic of inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice C Chan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joseph Jude
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey 07103
| | - Tolga Barker
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cynthia A Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey 07103
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey 07103
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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6
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van den Hoogen DJ, Meijer HJG, Seidl MF, Govers F. The Ancient Link between G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and C-Terminal Phospholipid Kinase Domains. mBio 2018; 9:e02119-17. [PMID: 29362235 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02119-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensing external signals and transducing these into intracellular responses requires a molecular signaling system that is crucial for every living organism. Two important eukaryotic signal transduction pathways that are often interlinked are G-protein signaling and phospholipid signaling. Heterotrimeric G-protein subunits activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are typical stimulators of phospholipid signaling enzymes such as phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs) or phospholipase C (PLC). However, a direct connection between the two pathways likely exists in oomycetes and slime molds, as they possess a unique class of GPCRs that have a PIPK as an accessory domain. In principle, these so-called GPCR-PIPKs have the capacity of perceiving an external signal (via the GPCR domain) that, via PIPK, directly activates downstream phospholipid signaling. Here we reveal the sporadic occurrence of GPCR-PIPKs in all eukaryotic supergroups, except for plants. Notably, all species having GPCR-PIPKs are unicellular microorganisms that favor aquatic environments. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GPCR-PIPKs are likely ancestral to eukaryotes and significantly expanded in the last common ancestor of oomycetes. In addition to GPCR-PIPKs, we identified five hitherto-unknown classes of GPCRs with accessory domains, four of which are universal players in signal transduction. Similarly to GPCR-PIPKs, this enables a direct coupling between extracellular sensing and downstream signaling. Overall, our findings point to an ancestral signaling system in eukaryotes where GPCR-mediated sensing is directly linked to downstream responses. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are central sensors that activate eukaryotic signaling and are the primary targets of human drugs. In this report, we provide evidence for the widespread though limited presence of a novel class of GPCRs in a variety of unicellular eukaryotes. These include free-living organisms and organisms that are pathogenic for plants, animals, and humans. The novel GPCRs have a C-terminal phospholipid kinase domain, pointing to a direct link between sensing external signals via GPCRs and downstream intracellular phospholipid signaling. Genes encoding these receptors were likely present in the last common eukaryotic ancestor and were lost during the evolution of higher eukaryotes. We further describe five other types of GPCRs with a catalytic accessory domain, the so-called GPCR-bigrams, four of which may potentially have a role in signaling. These findings shed new light onto signal transduction in microorganisms and provide evidence for alternative eukaryotic signaling pathways.
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7
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Xue X, Wang L, Meng X, Jiao J, Dang N. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 inhibits human melanoma cells proliferation and invasion through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78530-44. [PMID: 29108247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a tumor produced by skin melanocytes, which has a high metastatic rate and poor prognosis. So far, plenty of work has been done on melanoma, but mechanisms underlying melanoma development have not been fully elucidated. Here we identified regulator of G protein signaling 4(RGS4) as novel therapeutic target for malignant melanoma and its regulating effect on melanoma. We found that endogenous RGS4 expression was much lower in melanoma tissues and cells. In A375 cell line with low endogenous RGS4 expression, the function of RGS4 was detected by up-regulation its expression with pcDNA3.1-RGS4 and knockdown its expression with siRNA. Our results showed that RGS4 could significantly reduce the proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. RGS4 is an important regulator for the apoptosis of melanocyte, and the apoptosis rate is significantly decreased in low RGS4 enviroment. RGS4 induced non-activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, resulting in decreased expression of E2F1 and Cyclin D1, thus constraining cell proliferation and invasion. These results were further confirmed in M14 cell lines. Collectively, our findings show that RGS4 plays an important role in multiple cellular functions of melanoma development and is valuable to be a therapeutic target.
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8
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Chen IS, Furutani K, Kurachi Y. Structural determinants at the M2 muscarinic receptor modulate the RGS4-GIRK response to pilocarpine by impairment of the receptor voltage sensitivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6110. [PMID: 28733581 PMCID: PMC5522400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane potential controls the response of the M2 muscarinic receptor to its ligands. Membrane hyperpolarization increases response to the full agonist acetylcholine (ACh) while decreasing response to the partial agonist pilocarpine. We previously have demonstrated that the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) 4 protein discriminates between the voltage-dependent responses of ACh and pilocarpine; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that RGS4 is involved in the voltage-dependent behavior of the M2 muscarinic receptor-mediated signaling in response to pilocarpine. Additionally we revealed structural determinants on the M2 muscarinic receptor underlying the voltage-dependent response. By electrophysiological recording in Xenopus oocytes expressing M2 muscarinic receptor and G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels, we quantified voltage-dependent desensitization of pilocarpine-induced current in the presence or absence of RGS4. Hyperpolarization-induced desensitization of the current required for RGS4, also depended on pilocarpine concentration. Mutations of charged residues in the aspartic acid-arginine-tyrosine motif of the M2 muscarinic receptor, but not intracellular loop 3, significantly impaired the voltage-dependence of RGS4 function. Thus, our results demonstrated that voltage-dependence of RGS4 modulation is derived from the M2 muscarinic receptor. These results provide novel insights into how membrane potential impacts G-protein signaling by modulating GPCR communication with downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Furutani
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Kurachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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9
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Dudin O, Merlini L, Martin SG. Spatial focalization of pheromone/MAPK signaling triggers commitment to cell-cell fusion. Genes Dev 2017; 30:2226-2239. [PMID: 27798845 PMCID: PMC5088570 DOI: 10.1101/gad.286922.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here, Dudin et al. show that cell fusion does not require a dedicated signal but is triggered by spatial focalization of the same pheromone–GPCR–MAPK signaling cascade that drives earlier mating events in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell fusion is universal in eukaryotes for fertilization and development, but what signals this process is unknown. Here, we show in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that fusion does not require a dedicated signal but is triggered by spatial focalization of the same pheromone–GPCR (G-protein-coupled receptor)–MAPK signaling cascade that drives earlier mating events. Autocrine cells expressing the receptor for their own pheromone trigger fusion attempts independently of cell–cell contact by concentrating pheromone release at the fusion focus, a dynamic actin aster underlying the secretion of cell wall hydrolases. Pheromone receptor and MAPK cascade are similarly enriched at the fusion focus, concomitant with fusion commitment in wild-type mating pairs. This focalization promotes cell fusion by immobilizing the fusion focus, thus driving local cell wall dissolution. We propose that fusion commitment is imposed by a local increase in MAPK concentration at the fusion focus, driven by a positive feedback between fusion focus formation and focalization of pheromone release and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaya Dudin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Merlini
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Wang C, Xu C, Liu M, Pan Y, Bai B, Chen J. C-terminus of OX2R significantly affects downstream signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:159-166. [PMID: 28487995 PMCID: PMC5482145 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) is a G-protein‑coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been implicated in a number of diverse physiological functions. Recent studies have identified a number of functions of the C‑termini of GPCRs. However, the importance of the OX2R C‑terminus in regulating signaling and surface expression remains unclear. In the present study, the function of the OX2R C‑terminus was investigated using three C‑terminal mutants, which were truncated at residues 368, 384 and 414, respectively, and the wild‑type control, which expressed the full‑length OX2R. HEK‑293 cells were transfected with the mutated and control OX2R constructs. ELISA, western blot analysis and calcium assays were used to investigate the effects of the mutations on OX2R function. The present results demonstrated that residues 385‑414 and 415‑444 exhibited a cumulative effect on the surface expression of OX2R. Residues 369‑384 exhibited a significant influence on inositol phosphate production and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Residues 385‑414 significantly influenced agonist‑induced internalization, whereas residues 369‑384 and 385‑414 significantly influenced Ca2+ release. The results of the present study suggest that the C‑terminus of OX2R is important for its role in various physiological and pathological processes, and may therefore be associated with such disorders as depression and anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Yanyou Pan
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
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Knight A, Hemmings JL, Winfield I, Leuenberger M, Frattini E, Frenguelli BG, Dowell SJ, Lochner M, Ladds G. Discovery of Novel Adenosine Receptor Agonists That Exhibit Subtype Selectivity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:947-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Knight
- Systems
Biology Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Jennifer L. Hemmings
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian Winfield
- Division
of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Michele Leuenberger
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eugenia Frattini
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | | | - Simon J. Dowell
- Department
of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Martin Lochner
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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12
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Prokic EJ, Weston C, Yamawaki N, Hall SD, Jones RS, Stanford IM, Ladds G, Woodhall GL. Cortical oscillatory dynamics and benzodiazepine-site modulation of tonic inhibition in fast spiking interneurons. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:192-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Weston C, Lu J, Li N, Barkan K, Richards GO, Roberts DJ, Skerry TM, Poyner D, Pardamwar M, Reynolds CA, Dowell SJ, Willars GB, Ladds G. Modulation of Glucagon Receptor Pharmacology by Receptor Activity-modifying Protein-2 (RAMP2). J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26198634 PMCID: PMC4645630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors play important, opposing roles in regulating blood glucose levels. Consequently, these receptors have been identified as targets for novel diabetes treatments. However, drugs acting at the GLP-1 receptor, although having clinical efficacy, have been associated with severe adverse side-effects, and targeting of the glucagon receptor has yet to be successful. Here we use a combination of yeast reporter assays and mammalian systems to provide a more complete understanding of glucagon receptor signaling, considering the effect of multiple ligands, association with the receptor-interacting protein receptor activity-modifying protein-2 (RAMP2), and the role of individual G protein α-subunits. We demonstrate that RAMP2 alters both ligand selectivity and G protein preference of the glucagon receptor. Importantly, we also uncover novel cross-reactivity of therapeutically used GLP-1 receptor ligands at the glucagon receptor that is abolished by RAMP2 interaction. This study reveals the glucagon receptor as a previously unidentified target for GLP-1 receptor agonists and highlights a role for RAMP2 in regulating its pharmacology. Such previously unrecognized functions of RAMPs highlight the need to consider all receptor-interacting proteins in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Weston
- From the Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom,
| | - Jing Lu
- the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Naichang Li
- the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Barkan
- From the Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth O Richards
- the Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - David J Roberts
- the Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Skerry
- the Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - David Poyner
- the School of Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Meenakshi Pardamwar
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Simon J Dowell
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Gary B Willars
- the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- From the Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
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14
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Umeyama H, Iwadate M, Taguchi YH. TINAGL1 and B3GALNT1 are potential therapy target genes to suppress metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 9:S2. [PMID: 25521548 PMCID: PMC4290609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s9-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains lethal despite the development of numerous drug therapy technologies. About 85% to 90% of lung cancers are NSCLC and the 5-year survival rate is at best still below 50%. Thus, it is important to find drugable target genes for NSCLC to develop an effective therapy for NSCLC. Results Integrated analysis of publically available gene expression and promoter methylation patterns of two highly aggressive NSCLC cell lines generated by in vivo selection was performed. We selected eleven critical genes that may mediate metastasis using recently proposed principal component analysis based unsupervised feature extraction. The eleven selected genes were significantly related to cancer diagnosis. The tertiary protein structure of the selected genes was inferred by Full Automatic Modeling System, a profile-based protein structure inference software, to determine protein functions and to specify genes that could be potential drug targets. Conclusions We identified eleven potentially critical genes that may mediate NSCLC metastasis using bioinformatic analysis of publically available data sets. These genes are potential target genes for the therapy of NSCLC. Among the eleven genes, TINAGL1 and B3GALNT1 are possible candidates for drug compounds that inhibit their gene expression.
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Lock A, Forfar R, Weston C, Bowsher L, Upton GJ, Reynolds CA, Ladds G, Dixon AM. One motif to bind them: A small-XXX-small motif affects transmembrane domain 1 oligomerization, function, localization, and cross-talk between two yeast GPCRs. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2014; 1838:3036-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chen IS, Furutani K, Inanobe A, Kurachi Y. RGS4 regulates partial agonism of the M2 muscarinic receptor-activated K+ currents. J Physiol 2014; 592:1237-48. [PMID: 24421355 PMCID: PMC3961084 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.269803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial agonists are used clinically to avoid overstimulation of receptor-mediated signalling, as they produce a submaximal response even at 100% receptor occupancy. The submaximal efficacy of partial agonists is due to conformational change of the agonist-receptor complex, which reduces effector activation. In addition to signalling activators, several regulators help control intracellular signal transductions. However, it remains unclear whether these signalling regulators contribute to partial agonism. Here we show that regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS) 4 is a determinant for partial agonism of the M2 muscarinic receptor (M2R). In rat atrial myocytes, pilocarpine evoked smaller G-protein-gated K(+) inwardly rectifying (KG) currents than those evoked by ACh. In a Xenopus oocyte expression system, pilocarpine acted as a partial agonist in the presence of RGS4 as it did in atrial myocytes, while it acted like a full agonist in the absence of RGS4. Functional couplings within the agonist-receptor complex/G-protein/RGS4 system controlled the efficacy of pilocarpine relative to ACh. The pilocarpine-M2R complex suppressed G-protein-mediated activation of KG currents via RGS4. Our results demonstrate that partial agonism of M2R is regulated by the RGS4-mediated inhibition of G-protein signalling. This finding helps us to understand the molecular components and mechanism underlying the partial agonism of M2R-mediated physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Kazuharu Furutani
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of MedicineJapan
- Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka UniversityJapan
| | - Atsushi Inanobe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of MedicineJapan
- Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka UniversityJapan
| | - Yoshihisa Kurachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of MedicineJapan
- Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka UniversityJapan
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