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Sinha SK, Ghosh P, Jain S, Maiti S, Al-Thabati SA, Alshehri AA, Mokhtar M, Maiti D. Transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation as a means of synthesizing complex natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7461-7503. [PMID: 37811747 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the advent of C-H activation has led to a rethink among chemists about the synthetic strategies employed for multi-step transformations. Indeed, deploying innovative and masterful tricks against the numerous classical organic transformations has been the need of the hour. Despite this, the immense importance of C-H activation remains unfulfilled unless the methodology can be deployed for large-scale industrial processes and towards the concise, step-economic synthesis of prodigious natural products and pharmaceutical drugs. Lately, the growing potential of C-H activation methodology has indeed driven the pioneers of synthetic organic chemists into finding more efficient methods to accelerate the synthesis of such complex molecular scaffolds. This review aims to draw a general overview of the various C-H activation procedures that have been adopted for synthesizing these vast majority of structurally complicated natural products. Our objective lies in drawing a complete picture and taking the readers through the synthesis of a series of such complex organic compounds by simplified techniques, making it step-economic on a larger scale and thus instigating the readers to trigger the use of such methodology and uncover new, unique patterns for future synthesis of such natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Shubhanshu Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Biosciences, Engineering and Technology, VIT Bhopal University, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh - 466114, India
| | - Shaeel A Al-Thabati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Ali Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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Richard-Bollans A, Aitken C, Antonelli A, Bitencourt C, Goyder D, Lucas E, Ondo I, Pérez-Escobar OA, Pironon S, Richardson JE, Russell D, Silvestro D, Wright CW, Howes MJR. Machine learning enhances prediction of plants as potential sources of antimalarials. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1173328. [PMID: 37304721 PMCID: PMC10248027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1173328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds and a number of plant-derived antiplasmodial compounds have been developed into pharmaceutical drugs for the prevention and treatment of malaria, a major public health challenge. However, identifying plants with antiplasmodial potential can be time-consuming and costly. One approach for selecting plants to investigate is based on ethnobotanical knowledge which, though having provided some major successes, is restricted to a relatively small group of plant species. Machine learning, incorporating ethnobotanical and plant trait data, provides a promising approach to improve the identification of antiplasmodial plants and accelerate the search for new plant-derived antiplasmodial compounds. In this paper we present a novel dataset on antiplasmodial activity for three flowering plant families - Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae (together comprising c. 21,100 species) - and demonstrate the ability of machine learning algorithms to predict the antiplasmodial potential of plant species. We evaluate the predictive capability of a variety of algorithms - Support Vector Machines, Logistic Regression, Gradient Boosted Trees and Bayesian Neural Networks - and compare these to two ethnobotanical selection approaches - based on usage as an antimalarial and general usage as a medicine. We evaluate the approaches using the given data and when the given samples are reweighted to correct for sampling biases. In both evaluation settings each of the machine learning models have a higher precision than the ethnobotanical approaches. In the bias-corrected scenario, the Support Vector classifier performs best - attaining a mean precision of 0.67 compared to the best performing ethnobotanical approach with a mean precision of 0.46. We also use the bias correction method and the Support Vector classifier to estimate the potential of plants to provide novel antiplasmodial compounds. We estimate that 7677 species in Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae warrant further investigation and that at least 1300 active antiplasmodial species are highly unlikely to be investigated by conventional approaches. While traditional and Indigenous knowledge remains vital to our understanding of people-plant relationships and an invaluable source of information, these results indicate a vast and relatively untapped source in the search for new plant-derived antiplasmodial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conal Aitken
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Goyder
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Lucas
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Richardson
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David Russell
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Colin W. Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie-Jayne R. Howes
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, United Kingdom
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Monteiro NO, Monteiro TM, Nogueira TSR, Cesar JR, Nascimento LPS, Campelo KA, Silveira GR, Antunes F, de Oliveira DB, de Carvalho Junior AR, Braz-Filho R, Vieira IJC. Antihypertensive Activity of the Alkaloid Aspidocarpine in Normotensive Wistar Rats. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36296487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaloid Aspidocarpine was isolated from the bark of Aspidosperma desmanthum. Its structure was elucidated by the spectral data of 1H and 13C-NMR (1D and 2D) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRESIMS). The antihypertensive activity was investigated by intravenous infusion in Wistar rats. This alkaloid significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the systolic, median, and diastolic blood pressures of rodents, without causing motor incoordination and imbalance in the rotarod test. The results indicate that the alkaloid Aspidocarpine exerts its antihypertensive activity without causing sedation or the impairment of motor functions.
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Santos AF, Santos Mota NSR, Schiefer EM, da Cunha RS, Junkert AM, Stinghen AEM, Pontarolo R, Crisma AR, Weffort-Santos AM, Pedrosa RC, de Souza WM, Felipe KB. The toxicity of Aspidosperma subincanum to MCF7 cells is related to modulation of oxidative status and proinflammatory pathways. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 281:114512. [PMID: 34384848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cancer is an inflammatory disease because carcinogenesis and tumor progression depend on intrinsic and extrinsic inflammatory pathways. Although species of the genus Aspidosperma are widely used to treat tumors, and there is ethnopharmacological evidence for traditional use of the species A. subincanum as an anti-inflammatory agent, its antineoplastic potential is unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate toxic effects of the indole alkaloid-rich fraction (IAF) of A. subincanum on the MCF7 cell line and identify some of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chromatographic analyses were performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of IAF were verified by MTT and clonogenic assays. Cell cycle alterations were analyzed by measuring DNA content, while propidium iodide and acridine orange staining was performed to determine the type of induced cell death. The expression of apoptosis markers and proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival pathways was analyzed by immunoblotting, RT-qPCR, and ELISAs. Interference with redox status was investigated using a DCFH-DA probe and by measuring catalase activity. RESULTS Chromatographic analyses showed that IAF is a complex mixture containing indole alkaloids. IAF selectively exerted toxic and antiproliferative effects, elevating the Bax/Bcl-xL ratio and inducing apoptosis in MCF7 cells. IAF decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and increased catalase activity, while reducing the IL-8 level and suppressing COX-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS IAF induces apoptosis in MCF7 cells by suppressing COX-2 expression while reducing IL-8 levels and intracellular content of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa F Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nádia S R Santos Mota
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88037-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Elberth M Schiefer
- Postgraduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paraná, 80230-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Regiane S da Cunha
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-000, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Allan M Junkert
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Andréa E M Stinghen
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-000, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto Pontarolo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda R Crisma
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Clinical Analyses, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Almeriane M Weffort-Santos
- Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Clinical Analyses, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Rozangela C Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88037-000, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Wesley M de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Karina B Felipe
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Clinical Analyses, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Lins FSV, da Silva VF, Tavares JF, dos Santos VL, da Silva Alves H. Bioguided Isolation of Alkaloids and Pharmacological Effects of the Total Alkaloid Fraction from Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Apocynaceae). Plants 2021; 10:2526. [PMID: 34834889 PMCID: PMC8625095 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aspidosperma pyrifolium is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. The aim of the study was to perform phytochemical characterization and evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and acute toxicity effects of the total alkaloid fraction (TAF-Ap) from stem barks. Two monoterpenic indole alkaloids were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and the structural elucidation was performed using 1D and 2D NMR analysis. As for toxicity, no animals died at 50 mg kg−1 and this concentration presented mild sedation and forced breathing within the first 24 h. The lethal dose capable of killing 50% of the animals (LD50) was estimated to be 160 mg kg−1. In the pharmacological tests, the models used were 1% carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis, 1% formalin-induced nociception and 1% acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in Swiss mice. The study made it possible to isolate 15-methoxyaspidospermine and 15-methoxypyrifolidine, corroborating the results of pharmacological assays, which showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential, especially at 30 mg kg−1 (p < 0.001). Thus, the species was shown to be a promising source of active substances, with special attention paid to its toxicological potential.
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Zhao S, Sirasani G, Andrade RB. Aspidosperma and Strychnos alkaloids: Chemistry and biology. Alkaloids Chem Biol 2021; 86:1-143. [PMID: 34565505 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Of Nature's nearly 3000 unique monoterpene indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan, those members belonging to the Aspidosperma and Strychnos families continue to impact the fields of natural products (i.e., isolation, structure determination, biosynthesis) and organic chemistry (i.e., chemical synthesis, methodology development) among others. This review covers the biological activity (Section 2), biosynthesis (Section 3), and synthesis of both classical and novel Aspidosperma (Section 4), Strychnos (Section 5), and selected bis-indole (Section 6) alkaloids. Technological advancements in genetic sequencing and bioinformatics have deepened our understanding of how Nature assembles these intriguing molecules. The proliferation of innovative synthetic strategies and tactics for the synthesis of the alkaloids covered in this review, which include contributions from over fifty research groups from around the world, are a testament to the creative power and technical skills of synthetic organic chemists. To be sure, Nature-the Supreme molecular architect and source of a dazzling array of irresistible chemical logic puzzles-continues to inspire scientists across multiple disciplines and will certainly continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzhi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo B Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Brígido HPC, Varela ELP, Gomes ARQ, Bastos MLC, de Oliveira Feitosa A, do Rosário Marinho AM, Carneiro LA, Coelho-Ferreira MR, Dolabela MF, Percário S. Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of ethanolic extract and fraction of alkaloids from bark of Aspidosperma nitidum in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18283. [PMID: 34521944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the acute and subacute toxicity of the ethanolic extract (EE) and alkaloid fraction (FA) from A. nitidum. The EE was obtained from trunk bark with ethanol, FA was obtained from the fractionation of EE. To test the acute toxicity, mice were divided into four groups, and the negative controls received water or aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide, whereas the others received EE or FA (2000 mg/kg, orally, single dose). The same controls were used in the subacute trial. However, the animals were treated for 28 days, and the dose used was 1000 mg/kg per day of EE and FA. Daily clinical evaluations of the animals were performed. At the end of the experiment, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological assessments (liver, lung, heart, and kidney) were performed. In the acute and subacute toxicity studies, mice treated with EE and FA did not show any clinical changes, there were no changes in weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters compared to the control groups (p > 0.05). In the histopathological examination, there was no abnormality in the organs of the treated animals. Therefore, EE and FA did not produce toxic effects in mice after acute and subacute treatment.
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Omar F, Tareq AM, Alqahtani AM, Dhama K, Sayeed MA, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Plant-Based Indole Alkaloids: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082297. [PMID: 33921093 PMCID: PMC8071433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based indole alkaloids are very rich in pharmacological activities, and the indole nucleus is considered to contribute greatly to these activities. This review's fundamental objective is to summarize the pharmacological potential of indole alkaloids that have been derived from plants and provide a detailed evaluation of their established pharmacological activities, which may contribute to identifying new lead compounds. The study was performed by searching various scientific databases, including Springer, Elsevier, ACS Publications, Taylor and Francis, Thieme, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, MDPI, and online scientific books. A total of 100 indole compounds were identified and reviewed. The most active compounds possessed a variety of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, analgesic, hypotensive, anticholinesterase, antiplatelet, antidiarrheal, spasmolytic, antileishmanial, lipid-lowering, antimycobacterial, and antidiabetic activities. Although some compounds have potent activity, some only have mild-to-moderate activity. The pharmacokinetic profiles of some of the identified compounds, such as brucine, mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, vindoline, and harmane, were also reviewed. Most of these compounds showed promising pharmacological activity. An in-depth pharmacological evaluation of these compounds should be performed to determine whether any of these indoles may serve as new leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Omar
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.O.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.O.); (A.M.T.)
| | - Ali M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Mohammed Abu Sayeed
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (F.O.); (A.M.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +88-0-167-041-9435 (M.A.S.); +88-0-181-994-2214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.-G.)
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +88-0-167-041-9435 (M.A.S.); +88-0-181-994-2214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.-G.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.S.); (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +88-0-167-041-9435 (M.A.S.); +88-0-181-994-2214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387000 (J.S.-G.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - He Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Xinxiang 453007, China
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de Almeida VL, Silva CG, Silva AF, Campana PRV, Foubert K, Lopes JCD, Pieters L. Aspidosperma species: A review of their chemistry and biological activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 231:125-140. [PMID: 30395977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Species of Aspidosperma are known popularly as "peroba, guatambu, carapanaúba, pau-pereiro" and "quina". The genus can be found in the Americas, mainly between Mexico and Argentina. Many species of Aspidosperma are used by the population in treating cardiovascular diseases, malaria, fever, diabetes and rheumatism. The phytochemical aspects of the species of the genus Aspidosperma have been studied extensively. The monoterpene indole alkaloids are the main secondary metabolites in Aspidosperma species, and about 250 of them have been isolated showing a considerable structural diversity. Several of them have showed some important pharmacological activities. Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. and Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. (Apocynaceae) are Brazilian species widely used by the population to treat diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia. The pharmacological activities of both species have been investigated and the biological properties described can be related to their isolated indole alkaloids. However, more pharmacological studies are needed in order to justify the use of these species in folk medicine. In this review, we present reports mainly focused on chemical and biological studies and their relationship with the ethnopharmacological use of both Aspidosperma species. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this review is to present their ethnopharmacological use as correlated to their biological activities as described for the extracts and isolated compounds from Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. and Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. In addition, some aspects related to the biosynthetic pathways are discussed, also NMR assignments and some synthesis information about indole alkaloids from both Aspidosperma species are included. MATERIAL AND METHODS The bibliographic search was made in theses and dissertations using some databases such as NDLTD (Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations), OATD (Open Access Theses and Dissertations) and Google Scholar. More data were gathered from books, Brazilian journals and articles available on electronic databases such as, Google Scholar, PubChem, Scifinder, Web of Science, SciELO, PubMed and Science Direct. Additionally, the Google Patents and Espacenet Patent Search (EPO) were also consulted. The keywords Aspidosperma, A. subincanum, A. tomentosum, indole alkaloids were used in the research. The languages were restricted to Portuguese, English and Spanish and references were selected according to their relevance. RESULTS A. subincanum Mart. and A. tomentosum Mart. (Apocynaceae) are Brazilian species widely used by the population to treat a few diseases. Extracts and isolated compounds of both species have shown antitumor and antimalarial activities. The antitumor activity of isolated compounds has been extensively studied. However, the antiplasmodial activity needs to be investigated further as well as the anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic and anorexigenic activities. From A. subincanum twenty-one indole alkaloids were isolated and some of them have been extensively studied. From the leaves and bark of A. tomentosum four alkaloids and one flavonoid were isolated. Furthermore, CG-MS analysis of seeds, branches, leaves and arils identified nine indole alkaloids. Stemmadenine has been proposed as a precursor of indole alkaloids obtained from some species of Aspidosperma. Many of the biosynthetic steps have been characterized at the enzymatic level and appropriate genes have been identified, however, other steps have yet to be investigated and they are still controversial. Some isolated alkaloids from A. subincanum and A. tomentosum were identified only by mass spectrometry. In many cases, their NMR data was either not available or was incomplete. The described meta-analysis of the available NMR data revealed that the chemical shifts belonging to the indole ring might be used to characterize this class of alkaloids within complex matrices such as plant extracts. The biological activities and the structural complexity of these compounds have stimulated the interest of many groups into their synthesis. In this review, some information about the synthesis of indole alkaloids and their derivatives was presented. CONCLUSIONS A. subincanum and A. tomentosum are used by the population of Brazil to treat many diseases. A few biological activities described for the extracts and isolated compounds of both species are in agreement with the ethnopharmacological use for others species of Aspidosperma, such as, antimalarial, the treatment of diabetes and other illnesses. These species are sources of leading compounds which can be used for developing new drugs. In addition, other biological activities reported and suggested by ethnopharmacological data have yet to be investigated and could be an interesting area in the search for new bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lúcia de Almeida
- Serviço de Fitoquímica e Prospecção Farmacêutica, Divisão de Ciência e Inovação, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Gontijo Silva
- Serviço de Fitoquímica e Prospecção Farmacêutica, Divisão de Ciência e Inovação, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Andréia Fonseca Silva
- Herbário PAMG, Departamento de Pesquisa, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Júlio César Dias Lopes
- Chemoinformatics group (NEQUIM), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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do Nascimento MS, Pina NDPV, da Silva ASB, Gomes LFDS, de Vasconcellos F, Brandão GC, do Nascimento MFA, de Oliveira AB, Barbosa WLR. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and identification, using tandem LC-MS, of alkaloids from Aspidosperma excelsum, a plant used to treat malaria in Amazonia. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 228:99-109. [PMID: 30201230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aspidosperma excelsum Benth. (Apocynaceae), a native tree in the Brazilian Amazonia, is traditionally used to treat various diseases, including malaria. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the chemical constitution, antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of samples obtained from A. excelsum trunk bark by different procedures aiming to evaluate their potential as an antimalarial phytomedicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hydroethanolic extract and alkaloid extracts were prepared and assayed for antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (W2 strain) and HepG2 cells, respectively. Taking into account the known occurrence and antimalarial activity of Aspidosperma monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIA), acid-base extractions were carried out and the fractions were assayed for antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity. All the samples were analysed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques, such as UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and HRMS (HPLC-MS MicroTOF), comparing their chemical composition to the literature data. RESULTS The hydroethanolic extract disclosed a moderate in vitro activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (W2 strain) with IC50 23.68 ± 3.08 µg/mL), low cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells (> 250 µg/mL) and good SI (> 10.56). A total of 20 known monoterpene indole alkaloids were identified, seven of which are here firstly described for A. excelsum. Known highly active alkaloids, namely demethylaspidospermine, aspidocarpine, and ochrolifuanine are present in active alkaloid fractions and might contribute to their observed antiplasmodial effect. An alkaloid fraction (Ae-Alk2), obtained directly from trunk bark by extraction with dil. aqueous HCl, pointed out for its activity (IC50 8.75±2.26 µg/mL, CC50 185.14±1.97 µg/mL, SI 21.16) and should be highlighted as the most promising out of the assayed samples. CONCLUSION The present results represent a preliminary support to the alleged antimalarial use of A. excelsum trunk bark and allowed to highlight alkaloid fractions as promising phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrth Soares do Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nayla di Paula Vieira Pina
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Andressa Santa Brigida da Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luís Fabio Dos Santos Gomes
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Vasconcellos
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, R. Diogo de Vasconcelos, 122, Pilar, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Alves do Nascimento
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner Luiz Ramos Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, CEP 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Ceravolo IP, Zani CL, Figueiredo FJB, Kohlhoff M, Santana AEG, Krettli AU. Aspidosperma pyrifolium, a medicinal plant from the Brazilian caatinga, displays a high antiplasmodial activity and low cytotoxicity. Malar J 2018; 17:436. [PMID: 30477525 PMCID: PMC6257952 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of Aspidosperma plants are referred to as remedies for the treatment of malaria, especially Aspidosperma nitidum. Aspidosperma pyrifolium, also a medicinal plant, is used as a natural anti-inflammatory. Its fractionated extracts were assayed in vitro for activity against malaria parasites and for cytotoxicity. Methods Aspidosperma pyrifolium activity was evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum using extracts in vitro. Toxicity towards human hepatoma cells, monkey kidney cells or human monocytes freshly isolated from peripheral blood was also assessed. Anti-malarial activity of selected extracts and fractions that presented in vitro activity were tested in mice with a Plasmodium berghei blood-induced infection. Results The crude stem bark extract and the alkaloid-rich and ethyl acetate fractions from stem extract showed in vitro activity. None of the crude extracts or fractions was cytotoxic to normal monkey kidney and to a human hepatoma cell lines, or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells; the MDL50 values of all the crude bark extracts and fractions were similar or better when tested on normal cells, with the exception of organic and alkaloidic-rich fractions from stem extract. Two extracts and two fractions tested in vivo caused a significant reduction of P. berghei parasitaemia in experimentally infected mice. Conclusion Considering the high therapeutic index of the alkaloidic-rich fraction from stem extract of A. pyrifolium, it makes the species a candidate for further investigation aiming to produce a new anti-malarial, especially considering that the active extract has no toxicity, i.e., no mutagenic effects in the genototoxicity assays, and that it has an in vivo anti-malarial effect. In its UPLC-HRMS analysis this fraction was shown to have two major components compatible with the bisindole alkaloid Leucoridine B, and a novel compound, which is likely to be responsible for the activity against malaria parasites demonstrated in in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela P Ceravolo
- Experimental and Human Malaria Section, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30.190-009, Brazil
| | - Carlos L Zani
- Chemistry of Natural Products Section, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30.190-009, Brazil
| | - Flávio J B Figueiredo
- Experimental and Human Malaria Section, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30.190-009, Brazil
| | - Markus Kohlhoff
- Chemistry of Natural Products Section, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30.190-009, Brazil
| | - Antônio E G Santana
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-900, Brazil.
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Experimental and Human Malaria Section, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30.190-009, Brazil.
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Abstract
The first enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-vallesine via a strategy that features a late-stage regioselective C17-oxidation followed by a highly stereoselective transannular cyclization is reported. The versatility of this approach is highlighted by the divergent synthesis of the archetypal alkaloid of this family, (+)-aspidospermidine, and an A-ring-oxygenated derivative, (+)-deacetylaspidospermine, the precursor to (-)-vallesine, from a common intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa H. Antropow
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kolby L. White
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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de Araújo DP, Nogueira PCN, Santos ADC, Costa RDO, de Lucena JD, Jataí Gadelha-Filho CV, Lima FAV, Neves KRT, Leal LKAM, Silveira ER, Viana GSB. Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart: neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a Parkinson's disease model in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:787-796. [PMID: 29490425 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aspidosperma species are used for several diseases, especially for malaria in Brazil. Although the genus is object of pharmacological studies, almost none are found on Aspidosperma pyrifolium. We investigate neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the APSE-Aq fraction (benzoic acid glycosylated derivative) on Parkinson's disease model. METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the right striatum and treated or not with APSE-Aq (100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.). The sham-operated group was injected with saline. Two weeks later, animals were subjected to behavioural, neurochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation. The data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test. KEY FINDINGS The APSE-Aq-treated group shows a partial recovery of behavioural changes as compared with the untreated-6-hydroxydopamine group. A partial recovery was also observed in nitrite contents and lipid peroxidation. APSE-Aq treatments significantly reversed decreases in striatal dopamine and metabolites in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group. Immunostainings for markers as tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter decreased in the untreated 6-hydroxydopamine group and values recovered after APSE-Aq treatments. Similar data were seen for TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION APSE-Aq presents neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Considering that APSE-Aq is chemically related to salicylic acid, it may act on similar targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane P de Araújo
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,State University of Rio Grande do Norte
| | - Patrícia C N Nogueira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Alan Diego C Santos
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edilberto R Silveira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Glauce S B Viana
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
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Kffuri CW, Lopes MA, Ming LC, Odonne G, Kinupp VF. Antimalarial plants used by indigenous people of the Upper Rio Negro in Amazonas, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 178:188-198. [PMID: 26656535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This is the first intercultural report of antimalarial plants in this region. The aim of this study was to document the medicinal plants used against malaria by indigenous people in the Upper Rio Negro region and to review the literature on antimalarial activity and traditional use of the cited species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 89 informants in five indigenous communities between April 2010 and November 2013 to obtain information on the use of medicinal plants against malaria. We reviewed academic databases for papers published in scientific journals up to January 2014 in order to find works on ethnopharmacology, ethnobotany, and antimalarial activity of the species cited. RESULTS Forty-six plant species belonging to 24 families are mentioned. Fabaceae (17.4%), Arecaceae (13.0%) and Euphorbiaceae (6.5%) account together for 36.9% of these species. Only seven plant species showed a relatively high consensus. Among the plant parts, barks (34.0%) and roots (28.0%) were the most widely used. Of the 46 species cited, 18 (39.1%) have already been studied for their antimalarial properties according to the literature, and 26 species (56.5%) have no laboratory essays on antimalarial activity. CONCLUSIONS Local traditional knowledge of the use of antimalarials is still widespread in indigenous communities of the Upper Rio Negro, where 46 plants species used against malaria were recorded. Our studies highlight promising new plants for future studies: Glycidendron amazonicum, Heteropsis tenuispadix, Monopteryx uaucu, Phenakospermum guianensis, Pouteria ucuqui, Sagotia brachysepala and notably Aspidosperma schultesii, Ampelozizyphus amazonicus, Euterpe catinga, E. precatoria, Physalis angulata, Cocos nucifera and Swartzia argentea with high-use consensus. Experimental validation of these remedies may help in developing new drugs for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Weber Kffuri
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômica de Botucatu, Departamento de Horticultura, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, 18.610-307 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Lin Chau Ming
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômica de Botucatu, Departamento de Horticultura, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, 18.610-307 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- CNRS-Guyane(USR 3456), 2 avenue Gustave Charlery, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Valdely Ferreira Kinupp
- Herbário EAFM, Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas (IFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Dolabela MF, Póvoa MM, Brandão GC, Rocha FD, Soares LF, de Paula RC, de Oliveira AB. Aspidosperma species as sources of anti-malarials: uleine is the major anti-malarial indole alkaloid from Aspidosperma parvifolium (Apocynaceae). Malar J 2015; 13 Suppl 1:498. [PMID: 26655827 PMCID: PMC4676157 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several species of the genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) are used for the treatment of human malaria in Brazil and other meso- and South American countries. METHODS Ethanol extract from Aspidosperma parvifolium trunk bark was submitted to acid-base extractions leading to alkaloid and neutral fractions. The alkaloid fraction was chromatographed over a silica gel column. Ethanol extract, fractions and uleine were analysed by HPLC-DAD, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and HPLC-ESI-MicroTOF-MS. The anti-malarial activity was assayed against resistant and sensitive chloroquine Plasmodium falciparum strains by microscopic, [(3)H]-hypoxanthine incorporation and HRPII techniques. Cytotoxicity (CC50) was evaluated against Vero and HepG2 cell lines by the MTT technique; selectivity indexes (SI = CC50/IC50) were calculated. RESULTS The major peak in the HPLC-DAD chromatograms of the ethanol extract, alkaloid and neutral fractions suggested the presence of uleine that was isolated from the alkaloid fraction by column chromatography and was characterized by spectroscopic methods. A total of 15 alkaloids, besides uleine, were identified in the alkaloid fraction by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and HPLC-ESI-MicroTOF-MS. The ethanol extract from Aspidosperma parvifolium and the neutral fraction were moderately active against P. falciparum strains. The alkaloid fraction and uleine disclosed high anti-malarial activity against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strain (IC50 < 1 µg/mL). The ethanol extract, neutral fraction and uleine showed low cytotoxicity against Vero and HepG2 cell lines (CC50 > 300 µg/mL). The alkaloid fraction showed moderate cytotoxicity to HepG2 cell line (CC50 = 74.4 µg/mL). High SI values (>10) were determined for all samples. CONCLUSION Ethanol extract from Aspidosperma parvifolium trunk bark afforded uleine that is the major constituent of the alkaloid fraction and disclosed a good in vitro anti-malarial activity. Moreover, 15 other indole alkaloids have been identified along with uleine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Marinete Marins Póvoa
- Laboratório de Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Br-316, Km 7, s/n, B. Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Geraldo Célio Brandão
- Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabíola Dutra Rocha
- Faculdade de Farmácia e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 38036-900, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Ferreira Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Renata Cristina de Paula
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Oliveira DR, Krettli AU, Aguiar ACC, Leitão GG, Vieira MN, Martins KS, Leitão SG. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used against malaria by quilombola communities from Oriximiná, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 173:424-34. [PMID: 26231451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is the most important parasitic disease in the world, including in the Amazon region, due to its high incidence. In addition, malaria is difficult to control because of the geographical characteristics of the endemic Amazon region. The quilombola communities of Oriximina, located in remote rainforest areas, have extensive experience with medicinal plants due to their close contact with and dependence on local biodiversity as a therapeutic resource. To search for active bioproducts against malaria, based on in vitro tests using blood culture-derived parasites and plants selected by an ethno-directed approach in traditional quilombola communities of Oriximiná, in the Amazon region of Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data were collected from 35 informants in the quilombola communities of Oriximiná, Brazil, by a free-listing method for the survey of species locally indicated to be effective against malaria and related symptoms. Data were analyzed by salience index (S) and major use agreement. The activity of extracts from 11 plants, selected based on their Salience values (four plants with S>1; seven plants with S<0.1), was measured in vitro in cultures of W2 clone Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to chloroquine. RESULTS Thirty-five ethnospecies comprising 40 different plants belonging to 23 botanical families and 37 genera were listed as antimalarials by the ethno-directed approach. Among these, 11 species selected based on their S values were assayed against P. falciparum. The most active plant extracts, with an IC50 as low as 1.6μg/mL, were obtained from Aspidosperma rigidum (Apocynaceae), Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) and Simaba cedron (Simaroubaceae), all of which displayed an S value>1. CONCLUSION A strong correlation between the consensus of the informants from quilombola communities living in a malaria endemic area and the salience index indicating antiplasmodial activity was observed, where the ethnospecies mostly cited to be effective against malaria produced the most active plant extracts in vitro. It was also evident from the data that these groups approached the treatment of malaria with an holistic view, making use of purgative, depurative, emetic and adaptogen plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo R Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malaria, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Av. Alfredo Balena, Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malaria, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Av. Alfredo Balena, Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilda G Leitão
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana N Vieira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karine S Martins
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana G Leitão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Coatti GC, Marcarini JC, Sartori D, Fidelis QC, Ferreira DT, Mantovani MS. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mechanism of action (via gene expression analysis) of the indole alkaloid aspidospermine (antiparasitic) extracted from Aspidosperma polyneuron in HepG2 cells. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1161-70. [PMID: 25894792 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspidospermine is an indole alkaloid with biological properties associated with combating parasites included in the genera Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanossoma. The present study evaluated the cytotoxicity (resazurin test), genotoxicity (comet assay) and mechanism of action (gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR) of this alkaloid in human HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that treatment with aspidospermine was both cytotoxic (starting at 75 μM) and genotoxic (starting at 50 μM). There was no significant modulation of the expression of the following genes: GSTP1 and GPX1 (xenobiotic metabolism); CAT (oxidative stress); TP53 and CCNA2 (cell cycle); HSPA5, ERN1, EIF2AK3 and TRAF2 (endoplasmic reticulum stress); CASP8, CASP9, CASP3, CASP7, BCL-2, BCL-XL BAX and BAX (apoptosis); and PCBP4, ERCC4, OGG1, RAD21 and MLH1 (DNA repair). At a concentration of 50 μM (non-cytotoxic, but genotoxic), there was a significant increase in the expression of CYP1A1 (xenobiotic metabolism) and APC (cell cycle), and at a concentration of 100 μM, a significant increase in the expression of CYP1A1 (xenobiotic metabolism), GADD153 (endoplasmic reticulum stress) and SOD (oxidative stress) was detected, with repression of the expression of GR (xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress). The results of treatment with aspidospermine at a 100 μM concentration (the dose indicated in the literature to achieve 89 % reduction of the growth of L. amazonensis) suggest that increased oxidative stress and an unfolded protein response (UPR) occurred in HepG2 cells. For the therapeutic use of aspidospermine (antiparasitic), chemical alteration of the molecule to achieve a lower cytotoxicity/genotoxicity in host cells is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Castello Coatti
- Centro de Pesquisas do Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, 106, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniele Sartori
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina (PR), Brazil
| | | | | | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina (PR), Brazil
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Reina M, Ruiz-Mesia L, Ruiz-Mesia W, Sosa-Amay FE, Arevalo-Encinas L, González-Coloma A, Martínez-Díaz R. Antiparasitic Indole Alkaloids from Aspidosperma desmanthum and A. spruceanum from the Peruvian Amazonia. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-three indole alkaloids were isolated from Aspidosperma desmanthum and A. spruceanum. Alkaloids 1-4 were isolated from the leaves, 5-8 from the stem bark and 9-15 from the root bark of A. desmanthum. Alkaloids 5, 11, 16, 17 and 19 were isolated from the stem bark, 18 and 20-22 from the root bark and 23 from the flowers of A. spruceanum. Compounds 4, 14, and 15 have not been previously reported as natural products while 16 and 20 have been isolated for the first time from the genus Aspidosperma. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC). The antiparasitic activity of these compounds was tested against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum and their non-specific cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. The most active compounds were 10, 12, 13, and 14 from A. desmanthum, and 19, 21 and 22 from A. spruceanum. Aspidolimine (10) aspidocarpine (12) and tubotaiwine (21) showed selective activity against L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Reina
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), CSIC, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lastenia Ruiz-Mesia
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | - Wilfredo Ruiz-Mesia
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | - Frida Enriqueta Sosa-Amay
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | - Leonor Arevalo-Encinas
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia (LIPNAA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Perú
| | | | - Rafael Martínez-Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Chierrito TPC, Aguiar ACC, de Andrade IM, Ceravolo IP, Gonçalves RAC, de Oliveira AJB, Krettli AU. Anti-malarial activity of indole alkaloids isolated from Aspidosperma olivaceum. Malar J 2014; 13:142. [PMID: 24731256 PMCID: PMC4006081 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) are used as treatments for human diseases in the tropics. Aspidosperma olivaceum, which is used to treat fevers in some regions of Brazil, contains the monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) aspidoscarpine, uleine, apparicine, and N-methyl-tetrahydrolivacine. Using bio-guided fractionation and cytotoxicity testing in a human hepatoma cell line, several plant fractions and compounds purified from the bark and leaves of the plant were characterized for specific therapeutic activity (and selectivity index, SI) in vitro against the blood forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Methods The activity of A. olivaceum extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds was evaluated against chloroquine (CQ)-resistant P. falciparum blood parasites by in vitro testing with radiolabelled [3H]-hypoxanthine and a monoclonal anti-histidine-rich protein (HRPII) antibody. The cytotoxicity of these fractions and compounds was evaluated in a human hepatoma cell line using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the SI was calculated as the ratio between the toxicity and activity. Two leaf fractions were tested in mice with Plasmodium berghei. Results All six fractions from the bark and leaf extracts were active in vitro at low doses (IC50 < 5.0 μg/mL) using the anti-HRPII test, and only two (the neutral and basic bark fractions) were toxic to a human cell line (HepG2). The most promising fractions were the crude leaf extract and its basic residue, which had SIs above 50. Among the four pure compounds evaluated, aspidoscarpine in the bark and leaf extracts showed the highest SI at 56; this compound, therefore, represents a possible anti-malarial drug that requires further study. The acidic leaf fraction administered by gavage to mice with blood-induced malaria was also active. Conclusion Using a bio-monitoring approach, it was possible to attribute the anti-P. falciparum activity of A. olivaceum to aspidoscarpine and, to a lesser extent, N-methyl-tetrahydrolivacine; other isolated MIA molecules were active but had lower SIs due to their higher toxicities. These results stood in contrast to previous work in which the anti-malarial activity of other Aspidosperma species was attributed to uleine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Prof, Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Shen XL, Zhao RR, Mo MJ, Peng FZ, Zhang HB, Shao ZH. Catalytic Enantioselective and Divergent Total Synthesis of (+)-10-Oxocylindrocarpidine, (+)-Cylindrocarpidine, (−)-N-Acetylcylindrocarpinol, and (+)-Aspidospermine. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2473-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Shen
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jie Mo
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang-Zhi Peng
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hui Shao
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Synthetic strategies are one of the most critical factors for the success of a synthetic campaign, but most importantly they are crucial for the economy and the efficiency of the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rizzo
- University of Groningen
- Stratingh Institute
- Groningen, Netherlands
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Dolabela MF, Oliveira SG, Peres JM, Nascimento JMS, Póvoa MM, Oliveira AB. In vitro antimalarial activity of six Aspidosperma species from the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013. [PMID: 23207699 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652012000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnomedicinal informations point to some Aspidosperma species (Apocynaceae) as antimalarial plants in Brazil and have motivated the evaluation of six species which were collected in the state of Minas Gerais: A. cylindrocarpon Müll. Arg., A. parvifolium A. DC., A. olivaceum Müll. Arg., A. ramiflorum Müll. Arg., A. spruceanum Benth. ex Müll. Arg. and A. tomentosum Mart.. A total of 23 extracts of different plant parts in different solvents were assayed in vitro against chloroquine-resistant (W2) and chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. All the extracts were shown to be active with IC50 values in the range of 5.0 ± 0 2.8 µg/mL to 65.0 ± 4.2 µg/mL. TLC profile of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids in the six species assayed. These results seem to confirm the popular use of Aspidosperma species to treat human malaria in Brazil and seem point to alkaloids as the putative active compounds of the assayed species.
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dos Santos Torres ZE, Silveira ER, Rocha e Silva LF, Lima ES, de Vasconcellos MC, de Andrade Uchoa DE, Filho RB, Pohlit AM. Chemical composition of Aspidosperma ulei Markgr. and antiplasmodial activity of selected indole alkaloids. Molecules 2013; 18:6281-97. [PMID: 23760029 PMCID: PMC6270234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new indole alkaloid, 12-hydroxy-N-acetyl-21(N)-dehydroplumeran-18-oic acid (13), and 11 known indole alkaloids: 3,4,5,6-tetradehydro-β-yohimbine (3), 19(E)-hunteracine (4), β-yohimbine (5), yohimbine (6), 19,20-dehydro-17-α-yohimbine (7), uleine (10), 20-epi-dasycarpidone (11), olivacine (8), 20-epi-N-nor-dasycarpidone (14), N-demethyluleine (15) and 20(E)-nor-subincanadine E (12) and a boonein δ-lactone 9, ursolic acid (1) and 1D,1O-methyl-chiro-inositol (2) were isolated from the EtOH extracts of different parts of Aspidosperma ulei Markgr. (Apocynaceae). Identification and structural elucidation were based on IR, MS, ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectral data and comparison to literature data. The antiplasmodial and antimalarial activity of 1, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 15 has been previously evaluated and 1 and 10 have important in vitro and in vivo antimalarial properties according to patent and/or scientific literature. With the aim of discovering new antiplasmodial indole alkaloids, 3, 4, 11, 12 and 13 were evaluated for in vitro inhibition against the multi-drug resistant K1 strain of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. IC₅₀ values of 14.0 (39.9), 4.5 (16.7) and 14.5 (54.3) mg/mL (mM) were determined for 3, 11 and 12, respectively. Inhibitory activity of 3, 4, 11, 12 and 13 was evaluated against NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts. None of these compounds exhibited toxicity to fibroblasts (IC₅₀ > 50 mg/mL). Of the five compounds screened for in vitro antiplasmodial activity, only 11 was active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelina Estevam dos Santos Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 2223 - CEP 69080-971, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil; E-Mails: (Z.E.S.T.); (L.F.R.S.)
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 12.200 - CEP 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil; E-Mails: (E.R.S.); (D.E.A.U.)
| | - Edilberto Rocha Silveira
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 12.200 - CEP 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil; E-Mails: (E.R.S.); (D.E.A.U.)
| | - Luiz Francisco Rocha e Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 2223 - CEP 69080-971, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil; E-Mails: (Z.E.S.T.); (L.F.R.S.)
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000 Campus Universitário, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil; E-Mails: (E.S.L.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000 Campus Universitário, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil; E-Mails: (E.S.L.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Marne Carvalho de Vasconcellos
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000 Campus Universitário, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil; E-Mails: (E.S.L.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Daniel Esdras de Andrade Uchoa
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 12.200 - CEP 60021-940, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil; E-Mails: (E.R.S.); (D.E.A.U.)
| | - Raimundo Braz Filho
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; E-Mail:
| | - Adrian Martin Pohlit
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 2223 - CEP 69080-971, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil; E-Mails: (Z.E.S.T.); (L.F.R.S.)
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Gordillo-Román B, Reina M, Ruiz-Mesia L, Ruiz-Mesia W, Joseph-Nathan P. Absolute configuration of indoline alkaloids from Geissospermum reticulatum. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Miranda Júnior RNC, Dolabela MF, da Silva MN, Póvoa MM, Maia JGS. Antiplasmodial activity of the andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl., Meliaceae) oil and its limonoid-rich fraction. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 142:679-683. [PMID: 22659195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE From seeds of Carapa guianensis the Amazon native people extracts the andiroba oil, which is traditionally used as febrifuge, anti-malarial, insecticidal and repellant. The non-saponifiable fraction separated from the oil is rich in limonoids, which assigns its pharmacological effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The andiroba oil and its limonoid-rich fraction were submitted to in vitro antiplasmodial bioassay using W(2) and Dd(2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The acute toxicity of andiroba oil was evaluated. The limonoid-rich fraction was subjected to fractionation and identified its major constituents. RESULTS Andiroba oil and its limonoid-rich fraction inhibited the growth of W(2) clone in 100%, between 24 and 72 h, at concentrations of 8.2 μg/mL and 3.1 μg/mL, respectively. Under the same conditions, the parasitaemia of Dd(2) clone provoked by the andiroba oil showed inhibition of 31% (IC(50) >82 μg/mL) with a time-dependent relationship of 24h and inhibition of 88% (IC(50) 8.4 μg/mL) after 72 h, while for the limonoid-rich fraction the inhibition of Dd(2) clone was 56% (IC(50) 2.8μg/mL) at 24h and 82% (IC(50) 0.4 μg/mL) after 72 h. Andiroba oil in acute toxicity test with a fixed dose (LD(50) >2000 mg/kg) was not toxic The limonoids identified in the oil were gedunin, 6α-acetoxygedunin, 7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin, 7-deacetylgedunin, 1,2-dihydro-3β-hydroxy-7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin and andirobin. Gedunin and derivatives has been reputed as anti-malarials. CONCLUSION The results support the traditional use of andiroba oil as antiplasmodial, which additionally proved not to be toxic in bioassays conducted with mice.
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Guimarães HA, Braz-Filho R, Vieira IJC. ¹H and ¹³C-NMR data of the simplest plumeran indole alkaloids isolated from Aspidosperma species. Molecules 2012; 17:3025-43. [PMID: 22406905 PMCID: PMC6268990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17033025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole alkaloids are the chemotaxonomic markers of the Aspidosperma genera. Those that have the simplest plumeran skeleton are classified as the precursors of biosynthetic routes and the intermediates for several synthetic reactions. This work aims to review the ¹H and ¹³C-NMR data, up to 2011, describing the skeleton of 35 different plumeran indole alkaloids, from a group of 46 of them, and highlight the main spectral differences amongst them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivo José Curcino Vieira
- Laboratory of Chemical Science, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil;
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Oliveira AB, Dolabela MF, Braga FC, Jácome RLRP, Varotti FP, Póvoa MM. Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phythomedicines. Part I. Alkaloids. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:715-40. [PMID: 19893898 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most serious world health problem and the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the endemic regions. Brazil is among the 30 high-burden countries and most of the cases occur in the Legal Amazonian Region. New chemotherapeutical agents are needed for the treatment of malaria. Many plant species are used in traditional medicines of malarious countries and a relatively few number of these have been investigated for evaluation of their antimalarial effect. Still lower is the number of those that have had the active natural compounds isolated and the toxicity determined. This area is, then, of great research interest. discovery project of antimalarial natural products from plants traditionally used to treat malaria must include in vitro and in vivo assays as well as bioguided isolation of active compounds. The final products would be antimalarial chemical entities, potential new drugs or templates for new drugs development, and/or standardized antimalarial extracts which are required for pre-clinical and clinical studies when the aim is the development of effective and safe phythomedicines. This review discusses these two approaches, presents briefly the screening methodologies for evaluation of antimalarial activity and focuses the activity of alkaloids belonging to different structural classes as well as its importance as new antimalarial drugs or leads and chemical markers for phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaíde B Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
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Aguiar GP, Wakabayashi KAL, Luz GF, Oliveira VB, Mathias L, Vieira IJC, Braz-Filho R, Crotti AEM. Fragmentation of plumeran indole alkaloids from Aspidosperma spruceanum by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:295-308. [PMID: 20049889 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation of six plumeran indole alkaloids (PIAs) previously isolated from Aspidosperma spruceanum has been investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in the positive ion mode. The fragmentation pathways have been established on the basis of MS/MS experiments using fragment ions generated in-source and deuterium-labeled alkaloids as precursor ions and on the basis of accurate mass measurements. Our results demonstrated that the fragmentation routes observed for the protonated PIAs are essentially derived from a pericyclic reaction and from the opening of rings D and E, followed by 1,4-hydrogen rearrangements. Product ions resulting from radical eliminations were also observed, contrary to the 'even-electron rule'. Our data reveals that some product ions from protonated PIAs provide crucial information for the characterization of the acyl substituent at N-1, the methoxyl and hydroxyl groups at the aromatic moiety, and give evidence of an ether bridge between C-18 and C-21. The data reported here were used for the dereplication of these compounds in a stem bark methanolic extract of Aspidosperma spruceanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela P Aguiar
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, 14404-600 Franca-SP, Brazil
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Galarreta BC, Sifuentes R, Carrillo AK, Sanchez L, Amado MDRI, Maruenda H. The use of natural product scaffolds as leads in the search for trypanothione reductase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6689-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Santos TAD, Ferreira DT, Pinto JP, Faccione M, Braz-Filho R. New Alkaloid from Aspidosperma Polyneuron Roots. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of Aspidosperma polyneuron, family Apocynaceae, were subjected to chemical and biological investigations. From an ethanolic extract of the roots, the new alkaloid 2,7-dihydroxyquebrachamine (1) was isolated. The structure was established mainly from 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The 1D and 2D NMR spectra were also used to assign all the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of this alkaloid. Artemia salina was used for a preliminary investigation of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Alves dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Moléculas Bioativas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86.051-970 Londrina – PR – Brazil
| | - Dalva Trevisan Ferreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Moléculas Bioativas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86.051-970 Londrina – PR – Brazil
| | - Jurandir Pereira Pinto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Moléculas Bioativas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86.051-970 Londrina – PR – Brazil
| | - Milton Faccione
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Moléculas Bioativas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86.051-970 Londrina – PR – Brazil
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Setor de Química de Produtos Naturais - LCQUI-CCT Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense 28.015-620, Campos – R.J., Brazil
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Frederich M, Tits M, Angenot L. Potential antimalarial activity of indole alkaloids. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison J Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Química-Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A. A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
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de Andrade-Neto VF, Pohlit AM, Pinto ACS, Silva ECC, Nogueira KL, Melo MRS, Henrique MC, Amorim RCN, Silva LFR, Costa MRF, Nunomura RCS, Nunomura SM, Alecrim WD, Alecrim MDGC, Chaves FCM, Vieira PPR. In vitro inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by substances isolated from Amazonian antimalarial plants. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:359-65. [PMID: 17568942 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a quassinoid, neosergeolide, isolated from the roots and stems of Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae), the indole alkaloids ellipticine and aspidocarpine, isolated from the bark of Aspidosperma vargasii and A. desmanthum (Apocynaceae), respectively, and 4-nerolidylcatechol, isolated from the roots of Pothomorphe peltata (Piperaceae), all presented significant in vitro inhibition (more active than quinine and chloroquine) of the multi-drug resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Neosergeolide presented activity in the nanomolar range. This is the first report on the antimalarial activity of these known, natural compounds. This is also the first report on the isolation of aspidocarpine from A. desmanthum. These compounds are good candidates for pre-clinical tests as novel lead structures with the aim of finding new antimalarial prototypes and lend support to the traditional use of the plants from which these compounds are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter F de Andrade-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia da Malária e Toxoplasmose, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil.
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de Mesquita ML, Grellier P, Mambu L, de Paula JE, Espindola LS. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Brazilian Cerrado plants used as traditional remedies. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 110:165-70. [PMID: 17097251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-seven species of native Brazilian Cerrado plants commonly used by traditional healers to treat malaria and other diseases were collected and 204 hexanic and ethanolic extracts were obtained by maceration. The antiplasmodial activity of the extracts was tested in vitro against a chloroquine resistant strain (FcB1) of Plasmodium falciparum, and cytotoxicity against the cell lines L-6 of rats and MRC-5 of human was evaluated. Thirty-two extracts showed significant inhibition rates of Plasmodium falciparum growth and of these six showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines. The strongest antiplasmodial activity was found for the hexanic extracts of Xylopia aromatica root wood (IC(50)=4.7 microg/ml), Xylopia emarginata root bark (IC(50)=4.9 microg/ml), Casearia sylvestris var. lingua leaves, stem wood and stem bark, and root wood and root bark (IC(50) values from 0.9 to 2.3 microg/ml), and Cupania vernalis leaves (IC(50)=0.9 microg/ml); and for the ethanolic extract of Aspidosperma macrocarpon root bark (IC(50)=4.9 microg/ml). However, the best selectivity towards Plasmodium falciparum was observed for the hexanic root bark extract of Matayba guianensis (IC(50) on Plasmodium falciparum=6.1 microg/ml, SI=16.4 for MRC-5) and the ethanolic root bark extract of Aspidosperma macrocarpon (IC(50) on Plasmodium falciparum=4.9 micro/ml, SI=16.2 for MRC-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- M L de Mesquita
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Kvist LP, Christensen SB, Rasmussen HB, Mejia K, Gonzalez A. Identification and evaluation of Peruvian plants used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 106:390-402. [PMID: 16517108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Households in eleven geographically and ethnically distinct areas in Loreto, Peru, were interviewed about their knowledge and use of plants, for the treatment of malaria and leishmaniasis. The survey resulted in 988 use records representing 118 plant-taxa for malaria and 289 use-records representing 85 plant-taxa for leishmaniasis. In both cases the 10 most frequently reported taxa accounted for about half of all the use-records. Plant material was collected and extracts were screened for in vitro inhibition of Plasmodium and Leishmania parasites. In the case of Plasmodium, extracts of 11 of the 13 most frequently reported plants showed significant growth inhibitory activity, while only a few plant extracts inhibited the growth of Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Kvist
- Department of Systematic Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 540, DK-8000 Arhus C., Denmark.
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Bourdy G, Oporto P, Gimenez A, Deharo E. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part VI. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by Isoceño-Guaraní Indians. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 93:269-77. [PMID: 15234764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-seven plant extracts (corresponding to 62 different species) traditionally used by the Isoceño-Guaraní, a native community living in the Bolivian Chaco, were screened for antimalarial activity in vitro on Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine sensitive strain (F32), and on ferriprotoporphyrin (FP) IX biocrystallisation inhibition test (FBIT). Among these extracts, seven displayed strong in vitro antimalarial activity, and 25 were active in the FBIT test. Positive results on both tests were recorded for six extracts: Argemone subfusiformis aerial part, Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco bark, Castela coccinea leaves and bark, Solanum argentinum leaves and Vallesia glabra bark. Results are discussed in relation with Isoceño-Guaraní traditional medicine. Further studies to be undertaken in relation with these results are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bourdy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement BP 165, 97300 Cayenne, Guyane, France.
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