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Zhan X, Hou L, He Z, Cao S, Wen X, Liu S, Li Y, Chen S, Zheng H, Deng D, Gao K, Yang X, Jiang Z, Wang L. Effect of Miscellaneous Meals Replacing Soybean Meal in Feed on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, and Microbiota Composition of 25-50 kg Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1354. [PMID: 38731358 PMCID: PMC11083263 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the effect of miscellaneous meals (rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal) replacing soybean meal in feed on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, serum biochemical parameters, serum free amino acid content, microbiota composition and SCFAs content in growing pigs (25-50 kg). A total of 72 (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) growing pigs with initial weights of 25.79 ± 0.23 kg were randomly divided into three treatments. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal (CON), corn-soybean-miscellaneous meals (CSM), and corn-miscellaneous meals (CMM). Each treatment included six replicates with four pigs per pen (n = 24, 12 barrows and 12 gilts). Soybean meal accounted for 22.10% of the basal diet in the CON group. In the CSM group, miscellaneous meals partially replaced soybean meal with a mixture of 4.50% rapeseed meal, 3.98% cottonseed meal, and 4.50% sunflower meal. In the CMM group, miscellaneous meals entirely replaced soybean meal with a mixture of 8.50% rapeseed meal, 8.62% cottonseed meal, and 8.5% sunflower. The results showed that compared with the CON, the CSM and CMM groups significantly improved the average daily gain (ADG) of growing pigs during the 25-50 kg stage (p < 0.05) but had no effects on average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily feed intake/average daily gain (F/G) (p > 0.05). Moreover, the CMM group significantly reduced nutrient apparent digestibility of gross energy compared with the CON group. The serum biochemical parameters results showed that the CSM group significantly improved the contents of total protein (TP) compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). The CMM group significantly improved the contents of total protein (TP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared with the CON group in serum (p < 0.05). In comparison with the CON group, the CMM group also significantly improved lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), phenylalanine (Phe), arginine (Arg), and citrulline (Cit) levels in serum (p < 0.05). However, the CMM group significantly decreased non-essential amino acid content glycine (Gly) in serum compared with CON (p < 0.05), while compared with the CON group, the CSM and CMM groups had no significant effects on the relative abundance, the alpha-diversity, or the beta-diversity of fecal microbiota. Moreover, compared with the CON group, the CSM group significantly increased butyric acid and valeric acid contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces (p < 0.05). In contrast to the CON group, the CMM group significantly reduced the contents of SCFAs in feces, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and isobutyric acid (p < 0.05). Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that miscellaneous meals (rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal) can partially replace the soybean meal and significantly improve the growth performance of growing pigs during the 25-50 kg stage. Thus, miscellaneous meals are a suitable protein source as basal diets to replace soybean meals for 25-50 kg growing pigs. These results can be helpful to further develop miscellaneous meals as a functional alternative feed ingredient to soybean meal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (L.H.); (Z.H.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.C.); (H.Z.); (D.D.); (K.G.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (L.H.); (Z.H.); (X.W.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.C.); (H.Z.); (D.D.); (K.G.); (X.Y.); (Z.J.)
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Acar MC, Türkekul B, Karahan Uysal Ö, Özkan S, Yalcin S. Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean with Local Alternative Sources on Growth, Blood Parameters, Welfare, and Economic Indicators of Local and Commercial Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:314. [PMID: 38275775 PMCID: PMC10812567 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of the partial replacement of soybean with alternative local agri-industry by-products and black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal on broiler growth performance, blood biochemistry, welfare, and, subsequently, economic performance of these diets were evaluated. A total of 524 day-old chicks from a local and a commercial strain were fed one of the three diets from the day of hatch to the slaughter age. The diets were the following: a soybean-based control diet, a diet in which soybean was partially replaced (SPR) with agri-industrial by-products, or a diet with BSF larvae meal added to the SPR (SPR + BSF). There was no effect of the diets on the slaughter weight, total feed consumption, and feed conversion of the chickens. The SPR + BSF diet reduced the blood glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in the local chickens and the gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein, and creatinine levels in the commercial broilers. The negative effect of the SPR diet on plumage cleanliness in the commercial broilers was alleviated by the SPR + BSF diet, whereas 100% of the local birds presented either slight or moderate soiling. The results showed that, due to the high cost of the BSF larvae meal, the SPR + BSF diet was not economically feasible. In a further study, the price trends of BSF larvae will be examined from the standpoint of economic profitability conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muazzez Cömert Acar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (M.C.A.); (S.Ö.)
| | - Berna Türkekul
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (B.T.); (Ö.K.U.)
| | - Özlem Karahan Uysal
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (B.T.); (Ö.K.U.)
| | - Sezen Özkan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (M.C.A.); (S.Ö.)
| | - Servet Yalcin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (M.C.A.); (S.Ö.)
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Maniat M, Salati AP, Zanguee N, Mousavi SM, Hoseinifar SH. Effects of Dietary Pediococcus acidilactici and Isomaltooligosaccharide on Growth Performance, Immunity, and Antioxidant Defense in Juvenile Common Carp. Aquac Nutr 2023; 2023:1808640. [PMID: 36860979 PMCID: PMC9973223 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1808640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the synbiotic effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) and isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) on the performance of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total of 360 fish (17.22 ± 0.19 g) were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates of 20 fish each. The trial continued for 8 weeks. The control group was fed only basal diet; PA was fed basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg (1010 CFU/kg) PA, IMO5 (5 g/kg IMO), IMO10 (10 g/kg IMO), PA-IMO5 (1 g/kg PA and 5 g/kg IMO), and PA-IMO10 (1 g/kg PA and 10 g/kg IMO). The results indicated that the diet containing 1 g/kg PA and 5 g/kg IMO significantly increased the fish growth performance and decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Overall, blood biochemical parameters, serum (lysozyme, complements C3 and C4) and mucosal (protein, total immunoglobulin, and lysozyme) immune responses, and antioxidant defense of fish also improved in the PA-IMO5 group (p < 0.05). Therefore, a combination of 1 g/kg (1010 CFU/kg) PA and 5 g/kg IMO can be recommended as a beneficial synbiotic additive and immunostimulant in juvenile common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Maniat
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Amir Parviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Nasim Zanguee
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Wan Y, Ma R, Qi R, Lu J, Wang Z, Ma Q, Liu W, Li J, Li Y, Zhan K. Effects of dietary fermented peony seed dreg on the laying performance, albumen quality, antioxidant capacity, and n-3 PUFA-enriching property of laying hens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1109869. [PMID: 36713874 PMCID: PMC9878678 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1109869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is of great importance to seek agro-industrial byproducts that can serve as unconventional or alternative feedstuffs for poultry, especially those that are substitutive sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as this will contribute to alleviating feed shortage pressure and improving poultry performance and product quality. In this study, the effects of dietary fermented peony seed dreg (FPSD) on the production performance of hens and fatty acid composition of meat and egg yolk were evaluated. Methods A total of 480 54-week-old Xinyang chickens were divided into 5 groups: control (basal diet); 5% peony seed dreg (PSD); and 5%, 7% and 9% FPSD, and each group consisted of 6 replicates with 16 birds per replicate. Production performances were recorded daily, and egg quality, serum parameters, antibody titers and fatty acid profile in the muscle and yolk were measured at 64 weeks of age. Results and discussion Egg production, feed conversion ratio and egg albumen quality were improved (p < 0.05) by 5% and 7% FPSD groups compared to 5% PSD and the control diet. Immune status was not influenced by PSD, but antibody titres against H7N9 and ND were improved by FPSD diets during most of the experimental periods. Dietary 5% and 7% FPSD increased (p < 0.05) serum high density lipoprotein concentrations and glutathione peroxidase actives. Total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in meat and yolk increased gradually, while the total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio decreased gradually with increasing dietary FPSD levels. In conclusion, up to 7% dietary FPSD has the potential use to be utilized as a supplement in Xinyang laying hen diets to produce n-3 PUFA-enriched meat and eggs and positively affect production performance and health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ruiyu Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Renrong Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zaigui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Junying Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Kai Zhan ✉
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Bornaei L, Salari S, Erfani majd N. Effect of electron beam irradiated barley grains on growth performance, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility, microbial population, and intestinal histomorphometry in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2089151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotfollah Bornaei
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Salari
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Naeem Erfani majd
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zając M, Kiczorowska B, Samolińska W, Klebaniuk R, Andrejko D, Kiczorowski P, Milewski S, Winiarska-Mieczan A. Supplementation of Broiler Chicken Feed Mixtures with Micronised Oilseeds and the Effects on Nutrient Contents and Mineral Profiles of Meat and Some Organs, Carcass Composition Parameters, and Health Status. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131623. [PMID: 35804522 PMCID: PMC9265055 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we included 15% doses of infrared-irradiated camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds in the diets of broiler chickens (grower and finisher) and focused on assessing the effects on the production traits, selected slaughter analysis parameters, nutrients, and minerals in breast and drumstick meat and some organs, i.e., liver, proventriculus, and heart. In total, 200 one-day-old broiler chickens were assigned randomly to four treatments with five replicate cages of 10 broiler chickens per cage (five females and five males). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. In the group of broiler chickens in which diets were supplemented with micronised camelina and flax seeds, there was an increase in (p < 0.05) breast, thigh, and drumstick weight and a decrease (p < 0.05) in the abdominal fat of the carcasses. The oilseed treatments reduced the ether extract content and the calorific value in the breast and drumstick muscles and organs. The flax seeds contributed to an increase in the contents of Ca (breast muscle and liver), Cu (breast muscle and proventriculus), and Fe (drumstick muscle and heart). Likewise, some blood parameters were influenced by supplementation with infrared-irradiated camelina and flax seeds, for example, there was a decrease in the haemoglobin level and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (p < 0.05). The oilseed treatments also modified the contents of Fe and Ca in the blood plasma of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). It may be concluded that infrared-irradiated camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be regarded as good diet components exerting positive effects on the dietary value of poultry meat and organs used in dietetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Zając
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.S.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (A.W.-M.)
| | - Bożena Kiczorowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.S.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (A.W.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-445-69-15
| | - Wioletta Samolińska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.S.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (A.W.-M.)
| | - Renata Klebaniuk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.S.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (A.W.-M.)
| | - Dariusz Andrejko
- Department of Biological Bases of Food and Feed Technologies, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka Street 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (D.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kiczorowski
- Department of Biological Bases of Food and Feed Technologies, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka Street 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; (D.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Szymon Milewski
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.S.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (A.W.-M.)
| | - Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka Street 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.S.); (R.K.); (S.M.); (A.W.-M.)
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Yaqoob MU, Yousaf M, Imran S, Hussan S, Iqbal W, Zahid MU, Ahmad N, Wang M. Effect of partially replacing soybean meal with sunflower meal with supplementation of multienzymes on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, ileal digestibility, digestive enzyme activity and caecal microbiota in broilers. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1575-1584. [PMID: 35240018 PMCID: PMC9449385 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower meal (SFM) with added exogenous multienzymes (MEs) on various biological parameters in broilers. Methods One week-old, 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM) with 5 replicates/treatment (20 chicks/replicate). Control diet was without SFM and MEs, while diets of 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM treatments were prepared by replacing SBM with SFM at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, and were supplemented with MEs (100 mg/kg). Feeding trial was divided into grower (8 to 21 day) and finisher phases (22 to 35 day). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. At the end of trial, twenty birds (one birds per replicate) with similar body weight were slaughtered for samples collection. Results No significant effect of dietary treatments was found on all parameters of growth performance and carcass characteristics, except relative weight of bursa. Weight (25.0 g) and length (15.80 cm) of duodenum were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. Lowest (p<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio was found in 3SFM and 9SFM than control. Most of meat quality parameters remained unaffected, however, highest pH of breast meat (6.16) and thigh meat (6.44) were observed in 9SFM and 3SFM, respectively. Lowest (p<0.05) cook loss of thigh meat was found in 6SFM (31.76%). Ileal digestibility of crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM (72.35%) than control (69.46%). In addition, amylase (16.87 U/mg) and protease (85.18 U/mg) activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. However, cecal microbial count remained unaffected. Conclusion Partial replacement (up to 9%) of SBM with SFM, with added MEs can help to improve the nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities without affecting cecal microbial count and growth performance in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Yaqoob
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern China), Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Imran
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Hussan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Iqbal
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umer Zahid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Minqi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern China), Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Mbukwane MJ, Nkukwana TT, Plumstead PW, Snyman N. Sunflower Meal Inclusion Rate and the Effect of Exogenous Enzymes on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030253. [PMID: 35158577 PMCID: PMC8833652 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Over the years, there has been an increase in the price of traditionally used protein sources such as soybean meal (SBM) in broiler feed. This has necessitated the need for alternative protein sources that can partially substitute the SBM protein and reduce the cost of feeding. Sunflower meal (SFM), a by-product from the oil processing industry, is available in significantly high quantities throughout the year at lower cost. SFM can be produced in drought-stricken places with good harvest and is less prone to fungal infestation. Although SFM has protein levels ranging between 32 and 37 percent, its inclusion levels in broiler diets have been limited to 5% due to high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides, low metabolizable energy and lysine levels. This presents challenges in feed manufacturing, since composition depends on the amount of oil extracted and retained hulls, with effects on the digestive efficiency of broiler chicks, especially in the first 21 d of growth. The use of multi-enzymes that target specific substrates in SFM can potentially allow an increase in its inclusion levels, thereby reducing the deleterious anti-nutritional effects from non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs). Additionally, multienzyme supplementation can result in flock uniformity and environmental pollution reduction due to less nutrient loss in manure. Abstract The study examined the effect of de-hulled sunflower meal (SFM) inclusion rate and exogenous enzymes (EE) on broilers production performance. A four-feeding phase of pre-starter (1–9 d), grower (10–20 d), finisher (21–28 d) and post-finisher (29–35 d) was used with SFM included as low (BSL) and high (BSH) in all phases. BLS inclusion was 3% throughout phases and BSH inclusion was 7.5%, 10%, 13% and 13.5% for the 4-phases. Each SFM had a negative control (NC) (BSL− and BSH−) and positive (PC) (BSL+ and BSH+) control with additional 80 kcal Apparent Metabolizable Energy. Enzymes: xylanase (X), xylanase + beta-glucanase (XB), xylanase + beta-glucanase + protease (XBP) and xylanase + amylase + protease (XAP) were added to the NC and PC to give 6 treatments. Pen body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were determined at 9, 20, 28 and 35 d and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated accordingly. Diets were fed ad libitum to 1920 male Ross 308 broilers. Diet type, enzyme and diet by enzyme interactions were not significantly different amongst treatment diets. During the pre-starter and the grower phase, all studied parameters did not significantly differ from each other. All studied parameters were significantly influenced by enzyme addition and diet-type and enzyme interaction at 35 d except for diet type on FCR. Broilers fed BSH supplemented with XAP recorded the highest BWG (2.69 kg), whereas broiler chickens on BSL and supplemented with XBP recorded the lowest BWG (2.60 kg). SFM can be increased to 13% and 13.5% finisher and post-finisher diets without negatively affecting performance, and X and XAP enzymes can improve BWG of broilers grown to 35 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbuso Jethro Mbukwane
- Department Wildlife and Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Thobela T. Nkukwana
- Department Wildlife and Animal Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Peter W. Plumstead
- Chemuniqué (Pty) Ltd., 28 Eagle Lane, Lanseria Business Park, Lanseria 1739, South Africa; (P.W.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Natasha Snyman
- Chemuniqué (Pty) Ltd., 28 Eagle Lane, Lanseria Business Park, Lanseria 1739, South Africa; (P.W.P.); (N.S.)
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Ruan D, Dai Z, Fouad AM, Zhang Y, Li C, Wang S, Huang X, Li K, Sun Y, You J, Zheng C. Effects of dietary sunflower meal supplementation on productive performance, antioxidative capacity, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota in laying ducks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Tamiru B, Alkhtib A, Tamiru M, Demeke S, Burton E, Tolemariam T, Debela L, Janssens GPJ. Evaluation of dried papaya pomace meal in laying hen diets. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1914-1920. [PMID: 33955695 PMCID: PMC8464233 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for alternative feed resources for laying hens, papaya pomace is available as industrial by-product but information on its nutritive value is lacking. Dried papaya pomace was included in a common laying hen diet at 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% to evaluate its effect on egg production performance, egg quality and general health parameters in Bovan brown layers. For every inclusion level, three cages with ten 20-week-old layers were used, making a total of 120 hens. The effect of dried papaya pomace inclusion on egg production, egg quality and general health parameters was evaluated. Dried papaya pomace inclusion improved egg production and laying by 6.15% and 17% respectively, while it significantly decreased feed conversion ratio by 7.5%. Eggshell weight, thickness and strength of PP5 were higher than the control by 0.3 g, 0.8 mm and 0.43 kg/cm2 , respectively. There was a significant improvement in albumin weight (by 1.5 g/L), albumin height (2.1 mm), yolk weight (0.4 g/L), yolk height (0.4 mm), yolk colour (4.4 points) and Haugh unit (8 points) due to PP5 treatment. Inclusion of papaya pomace at a level of 7.5% of layers diet had negative effect on Egg production, feed conversion ratio and interior and exterior egg quality traits. Inclusion of papaya pomace affected significantly serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum low density lipoprotein, serum high density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and white blood cell count. However, all blood traits of the experimental animals were within the normal ranges reported for layers. Inclusion of papaya pomace in 5% of layers commercial diets improves egg production and quality without negative impact on health while decreasing feeding cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogale Tamiru
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ashraf Alkhtib
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Metekia Tamiru
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Demeke
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Emily Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Taye Tolemariam
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lemessa Debela
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Rajkumar U, Rama Rao SV, Raju MVLN, Chatterjee RN. Backyard poultry farming for sustained production and enhanced nutritional and livelihood security with special reference to India: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:176. [PMID: 33611639 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review on backyard poultry farming (BYPF) was carried out with respect to history, status, production systems, management practices, role in socio-economic development, etc., considering the Indian scenario in particular. Backyard poultry is an age-old traditional practice where small numbers of native chickens are reared with or without inputs under the free-range scavenging conditions. Currently, BYPF contributes about 17.8% (18.41 billion) of the total egg production (103.32 billion) of India. The introduction of high yielding chicken varieties, which resemble the native chicken, transformed the BYPF into a highly remunerative farming activity. The BYPF has a proven potential to alleviate poverty, eradicate malnutrition, empower women, and provide subsidiary income, and gainful employment in rural and tribal areas. In India, four types of backyard poultry farming are practiced, i.e., traditional, small-scale rural, small-scale intensive, and native chicken farming. The aspects of breeding and nutritional strategies in the nursery, and free-range conditions, besides the housing and health care practices that are followed in India, are discussed in detail. Backyard poultry farming has huge potential for further expansion as the produce from this system is preferred across the country.
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Moradi Yeganeh Z, Salari S, Mirzadeh K, Sari M, Ghorbani M. Evaluation of various levels of sweet almond meal as a source of protein on the production variables and immune response of broiler chickens. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:491-499. [PMID: 33161644 PMCID: PMC8025608 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of a sweet almond meal (SAM) as a source of protein on performance and immune responses of broiler chickens. Treatments consisted of different levels of SAM (7%, 14%, 21% and 28% of diet) and control diet that was performed in a completely randomized design in 42 days. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly. Carcass characteristics and blood variables were measured on the 42 day of age. Immune response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) was assessed at d 35 and d 42 (7 days after each injection). White blood cell count was done at d 28. The results showed that chickens fed 28% of SAM had lowest FI during the experiment. During grower period and also whole period of experiment, BWG was highest in chickens that consumed 7% SAM. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly increased in chickens fed 28% SAM compared to the other treatments during grower period and also whole period of the experiment. The relative weight of thigh and breast significantly decreased and the relative weight of GIT increased by increasing levels of SAM in the diet. The concentration of cholesterol and LDL significantly decreased in chickens that consumed SAM in the diet. However, the highest glucose and HDL concentration were observed in chickens fed 28% SAM in the diet. Treatments did not have a significant effect on the immune response of broilers (primary and secondary SRBC antibody titres, relative weights of spleen and bursa of fabricius and white blood cell count) (p > 0.05). The results of this study show that a diet supplemented with SAM at the level of 14%, due to the improved FCR and decreased blood cholesterol and LDL concentration, can be a good replacement for soybean meal in broiler chicken's nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Moradi Yeganeh
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Salari
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khalil Mirzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sari
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran
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El-Deek AA, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Osman M, El-Shafey M, Khalifah AM, Elkomy AE, Lohakare J. Alternative feed ingredients in the finisher diets for sustainable broiler production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17743. [PMID: 33082479 PMCID: PMC7576801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the utilization of alternative protein feed ingredients including sunflower meal (SFM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) as a mixture in a partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) in broiler finisher diets with different protein levels and also to evaluate their effect on birds' performance, environmental aspects of litter, cecal microbes, and economic prospects. A total of 576 (19 days old) Cobb 500 broiler chicks were fed eight finisher diets consisting of 4 control (CTL) diets based on SBM with different crude protein (CP) levels (CTL21, CTL20, CTL19, and CTL18, containing 21%, 20%, 19%, and 18% CP, respectively) and 4 test diets with alternative protein sources (APS21, APS20, APS19, and APS18, containing 21%, 20%, 19%, and 18% CP, respectively) using a 15% combination of alternative protein sources (2.5% CGM, 5% SFM, and 7.5% DDGS) until 35 days of age. The results indicated that birds fed test diets APS21 and APS20 recorded the highest (P < 0.05) body weight compared to other treatments, but it was not different than the CTL diets fed at these CP levels. The birds fed CTL18 or APS18 recorded the worst feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to other treatments. Moreover, birds fed test diet containing APS21 recorded better (P < 0.05) European performance efficiency factor and better economic efficiency when compared to other treatments, but it was not different than CTL21. In addition, birds fed diets APS21 and CTL19 showed significantly increased litter Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05) compared to other treatments. Cecal Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were not affected by CTL or APS diets. The counts of cecal Salmonella spp. increased in the CTL21 group compared to other groups. In conclusion, alternative feed ingredients (protein sources) in broiler finisher diets have positive effects in a sustainable way on the productive performance, litter and cecal microbial counts, and improved economic efficiency when compared to CTL diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A El-Deek
- Poultry Production Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A A Abdel-Wareth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Mona Osman
- Poultry Production Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | | | - Ayman M Khalifah
- Livestock Department, Arid Land Cultivating Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA City), 21934, New Borg El Arab, Egypt
| | - Alaa E Elkomy
- Livestock Department, Arid Land Cultivating Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA City), 21934, New Borg El Arab, Egypt
- Faculty of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Department of Agriculture-Animal Science Option, University of Arkansas At Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA.
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Rama Rao SV, Prashanth K, Paul SS, Raju MVLN, Nagalakshmi D, Prakash B. Evaluation of feeding value of combination of alternate protein sources in White Leghorn layers. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:710-718. [PMID: 32696679 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1799331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including graded levels of an alternate protein mixture (APM) containing cottonseed meal, distillery dried grain with solubles and mustard seed meal in a fixed ratio as a substitute for soybean meal in layer diets (hens aged 27 to 46 weeks). The trial studied the possibility of higher inclusion levels of APM with increased dietary concentrations of crude protein (CP) or critical amino acids (CAA). 2. Maize-soybean meal diet was used as the control diet. In experiment 1, APM was included at 0, 120, 160 and 200 g/kg diet (145 g/kg CP). In experiment 2, the control and three test diets (200 g/kg APM) with three levels of CP (145, 155 and 165 g/kg) were used. In experiment 3, a control and four test diets (200 g/kg APM) with four concentrations of CAA (100%, 105%, 110% and 115% relative to the control) were used. In all experiments, each diet was fed ad libitum to nine replicates of 88 birds each, housed in colony cages. 3. In experiment 1, egg production (EP) and feed intake (FI) were not affected by feeding up to 160 g/kg APM, but, at 200 g/kg, EP was significantly reduced. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the hens fed the highest level of APM was similar to the control. Egg weight (EW) and egg mass (EM) in the 160 and 200 g/kg AMS groups were lower than the control group. 4. Increase in dietary CP from 145 to 155 g/kg improved EP and reduced FCR to levels similar to the control group. EM in hens fed 165 g/kg APM was similar to the control in experiment 2. 5. Increasing concentrations of CAA progressively improved EP and reduced FCR in experiment 3. The EP at CAA 110% and FCR at CAA 105% were similar to the control group. 6. Based on the results, it was concluded that the APM can be included up to 160 g/kg diet without affecting layer performance, as long as the diet supplied the recommended levels of protein and amino acids. By increasing either protein from 145 to 155 g/kg or CAA concentrations by 10%, the dietary levels of the APM could be increased to 200 g/kg without affecting the layer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Rama Rao
- Principal Scientist (Poultry Science), ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research , Hyderabad, India
| | - K Prashanth
- College of Veterinary Science, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University , Hyderabad, India
| | - S S Paul
- Principal Scientist (Poultry Science), ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research , Hyderabad, India
| | - M V L N Raju
- Principal Scientist (Poultry Science), ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research , Hyderabad, India
| | - D Nagalakshmi
- College of Veterinary Science, PVNR Telangana Veterinary University , Hyderabad, India
| | - B Prakash
- Principal Scientist (Poultry Science), ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research , Hyderabad, India
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Krieg J, Siegert W, Berghaus D, Bock J, Feuerstein D, Rodehutscord M. Phytase supplementation effects on amino acid digestibility depend on the protein source in the diet but are not related to InsP 6 degradation in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3251-3265. [PMID: 32475461 PMCID: PMC7597682 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine phytase effects on prececal amino acid (AA) digestibility and phytate (InsP6) breakdown when different oilseed meals were used in broiler chicken diets. The study included 14 diets: a corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal diet and 6 diets that contained SBM, rapeseed meal (RSM), and sunflower meal (SFM) with 2 inclusion levels at the expense of corn starch (150 and 300 g/kg SBM or SFM, or 100 and 200 g/kg RSM). Each diet was mixed with or without a phytase supplement of 1,500 FTU/kg. Diets were provided to broilers for 5 D. Digesta from the posterior half of the ileum were collected on day 21. The average essential AA digestibility, calculated by a regression approach, without and with phytase was 84 and 85% (SBM), 74 and 77% (SFM), and 66 and 73% (RSM), respectively. In the diets, phytase effects on AA digestibility were lower owing to other protein sources also present in the diet, but significant. Prececal InsP6 disappearance was significantly affected by interactions between oilseed meal, inclusion level, and phytase supplementation. Overall, prececal InsP6 disappearance was higher in SBM diets (52%) than in SFM diets (38%) and intermediate in RSM diets (43%). Across diets, phytase supplementation effects on prececal InsP6 degradation linearly increased with the InsP6 concentration of the diet up to 12 g/kg DM. The only exception from linearity was the diet with the high inclusion of SFM, which contained 15.9 g InsP6/kg DM. In the ileal content, the concentration of myo-inositol was significantly increased by phytase supplementation, and this effect was highest in the diets that contained SBM as the only oilseed meal. Concentrations of lower inositol phosphates were increased by phytase supplementation, and this effect was most remarkable for Ins(1,2,3,4)P4 and inositol tetrakisphosphates. The study showed that phytase effects on AA digestibility varied among the 3 tested oilseed meals, but these differences were not detectable in the diets containing these meals. Although phytase effects on ileal content of InsP6 and its degradation products were substantial, they were not related to the effects on AA digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Krieg
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Daniel Berghaus
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Johannes Bock
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | | | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
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Zając M, Kiczorowska B, Samolińska W, Klebaniuk R. Inclusion of Camelina, Flax, and Sunflower Seeds in the Diets for Broiler Chickens: Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients, Growth Performance, Health Status, and Carcass and Meat Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020321. [PMID: 32085556 PMCID: PMC7070380 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The presented results were obtained in a scientific trial, in which the addition of camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds to Ross 308 broiler diets was tested in terms of improvement of production efficiency, health status parameters, and quality of poultry meat. The results of the research showed that the tested full-fat seeds can be considered good dietary ingredients with a positive effect on the poultry production process and, consequently, on the dietary value of poultry meat. Abstract The study determined the effect of the addition of 15% of camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds to iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets for broiler chickens during 21–42 days of age on the nutrient digestibility, production traits, slaughter analysis parameters, hematological indices, blood mineral elements, and dietary value of breast and drumstick meat. Two hundred one-day-old broiler chickens were assigned to four groups (treatments) with five replicates (10 birds per cage, 5 females and 5 males). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. Broiler chickens receiving diets supplemented with camelina and flax seeds exhibited an increase (p < 0.05) in average body weight and a decrease (p < 0.05) in the ether extract content and energy digestibility of the diets. Moreover, the best carcass quality with a high proportion of muscles and low abdominal fat content (p < 0.05) was noted in broilers fed flax- and sunflower-enriched diets. The treatments with the oil seeds reduced the ether extract content and the calorific value of breast and drumstick muscles. The flax seeds contributed to an increase in the Fe content in drumstick muscles. Additionally, some blood parameters were influenced by the flax seed supplementation, e.g., the level of hemoglobin declined (p < 0.05) and the iron level in plasma increased (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be regarded as good dietary components with positive effects on the dietary value of poultry meat.
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Mhlomi YN, Otunola GA, Afolayan AJ. Biochemical, Hematological and Histopathological Indices of Wistar Rats Fed Vitamin and Mineral Deficient Diets Supplemented with Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal. CNF 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666190618091752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Moringa oleifera is currently and rapidly gaining superfood status.
Objective:
This study evaluated the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOLM) on haematological,
biochemical and histopathology indices of rats fed with Vitamins and Minerals Deficient (VMD) diets.
Methods:
Twenty-five male Wistar rats (220-290g) were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 5 rats
each. The control (normal rat chow), remaining four diets were VMD plus MOLM at 0, 3, 5 and
10%. Haematological, biochemical and histopathological statuses were evaluated after 28 days.
Results:
Non-significant increase in RBC was observed in rats fed with the MOLM diets compared
to control. Rats on VMD diet had the lowest haemoglobin levels, whereas haemoglobin increased
with MOLM. No significant differences were observed in haematocrit, MCH, MCHC, platelets,
RDW and MPV in all the treatments and control group. However, VMD rats showed a decrease in
haemoglobin, and an increase in WBC and platelets. Electrolytes and glucose for all the treatments
and control were not significantly different, but, control and VMD10 diets rats showed significantly
higher values for creatinine compared to MOLM diets; total protein and albumin increased with
MOLM and were higher than in VMD and control rats. Serum activities of hepatic, cardiac and adrenal
marker enzymes were observed to be significantly lower in MOLM rats compared to VMD and
control. Mild congestion in VMD and VMD3 rats’ liver and diffused congestion in the kidney of
VMD diet rats were observed.
Conclusion:
The significantly high increase in platelet count in the VMD treated rats, indicative of
anemia and other physiological imbalances, highlights the effect of micronutrient (mineral and vitamins)
deficiencies in the diet. There is also the possibility that the anti-nutrients factors present in
Moringa oleifera prevented uptake and bioavailability of nutrients, since the MOLM did not undergo
any processing that could have removed or reduced these antinutrients. Further studies are still needed
on Moringa oleifera leaves to validate the bioavailability of nutrients from the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanga N. Mhlomi
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Gloria A. Otunola
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony J. Afolayan
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Saksrithai K, King A. Lactobacillus and dietary sunflower meal supplementation in layer diets: Effects on specific serum content and hydrogen sulfide concentration in layer manure. Res Vet Sci 2019; 122:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Waititu SM, Sanjayan N, Hossain MM, Leterme P, Nyachoti CM. Improvement of the nutritional value of high-protein sunflower meal for broiler chickens using multi-enzyme mixtures. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1245-1252. [PMID: 29365159 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a high-protein sunflower meal (HiSFM) without or with multi-enzyme mixtures on growth performance, nutrient utilization, jejunal digesta viscosity, and excreta moisture in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 400 chicks were divided into 40 replicates of 10 birds and fed for 35 d a corn-soybean meal (CSBM) control diet or CSBM with 25 (HiSFM25), 50 (HiSFM50), 75 (HiSFM75), or 100% (HiSFM100) of total SBM replaced by HiSFM. During d 0 to 35, increasing HiSFM content in diets linearly reduced (P < 0.0001) BW, FI, and BW gain (BWG). Feeding HiSFM25 or HiSFM50 resulted in similar growth performance as CSBM (P > 0.05). In experiment 2, 120 chicks were divided into 24 replicates of 5 birds and fed CSBM or HiSFM75 diet without or with enzyme A (supplying 4,000, 500, and 8,000 U/kg of xylanase, alpha-amylase, and protease, respectively) or enzyme B (supplying 1,700, 1,100, 240, 30, 1,200, 360, 1,500, and 120 U/kg of cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, galactanase, xylanase, glucanase, amylase, and protease, respectively) for 21 days. Excreta moisture content was determined weekly, and birds were euthanized on d 22 to collect jejunal and ileal digesta for viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) measurements, respectively. Compared with CSBM, feeding HiSFM75 reduced (P < 0.05) BWG and G: F, enzymes A and D alleviated BWG and G: F reduction (P < 0.05), and enzyme A reduced (P = 0.037) the excreta moisture content, whereas the treatments did not influence AID or jejunal digesta viscosity measurements. In conclusion, experiment 1 results show that HiSFM can replace up to 50% of SBM without depressing growth performance in either the starter or finisher phase, whereas experiment 2 shows that enzymes A and B supplementation can alleviate the growth depression associated with feeding HiSFM75. These results suggest that enzyme supplementation can enhance HiSFM inclusion in broiler diets without affecting productivity or barn hygiene management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Waititu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - N Sanjayan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - M M Hossain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - P Leterme
- BUNGE Global Innovation, St Just Desvern, Barcelona, 08960 Spain
| | - C M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
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Alagawany M, Attia AI, Ibrahim ZA, Mahmoud RA, El-Sayed SA. The effectiveness of dietary sunflower meal and exogenous enzyme on growth, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, and blood chemistry of broilers. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:12319-12327. [PMID: 28357795 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High costs of conventional protein feed sources including soybean meal (SBM) generated the need for finding other alternatives. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the impact of graded replacements of SBM by sunflower seed meal (SFM) with or without enzyme supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes, carcass traits, and blood profile of broiler chickens. A total of 240 unsexed 1-week-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were randomly divided into eight treatment groups of 30 chicks each in five replicates each of six chicks in a factorial design (4 × 2) arrangement, including four levels of SFM (0, 25, 50, and 75% replacing SBM) and two levels of enzyme (0- or 0.1-g/kg diet) supplementation. Performance traits including feed conversion ratio, body weight, and weight gain were significantly (P < 0.01) improved with increasing SFM up to 50% substitution for SBM or with enzyme supplementation in broiler diet during the experiment. However, feed intake of broiler chicks was decreased with enzyme supplementation (P < 0.05). The activities of digestive enzymes (protease and amylase) were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced and enhanced by SFM and enzyme inclusion in diets, respectively. The activities of protease and amylase were improved with SFM diet supplemented with 0.1 g/kg enzyme in comparison with those with the un-supplemented diet. The evaluated carcass traits were not statistically (P > 0.05) influenced by feeding SFM meal or enzyme addition. Biochemical blood parameters were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by SFM, enzyme, or their interaction in broiler diets, except for globulin that was not affected by dietary enzyme. It is concluded that increasing SFM level in the diet up to 50% replacing SBM with the supplementation of enzyme improved the growth performance and enhanced positively carcass traits as well as the activity of digestive enzymes in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Adel I Attia
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Zenat A Ibrahim
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Reda A Mahmoud
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Sabry A El-Sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Sciences Biologiques et Fonctionnelles, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, F-31076, France.
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Pereira L, Adeola O. Energy and phosphorus values of sunflower meal and rice bran for broiler chickens using the regression method. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2081-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nayefi M, Salari S, Sari M, Behgar M. Nutritional Value of electron beam irradiated cottonseed meal in broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:643-8. [PMID: 26621476 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nayefi
- Department of Animal Science; Food Science and Animal Science Faculty; Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University; Ahwaz Iran
| | - S. Salari
- Department of Animal Science; Food Science and Animal Science Faculty; Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University; Ahwaz Iran
| | - M. Sari
- Department of Animal Science; Food Science and Animal Science Faculty; Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University; Ahwaz Iran
| | - M. Behgar
- Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research School; Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute; Karaj Iran
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Amerah AM, van de Belt K, van Der Klis JD. Effect of different levels of rapeseed meal and sunflower meal and enzyme combination on the performance, digesta viscosity and carcass traits of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. Animal 2015; 9:1131-7. [PMID: 25737094 PMCID: PMC4492219 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present experiment was to examine the effect of different levels of rapeseed meal (RSM) and sunflower meal (SFM) and enzyme combination (endoxylanase and β-glucanase) on the production performance, carcass quality, gizzard development and digesta viscosity of broiler chickens. The experimental design was a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating three diet types containing different levels of RSM and SFM (low (L), medium (M) and high (H)) and two levels of enzyme inclusion (0 or 100 g/tonne diet to provide 1220 U xylanase and 152 U β-glucanase per kg diet). Broiler starter and grower/finisher diets were formulated, based on wheat and soya bean meal and containing 50, 50 and 80 g/kg RSM and 0, 50 and 60 g/kg SFM for L, M and H treatments, respectively, during starter period and 80, 80 and 120 g/kg RSM and 0, 80 and 100 g/kg SFM for L, M and H, respectively, during grower/finisher period, and each diet was fed ad libitum to eight pens of 20 male broilers each. During the starter period (1 to 21 days), birds fed the H treatment had lower (P0.05) on feed conversion ratio (FCR). During the grower/finisher phase (22 to 42 day) and over the entire period (1 to 42 day) birds fed the H treatment had lower (P0.05) between RSM and SFM inclusion level and enzyme supplementation were observed for any of the measured parameters at any period. Diet type and enzyme supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on carcass traits, abdominal fat pad, breast meat yield and jejunal digesta viscosity. Diet type influenced (P=0.05) relative empty gizzard weight, where the H treatment had higher relative empty gizzard weight compared with the L treatment. Enzyme supplementation tended (P=0.10) to increase relative empty gizzard weight. The present data suggest that high inclusion of SFM and RSM negatively influenced broiler performance. Enzyme supplementation improved FCR at all levels of RSM and SFM included in this study, but did not recover the reduction in weight gain caused by high inclusion of RSM and SFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Amerah
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Bioscience, Marlborough, SN8 1XN, UK
| | - K. van de Belt
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., P.O. Box 533, 8200 AM Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J. D. van Der Klis
- Schothorst Feed Research B.V., P.O. Box 533, 8200 AM Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Horvatovic MP, Glamocic D, Zikic D, Hadnadjev TD. Performance and some intestinal functions of broilers fed diets with different inclusion levels of sunflower meal and supplemented or not with enzymes. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x170125-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D Glamocic
- University of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - D Zikic
- University of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - TD Hadnadjev
- Institute of Food Technology, Republic of Serbia
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Holger Kluge
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional SciencesMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle, Saxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Jutta Kalbitz
- BioSolutions Halle GmbHAdjunct Institute at Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle, Saxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Helmut Eißner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional SciencesMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle, Saxony‐AnhaltGermany
| | - Birgit Dräger
- Institute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle, Saxony‐AnhaltGermany
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Horak J, Gerhardt H, Theiner J, Lindner W. Correlation between amino acid racemization and processing conditions for various wheat products, oil seed press cakes and lignin samples. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nassiri Moghaddam H, Salari S, Arshami J, Golian A, Maleki M. Evaluation of the nutritional value of sunflower meal and its effect on performance, digestive enzyme activity, organ weight, and histological alterations of the intestinal villi of broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jankowski J, Lecewicz A, Zdunczyk Z, Juskiewicz J, Slominski BA. The effect of partial replacement of soyabean meal with sunflower meal on ileal adaptation, nutrient utilisation and growth performance of young turkeys. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:456-65. [PMID: 21919573 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.602664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. A 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate the effect of graded levels of sunflower meal (SFM; 0, 70, 140 and 210 g/kg) and enzyme supplementation on gut morphology, nutrient utilisation and growth performance of young turkeys from 0 to 8 weeks of age. The enzyme supplement used in the study contained non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)-degrading activities and supplied 500 U pectinase, 40 U cellulase, 1600 U xylanase, 800 U glucanase, 200 U mannanase, 20 U galactanase per kg diet. 2. The use of SFM resulted in an increase in the height and width of intestinal villi, and a linear decrease in crypt depth. Dry matter digestibility and energy metabolisability decreased in groups fed diets with a moderate (140 g/kg) and high (210 g/kg) SFM content. 3. A decrease in dry matter digestibility and energy metabolisability was most likely the reason for a reduction in body weights of 8-week-old turkeys fed on diets containing 140 g/kg (from 4 x 17 to 4 x 01 kg) and 210 g/kg (from 4 x 17 to 3 x 93?kg) of SFM. 4. The addition of enzyme resulted in a slight increase in villus height, a significant increase in the number of goblet cells and an increase in digestibility coefficients for crude fat. 5. The results of this study demonstrate that turkey diets can be effectively supplemented with high-quality sunflower meal at a concentration of approximately 70 g/kg. It should be noted, however, that at 8 weeks of age the body weight of turkeys fed on diets containing 140 and 210 g/kg of SFM could be lower by 4 and 6%, respectively, than in those receiving the soyabean meal-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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31
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Sohn S, Jang I, Moon Y, Kim Y, Lee S, Ko Y, Kang S, Kang H. Effect of Dietary Siberian Ginseng and Eucommia on Broiler Performance, Serum Biochemical Profiles and Telomere Length. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.5536/kjps.2008.35.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lee M, Lee S, Kim Y, Ko Y, Jang I, Moon Y, Choi Y, Sohn S. Effect of Dietary Anti-oxidant Supplementation on Telomere Length and Egg Quality in Laying Hens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.5536/kjps.2008.35.3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Horn G, Kupfer A, Kalbitz J, Gerdelbracht H, Kluge H, Eder K, Dräger B. Great globe thistle fruit (
Echinops sphaerocephalus
L.), a potential new oil crop. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jutta Kalbitz
- BioSolutions Halle GmbH, Adjunct Institute at Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Holger Kluge
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Birgit Dräger
- BioSolutions Halle GmbH, Adjunct Institute at Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Rama Rao S, Raju M, Panda A, Poonam N, Sunder GS, Sharma R. Utilisation of sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed meal in broiler chicken diets. Br Poult Sci 2008; 49:81-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00071660701827888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Sunder GS, Kumar CV, Panda AK, Rao SVR, Raju MV, Reddy MR. Energy Restriction in Broiler Breeders during Rearing and Laying Periods and its Influence on Body Weight Gain, Conversion Efficiency of Nutrients, Egg Production and Hatchability. J Poult Sci 2008; 45:273-280. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.45.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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