Ferroptosis: machinery and regulation

p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 suppresses ferroptosis in the glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxicity glaucoma model

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202410000-00031/figure1/v/2024-02-06T055622Z/r/image-tiff Glutamate excitotoxicity has been shown to play an important role in glaucoma, and glutamate can induce ferroptosis. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibitor SB202190 has a potential ability to suppress ferroptosis, and its downstream targets, such as p53, have been shown to be associated with ferroptosis. However, whether ferroptosis also occurs in retinal ganglion cells in response to glutamate excitotoxicity and whether inhibition of ferroptosis reduces the loss of retinal ganglion cells induced by glutamate excitotoxicity remain unclear. This study investigated ferroptosis in a glutamate-induced glaucoma rat model and explored the effects and molecular mechanisms of SB202190 on retinal ganglion cells. A glutamate-induced excitotoxicity model in R28 cells and an N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced glaucoma model in rats were used. In vitro experiments showed that glutamate induced the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxide and morphological changes of mitochondria in R28 cells, and SB202190 inhibited these changes. Glutamate induced the levels of p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK and SAT1 and decreased the expression levels of ferritin light chain, SLC7A11, and GPX4. SB202190 inhibited the expression of iron death-related proteins induced by glutamate. In vivo experiments showed that SB202190 attenuated N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced damage to rat retinal ganglion cells and improved visual function. These results suggest that SB202190 can inhibit ferroptosis and protect retinal ganglion cells by regulating ferritin light chain, SAT1, and SLC7A11/Gpx4 pathways and may represent a potential retina protectant.

Metformin alleviates spinal cord injury by inhibiting nerve cell ferroptosis through upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202409000-00037/figure1/v/2024-01-16T170235Z/r/image-tiff Previous studies have reported upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in different central nervous system injury models. Heme oxygenase-1 plays a critical anti-inflammatory role and is essential for regulating cellular redox homeostasis. Metformin is a classic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes that can inhibit ferroptosis. Previous studies have shown that, when used to treat cardiovascular and digestive system diseases, metformin can also upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that heme oxygenase-1 plays a significant role in mediating the beneficial effects of metformin on neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury. To test this, we first performed a bioinformatics analysis based on the GEO database and found that heme oxygenase-1 was upregulated in the lesion of rats with spinal cord injury. Next, we confirmed this finding in a rat model of T9 spinal cord compression injury that exhibited spinal cord nerve cell ferroptosis. Continuous intraperitoneal injection of metformin for 14 days was found to both upregulate heme oxygenase-1 expression and reduce neuronal ferroptosis in rats with spinal cord injury. Subsequently, we used a lentivirus vector to knock down heme oxygenase-1 expression in the spinal cord, and found that this significantly reduced the effect of metformin on ferroptosis after spinal cord injury. Taken together, these findings suggest that metformin inhibits neuronal ferroptosis after spinal cord injury, and that this effect is partially dependent on upregulation of heme oxygenase-1.

Ferroptosis mechanism and Alzheimer's disease

Regulated cell death is a genetically determined form of programmed cell death that commonly occurs during the development of living organisms. This process plays a crucial role in modulating homeostasis and is evolutionarily conserved across a diverse range of living organisms. Ferroptosis is a classic regulatory mode of cell death. Extensive studies of regulatory cell death in Alzheimer's disease have yielded increasing evidence that ferroptosis is closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and recent research advances in the role of ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Our findings are expected to serve as a theoretical and experimental foundation for clinical research and targeted therapy for Alzheimer's disease.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 inhibits ferroptosis following spinal cord injury by regulating heme oxygenase-1

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202407000-00037/figure1/v/2023-11-20T171125Z/r/image-tiff

Interfering with the ferroptosis pathway is a new strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Fibroblast growth factor 21 can inhibit ferroptosis and promote neurofunctional recovery, while heme oxygenase-1 is a regulator of iron and reactive oxygen species homeostasis. The relationship between heme oxygenase-1 and ferroptosis remains controversial. In this study, we used a spinal cord injury rat model to show that the levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 in spinal cord tissue decreased after spinal cord injury. In addition, there was a significant aggravation of ferroptosis and a rapid increase in heme oxygenase-1 expression after spinal cord injury. Further, heme oxygenase-1 aggravated ferroptosis after spinal cord injury, while fibroblast growth factor 21 inhibited ferroptosis by downregulating heme oxygenase-1. Thus, the activation of fibroblast growth factor 21 may provide a potential treatment for spinal cord injury. These findings could provide a new potential mechanistic explanation for fibroblast growth factor 21 in the treatment of spinal cord injury.

Bioactive compound schaftoside from Clinacanthus nutans attenuates acute liver injury by inhibiting ferroptosis through activation the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau, a traditional herb renowned for its anti-tumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, has garnered considerable attention. Although its hepatoprotective effects have been described, there is still limited knowledge of its treatment of acute liver injury (ALI), and its mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To assess the efficacy of Clinacanthus nutans in ALI and to identify the most effective fractions and their underlying mechanism of action.

METHODS

Bioinformatics was employed to explore the underlying anti-hepatic injury mechanisms and active compounds of Clinacanthus nutans. The binding ability of schaftoside, a potential active ingredient in Clinacanthus nutans, to the core target nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was further determined by molecular docking. The role of schaftoside in improving histological abnormalities in the liver was observed by H&E and Masson's staining in an ALI model induced by CCl4. Serum and liver biochemical parameters were measured using AST, ALT and hydroxyproline kits. An Fe2+ kit, transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and DCFH-DA were used to measure whether schaftoside reduces ferroptosis-induced ALI. Subsequently, specific siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 in AML12 cells was performed to further elucidate the mechanism by which schaftoside attenuates ferroptosis-induced ALI.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking showed that schaftoside is the principal compound from Clinacanthus nutans. Schaftoside was shown to diminish oxidative stress levels, attenuate liver fibrosis, and forestall ferroptosis. Deeper investigations revealed that schaftoside amplified Nrf2 expression and triggered the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway, thereby reversing mitochondrial aberrations triggered by lipid peroxidation, GPX4 depletion, and ferroptosis.

CONCLUSION

The lead compound schaftoside counters ferroptosis through the Nrf2/GPX4 axis, providing insights into a novel molecular mechanism for treating ALI, thereby presenting an innovative therapeutic strategy for ferroptosis-induced ALI.

Application of natural products in regulating ferroptosis in human diseases

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death caused by excessive iron-induced peroxidation. It has been found to be involved in a variety of diseases, and natural products can be used to target ferroptosis in treatments. Natural products are biologically active compounds extracted or synthesized from nature. It is an important resource for the discovery of skeletons with a high degree of structural diversity and a wide range of bioactivities, which can be developed directly or used as a starting point for the optimization of new drugs.

PURPOSE

In this review, we aim to discuss the interactions between natural products and ferroptosis in the treatment of human diseases.

METHODS

Literature was searched in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for the 11-year period from 2012 to 2023 using the search terms "natural products", "ferroptosis", "human disease", "neurodegenerative disease", "cardiovascular disease", and "cancer".

RESULTS

In this research, the roles of natural products and ferroptosis were investigated. We suggest that natural products, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and saponins, can be used in therapeutic applications for human diseases, as well as in ferroptosis. Additionally, the main mechanisms of ferroptosis were summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we propose that natural products can be utilized to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to ferroptosis, thus helping to overcome drug resistance and inhibit metastasis. Moreover, natural products have the potential to modulate the expression levels of ferroptosis-related factors. Finally, the future directions of this field were highlighted.

CONCLUSION

The potential of natural products which focus on ferroptosis to treat human illnesses, particularly cancer, is very encouraging for human wellbeing.

SLC7A11-ROS/αKG-AMPK axis regulates liver inflammation through mitophagy and impairs liver fibrosis and NASH progression

The changes of inflammation and metabolism are two features in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, how they interact to regulate NASH progression remains largely unknown. Our works have demonstrated the importance of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) in inflammation and metabolism. Nevertheless, whether SLC7A11 regulates NASH progression through mediating inflammation and metabolism is unclear. In this study, we found that SLC7A11 expression was increased in liver samples from patients with NASH. Upregulated SLC7A11 level was also detected in two murine NASH models. Functional studies showed that SLC7A11 knockdown or knockout had augmented steatohepatitis with suppression of inflammatory markers in mice. However, overexpression of SLC7A11 dramatically alleviated diet-induced NASH pathogenesis. Mechanically, SLC7A11 decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and promoted α-ketoglutarate (αKG)/prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity, which activated AMPK pathway. Furthermore, SLC7A11 impaired expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components through AMPK-mitophagy axis. IL-1β release through NLRP3 inflammasome recruited myeloid cells and promoted hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, which contributed to the progression of liver injury and fibrosis. Anti-IL-1β and anakinra might attenuate the hepatic inflammatory response evoked by SLC7A11 knockdown. Moreover, the upregulation of SLC7A11 in NASH was contributed by lipid overload-induced JNK-c-Jun pathway. In conclusions, SLC7A11 acts as a protective factor in controlling the development of NASH. Upregulation of SLC7A11 is protective by regulating oxidation, αKG and energy metabolism, decreasing inflammation and fibrosis.

Protopine protects chondrocytes from undergoing ferroptosis by activating Nrf2 pathway

Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent joint disease; however, effective treatments are lacking. Protopine (PTP) is an isoquinoline alkaloid with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, it has not been studied in osteoarthritis. This study aimed to investigate whether PTP can effectively protect chondrocytes from ferroptosis. Primary mouse chondrocytes were treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) to simulate oxidative stress in an in vitro model of osteoarthritis. Two concentrations of PTP (10 and 20 μg/mL) were validated for in vitro experiments. Cellular inflammation and metabolism were detected using RT-qPCR and western blotting (WB). Ferroptosis was assessed via WB, qPCR, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid ROS, and immunofluorescence staining. In vitro, PTP significantly ameliorated chondrocyte inflammation and cytolytic metabolism and significantly suppressed chondrocyte ferroptosis through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway. The anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) mouse model was used to validate the in vivo effects of PTP. The joint cartilage was assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score, Safranin O staining, and immunohistochemistry. The intra-articular administration of PTP alleviated cartilage inflammation and ferroptosis, as evidenced by the expression of MMP3, MMP13, COL2A1, GPX4, and Nrf2. Overall, we find that PTP exerted anti-ferroptosis and anti-inflammatory effects on chondrocytes to protect the articular cartilage.

Lizhong decoction ameliorates ulcerative colitis by inhibiting ferroptosis of enterocytes via the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE

Traditional herbal medicines have been considered as a novel and effective way to treat many diseases. Lizhong decoction (LZD), a classical prescription composed of Zingiber officinale Rosc., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., has been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in clinical practices for thousands of years. However, the mechanism of LZD in alleviating ulcerative colitis (UC) is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to clarify the potential molecular mechanism of LZD in improving UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The amelioration of LZD on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC mice was evaluated by body weight, colon length, pathology of colon tissues, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal tight junction (TJ) proteins. Moreover, the gene expression profiles of UC patients were extracted to investigate potential pathological mechanisms of UC. The influence of LZD on ferroptosis was analyzed by iron load, malondialdehyde (MDA), and the expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins. Meanwhile, the inhibition of LZD on oxidative stress (OS) was assessed by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as the expression levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Furthermore, the influence of LZD on ferroptosis was assessed by inhibiting nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 (Nrf2).

RESULTS

LZD showed significant therapeutic effects in UC mice, including reduction of intestinal injury and inflammation. Moreover, LZD treatment notably upregulated the expression of TJ proteins. Further investigation indicated that LZD significantly inhibited the ferroptosis of enterocytes by decreasing iron load and MDA, and increasing the expression levels of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in colon tissues. Furthermore, the decreased activity of SOD, reduced level of GSH, and increased content of GSSG in UC mice were notably reversed by LZD. Consistent with in vivo results, LZD could markedly inhibit ferroptosis and OS in RSL3-induced Caco-2 cells. Mechanistically, LZD alleviated ferroptosis by suppressing OS through the activation of Nrf2 signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, LZD remarkably improved intestinal pathological injury in UC mice, and its potential mechanism was the suppression of ferroptosis in enterocytes by the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway.

Ischemia-inhibited ferric chelate reductase 1 improves ferroptosis-mediated intestinal ischemia injury via Hippo signaling

The precise mechanism of ferroptosis as a regulatory cell death in intestinal ischemia injury induced by vascular intestinal obstruction (Vio) remains to be elucidated. Here, we evaluated iron levels, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) changes after intestinal ischemia injury to validate ferroptosis. As an enzyme for Fe3+ reduction to Fe2+, Ferric Chelate Reductase 1 (FRRS1) is involved in the electron transport chain and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in mitochondria. However, whether it is involved in ferroptosis and its role in intestinal ischemia injury need to be clarified. In the present study, FRRS1 was overexpressed in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that overexpression of FRRS1 prevented ischemia-induced iron levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory responses, and cell death. Meanwhile, FRRS1 overexpression promoted GPX4 expression and suppressed ACSL4 levels. Further studies revealed that FRRS1 overexpression inhibited the activity of large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1) / Yes-associated protein (YAP) / transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), a key component of Hippo signaling. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that FRRS1 is intimately involved in the inhibition of ferroptosis and thus protection of the intestine from intestinal ischemia injury, its downstream mechanism was related to Hippo signaling. These data provide new sight for the prevention and treatment of intestinal ischemia injury.

NIR Absorbing Organic Chromophores Combination with NSAIDs for Remodeling of the Inflammatory Microenvironment to Amplify Tumor Ferroptosis-Photothermal Synergistic Therapy

Photothermal therapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment, which can cause ferroptosis to enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy. However, excessively generated immunogenicity will induce serious inflammatory response syndrome, resulting in a discounted therapeutic effect. Herein, a kind of NIR absorption small organic chromophore nanoparticles (TTHM NPs) with high photothermal conversion efficiency (68.33%) is developed, which can induce mitochondria dysfunction, generate mitochondrial superoxide, and following ferroptosis. TTHM NPs-based photothermal therapy is combined with Sulfasalazine (SUZ), a kind of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, to weaken inflammation and promote ferroptosis through suppressing glutamate/cystine (Glu/Cys) antiporter system Xc- (xCT). Additionally, the combination of SUZ with PTT can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), followed by promoting the maturation of DCs and the attraction of CD8+ T cell, which will secrete IFN-γ and trigger self-amplified ferroptosis via inhibiting xCT and simulating Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4). Moreover, the in vivo results demonstrate that this combination therapy can suppress the expression of inflammatory factors, enhance dendritic cell activation, facilitate T-cell infiltration, and realize effective thermal elimination of primary tumors and distant tumors. In general, this work provides an excellent example of combined medication and stimulates new thinking about onco-therapy and inflammatory response.

The mechanisms of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases

The pathological features of acute and chronic kidney diseases are closely associated with cell death in glomeruli and tubules. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by iron overload-induced oxidative stress. Ferroptosis has recently gained increasing attention as a pathogenic mechanism of kidney damage. Specifically, the ferroptosis signaling pathway has been found to be involved in the pathological process of acute and chronic kidney injury, potentially contributing to the development of both acute and chronic kidney diseases. This paper aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, highlighting its significance and proposing novel directions for its treatment.

Iron metabolism: backfire of cancer cell stemness and therapeutic modalities

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), with their ability of self-renewal, unlimited proliferation, and multi-directional differentiation, contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to conventional therapy and immunotherapy. Eliminating CSCs has long been thought to prevent tumorigenesis. Although known to negatively impact tumor prognosis, research revealed the unexpected role of iron metabolism as a key regulator of CSCs. This review explores recent advances in iron metabolism in CSCs, conventional cancer therapies targeting iron biochemistry, therapeutic resistance in these cells, and potential treatment options that could overcome them. These findings provide important insights into therapeutic modalities against intractable cancers.

Ferroptosis in antitumor therapy: Unraveling regulatory mechanisms and immunogenic potential

Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of non-apoptotic cell death, has the potential to revolutionize anti-tumor therapy. This review highlights the regulatory mechanisms and immunogenic properties of ferroptosis, and how it can enhance the effectiveness of radio and immunotherapies in overcoming tumor resistance. However, tumor metabolism and the impact of ferroptosis on the tumor microenvironment present challenges in completely realizing its therapeutic potential. A deeper understanding of the effects of ferroptosis on tumor cells and their associated immune cells is essential for developing more effective tumor treatment strategies. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the relationship between ferroptosis and tumor immunity, and sheds new light on its application in tumor immunotherapy.

Panax notoginseng Saponins Activate Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 to Inhibit Ferroptosis and Attenuate Inflammatory Injury in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion

Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), the primary medicinal ingredient of Panax notoginseng, mitigates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) by inhibiting inflammation, regulating oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis, and improving microcirculation. Moreover, PNS activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is known to inhibit ferroptosis and reduce inflammation in the rat brain. However, the molecular regulatory roles of PNS in CIRI-induced ferroptosis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PNS on ferroptosis and inflammation in CIRI. We induced ferroptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via erastin stimulation and oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. Furthermore, we determined the effect of PNS treatment in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion and assessed the underlying mechanism. We also analyzed the changes in the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors in the established rat model. OGD/R led to an increase in the levels of ferroptosis markers in SH-SY5Y cells, which were reduced by PNS treatment. In the rat model, combined treatment with an Nrf2 agonist, Nrf2 inhibitor, and PNS-Nrf2 inhibitor confirmed that PNS promotes Nrf2 nuclear localization and reduces ferroptosis and inflammatory responses, thereby mitigating brain injury. Mechanistically, PNS treatment facilitated Nrf2 activation, thereby regulating the expression of iron overload and lipid peroxidation-related proteins and the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes. This cascade inhibited ferroptosis and mitigated CIRI. Altogether, these results suggest that the ferroptosis-mediated activation of Nrf2 by PNS reduces inflammation and is a promising therapeutic approach for CIRI.

Ferroptotic therapy in cancer: benefits, side effects, and risks

Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, leading to plasma membrane rupture and intracellular content release. Originally investigated as a targeted therapy for cancer cells carrying oncogenic RAS mutations, ferroptosis induction now exhibits potential to complement chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy in various cancer types. However, it can lead to side effects, including immune cell death, bone marrow impairment, liver and kidney damage, cachexia (severe weight loss and muscle wasting), and secondary tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the advantages and offer an overview of the diverse range of documented side effects. Furthermore, we examine the underlying mechanisms and explore potential strategies for side effect mitigation.

HNRNPL facilitates ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by promoting S100A9 expression

OBJECTIVE

This study probed into the effect of HNRNPL on ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and related molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

Expression patterns of HNRNPL, Recombinant S100 Calcium Binding Protein A9 (S100A9) were analyzed in HCC tissues or cells. Following transfection, HCC cell activity was analyzed, followed by detection of levels of ROS, iron content, LPO, MDA, and GSH as well as the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins. For molecular mechanism, RIP, RNA pull-down assay and actinomycin D assay were implemented to verify the binding relationship between HNRNPL and S100A9. Finally, in vivo nude mouse xenograft tumor experiments were performed for further validate the crucial role of HNENPL expression in HCC.

RESULTS

HNRNPL and S100A9 were significantly overexpressed in HCC. sh-HNRNPL treatment led to a significant decrease in cellular activity, GSH content, and expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11, and a significant increase in iron content, LPO level, MDA, ROS content, and expression of ACSL4 and TFR1. In addition, after sh-HNRNPL was combined with oe-S100A9 or Fer-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, both oe-S100A9 and Fer-1 reversed the promotional effect of sh-HNRNPL on ferroptosis of HCC cells when sh-HNRNPL acted alone. Mechanically, HNRNPL promoted S100A9 mRNA stability and expression through RBP. Furthermore, low expression of HNRNPL in vivo delayed the growth of xenograft tumors and the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins.

CONCLUSION

HNRNPL promotes S100A9 mRNA stability and expression through RBP action, thereby promoting ferroptosis in HCC cells.

Targeting novel regulated cell death：Ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in sepsis-associated encephalopathy

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), a common neurological complication of sepsis, is a heterogenous complex clinical syndrome caused by the dysfunctional response of a host to infection. This dysfunctional response leads to excess mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite clinical relevance with high incidence, there is a lack of understanding for its both its acute/chronic pathogenesis and therapeutic management. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind SAE may provide tools to better enhance therapeutic efficacy. Mounting evidence indicates that some types of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD), such as ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy, contribute to SAE. Targeting these types of RCD may provide meaningful targets for future treatments against SAE. This review summarizes the core mechanism by which non-apoptotic RCD leads to the pathogenesis of SAE. We focus on the emerging types of therapeutic compounds that can inhibit RCD and delineate their beneficial pharmacological effects against SAE. Within this review we suggest that pharmacological inhibition of non-apoptotic RCD may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy against SAE.

tRF3-IleAAT reduced extracellular matrix synthesis in diabetic kidney disease mice by targeting ZNF281 and inhibiting ferroptosis

It is well established that the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mesangial cells is a major determinant of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Elucidating the major players in ECM synthesis may be helpful to provide promising candidates for protecting against DKD progression. tRF3-IleAAT is a tRNA-derived fragment (tRF) produced by nucleases at tRNA-specific sites, which is differentially expressed in the sera of patients with diabetes mellitus and DKD. In this study we investigated the potential roles of tRFs in DKD. Db/db mice at 12 weeks were adapted as a DKD model. The mice displayed marked renal dysfunction accompanied by significantly reduced expression of tRF3-IleAAT and increased ferroptosis and ECM synthesis in the kidney tissues. The reduced expression of tRF3-IleAAT was also observed in high glucose-treated mouse glomerular mesangial cells. We administered ferrostatin-1 (1 mg/kg, once every two days, i.p.) to the mice from the age of 12 weeks for 8 weeks, and found that inhibition of the onset of ferroptosis significantly improved renal function, attenuated renal fibrosis and reduced collagen deposition. Overexpression of tRF3-IleAAT by a single injection of AAV carrying tRF3-IleAAT via caudal vein significantly inhibited ferroptosis and ECM synthesis in DKD model mice. Furthermore, we found that the expression of zinc finger protein 281 (ZNF281), a downstream target gene of tRF3-IleAAT, was significantly elevated in DKD models but negatively regulated by tRF3-IleAAT. In high glucose-treated mesangial cells, knockdown of ZNF281 exerted an inhibitory effect on ferroptosis and ECM synthesis. We demonstrated the targeted binding of tRF3-IleAAT to the 3'UTR of ZNF281. In conclusion, tRF3-IleAAT inhibits ferroptosis by targeting ZNF281, resulting in the mitigation of ECM synthesis in DKD models, suggesting that tRF3-IleAAT may be an attractive therapeutic target for DKD.

Curculigoside, a traditional Chinese medicine monomer, ameliorates oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease mouse model via suppressing ferroptosis

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where oxidative stress, induced by ferroptosis, has been linked to neuronal damage and cognitive deficits. The objective of this study is to investigate if the potential therapeutic agent, Curculigoside (CUR), could ameliorate AD by inhibiting ferroptosis. The potential therapeutic targets, such as GPX4 and SLC7A11, were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Concurrently, CUR was also screened against these potential targets using various analytical methods. For the in vivo studies, intragastric administration of CUR significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment in AD model mice induced by scopolamine and okadaic acid (OA). In vitro, CUR protected neuronal cells by altering the levels of ferroptosis-related specific markers in OA and scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity. The administration of CUR through intragastric route significantly reduced the levels of AD-promoting factors (such as Aβ1-42, p-tau) and ferroptosis-promoting factors in the hippocampus and cortex of AD mice. Furthermore, CUR up-regulated the expression of GPX4 and decreased the expression of SLC7A11 in the ferroptosis signaling pathway, thereby increasing the ratio of glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in vivo and vitro. In conclusion, the cumulative results suggest that the natural compound CUR may serve as a promising therapeutic agent to ameliorate AD by inhibiting ferroptosis.

Ferroptosis: a potential therapeutic target for stroke

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death characterized by massive iron accumulation and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, differing from apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy in several aspects. Ferroptosis is regarded as a critical mechanism of a series of pathophysiological reactions after stroke because of iron overload caused by hemoglobin degradation and iron metabolism imbalance. In this review, we discuss ferroptosis-related metabolisms, important molecules directly or indirectly targeting iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, and transcriptional regulation of ferroptosis, revealing the role of ferroptosis in the progression of stroke. We present updated progress in the intervention of ferroptosis as therapeutic strategies for stroke in vivo and in vitro and summarize the effects of ferroptosis inhibitors on stroke. Our review facilitates further understanding of ferroptosis pathogenesis in stroke, proposes new targets for the treatment of stroke, and suggests that more efforts should be made to investigate the mechanism of ferroptosis in stroke.

Exploration and Validation of Ferroptosis-Associated Genes in ADAR1 Deletion-Induced NAFLD through RNA-seq Analysis

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis, characterized by excessive iron ions and lipid peroxides accumulation, contributes to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) development. The role of ADAR1, crucial for lipid metabolism and immune regulation, in ferroptosis-related NAFLD remains unexplored.

METHODS

In this study, we analyzed the expression of ADAR1 in NAFLD patients using the GSE66676 database. Subsequently, We investigated the effects of ADAR1 knockdown on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), Fe2+ levels, oxidation products, and ferroptosis in NAFLD cells through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis was performed following ADAR1 depletion in an NAFLD cell model. Overlapping and ferroptosis-related genes were identified using a Venn diagram, while Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were conducted as well. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub genes associated with ferroptosis.

RESULTS

We found the expression level of ADAR1 was downregulated in NAFLD patients and 22 ferroptosis-associated genes were differentially expressed in a NAFLD cell model upon ADAR1 knockdown. Based on PPI network, we identified NOS2, PTGS2, NOX4, ALB, IL6, and CCL5 as the central genes related to ferroptosis. ADAR1 deletion-related NAFLD was found to be involved in the ferroptosis signaling pathway. NOS2, PTGS2, ALB, and IL6 can serve as potential biomarkers. These findings offer new insights and expanded targets for NAFLD prevention and treatment.

CONCLUSION

These findings provide new strategies and potential targets for preventing and treating NAFLD. NOS2, PTGS2, ALB, and IL6 may serve as biomarkers for ADAR1 deletion-related NAFLD, which could help for developing its new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Demethylases in tumors and the tumor microenvironment: Key modifiers of N6-methyladenosine methylation

RNA methylation modifications are widespread in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) the most common among them. Demethylases, including Fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) and AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5), are important in maintaining the balance between RNA methylation and demethylation. Recent studies have clearly shown that demethylases affect the biological functions of tumors by regulating their m6A levels. However, their effects are complicated, and even opposite results have appeared in different articles. Here, we summarize the complex regulatory networks of demethylases, including the most important and common pathways, to clarify the role of demethylases in tumors. In addition, we describe the relationships between demethylases and the tumor microenvironment, and introduce their regulatory mechanisms. Finally, we discuss evaluation of demethylases for tumor diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the clinical application of demethylase inhibitors, providing a strong basis for their large-scale clinical application in the future.

Icariin, astragaloside a and puerarin mixture attenuates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via inhibition of ferroptosis-lipid peroxidation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that seriously threatens the quality of life of the elderly. Its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Ferroptosis, a cell death caused by excessive accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Uncontrolled lipid peroxidation is the core process of ferroptosis, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation of ferroptosis may be an important therapeutic target for AD. Based on previous studies, we mixed standards of icariin, astragaloside IV, and puerarin, named the standard mixture YHG, and investigated the effect of YHG on ferroptosis -lipid peroxidation in APP/PS1 mice. DFX, a ferroptosis inhibitor, was used as a control drug. In this study, APP/PS1 mice were used as an AD animal model, and behavioral experiments, iron level detection, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, lipid peroxidation level detection, antioxidant capacity detection, immunofluorescence, Western blot and real-time qPCR were performed. It was found that YHG could reduce body weight, significantly improve abnormal behaviors and the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons in APP/PS1 mice. The results of biochemical tests showed that YHG reduced the contents of iron, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid peroxide (LPO) in brain tissue and serum, and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Immunofluorescence, WesternBlot and real-time qPCR results showed that YHG could promote the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2) and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4). Inhibited the expression of long-chain acyllipid coenzyme a synthetase 4(ACSL4) and lysophosphatidyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3). This study suggests that the mechanism by which YHG improves cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice may be related to the inhibition of ferroptosis-lipid peroxidation.

Vitamin B6 alleviates chronic sleep deprivation-induced hippocampal ferroptosis through CBS/GSH/GPX4 pathway

Several studies have found that sleep deprivation (SD) can lead to neuronal ferroptosis and affect hippocampal function. However, there are currently no effective interventions. Vitamin B6 is a co-factor for key enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway which is critical for maintaining cell growth in the presence of cysteine deprivation. The results showed that SD inhibited cystine-glutamate antiporter light chain subunit xCT protein expression and caused cysteine deficiency, which reduced the synthesis of the glutathione (GSH) to trigger neuronal ferroptosis. Nissl staining further revealed significant neuronal loss and shrinkage in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus in SD mice. Typical ferroptotic indicators characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation were showed in the hippocampus after sleep deprivation. As expected, vitamin B6 could alleviate hippocampal ferroptosis by upregulating the expression of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) in the transsulfuration pathway, thereby replenishing the intracellular deficient GSH and restoring the expression of GPX4. Similar anti-ferroptotic effects of vitamin B6 were demonstrated in HT-22 cells treated with ferroptosis activator erastin. Furthermore, vitamin B6 had no inhibitory effect on erastin-induced ferroptosis in CBS-knockout HT22 cells. Our findings suggested chronic sleep deprivation caused hippocampal ferroptosis by disrupting the cyst(e)ine/GSH/GPX4 axis. Vitamin B6 alleviated sleep deprivation-induced ferroptosis by enhancing CBS expression in the transsulfuration pathway.

GPX4, ferroptosis, and diseases

GPX4 (Glutathione peroxidase 4) serves as a crucial intracellular regulatory factor, participating in various physiological processes and playing a significant role in maintaining the redox homeostasis within the body. Ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death, has gained considerable attention in recent years due to its involvement in multiple pathological processes. GPX4 is closely associated with ferroptosis and functions as the primary inhibitor of this process. Together, GPX4 and ferroptosis contribute to the pathophysiology of several diseases, including sepsis, nervous system diseases, ischemia reperfusion injury, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This review comprehensively explores the regulatory roles and impacts of GPX4 and ferroptosis in the development and progression of these diseases, with the aim of providing insights for identifying potential therapeutic strategies in the future.

Self-Assembled Fe-Phenolic Acid Network Synergizes with Ferroptosis to Enhance Tumor Nanotherapy

Natural polyphenolic compound rosmarinic acid (RA) has good antitumor activity. However, the distinctive tumor microenvironment, characterized by low pH and elevated levels of glutathione (GSH), enhances the tolerance of tumors to the singular anti-tumor treatment mode using RA, resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Targeting nonapoptotic programmed cell death processes may provide another impetus to inhibit tumor growth. RA possesses the capability to coordinate with metal elements. To solve the effect restriction of the above single treatment mode, it is proposed to construct a self-assembled nanocomposite, Fe-RA. Under tumor microenvironment, Fe-RA nanocomposite exerts the characteristics of POD-like enzyme activity and depletion of GSH, producing a large amount of hydroxyl radical (·OH) while disrupting the antioxidant defense system of tumor cells. Moreover, due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR), Fe-RA can transport Fe2+ to a greater extent to tumor cells and increase intracellular iron content. Causing an imbalance in iron metabolism in tumor cells and promoting cell ferroptosis. The results of the synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) prove the successful complexation of Fe-RA nanocomposite. Density functional theory (DFT) explains the efficient catalytic mechanism of its peroxide-like enzyme activity and the reaction principle with GSH.

Lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for mitigating neuronal injury and inflammation in sepsis-associated encephalopathy: insights into the hippocampal PEBP-1/15-LOX/GPX4 pathway

BACKGROUND

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) refers to the widespread impairment of brain function caused by noncentral nervous system infection mediated by sepsis. Lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis contributes to the occurrence and course of SAE. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between neuronal injury and lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis in SAE.

METHODS

Baseline data were collected from pediatric patients upon admission, and the expression levels of various markers related to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis were monitored in the serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with SAE as well as SAE model mice. The hippocampal phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP)-1/15-lysine oxidase (LOX)/ glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) pathway was assessed for its role on the inhibitory effect of ferroptosis in SAE treatment.

RESULTS

The results showed elevated levels of S100 calcium-binding protein beta (S-100β), glial fibrillary acidic protein, and malondialdehyde in the serum of SAE patients, while superoxide dismutase levels were reduced. Furthermore, analysis of PBMCs revealed increased transcription levels of PEBP1, LOX, and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase family member 4 (ACSL4) in SAE patients, while the transcription levels of GPX4 and cystine/glutamate transporter xCT (SLC7A11) were decreased. In comparison to the control group, the SAE mice exhibited increased expression of S-100β and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the hippocampus, whereas the expression of S-100β and NSE were reduced in deferoxamine (DFO) mice. Additionally, iron accumulation was observed in the hippocampus of SAE mice, while the iron ion levels were reduced in the DFO mice. Inhibition of ferroptosis alleviated the mitochondrial damage (as assessed by transmission electron microscopy, hippocampal mitochondrial ATP detection, and the JC-1 polymer-to-monomer ratio in the hippocampus) and the oxidative stress response induced by SAE as well as attenuated neuroinflammatory reactions. Further investigations revealed that the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of ferroptosis in SAE treatment is associated with the hippocampal PEBP-1/15-LOX/GPX4 pathway.

CONCLUSION

These results offer potential therapeutic targets for the management of neuronal injury in SAE and valuable insights into the potential mechanisms of ferroptosis in neurological disorders.

Investigating autophagy and intricate cellular mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma: Emphasis on cell death mechanism crosstalk

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as a formidable global health challenge due to its prevalence, marked by high mortality and morbidity rates. This cancer type exhibits a multifaceted etiology, prominently linked to viral infections, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and genomic mutations. The inherent heterogeneity of HCC, coupled with its proclivity for developing drug resistance, presents formidable obstacles to effective therapeutic interventions. Autophagy, a fundamental catabolic process, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, responding to stressors such as nutrient deprivation. In the context of HCC, tumor cells exploit autophagy, either augmenting or impeding its activity, thereby influencing tumorigenesis. This comprehensive review underscores the dualistic role of autophagy in HCC, acting as both a pro-survival and pro-death mechanism, impacting the trajectory of tumorigenesis. The anti-carcinogenic potential of autophagy is evident in its ability to enhance apoptosis and ferroptosis in HCC cells. Pertinently, dysregulated autophagy fosters drug resistance in the carcinogenic context. Both genomic and epigenetic factors can regulate autophagy in HCC progression. Recognizing the paramount importance of autophagy in HCC progression, this review introduces pharmacological compounds capable of modulating autophagy-either inducing or inhibiting it, as promising avenues in HCC therapy.

Persistent organic pollutants dysregulate energy homeostasis in human ovaries in vitro

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), has historically been linked to population collapses in wildlife. Despite international regulations, these legacy chemicals are still currently detected in women of reproductive age, and their levels correlate with reduced ovarian reserve, longer time-to-pregnancy, and higher risk of infertility. However, the specific modes of action underlying these associations remain unclear. Here, we examined the effects of five commonly occurring POPs - hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), 2,3,3',4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB156), 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB180), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) - and their mixture on human ovaries in vitro. We exposed human ovarian cancer cell lines COV434, KGN, and PA1 as well as primary ovarian cells for 24 h, and ovarian tissue containing unilaminar follicles for 6 days. RNA-sequencing of samples exposed to concentrations covering epidemiologically relevant levels revealed significant gene expression changes related to central energy metabolism in the exposed cells, indicating glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species as potential shared targets of POP exposures in ovarian cells. Alpha-enolase (ENO1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), cytochrome C oxidase subunit 4I1 (COX4I1), ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were validated as targets through qPCR in additional cell culture experiments in KGN. In ovarian tissue cultures, we observed significant effects of exposure on follicle growth and atresia as well as protein expression. All POP exposures, except PCB180, decreased unilaminar follicle proportion and increased follicle atresia. Immunostaining confirmed altered expression of LDHA, ATP5A, and GPX4 in the exposed tissues. Moreover, POP exposures modified ATP production in KGN and tissue culture. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the disruption of cellular energy metabolism as a novel mode of action underlying POP-mediated interference of follicle growth in human ovaries.

Emerging ferroptosis inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy (NHIE), an oxygen deprivation-mediated brain injury due to birth asphyxia or reduced cerebral blood perfusion, often leads to lifelong sequelae, including seizures, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. NHIE poses a significant health challenge, as one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. Despite this, available therapies are limited. Numerous studies have recently demonstrated that ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotic regulated form of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation (LPO) and iron dyshomeostasis, plays a role in the genesis of NHIE. Moreover, recently discovered compounds have been shown to exert potential therapeutic effects on NHIE by inhibiting ferroptosis. This comprehensive review summarizes the fundamental mechanisms of ferroptosis contributing to NHIE. We focus on various emerging therapeutic compounds exhibiting characteristics of ferroptosis inhibition and delineate their pharmacological benefits for the treatment of NHIE. This review suggests that pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for NHIE.

Deregulated circRNAs in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer With Activity in Preclinical In Vivo Models: Identification of Targets and New Modalities for Therapeutic Intervention

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is associated with a dismal prognosis due to development of resistance to chemotherapy and metastasis in the peritoneal cavity and distant organs. In order to identify new targets and treatment modalities we searched the literature for up- and and down-regulated circRNAs with efficacy in preclinical EOC-related in vivo systems. Our search yielded circRNAs falling into the following categories: cisplatin and paclitaxel resistance, transmembrane receptors, secreted factors, transcription factors, RNA splicing and processing factors, RAS pathway-related components, proteolysis and cell-cycle regulation, signaling-related proteins, and circRNAs regulating proteins in additional categories. These findings can be potentially translated by validation and manipulation of the corresponding targets, inhibition of circRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), small interfering RNAs (siRNA) or small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or by reconstituting their activity.

Propofol and Dexmedetomidine Ameliorate Endotoxemia-Associated Encephalopathy via Inhibiting Ferroptosis

Background

Sepsis is recognized as a multiorgan and systemic damage caused by dysregulated host response to infection. Its acute systemic inflammatory response highly resembles that of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. Propofol and dexmedetomidine are two commonly used sedatives for mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients and have been reported to alleviate cognitive impairment in many diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore and compare the effects of propofol and dexmedetomidine on the encephalopathy induced by endotoxemia and to investigate whether ferroptosis is involved, finally providing experimental evidence for multi-drug combination in septic sedation.

Methods

A total of 218 C57BL/6J male mice (20-25 g, 6-8 weeks) were used. Morris water maze (MWM) tests were performed to evaluate whether propofol and dexmedetomidine attenuated LPS-induced cognitive deficits. Brain injury was evaluated using Nissl and Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining. Neuroinflammation was assessed by dihydroethidium (DHE) and DCFH-DA staining and by measuring the levels of three cytokines. The number of Iba1+ and GFAP+ cells was used to detect the activation of microglia and astrocytes. To explore the involvement of ferroptosis, the levels of ptgs2 and chac1; the content of iron, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH); and the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins were investigated.

Conclusion

The single use of propofol and dexmedetomidine mitigated LPS-induced cognitive impairment, while the combination showed poor performance. In alleviating endotoxemic neural loss and degeneration, the united sedative group exhibited the most potent capability. Both propofol and dexmedetomidine inhibited neuroinflammation, while propofol's effect was slightly weaker. All sedative groups reduced the neural apoptosis, inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes, and relieved neurologic ferroptosis. The combined group was most prominent in combating genetic and biochemical alterations of ferroptosis. Fpn1 may be at the core of endotoxemia-related ferroptosis activation.

TRIM28 Fosters Microglia Ferroptosis via Autophagy Modulation to Enhance Neuropathic Pain and Neuroinflammation

This study explores the molecular underpinnings of neuropathic pain (NPP) and neuroinflammation, focusing on the role of TRIM28 in the regulation of autophagy and microglia ferroptosis. Leveraging transcriptomic data associated with NPP, we identified TRIM28 as a critical regulator of ferroptosis. Through comprehensive analysis, including Gene Ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction network assessments, we unveiled GSK3B as a downstream target of TRIM28. Experimental validation confirmed the capacity of TRIM28 to suppress GSK3B expression and attenuate autophagic processes in microglia. We probed the consequences of autophagy and ferroptosis on microglia physiology, iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. In a murine model, we validated the pivotal role of TRIM28 in NPP and neuroinflammation. Our analysis identified 20 ferroptosis regulatory factors associated with NPP, with TRIM28 emerging as a central orchestrator. Experimental evidence affirmed that TRIM28 governs microglial iron homeostasis and cell fate by downregulating GSK3B expression and modulating autophagy. Notably, autophagy was found to influence oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine release through the iron metabolism pathway, ultimately fueling neuroinflammation. In vivo experiments provided conclusive evidence of TRIM28-mediated pathways contributing to heightened pain sensitivity in neuroinflammatory states. The effect of TRIM28 on autophagy and microglia ferroptosis drives NPP and neuroinflammation. These findings offer promising avenues for identifying novel therapeutic targets to manage NPP and neuroinflammation.

A novel fluorescent probe for visualizing viscosity changes in lipid droplets during chemotherapy-induced ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis, as a novel form of cell death, is becoming one of the hot topics in cancer treatment research. It differs from necrosis and autophagy in that it involves the accumulation of lipid peroxides and is triggered by iron dependency. Recent studies have suggested that this mechanism may alter the viscosity or structure of lipid droplets (LDs). The relationship between LDs viscosity and ferroptosis remains an active area of research with limited reports at present. Additionally, there is a lack of effective anticancer drugs targeting the ferroptosis pathway to promote ferroptosis in tumour cells. Therefore, the development of tools to detect viscosity changes during ferroptosis and targeted therapeutic strategies is of great significance.

RESULTS

By coupling 1,3-indandione with naphthalimide, including decamethylamine as a LDs recognition group, we designed and synthesized an environmental fluorescent probe that induces intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) effects. Notably, the diffusion and transport of intracellular substances may be affected in highly viscous environments. Under such conditions, intracellular iron ions may accumulate, leading to peroxide production and cellular damage, which can trigger ferroptosis. Therefore, WD-1 achieved excellent in situ bioimaging of LDs targeting and its viscosity during ferroptosis in HeLa cells and zebrafish. Furthermore, it was observed that WD-1 effectively differentiated between malignant and normal cells during this process, highlighting its potential significance in distinguishing cellular states. In addition, we used the antitumour drug paclitaxel to study ferroptosis in cancer cells. These findings not only provide an excellent tool for the development of the ferroptosis response, but also are crucial for understanding the biological properties of LDs during the ferroptosis response.

SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY

Based on a powerful tool of fluorescent probe with in vivo bioimaging, we developed WD-1 to track the impact of paclitaxel on the process of ferroptosis in living cells. Therefore, we preliminarily believe that paclitaxel may affect the occurrence of ferroptosis and control apoptosis in cancer cells. These findings not only serve as an exceptional tool for advancing our understanding of the ferroptosis response, but furthermore play a vital role in comprehending the biological characteristics of LDs in relation to ferroptosis.

Long-term 4-nonylphenol exposure drives cervical cell malignancy through MAPK-mediated ferroptosis inhibition

4-NP (4-nonylphenol), a prevalent environmental endocrine disruptor with estrogenic properties, is commonly detected in drinking water and food sources. It poses a significant risk of endocrine disruption, thereby influencing the onset and progression of diverse diseases, including tumorigenesis. However, its specific impact on cervical cancer remains to be fully elucidated. Our study focused on the biological effects of sustained exposure to low-dose 4-NP on human normal cervical epithelial cells (HcerEpic). After a continuous 30-week exposure to 4-NP, the treated cells exhibited a significant malignant transformation, whereas the solvent control group showed limited malignant phenotypes. Subsequent analyses of the metabolomic profiles of the transformed cells unveiled marked irregularities in glutathione metabolism and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Analyses of transcriptomic profiles revealed significant activation of the MAPK signaling pathway and suppression of ferroptosis processes in these cells. Furthermore, the expression of MT2A was significantly upregulated following 4-NP exposure. Knockdown of MT2A restored the aberrant activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, elevated antioxidant capacity, ferroptosis inhibition, and ultimately the development of malignant phenotypes that induced by 4-NP in the transformed cells. Mechanistically, MT2A increased cellular antioxidant capabilities and facilitated the removal of toxic iron ions by enhancing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK pathways. The administration of activators and inhibitors of the MAPK pathway confirmed that the MAPK pathway mediated the 4-NP-induced suppression of ferroptosis and, ultimately, the malignant transformation of cervical epithelial cells. Overall, our findings elucidated a dynamic molecular transformation induced by prolonged exposure to 4-NP, and delineated comprehensive biological perspectives underlying 4-NP-induced cervical carcinogenesis. This offers novel theoretical underpinnings for the assessment of the carcinogenic risks associated with 4-NP.

HO-1 upregulation promotes mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis in PM2.5-exposed hippocampal neurons

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have revealed that PM2.5 plays a role in regulating iron metabolism and redox homeostasis in the brain, which is closely associated with ferroptosis. In this study, the role and underlying mechanism of ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity were investigated in mice, primary hippocampal neurons, and HT22 cells. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 could induce abnormal behaviors, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus of mice. These effects may be attributed to ferroptosis induced by PM2.5 exposure in hippocampal neurons. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the upregulation of iron metabolism-related protein Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and the activation of mitophagy might play key roles in PM2.5-induced ferroptosis in HT22 cells. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that PM2.5 exposure significantly upregulated HO-1 in primary hippocampal neurons and HT22 cells. Moreover, PM2.5 exposure activated mitophagy in HT22 cells, leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, alterations in the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, P62, and mTOR, as well as an increase in mitophagy-related protein PINK1 and PARKIN. As a heme-degradation enzyme, the upregulation of HO-1 promotes the release of excess iron, genetically inhibiting the upregulation of HO-1 in HT22 cells could prevent both PM2.5-induced mitophagy and ferroptosis. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of mitophagy in HT22 cells reduced levels of ferrous ions and lipid peroxides, thereby preventing ferroptosis. Collectively, this study demonstrates that HO-1 mediates PM2.5-induced mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis in hippocampal neurons, and inhibiting mitophagy or ferroptosis may be a key therapeutic target to ameliorate neurotoxicity following PM2.5 exposure.

Exposure to 6-PPD quinone causes ferroptosis activation associated with induction of reproductive toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Exposure to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) caused toxicity on Caenorhabditis elegans, including reproductive toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms for this induced reproductive toxicity by 6-PPDQ remain largely unclear. We examined possible association of ferroptosis activation with reproductive toxicity of 6-PPDQ. In 1-100 μg/L 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes, Fe2+ content was increased, which was accompanied with enhanced lipid peroxidation, increased malonydialdehyde (MDA) content, and decreased L-glutathione (GSH) content. Exposure to 1-100 μg/L 6-PPDQ decreased expressions of ftn-1 encoding ferritin, ads-1 encoding AGPS, and gpx-6 encoding GPX4 and increased expression of bli-3 encoding dual oxidase. After 6-PPDQ exposure, RNAi of ftn-1 decreased ads-1 and gpx-6 expressions and increased bli-3 expression. RNAi of ftn-1, ads-1, and gpx-6 strengthened alterations in ferroptosis related indicators, and RNAi of bli-3 suppressed changes of ferroptosis related indicators in 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes. Meanwhile, RNAi of ftn-1, ads-1, and gpx-6 induced susceptibility, and RNAi of bli-3 caused resistance to 6-PPDQ reproductive toxicity. Moreover, expressions of DNA damage checkpoint genes (clk-2, mrt-2, and hus-1) could be increased by RNAi of ftn-1, ads-1, and gpx-6 in 6-PPDQ exposed nematodes. Therefore, our results demonstrated activation of ferroptosis in nematodes exposed to 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations, and this ferroptosis activation was related to reproductive toxicity of 6-PPDQ.

BUB1 Promotes Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Ferroptosis

The development of chemotherapy resistance severely limits the therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine (GEM) in pancreatic cancer (PC), and the dysregulation of ferroptosis is a crucial factor in the development of chemotherapy resistance. BUB1 Mitotic Checkpoint Serine/Threonine Kinase (BUB1) is highly overexpressed in PC patients and is closely associated with patient prognosis. However, none of the literature reports the connection between BUB1 and ferroptosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying GEM resistance are also not well understood. Therefore, this study first established the high expression levels of BUB1 in PC patients, then explored the role of BUB1 in the process of ferroptosis, and finally investigated the mechanisms by which BUB1 regulates ferroptosis and contributes to GEM resistance in PC cells. In this study, downregulation of BUB1 enhanced the sensitivity of PC cells to Erastin, and inhibited cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, BUB1 could inhibit the expression levels of Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) and MOB kinase activator 1 (MOB1), and promote Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and promoting GEM resistance in PC cells. Furthermore, the combination of BUB1 inhibition with GEM exhibited a synergistic therapeutic effect. These findings reveal the mechanisms underlying the development of GEM chemotherapy resistance based on ferroptosis and suggest that the combined use of BUB1 inhibitors may be an effective approach to enhance GEM efficacy.

Micro(nano)-plastics exposure induced programmed cell death and corresponding influence factors

Plastic products have played an indispensable role in our daily lives for several decades, primarily due to their cost-effectiveness and unmatched convenience. Nevertheless, recent developments in nanotechnology have propelled our attention toward a distinct category of plastic fine particulates known as micro(nano)-plastics (MPs/NPs). The investigation of the cytotoxic effects of MPs/NPs has emerged as a central and burgeoning area of research in environmental toxicology and cell biology. In the scope of this comprehensive review, we have meticulously synthesized recent scientific inquiries to delve into the intricate interplay between MPs/NPs and programmed cell death mechanisms, which encompass a range of highly regulated processes. First, the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of different programmed death modalities induced by MPs/NPs were elaborated, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. The causes of different programmed deaths induced by MPs/NPs, such as size, surface potential, functional group modification, aging, biological crown, and co-exposure of MPs/NPs are further analyzed. In contrast, the various cellular programmed death modes induced by MPs/NPs are not alone most of the time, and lastly, the connections between different cellular programmed death modes induced by MPs/NPs, such as interconversion, mutual promotion, and mutual inhibition, are explained. Our primary objective is to unveil the multifaceted toxicological implications of MPs/NPs on the intricate web of cellular fate and biological homeostasis. This endeavor not only broadens our understanding of the potential risks associated with MPs/NPs exposure but also underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessments and regulatory measures in the context of environmental health.

Interplay between lipid dysregulation and ferroptosis in chondrocytes and the targeted therapy effect of metformin on osteoarthritis

INTRODUCTION

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a devastating whole-joint disease affecting a large population worldwide; the role of lipid dysregulation in OA and mechanisms underlying targeted therapy effect of lipid-lowering metformin on OA remains poorly defined.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effects of lipid dysregulation on OA progression and to explore lipid dysregulation-targeting OA treatment of metformin.

METHODS

RNA-Seq data, biochemical, and histochemical assays in human and murine OA cartilage as well as primary chondrocytes were utilized to determine lipid dysregulation. Effects of metformin, a potent lipid-lowering medication, on ACSL4 expression and chondrocyte metabolism were determined. Further molecular experiments, including RT-qPCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining, were performed to investigate underlying mechanisms. Mice with intra-articular injection of metformin were utilized to determine the effects on ACLT-induced OA progression.

RESULTS

ACSL4 and 4-HNE expressions were elevated in human and ACLT-induced mouse OA cartilage and IL-1β-treated chondrocytes (P < 0.05). Ferrostatin-1 largely rescued IL-1β-induced MDA, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptotic mitochondrial morphology (P < 0.05). Metformin decreased the levels of OA-related genes (P < 0.05) and increased the levels of p-AMPK and p-ACC in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Intra-articular injection of metformin alleviated ACLT-induced OA lesions in mice, and reverted the percentage of chondrocytes positive for MMP13, Col2a1, ACSL4 and 4-HNE in ACLT mice (P < 0.05). Ferroptotic chondrocytes promoted the recruitment and chemotaxis of RAW264.7 cells via CCL2, which was blocked by metformin in vitro (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

We establish a critical role of polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolic process in OA cartilage degradation and define metformin as a potential OA treatment. Metformin reshapes lipid availability and ameliorates chondrocyte ferroptosis sensitivity via the AMPK/ACC pathway. In the future, gene-edited animals and extensive omics technologies will be utilized to reveal detailed lipids' involvement in cartilage lesions.

Acute lung injury: a view from the perspective of necroptosis

BACKGROUND

ALI/ARDS is a syndrome of acute onset characterized by progressive hypoxemia and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the primary clinical manifestations. Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell necrosis that is precisely regulated by molecular signals. This process is characterized by organelle swelling and membrane rupture, is highly immunogenic, involves extensive crosstalk with various cellular stress mechanisms, and is significantly implicated in the onset and progression of ALI/ARDS.

METHODS

The current body of literature on necroptosis and ALI/ARDS was thoroughly reviewed. Initially, an overview of the molecular mechanism of necroptosis was provided, followed by an examination of its interactions with apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, PANOptosis, and NETosis. Subsequently, the involvement of necroptosis in various stages of ALI/ARDS progression was delineated. Lastly, drugs targeting necroptosis, biomarkers, and current obstacles were presented.

CONCLUSION

Necroptosis plays an important role in the progression of ALI/ARDS. However, since ALI/ARDS is a clinical syndrome caused by a variety of mechanisms, we emphasize that while focusing on necroptosis, it may be more beneficial to treat ALI/ARDS by collaborating with other mechanisms.

Diagnostic and predictive significance of the ferroptosis-related gene TXNIP in lung adenocarcinoma stem cells based on multi-omics

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer stands as the foremost cause of cancer-related fatalities globally. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) poses a challenge, rendering current targeted tumor therapies ineffective. This study endeavors to investigate a novel therapeutic approach focusing on ferroptosis and delves into the expression of ferroptosis-related genes within lung CSCs.

METHODS

We systematically examined RNA-seq datasets derived from lung tumor cells (LTCs) and lung cancer stem cells (LSCs), as previously investigated in our research. Our focus was on analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ferroptosis. Utilizing the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO), we conducted functional analysis of these ferroptosis-related DEGs. Additionally, we employed protein‒protein interaction networks to identify hub genes. LC‒MS/MS analysis of LTCs and LSCs was conducted to pinpoint the crucial ferroptosis-related gene-thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP).Further, we delved into the immune cell infiltration landscape of LTCs and LSCs, examining the correlation between TXNIP and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. To complement these findings, we measured the expression levels of TXNIP, glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) in LUAD tissues through immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining.

RESULTS

A total of 651 DEGs were identified, with 17 of them being ferroptosis-related DEGs. These seventeen genes were categorized into four groups: driver genes, suppressor genes, unclassified genes, and inducer genes. Enrichment analysis revealed significant associations with oxidative stress, cell differentiation, tissue development, and cell death processes. The RNA-seq analysis demonstrated consistent gene expression patterns with protein expression, as evidenced by mass spectrometry analysis. Among the identified genes, SFN and TXNIP were singled out as hub genes, with TXNIP showing particularly noteworthy expression. The expression of the ferroptosis-related gene TXNIP exhibited correlations with the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, TNM stages, and the degree of histological differentiation.Also, the ferroptosis-markers GPX4 and NCOA4 displayed correlations with LUAD. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significance of TXNIP in the context of ferroptosis-related processes and their potential implications in cancer development and progression.

CONCLUSION

The investigation conducted in this study systematically delved into the role of the ferroptosis-related gene TXNIP in Lung CSCs. The identification of TXNIP as a potentially valuable biomarker in this context could have significant implications for refining prognostic assessments and optimizing therapeutic strategies for advanced lung cancer.

Loss of GCN5L1 exacerbates damage in alcoholic liver disease through ferroptosis activation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Iron overload, oxidative stress and ferroptosis are associated with liver injury in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), however, the crosstalk among these regulatory pathways in ALD development is unclear.

METHODS

ALD mouse model and general control of amino acid synthesis 5 like 1 (GCN5L1) liver knockout mice were generated to investigate the role of GCN5L1 in ALD development. Proteomic screening tests were performed to identify the key factors mediating GCN5L1 loss-induced ALD.

RESULTS

Gene Expression Omnibus data set analysis indicates that GCN5L1 expression is negatively associated with ALD progression. GCN5L1 hepatic knockout mice develop severe liver injury and lipid accumulation when fed an alcohol diet. Screening tests identified that GCN5L1 targeted the mitochondrial iron transporter CISD1 to regulate mitochondrial iron homeostasis in ethanol-induced ferroptosis. GCN5L1-modulated CISD1 acetylation and activity were crucial for iron accumulation and ferroptosis in response to alcohol exposure.

CONCLUSION

Pharmaceutical modulation of CISD1 activity is critical for cellular iron homeostasis and ethanol-induced ferroptosis. The GCN5L1/CISD1 axis is crucial for oxidative stress and ethanol-induced ferroptosis in ALD and is a promising avenue for novel therapeutic strategies.

SP2509 functions as a novel ferroptosis inhibitor by reducing intracellular iron level in vascular smooth muscle cells

Previous studies have shown that ferroptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is involved in the development of aortic dissection (AD) and that histone methylation regulates this process. SP2509 acts as a specific inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which governs a variety of biological processes. However, the effect of SP2509 on VSMC ferroptosis and AD remains to be elucidated. This aim of this study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of SP2509-mediated histone methylation on VSMC ferroptosis. Here, a mouse model of AD was established, and significantly reduced levels of H3K4me1 and H3K4me2 (target of SP2509) were found in the aortas of AD mice. In VSMCs, SP2509 treatment led to a dose-dependent increase in H3K4me2 levels. Furthermore, we found that SP2509 provided equivalent protection to ferrostatin-1 against VSMC ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased cell viability, decreased cell death and lipid peroxidation. RNA-sequencing analysis and subsequent experiments revealed that SP2509 counteracted cystine deficiency-induced response to inflammation and oxidative stress. More importantly, we demonstrated that SP2509 inhibited the expression of TFR and ferritin to reduce intracellular iron levels, thereby effectively blocking the process of ferroptosis. Therefore, our findings indicate that SP2509 protects VSMCs from multiple stimulus-induced ferroptosis by reducing intracellular iron levels, thereby preventing lipid peroxidation and cell death. These findings suggest that SP2509 may be a promising drug to alleviate AD by reducing iron deposition and VSMC ferroptosis.

Dendritic Polylysine with Paclitaxel and Triptolide Codelivery for Enhanced Cancer Ferroptosis through the Accumulation of ROS

Recently, paclitaxel (PTX) was reported to increase intracellular lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, triggering cancer cell ferroptosis. Based on this, some efforts had been made to improve PTX treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our previous studies demonstrated that triptolide (TPL) could improve the antitumor effect of PTX. Nevertheless, the poor solubility and side effects often limit the application of chemotherapy drugs. In this paper, we constructed a novel nanodrug delivery system (NDDS) chemosynthesis by PEGylated generation 3 (G3) dendritic polylysine coloaded with PTX and TPL (PTX-TPL-PEG-PLL, PTPP), which was endowed with the ability of tumor targeting and favorable solubility. In addition, we demonstrated that TPL could induce ROS generation by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway to enhance the ferroptosis-induced effect of PTX. Besides, ferroptosis induced by PTPP could improve chemoresistance through inhibiting the level of P-gp, GPX4, and SLC7A11. Furthermore, we determined that ferroptosis may strengthen the immune response by increasing the expression of CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ+ cells while decreasing Treg cells. In general, PTPP may be a potential system for NSCLC treatment.

Ferroptosis, from the virus point of view: opportunities and challenges

Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death, which is mainly dependent on the formation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides mediated by iron. It is distinct from other forms of regulation of cell death in morphology, immunology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Various cell death mechanisms have been observed in many viral infections, and virus-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword that can inhibit or aggravate viral infections. However, understanding of the role of ferroptosis in various viral infections is limited. Special attention will be paid to the mechanisms of ferroptosis in mediating viral infection and antiviral treatment associated with ferroptosis. In this paper, we outlined the mechanism of ferroptosis. Additionally, this paper also review research on ferroptosis from the perspective of the virus, discussed the research status of ferroptosis in virus infection and classified and summarized research on the interaction between viral infections and ferroptosis.

Ferroptosis in liver cancer: a key role of post-translational modifications

Ferroptosis is an emerging form of regulated cell death in an oxidative stress- and iron-dependent manner, primarily induced by the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Manipulation of ferroptosis has been considered a promising therapeutic approach to inhibit liver tumor growth. Nevertheless, the development of resistance to ferroptosis in liver cancer poses a significant challenge in cancer treatment. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial enzymatic catalytic reactions that covalently regulate protein conformation, stability and cellular activities. Additionally, PTMs play pivotal roles in various biological processes and divergent programmed cell death, including ferroptosis. Importantly, key PTMs regulators involved in ferroptosis have been identified as potential targets for cancer therapy. PTMs function of two proteins, SLC7A11, GPX4 involved in ferroptosis resistance have been extensively investigated in recent years. This review will summarize the roles of PTMs in ferroptosis-related proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment.

The mitochondria-targeted Kaempferol nanoparticle ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis

Kaempferol (KA), an natural antioxidant of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is extensively used as the primary treatment for inflammatory digestive diseases with impaired redox homeostasis. Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) was exacerbated by mitochondrial dysfunction and abundant ROS, which highlights the role of antioxidants in targeting mitochondrial function. However, low bioavailability and high dosage of KA leading to unavoidable side effects limits clinical transformation. The mechanisms of KA with poor bioavailability largely unexplored, hindering development of the efficient strategies to maximizing the medicinal effects of KA. Here, we engineered a novel thioketals (TK)-modified based on DSPE-PEG2000 liposomal codelivery system for improving bioavailability and avoiding side effects (denotes as DSPE-TK-PEG2000-KA, DTM@KA NPs). We demonstrated that the liposome exerts profound impacts on damaging intracellular redox homeostasis by reducing GSH depletion and activating Nrf2, which synergizes with KA to reinforce the inhibition of inadequate fission, excessive mitochondrial fusion and impaired mitophagy resulting in inflammation and apoptosis; and then, the restored mitochondrial homeostasis strengthens ATP supply for PAC renovation and homeostasis. Interestingly, TK bond was proved as the main functional structure to improve the above efficacy of KA compared with the absence of TK bond. Most importantly, DTM@KA NPs obviously suppresses PAC death with negligible side effects in vitro and vivo. Mechanismly, DTM@KA NPs facilitated STAT6-regulated mitochondrial precursor proteins transport via interacting with TOM20 to further promote Drp1-dependent fission and Pink1/Parkin-regulated mitophagy with enhanced lysosomal degradation for removing damaged mitochondria in PAC and then reduce inflammation and apoptosis. Generally, DTM@KA NPs synergistically improved mitochondrial homeostasis, redox homeostasis, energy metabolism and inflammation response via regulating TOM20-STAT6-Drp1 signaling and promoting mitophagy in SAP. Consequently, such a TCM's active ingredients-based nanomedicine strategy is be expected to be an innovative approach for SAP therapy.

FAM120A deficiency improves resistance to cisplatin in gastric cancer by promoting ferroptosis

The occurrence of chemoresistance is an inescapable obstacle affecting the clinical efficacy of cisplatin in gastric cancer (GC). Exploring the regulatory mechanism of cisplatin resistance will help to provide potential effective targets for improving the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Here, we find that FAM120A is upregulated in GC tissues and higher in cisplatin-resistant GC tissues, and its high expression is positively correlated with the poor outcome of GC patients. Functional studies indicate that FAM120A confers chemoresistance to GC cells by inhibiting ferroptosis. Mechanically, METTL3-induced m6A modification and YTHDC1-induced stability of FAM120A mRNA enhance FAM120A expression. FAM120A inhibits ferroptosis by binding SLC7A11 mRNA and enhancing its stability. FAM120A deficiency enhances cisplatin sensitivity by promoting ferroptosis in vivo. These results reveal the function of FAM120A in chemotherapy tolerance and targeting FAM120A is an effective strategy to alleviate cisplatin resistance in GC.