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Molimard C, Dor F, Overs A, Monnien F, Gessain G, Kedochim L, D'Angelo F, Abad M, Heberle M, Derangère V, Ghiringhelli F, Vuitton L, Valmary-Degano S, Borg C, Lakkis Z, Bibeau F. Evaluation of immune infiltrate according to the HER2 status in colorectal cancer. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:853-860. [PMID: 37845155 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In colorectal cancer (CRC), HER2 targeting is a promising treatment and immune infiltrate is an important area of research and strategy. Data regarding HER2 status and immune infiltrate are lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the immune infiltrate between HER2 amplified and non-amplified categories in proficient MisMatchRepair (pMMR)/microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC. METHODS HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed in a retrospective series of 654 CRC. Lymphocyte infiltrate was analysed by anti-CD3, CD8 and CD4 IHC and evaluated digitally using QuPath software. RESULTS Among the 654 CRC, we first observed a decreased CD3+ and CD8+ infiltrate between HER2 amplified (all IHC 3+ except one 2+) and non-amplified HER2 2+ IHC CRC (p = 0.059 and 0.072 respectively). A supplementary analysis of 258 pMMR/MSS CRC from the previous cohort, displaying all the IHC scores (0, 1+, 2+, 3+), showed a lower CD3+ infiltrate between HER2 amplified versus HER2 0 (p = 0.002), 1+ (p = 0.088) and non-amplified 2+ (p = 0.081) IHC cases. CONCLUSIONS Our original findings suggest that in pMMR/MSS CRC, the immune infiltrate is reduced in HER2 amplified versus other HER2 categories. These data might be useful for future strategies combining anti-HER2 treatments and immune checkpoint inhibitors and need to be confirmed in larger CRC cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Molimard
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - Fanny Dor
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Alexis Overs
- Department of Oncobiology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Franck Monnien
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Loïs Kedochim
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Flavia D'Angelo
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Marine Abad
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Morgane Heberle
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Valentin Derangère
- Cancer Biology Transfer Platform, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lucine Vuitton
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Séverine Valmary-Degano
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CHU de Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Zaher Lakkis
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Fréderic Bibeau
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 3 Boulevard Alexandre Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
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Bos J, Groen-van Schooten TS, Brugman CP, Jamaludin FS, van Laarhoven HWM, Derks S. The tumor immune composition of mismatch repair deficient and Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 127:102737. [PMID: 38669788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC), known for its unfavorable prognosis, has been classified in four distinct molecular subtypes. These subtypes not only exhibit differences in their genome and transcriptome but also in the composition of their tumor immune microenvironment. The microsatellite instable (MSI) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive GC subtypes show clear clinical benefits from immune checkpoint blockade, likely due to a neoantigen-driven and virus-driven antitumor immune response and high expression of immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. However, even within these subtypes response to checkpoint inhibition is variable, which is potentially related to heterogeneity in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and expression of co-inhibitory molecules. We conducted a systematic review to outline the current knowledge about the immunological features on the TIME of MSI and EBV + GCs. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. All articles from the year 1990 and onwards addressing immune features of gastric adenocarcinoma were reviewed and included based on predefined in- and exclusion criteria. RESULTS In total 5962 records were screened, of which 139 were included that reported immunological data on molecular GC subtypes. MSI and EBV + GCs were reported to have a more inflamed TIME compared to non-MSI and EBV- GC subtypes. Compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors, MSI tumors were characterized by higher numbers of CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells, and tumor infiltrating pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages. HLA-deficiency was most common in MSI tumors compared to other molecular GC subtypes and associated with lower T and B cell infiltrates compared to HLA-proficient tumors. EBV + was associated with a high number of CD8 + T cells, Tregs, NK cells and macrophages. Expression of PD-L1, CTLA-4, Granzyme A and B, Perforin and interferon-gamma was enriched in EBV + tumors. Overall, MSI tumors harbored a more heterogeneous TIME in terms of immune cell composition and immune checkpoints compared to the EBV + tumors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION MSI and EBV + GCs are highly Handbook for Conducting a Literature-Based Health Assessment Using OHAT Approach for Systematic Review and Evidence Integration.; 2019pro-inflammatory immune cell populations. Although studies on the direct comparison of EBV + and MSI tumors are limited, EBV + tumors show less intra-subgroup heterogeneity compared to MSI tumors. More studies are needed to identify how Intra-subgroup heterogeneity impacts response to immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bos
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T S Groen-van Schooten
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C P Brugman
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F S Jamaludin
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Medical Library AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H W M van Laarhoven
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Derks
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Li H, Min J, Yang Y, Suo W, Wang W, Tian J, Qin Y. TMEM2 inhibits the development of Graves' orbitopathy through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105607. [PMID: 38159864 PMCID: PMC10839445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A mouse model was used to investigate the role of the hyaluronidase, transmembrane protein 2 (TMEM2), on the progression of Graves' orbital (GO) disease. We established a GO mouse model through immunization with a plasmid expressing the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Orbital fibroblasts (OFs) were subsequently isolated from both GO and non-GO mice for comprehensive in vitro analyses. The expression of TMEM2 was assessed using qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry in vivo. Disease pathology was evaluated by H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining in GO mouse tissues. Our investigation revealed a notable reduction in TMEM2 expression in GO mouse orbital tissues. Through overexpression and knockdown assays, we demonstrated that TMEM2 suppresses inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species production. TMEM2 also inhibits the formation of lipid droplets in OFs and the expression of adipogenic factors. Further incorporating Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of relevant GEO datasets and subsequent in vitro cell experiments, robustly confirmed that TMEM2 overexpression was associated with a pronounced upregulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. In vivo, TMEM2 overexpression reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, adipogenesis, and fibrosis in orbital tissues. These findings highlight the varied regulatory role of TMEM2 in GO pathogenesis. Our study reveals that TMEM2 plays a crucial role in mitigating inflammation, suppressing adipogenesis, and reducing fibrosis in GO. TMEM2 has potential as a therapeutic target and biomarker for treating or alleviating GO. These findings advance our understanding of GO pathophysiology and provide opportunities for targeted interventions to modulate TMEM2 for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucheng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendong Suo
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahe Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kim HR, Seo CW, Kim J. The value of CDC42 effector protein 2 as a novel prognostic biomarker in liver hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive data analysis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023; 14:451-467. [PMID: 38204425 PMCID: PMC10788419 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of CDC42 effector protein 2 (CDC42EP2) and its association with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) have not been explored in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). This study aims to assess the potential prognostic value of CDC42EP2 by conducting a comprehensive analysis of online databases pertaining to LIHC. METHODS We evaluated the potential of CDC42EP2 as a prognostic biomarker by utilizing online databases such as TIMER, GEPIA2, KM, OSlihc, HPA, and LinkedOmics. RESULTS In LIHC, we observed that the mRNA and protein expression of CDC42EP2 were upregulated compared to normal tissues. Upregulated CDC42EP2 expression was associated with a worse prognosis based on the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with LIHC. Furthermore, CDC42EP2 was positively associated with TIICs. In the co-expression and functional enrichment analyses of CDC42EP2, 11,416 genes showed positive associations with CDC42EP2 while 8,008 genes showed negative associations. CDC42EP2-related co-expression genes were involved in protein localization to the endoplasmic reticulum, translational initiation, and RNA catabolic processes in gene set enrichment analysis-Gene Ontology (GSEAGO), and regulated the ribosome, spliceosome, and primary immune deficiency in the GSEAKyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. In a survival map, 23 and 17 genes that exhibited positive associations with CDC42EP2 showed a significant hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival and disease-free survival, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that CDC42EP2 is a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential tumor immune therapeutic target in patients with LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Won Seo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Fukai S, Nakajima S, Saito M, Saito K, Kase K, Nakano H, Sato T, Sakuma M, Kaneta A, Okayama H, Mimura K, Sakamoto W, Saze Z, Momma T, Kono K. Down-regulation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression and CD8 + T-cell infiltration depending on HER2 heterogeneity in HER2-positive gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:878-890. [PMID: 37542528 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER2 signaling might be involved in the regulation of immune cell activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of gastric cancer (GC). However, the relationship between HER2 status and immune cell condition in the HER2-positive GC TME is not clearly understood. METHODS To investigate the effect of HER2 signaling on the activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which contributes to immune cell activation in the GC TME, we evaluated the associations among the expressions of HER2, cGAS-STING, and the number of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) by considering HER2 heterogeneity in HER2-positive GC tissues. We also examined the effect of HER2 signaling on the activation of STING signaling in vitro using human HER2-positive GC cell lines. RESULTS The expression of HER2 is highly heterogeneous in HER2-positive GC tissues, and we found that the number of CD8+ TIL in HER2 high areas was significantly lower than that in HER2 low areas in HER2-positive GC tissues. Intriguingly, the tumor cell-intrinsic expression of STING, but not cGAS, was also significantly lower in the HER2 high areas than the HER2 low areas in HER2-positive GC tissues. Moreover, in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that the blockade of HER2 signaling increased the expression of STING and its target genes, including IFNB1, CXCL9/10/11, and CCL5, in HER2-positive GC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HER2 signaling might suppress immune cell activation in the GC TME by inhibiting STING signaling in tumor cells in HER2-positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fukai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan.
- Department of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer and Regional Medical Support, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Motonobu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kase
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mei Sakuma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akinao Kaneta
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Okayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kosaku Mimura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Zenichiro Saze
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Momma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer and Regional Medical Support, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Hernandez-Martinez JM, Rosell R, Arrieta O. Somatic and germline ATM variants in non-small-cell lung cancer: Therapeutic implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104058. [PMID: 37343657 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM is an apical kinase of the DNA damage response involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Germline ATM variants (gATM) have been associated with an increased risk of developing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and approximately 9% of LUAD tumors harbor somatic ATM mutations (sATM). Biallelic carriers of pathogenic gATM exhibit a plethora of immunological abnormalities, but few studies have evaluated the contribution of immune dysfunction to lung cancer susceptibility. Indeed, little is known about the clinicopathological characteristics of lung cancer patients with sATM or gATM alterations. The introduction of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, and the increasing number of clinical trials evaluating treatment combinations, warrants a careful reexamination of the benefits and harms that different therapeutic approaches have had in lung cancer patients with sATM or gATM. This review will discuss the role of ATM in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, highlighting potential therapeutic approaches to manage ATM-deficient lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Hernandez-Martinez
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México (INCan); CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; (4)Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Experimental Oncology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México (INCan).
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Alfaro A, Zanabria D, Aguilar A, Jimenez-Solano SA, Zevallos A, Fajardo W. Gastric adenocarcinoma with high‑level microsatellite instability: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 18:16. [PMID: 36798468 PMCID: PMC9926044 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth on the list of the most common malignancies worldwide. In Peru, gastric neoplasms are considered the second leading cause of mortality among males. Among the molecular subgroups of GC, microsatellite instability presents a favorable prognosis due to its hypermutated phenotype, which activates immunosurveillance. The present study describes the case of a 75-year-old patient, who was admitted in the hospital with a history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and recurrent hospital admission, due to severe anemia. The patient presented with pale skin, normal vital functions, slight swelling of the lower extremities, and abdominal distention and bloating upon a physical examination. An endoscopic examination revealed an infiltrating circular ulcerated lesion. The histopathological analysis identified a moderately differentiated intestinal-type adenocarcinoma with pathological stage T3N0M0. Tumor genomic profiling demonstrated alterations in 15 different genes with a tumor mutational burden of 28 mutations/Mb. Finally, the patient underwent a partial gastrectomy without pre-operative chemotherapy. After 4 days, the patient presented with post-operative complications for which he was re-operated on. The patient did not survive. To the best of our knowledge, in the present case, pernicious anemia was an early sign of GC and a gastroscopy had to be performed. Furthermore, MutS homolog 3 alterations probably conditioned the presence of multiple frame-shift mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Alfaro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima 15003, Peru
| | | | - Alfredo Aguilar
- Basic and Translational Research Unit, Oncosalud-AUNA, Lima 15036, Peru
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez-Solano
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru
| | - Alejandra Zevallos
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15067, Peru,Correspondence to: Professor Alejandra Zevallos, School of Medicine, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Avenue José Antonio Lavalle N˚ 302-304 (Ex Hacienda Villa), Chorrillos, Lima 15067, Peru
| | - Williams Fajardo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima 15003, Peru,School of Medicine, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima 15067, Peru
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Wang Q, Mao Z, Li W, Wang S, Wang L, Chen L, Yang Z, Fu X, Jiang P, Bai Y, Xu L, Zhang S, Hou Y, Jia X, Jiang L, Liu M, Zhang G, Jiang Y, Guo H. Characteristics of the immunogenicity and tumor immune microenvironment in HER2-amplified lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042072. [PMID: 36591290 PMCID: PMC9797999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Besides breast and gastric cancer, HER2 amplification/mutation are also found in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the correlation between HER2 variations and the phenotype of immunogenicity and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in LUAD compared with breast and gastric cancer has yet to be fully elucidated. Methods We integrated public databases (discovery set) and internal data (validated set) of 288 patients representing three distinct HER2-altered tumors. Genomic data were used to identify somatic mutations, copy number variations, and calculate tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability score. RNA sequencing was conducted to estimate immune gene signatures and contents of tumor-infiltrating immune cell populations. Finally, IHC was used to determine PD-L1 expression and the tumoral-infiltration of immune cells in 50 HER2-variant tumor specimens with no prior therapeutic regimens. Results Compared with HER2-amplified breast and gastric cancers, patients with HER2-amplified LUAD showed higher immunogenicity, mainly manifested in immune checkpoints expression and tissue/blood TMB. Additionally, HER2-amplified LUAD exhibited an inflamed TIME with remarkably increased genes encoding HLAs, T-cell activity and immune cell-type, and accompanied with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In LUAD, patients with HER2 amplification possessed higher tissue TMB than HER2 mutation, whereas no difference was observed in PD-L1 expression. HER2 amplification (primary) was associated with significantly higher PD-L1 expression and TMB than acquired HER2 amplification after resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Conclusion Patients with HER2-amplified LUAD have better immunogenicity and/or an inflamed TIME among HER2-aberrant tumors. Our study may provide clues for establishing the benefits and uses of ICIs for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ziyang Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Panpan Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yixue Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Longwen Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaohui Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Yina Jiang, ; Hui Guo,
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Centre for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Yina Jiang, ; Hui Guo,
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Albarakati N, Al-Shareeda A, Ramadan M, Al-Sowayan B, Negm O, Nedjadi T. Interaction between HER2 and ATM predicts poor survival in bladder cancer patients. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4959-4973. [PMID: 36056635 PMCID: PMC9549494 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression is considered one of the interesting prognostic biomarkers in bladder cancer. However, the mechanism of bladder cancer development in relation to HER2 status remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated HER2‐Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase interaction and their impact on patient survival and cancer aggressiveness. Using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts, we demonstrated that ATM expression (protein/mRNA) is increased in HER2 deficient compared with proficient HER2 patients. This finding was then validated using the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). Correlation analysis (using low expression vs high expression as a discriminator) revealed a significant association of ATM low and HER2 high status with several clinicopathological variables such as high tumour grade, late disease stage and tumour shape. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that ATM low and HER2 high is a powerful prognosticator of both overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS). Furthermore, using bioinformatics and protein/protein interaction analyses, we identified 66 putative overlapping proteins with direct link between HER2 and ATM most of which are functionally involved in transcription regulation, apoptotic process and cell proliferation. Interestingly, the results showed that these proteins are strongly linked with PI3K‐Akt pathway, p53 pathway and microRNAs in cancer. Altogether, our data pinpoint an important biological role of the interconnection between HER2 and ATM. The latter appear to be an independent prognostic biomarker and may serve as targets to develop novel combination therapies to improve the outcome of patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Albarakati
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Al-Shareeda
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cellular Therapy and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of the Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Ramadan
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batla Al-Sowayan
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cellular Therapy and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola Negm
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Taoufik Nedjadi
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Kwon M, Kim G, Kim R, Kim KT, Kim ST, Smith S, Mortimer PGS, Hong JY, Loembé AB, Irurzun-Arana I, Koulai L, Kim KM, Kang WK, Dean E, Park WY, Lee J. Phase II study of ceralasertib (AZD6738) in combination with durvalumab in patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005041. [PMID: 35790315 PMCID: PMC9258491 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways is an attractive strategy for boosting cancer immunotherapy. Ceralasertib (AZD6738) is an oral kinase inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein, which is a master regulator of DDR. We conducted a phase II trial of ceralasertib plus durvalumab in patients with previously treated advanced gastric cancer (AGC) to demonstrate the safety, tolerability, and clinical activity of the combination. METHODS This phase II, open-label, single-center, non-randomized study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ceralasertib in combination with durvalumab in patients with AGC. The study drug regimen was ceralasertib (240 mg two times a day) days 15-28 in a 28-day cycle in combination with durvalumab (1500 mg) at day 1 every 4 weeks. The primary end point was overall response rate (ORR) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (V.1.1). Exploratory biomarker analysis was performed using fresh tumor biopsies in all enrolled patients. RESULTS Among 31 patients, the ORR, disease control rate, median progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival were 22.6% (95% CI 9.6% to 41.1%), 58.1% (95% CI 39.1% to 75.5%), 3.0 (95% CI 2.1 to 3.9) months, and 6.7 (95% CI 3.8 to 9.6) months, respectively. Common adverse events were manageable with dose modification. A subgroup of patients with a loss of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) expression and/or high proportion of mutational signature attributable to homologous repair deficiency (sig. HRD) demonstrated a significantly longer PFS than those with intact ATM and low sig. HRD (5.60 vs 1.65 months; HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.045 to 0.39; long-rank p<0.001). During the study treatment, upregulation of the innate immune response by cytosolic DNA, activation of intratumoral lymphocytes, and expansion of circulating tumor-reactive CD8 +T cell clones were identified in responders. Enrichment of the tumor vasculature signature was associated with treatment resistance. CONCLUSIONS Ceralasertib plus durvalumab has promising antitumor activity, with durable responses in patients with refractory AGC. Thus, a biomarker-driven trial is required. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03780608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gahyun Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryul Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jung Yong Hong
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Emma Dean
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea .,Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Shi J, Yang X, Wang X, Luo Y, Zhou W, Luo H, Bianba Z, Nima Z, Wang Q, Wang H, Liao R, Ciren Q, Li M, Pang J. Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Mismatch Repair Protein Deficiency and the Correlation of Immune Markers in Tibetan Patients with Gastric Cancer. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022:2684065. [PMID: 35734348 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2684065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is a major cause of cancer-related death in China. Immunotherapies based on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have improved the survival of some patients with GC. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) markers (such as CD3, CD8, and PD-L1) may help to identify specific patients who will respond to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Considering racial heterogeneity, the pattern of TIME markers in Tibetan patients with GC is still unclear. We aimed to identify the prevalence of EBV infection and the MMR status and their association with immune markers in Tibetan GC to aid in patient selection for immunotherapy. Materials and Methods From 2001 to 2015, we retrospectively collected 120 tissue samples from consecutive Tibetan GC patients and constructed tissue microarrays. EBV infection was assessed by Epstein–Barr-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization, and MMR protein levels were measured. Immune markers (including CD3 and CD8) in intraepithelial, stromal, and total areas were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). PD-L1 expression was assessed by the combined positive score (CPS). We also analyzed the relationships of EBV infection and MMR status with immune markers. Results Of the 120 samples, 11 (9.17%) were EBV positive (+), and 6 (5%) were MMR deficient (dMMR). PD-L1 CPS ≥1% was found in 32.5% (39/120) of Tibetan GC patients. EBV infection was associated with higher numbers of CD3+ T cells (P < 0.05) and CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05) and higher PD-L1 expression (P < 0.05). For the limited number of dMMR patients, no significant relationship was observed between dMMR and TIME markers (P > 0.05). Conclusions In Tibetan GC patients, the rates of EBV infection, dMMR, and positive PD-L1 expression were 9.17%, 5%, and 32.5%, respectively. EBV infection was associated with the numbers of CD3+ T cells and CD8+ T cells and PD-L1 expression within the tumor. These markers may guide the selection of Tibetan GC patients for immunotherapy.
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12
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Wang Z, Wang X, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang X, Peng Z, Hu Y, Zhao X, Dong K, Zhang B, Gao C, Zhao X, Chen H, Cai J, Bai Y, Sun Y, Shen L. Mutations of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway as predictors for immune cell infiltration and immunotherapy efficacy in dMMR/MSI-H gastric adenocarcinoma. BMC Med 2022; 20:133. [PMID: 35443723 PMCID: PMC9022268 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant subset of mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) gastric adenocarcinomas (GAC) are resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), yet the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. We sought to investigate the genomic correlates of the density of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (DTICs) and primary resistance to ICI treatment. METHODS Four independent cohorts of MSI-H GAC were included: (i) the surgery cohort (n = 175) with genomic and DTIC data, (ii) the 3DMed cohort (n = 32) with genomic and PD-L1 data, (iii) the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort (n = 73) with genomic, transcriptomic, and survival data, and (iv) the ICI treatment cohort (n = 36) with pre-treatment genomic profile and ICI efficacy data. RESULTS In the dMMR/MSI-H GAC, the number of mutated genes in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway (NMP) was positively correlated with tumor mutational burden (P < 0.001) and sensitivity to PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors and negatively correlated with CD3+ (P < 0.001), CD4+ (P = 0.065), CD8+ (P = 0.004), and FOXP3+ cells (P = 0.033) in the central-tumor rather than invasive-margin area, and the transcription of immune-related genes. Compared to the NMP-low (NMP = 0/1) patients, the NMP-high (NMP ≥ 2) patients exhibited a poorer objective response rate (29.4% vs. 85.7%, P < 0.001), progression-free survival (HR = 3.40, P = 0.019), and overall survival (HR = 3.59, P = 0.048) upon ICI treatment. CONCLUSIONS Higher NMP was identified as a potential predictor of lower DTICs and primary resistance to ICIs in the dMMR/MSI-H GAC. Our results highlight the possibility of using mutational data to estimate DTICs and administering the PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitor as an immunotherapeutic adjuvant in NMP-high subpopulation to overcome the resistance to ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Medical Affairs, 3D Medicines, Inc, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yajie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xinya Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Kun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Medical Affairs, 3D Medicines, Inc, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Gao
- Medical Affairs, 3D Medicines, Inc, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Hui Chen
- Medical Affairs, 3D Medicines, Inc, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Cai
- Medical Affairs, 3D Medicines, Inc, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuezong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
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13
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Li M, Zhong X, Du F, Wu X, Li M, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Shen J, Yang Z, Xiao Z. Current Understanding and Future Perspectives on Hyperprogressive Disease Highlight the Tumor Microenvironment. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62:1059-1078. [PMID: 35303368 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized traditional cancer therapy. Although many patients have achieved long-term survival benefits from immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment, there are still some patients who develop rapid tumor progression after immunotherapy, known as hyperprogressive disease. Here we summarize current knowledge on hyperprogressive disease after immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment to promote more thorough understanding of the disease. This review focuses on multiple aspects of hyperprogressive disease, especially the tumor microenvironment, with the hope that more reliable biomarkers and therapeutics could be established for hyperprogressive disease in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xianmei Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongming Yang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, P.R. China
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14
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Wang H, Wu J, Ling R, Li F, Yang Q, He J, Lei X, Wu C, Zhang G, Zheng B, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Chen H, Ye G, Li G. Fibroblast-derived LPP as a biomarker for treatment response and therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:547-560. [PMID: 35229032 PMCID: PMC8857546 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of tumor microenvironment and immune checkpoint (e.g., PD-L1) is important for immune escape, impacting chemotherapy and immunotherapy efficacy. We aimed to investigate biomarkers and therapeutic targets against treatment resistance in gastric cancer. Abundances of tumor-infiltrating immune cells were estimated in multiple datasets. Three patient subgroups (A, B, and C) were identified based on seven types of PD-L1- and IFN-γ-associated immune cells. Patients yielded increased prognosis from subgroup A to C (p = 0.027). Subgroup A was characterized by high activated CD4+ memory T cell infiltration, while more resting CD4+ memory T cells were in subgroup C. Further, a risk score was developed for prognostication. Lipoma preferred partner (LPP), as the hub gene in subgroup-related regulatory network, was upregulated (p < 0.01) and was associated with high risk score (p < 0.001) and poor survival (p < 0.05). Bioinformatics analyses and experiments found that LPP expressed restrictively in fibroblasts and associated with activated CD4+ memory T cell infiltration and tumor growth. High-LPP patients yielded fewer benefits from chemotherapy or immunotherapy, compared with the low-LPP group. We finally identified 28 compounds as sensitive drugs for high-LPP patients. Our findings suggested LPP might be a biomarker for treatment response and therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ruoyu Ling
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fengping Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qingbin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiayong He
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuetao Lei
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chaorui Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Boyang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanmei Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Gengtai Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Guangzhou 510515, China
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15
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Shitara K, Ajani JA, Moehler M, Garrido M, Gallardo C, Shen L, Yamaguchi K, Wyrwicz L, Skoczylas T, Bragagnoli AC, Liu T, Tehfe M, Elimova E, Bruges R, Zander T, de Azevedo S, Kowalyszyn R, Pazo-Cid R, Schenker M, Cleary JM, Yanez P, Feeney K, Karamouzis MV, Poulart V, Lei M, Xiao H, Kondo K, Li M, Janjigian YY. Nivolumab plus chemotherapy or ipilimumab in gastro-oesophageal cancer. Nature 2022; 603:942-8. [PMID: 35322232 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Standard first-line chemotherapy results in disease progression and death within one year in most patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma1–4. Nivolumab plus chemotherapy demonstrated superior overall survival versus chemotherapy at 12-month follow-up in gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction or oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the randomized, global CheckMate 649 phase 3 trial5 (programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) combined positive score ≥5 and all randomized patients). On the basis of these results, nivolumab plus chemotherapy is now approved as a first-line treatment for these patients in many countries6. Nivolumab and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor ipilimumab have distinct but complementary mechanisms of action that contribute to the restoration of anti-tumour T-cell function and induction of de novo anti-tumour T-cell responses, respectively7–11. Treatment combining 1 mg kg−1 nivolumab with 3 mg kg−1 ipilimumab demonstrated clinically meaningful anti-tumour activity with a manageable safety profile in heavily pre-treated patients with advanced gastro-oesophageal cancer12. Here we report both long-term follow-up results comparing nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone and the first results comparing nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus chemotherapy alone from CheckMate 649. After the 24.0-month minimum follow-up, nivolumab plus chemotherapy continued to demonstrate improvement in overall survival versus chemotherapy alone in patients with PD-L1 combined positive score ≥5 (hazard ratio 0.70; 95% confidence interval 0.61, 0.81) and all randomized patients (hazard ratio 0.79; 95% confidence interval 0.71, 0.88). Overall survival in patients with PD-L1 combined positive score ≥ 5 for nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus chemotherapy alone did not meet the prespecified boundary for significance. No new safety signals were identified. Our results support the continued use of nivolumab plus chemotherapy as standard first-line treatment for advanced gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Results in the CheckMate 649 phase 3 trial for first-line combined nivolumab and chemotherapy treatment continue to show clinically meaningful efficacy in gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction or oesophageal adenocarcinoma after 24 months, with no new safety signals.
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Yu H, Li E, Liu S, Wu Z, Gao F. Identification of Signature Genes in the PD-1 Relative Gastric Cancer Using a Combined Analysis of Gene Expression and Methylation Data. J Oncol 2022; 2022:4994815. [PMID: 36568638 PMCID: PMC9780002 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4994815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morbidity and mortality rates for gastric cancer (GC) rank second among all cancers, indicating the serious threat it poses to human health, as well as human life. This study aims to identify the pathways and genes as well as investigate the molecular mechanisms of tumor-related genes in gastric cancer (GC). METHOD We compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated genes (DMGs) in gastric cancer and normal tissue samples using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) and the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis' pathway annotations were conducted on DMGs and DEGs using a clusterProfiler R package to identify the important functions, as well as the biological processes and pathways involved. The intersection of the two was chosen and defined as differentially methylated and expressed genes (DMEGs). For DMEGs, we used the principal component analysis (PCA) to differentiate gastric cancer from adjacent samples. The linear discriminant analysis method was applied to categorize the samples using DMEGs methylation data and DMEGs expression profiles data and was validated using the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method. We plotted the ROC curve for the classification and calculated the AUC (area under the ROC curve) value for a more intuitive view of the classification effect. We also used the NetworkAnalyst 3.0 tool to analyze DMEGs, using DrugBank to acquire information on protein-drug interactions and generate a network map of gene-drug interactions. RESULTS We identified a total of 971 DMGs in 188 PD-1 negative and 187 PD-1 positive gastric cancer samples obtained from TCGA. The KEGG and GO enrichment analysis showed the involvement of the regulation of ion transmembrane transport, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, cell-cell junction, and peptidase regulator activity. We simultaneously obtained 1,189 DEGs, out of which 986 were downregulated, while 203 were upregulated in tumors. The enriched analysis of the GO's and KEGG's pathways indicated that the most significant pathways included an intestinal immune network for IgA production, Staphylococcus aureus infection, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, which have previously been linked with gastric cancer. The compound DB01830 can bind well to the active site of the LCK protein and shows good stability, thus making it a potential inhibitor of the LCK protein. To observe the relationship between DMEGs' expression and prognosis, we observed 10 genes, among which were TRIM29, TSPAN8, EOMES, PPP1R16B, SELL, PCED1B, IYD, JPH1, CEACAM5, and RP11-44K6.2. Their high expressions were related to high risks. Besides, those genes were validated in different internal and external validation sets. CONCLUSION These results may provide potential molecular biological therapy for PD-1 negative gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - En Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - ZuGuang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - FenFei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Chakrabarti J, Koh V, Steele N, Hawkins J, Ito Y, Merchant JL, Wang J, Helmrath MA, Ahmad SA, So JBY, Yong WP, Zavros Y. Disruption of Her2-Induced PD-L1 Inhibits Tumor Cell Immune Evasion in Patient-Derived Gastric Cancer Organoids. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6158. [PMID: 34944780 PMCID: PMC8699100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary HER2 may contribute to immune evasion in gastric cancer that is associated with PD-L1 expression. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures serve as an appropriate in vitro model to study the effects of anti-HER2 targeted therapy in combination with anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibition and may be used as an ex vivo tool for precision medicine. Abstract (1) Background: The expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which interacts with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), enables tumors to escape immunosurveillance. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction results in the inhibition of CTL proliferation, and effector function, thus promoting tumor cell evasion from immunosurveillance and cancer persistence. Despite 40% of gastric cancer patients exhibiting PD-L1 expression, only a small subset of patients responds to immunotherapy. Human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2) is one of the critical regulators of several solid tumors, including metastatic gastric cancer. Although half of PD-L1-positive gastric tumors co-express HER2, crosstalk between HER2 and PD-1/PD-L1 in gastric cancer remains undetermined. (2) Methods: Human gastric cancer organoids (huTGOs) were generated from biopsied or resected tissues and co-cultured with CTLs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) was performed on FFPE tissue microarrays of numerous gastric cancer patients to examine the protein expression of immune markers. (3) Results: Knockdown of HER2 in PD-L1/HER2-positive huTGOs led to a concomitant decrease in PD-L1 expression. Similarly, in huTGOs/immune cell co-cultures, PD-L1 expression decreased in huTGOs and was correlated with an increase in CTL proliferation which enhanced huTGO death. Treatment with Nivolumab exhibited similar effects. However, a combinatorial treatment with Mubritinib and Nivolumab was unable to inhibit HER2 expression in co-cultures containing MDSCs. (4) Conclusions: Our study suggested that co-expression of HER2 and PD-L1 may contribute to tumor cell immune evasion. In addition, autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures can be exploited to effectively screen responses to a combination of anti-HER2 and immunotherapy to tailor treatment for gastric cancer patients.
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Yan XL, Luo QY, Zhou SN, Pan WT, Zhang L, Yang DJ, Qiu MZ. MicroRNA-375 reverses the expression of PD-L1 by inactivating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in gastric cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101574. [PMID: 33272890 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer patients remains unclear. microRNAs (miRs) have been reported to be crucial components of the crosstalk between tumor-immune cells and emerging evidence suggests that microRNA-375 (miR-375) is significantly downregulated in digestive system tumors, but its association with PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer remains to be determined. METHODS The expression level of miR-375 was first investigated in human gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Its effect on gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro via CCK8, colony formation assays, wound healing assays, transwell assays, and flow cytometry. In vivo experiments using immunodeficient BALB/c nude female mice were also performed. Luciferase reporter assays were employed to identify interactions between miR-375 and its target genes. RESULTS Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the expression of miR-375 was negatively correlated with PD-L1 in gastric cancer tissues. The overexpression of miR-375 inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the knockdown of miR-375 demonstrated opposite effects, both in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-375 could bind to the 3'-UTR regions of JAK2 and an inverse association between miR-375 and JAK2/STAT3/PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer cell lines was also observed. In vivo experiments showed that miR-375-overexpression decreased the growth of xenograft tumors in immunodeficient BALB/c mice. CONCLUSIONS miR-375 negatively regulates PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and could be a promising novel therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lei Yan
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Yun Luo
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Su-Na Zhou
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Pan
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Da-Jun Yang
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China.
| | - Miao-Zhen Qiu
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China.
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Although multidisciplinary therapeutic strategies have improved treatment outcomes, the overall prognosis for patients with GC remains poor. Recently, immunotherapeutic agents targeting immunosuppressive proteins such as anti-programmed death-1 receptor and anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have emerged as effective treatment options for various cancers, including GC. In addition to their therapeutic role, the expression of PD-L1 has been used as a predictive biomarker for programmed death-1/PD-L1 treatment response and has been shown to have a prognostic role in certain cancers. This study aims to evaluate the expression of PD-L1 in GC samples from Jordanian patients and assess its prognostic role as well as its correlation with clinicopathologic variables. Gastrectomy samples from 96 patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry assay was employed for PD-L1 testing, and the scoring was based on a combined positive score (CPS). It was found that 66.7% of the study samples were positive for PD-L1 (CPS≥1). The expression of PD-L1 was not significantly associated with any of the assessed clinicopathologic variables; however, it was found to be an independent favorable prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.481; 95% confidence interval: 0.231-1.001; P=0.050).
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Hou Y, Zhang G. Identification of immune-infiltrating cell-related biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma based on gene co-expression network analysis. Diagn Pathol 2021; 16:57. [PMID: 34218795 PMCID: PMC8255019 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-021-01118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often caused by chronic liver infection or inflammation. Searching for potential immunotherapy targets will aid the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Methods Firstly, detailed HCC data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. GDCRNATools was used for the comprehensive analysis of RNA sequencing data. Subsequently, the CIBERSORT package was used to estimate infiltration scores of 22 types of immune cells in complex samples. Furthermore, hub genes were identified via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. In addition, multiple databases were used to validate the expression of hub gene in the tumor tissue. Finally, prognostic, diagnostic and immunohistochemical analysis of key hub genes was performed. Results In the present study, 9 hub genes were identified using WGCNA and PPI network analysis. Furthermore, the expression levels of 9 genes were positively correlated with the infiltration levels of CD8-positive T (CD8+ T) cells. In multiple dataset validations, the expression levels of CCL5, CXCR6, CD3E, and LCK were decreased in cancer tissues. In addition, survival analysis revealed that patients with LCK low expression had a poor survival prognosis (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that CCL5, CD3E and LCK were expressed at low levels in HCC cancer tissues. Conclusion The identification of CCL5, CXCR6, CD3E and LCK may be helpful in the development of early diagnosis and therapy of HCC. LCK may be a potential prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy for HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13000-021-01118-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng City, No.306 Jiankang Street, Linqing City, 252600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng City, No.306 Jiankang Street, Linqing City, 252600, Shandong Province, China.
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21
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Wang D, Wang N, Li X, Chen X, Shen B, Zhu D, Zhu L, Xu Y, Yu Y, Shu Y. Tumor mutation burden as a biomarker in resected gastric cancer via its association with immune infiltration and hypoxia. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:823-34. [PMID: 33687617 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-021-01175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor mutation burden (TMB) predicts immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors. However, the biomarker role of TMB is still conflicting in resected tumors. We aimed to examine the association of TMB with prognosis and postoperative chemotherapy (CT) or radiochemotherapy (RCT) efficacy in resected gastric cancer (GC). METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 73 resected GC specimens. Validation cohorts included 352 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 222 patients from the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG). Immune infiltration and hypoxia were evaluated by transcriptome data and immunohistochemistry assay. RESULTS TMB-high GC had favorable overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), but the OS and DFS benefits with postoperative CT/RCT were more pronounced in TMB-low GC. These findings were consistent among all three cohorts and were maintained in the pooled cohort. Stratified by stages in the pooled cohort, stage III GC benefited from postoperative CT/RCT regardless of TMB level while stage Ib/II GC benefited from postoperative CT/RCT in TMB-low but not in TMB-high subgroup. TMB positively correlated with immune infiltration which was characterized by NK cell rather than CD8 + T cell enrichment. TMB-high GC was more hypoxic than TMB-low GC, and TMB-high stage Ib/II GC was the most hypoxic. CONCLUSIONS High TMB may predict favorable prognosis in resected GC but poor response to postoperative CT/RCT in stage Ib/II subgroup, which may be determined by TMB-associated immune infiltration and hypoxia, respectively.
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22
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Kim DH, Bae GE, Suh KS, Ryuman D, Song KS, Kim JS, Lee SI, Yeo MK. Clinical Significance of Tumor and Immune Cell PD-L1 Expression in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. In Vivo 2021; 34:3171-3180. [PMID: 33144421 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The prognostic relevance of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein expression in gastric cancer (GC) remains controversial. The aims of the present study were to determine the correlations between tumor cell (TC) and immune cell (IC) PD-L1 protein levels with prognosis, and to determine the correlation between PD-L1 expression and different molecular GC subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS TC and IC PD-L1 protein levels were measured in 286 GC patients. The patients were classified according to the Cancer Genome Atlas and Asian Cancer Research Group guidelines using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS TC and IC PD-L1 protein levels were positively correlated with patient survival. TC PD-L1 expression was negatively correlated with tumor grade. TC and IC PD-L1 expression was associated with improved prognosis in Epstein-Barr virus negative (EBV-), microsatellite instability (MSI) rather than microsatellite stability (MSS) subgroup GC patients. CONCLUSION PD-L1 protein expression in TCs and ICs can be used as a prognostic indicator for GC patients, particularly in the EBV-, MSI, and MSS subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Bae
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sun Suh
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David Ryuman
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ju Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Il Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Yeo
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Yang N, Wu Y, Jin M, Jia Z, Wang Y, Cao D, Qin L, Wang X, Zheng M, Cao X, Jiang J. Microsatellite instability and Epstein-Barr virus combined with PD-L1 could serve as a potential strategy for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of postoperative chemotherapy in gastric cancer. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11481. [PMID: 34046266 PMCID: PMC8139270 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsatellite instability (MSI) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive molecular subtypes exhibit complex immune responses in gastric cancer (GC), and PD-L1 has emerged as a prognostic biomarker associated with the cancer immune microenvironment. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of molecular subtypes and whether the addition of PD-L1 would accurately predict the prognosis and guide postoperative chemotherapy for GC patients. Methods We performed molecular subtyping of tissue microarray slides from 226 GC patients who were treated with radical gastrectomy. The MSI status and PD-L1 expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and EBV status through situ hybridization. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also performed on 50 cases to validate the accuracy of IHC in defining MSI status. Differences in overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results Among the 226 GC patients, 52 (23.2%) patients were classified as the MSI subtype, 11 (4.9%) were EBV+ subtype, and 161 (71.9%) were MSS (Microsatellite stable) /EBV subtype according to TCGA analysis. Two patients were both positive for MSI and EBV infection. EBV+ cases showed higher PD-L1 positivity than MSI cases and MSS/EBV cases (81.8% vs. 50.0% vs. 35.4%, P = 0.003). Compared with the non-MSS/EBV (MSI or EBV+ cases) subgroup, GC patients with MSS/EBV were associated with the worst outcomes (HR = 1.610, 95% CI [1.0462.479], P = 0.031). MSS/EBV GCs alone could benefit from postoperative chemotherapy (HR = 0.452, 95% CI [0.2990.682], P<0.001), and PD-L1-positive expression could also predict a better prognosis (HR = 0.612, 95% CI [0.3890.962], P = 0.033) in this subgroup. Considering both chemotherapy efficacy and PD-L1 expression in the MSS/EBV subgroup, chemotherapy could improve the prognosis for PD-L1-negative MSS/EBV GCs (HR = 0.357, 95% CI [0.2170.587], P <0.001) but not PD-L1-positive MSS/EBV GCs. Conclusions Molecular subtyping combined with PD-L1 expression could serve as a potential strategy to better predict prognosis and guide postoperative chemotherapy of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Meishan Jin
- Division of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhifang Jia
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lili Qin
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Huo X, Xiao X, Zhang S, Du X, Li C, Bai Z, Chen Z. Characterization and clinical evaluation of microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in tumor-related genes in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:430. [PMID: 33868468 PMCID: PMC8045158 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) detection is widely used in the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of colorectal cancer. However, for gastric cancer (GC), there is no standard panel of microsatellites (MSs) used in clinical guidance. The present study aimed to identify useful predictors of the clinical features and for the prognosis of GC, based on an investigation of MSI and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor-related genes. First, from 20 tumor-related genes which were proven to be important to the development of GC, 91 MSs were identified, and PCR amplification, short tandem repeat scanning analysis and TA clone sequencing were used to analyze MSI and LOH in the first set of 90 GC samples. Subsequently, the same method was used to detect the MSI/LOH of the optimized loci in the second set of 136 GC samples. MSI/LOH in the mismatch repair genes was highly consistent with that in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, respectively. The length of the core sequence was a main factor for the MSI/LOH rate. The MSI of 12 single loci was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. The MSI in TP53-1 and the LOH in MGMT-10 were significantly associated with early stages of tumor infiltration depth. The LOH in MGMT-10, PTN-2 and MCC-17 was significantly associated with TNM stage. The LOH in TP53-1 and ERBB2-12 was associated with adenocarcinoma. The MSI/LOH in 6 single loci of 5 tumor-related genes was associated with poor prognosis of GC. The present study demonstrated that the MSI/LOH of loci in tumor-associated genes was associated with 4 clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of GC. These results may provide potential specific biomarkers for the clinical prediction and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Tumor Model Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Tumor Model Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Tumor Model Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Tumor Model Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Changlong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Tumor Model Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Bai
- Tumor Model Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Tumor Model Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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Wu M, Wang Y, Liu H, Song J, Ding J. Genomic analysis and clinical implications of immune cell infiltration in gastric cancer. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193308. [PMID: 32338286 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20193308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune infiltration of patients with gastric cancer (GC) is closely associated with clinical prognosis. However, previous studies failed to explain the different subsets of immune cells involved in immune responses and diverse functions. The present study aimed to uncover the differences in immunophenotypes in a tumor microenvironment (TME) between adjacent and tumor tissues and to explore their therapeutic targets. In our study, the relative proportion of immune cells in 229 GC tumor samples and 22 paired matched tissues was evaluated with a Cell type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of known RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT) algorithm. The correlation between immune cell infiltration and clinical information was analyzed. The proportion of 22 immune cell subsets was assessed to determine the correlation between each immune cell type and clinical features. Three molecular subtypes were identified with ‘CancerSubtypes’ R-package. Functional enrichment was analyzed in each subtype. The profiles of immune infiltration in the GC cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) varied significantly between the 22 paired tissues. TNM stage was associated with M1 macrophages and eosinophils. Follicular helper T cells were activated at the late stage. Monocytes were associated with radiation therapy. Three clustering processes were obtained via the ‘CancerSubtypes’ R-package. Each cancer subtype had a specific molecular classification and subtype-specific characterization. These findings showed that the CIBERSOFT algorithm could be used to detect differences in the composition of immune-infiltrating cells in GC samples, and these differences might be an important driver of GC progression and treatment response.
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Doroshow DB, Bhalla S, Beasley MB, Sholl LM, Kerr KM, Gnjatic S, Wistuba II, Rimm DL, Tsao MS, Hirsch FR. PD-L1 as a biomarker of response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:345-62. [PMID: 33580222 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have already substantially improved the outcomes of patients with many types of cancer, although only 20-40% of patients derive benefit from these new therapies. PD-L1, quantified using immunohistochemistry assays, is currently the most widely validated, used and accepted biomarker to guide the selection of patients to receive anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies. However, many challenges remain in the clinical use of these assays, including the necessity of using different companion diagnostic assays for specific agents, high levels of inter-assay variability in terms of both performance and cut-off points, and a lack of prospective comparisons of how PD-L1+ disease diagnosed using each assay relates to clinical outcomes. In this Review, we describe the current role of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry assays used to inform the selection of patients to receive anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies, we discuss the various technical and clinical challenges associated with these assays, including regulatory issues, and we provide some perspective on how to optimize PD-L1 as a selection biomarker for the future treatment of patients with solid tumours.
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27
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Zhu M, Jin Z, Hubbard JM. Management of Non-Colorectal Digestive Cancers with Microsatellite Instability. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:651. [PMID: 33561950 PMCID: PMC7915546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a hallmark of genetic predisposition to DNA damage. It arises from either germline or somatic events leading to impaired function of the mismatch repair system. It can be detected via genetic sequencing or immunohistochemistry with relatively high concordance rates. The presence of MSI in a tumor reflects a high neoantigen load and predicts favorable treatment response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In gastrointestinal cancers, MSI is a predictive biomarker for ICIs with potential prognostic impact but its clinical utility varies widely depending on tumor type. This may be explained by the complexity of tumor microenvironment as highlighted by recent translational studies. In this review, we will discuss the predictive and prognostic value of MSI status in non-colorectal cancers of the digestive system, important clinical trials involving ICIs and potential strategies to overcome resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojun Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (Z.J.); (J.M.H.)
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28
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Duan R, Li X, Zeng D, Chen X, Shen B, Zhu D, Zhu L, Yu Y, Wang D. Tumor Microenvironment Status Predicts the Efficacy of Postoperative Chemotherapy or Radiochemotherapy in Resected Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609337. [PMID: 33569057 PMCID: PMC7868549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chemotherapy (CT) and radiochemotherapy (RCT) are currently the standard postoperative treatments for resected gastric cancer (GC). However, owing to a lack of predictive biomarkers, their efficacy is currently suboptimal. As tumor microenvironment (TME) has the potential to determine treatment response, we investigated the association of TME status with the efficacy of fluoropyrimidine (FU)-based postoperative CT/RCT in resected GC. Methods Patients with transcriptome data were screened and selected in three independent cohorts. Favorable (fTME) and poor TME (pTME) were defined by a transcriptome-based TME qualification method. Immune infiltration and hypoxia were assessed. Results A total of 535 patients were eligible. fTME, indicating the presence of immune activation, was characterized by NK cell rather than CD8+ T cell infiltration. However, postoperative CT/RCT improved overall survival and disease-free survival time more evidently in patients with pTME GC than those with fTME GC. Stratified by stage in fTME GC, stage III patients benefited from postoperative CT/RCT while stage Ib/II patients did not. In comparison, patients with pTME GC benefited from postoperative CT/RCT, regardless of stage. Furthermore, fTME was more hypoxic than pTME, accompanied by a stronger expression of thymidylate synthase (TS)-the target of FU. Stage Ib/II fTME GC was the most hypoxic and had the strongest TS expression across all the subgroups stratified by TME status and stage. Conclusions We found that fTME, with the enrichment of NK cells, may predict the lack of postoperative CT/RCT efficacy in stage Ib/II GC, which may be associated with hypoxia and TS expression. Further validations and mechanism researches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Ultrasonography, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongqin Zhu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Liuqing Zhu
- Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Wang YL, Gong Y, Lv Z, Li L, Yuan Y. Expression of PD1/PDL1 in gastric cancer at different microsatellite status and its correlation with infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. J Cancer 2021; 12:1698-1707. [PMID: 33613757 PMCID: PMC7890312 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The microsatellite status and tumor immune microenvironment have a remarkable influence on tumor immunotherapy. This study was performed to investigate programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD1/PDL1) expression and their correlations with CD8+ T cell/CD68+ macrophage (CD68+ M) densities in gastric cancer (GC) at different microsatellite statuses. Methods: The expression of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 was detected via immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the microsatellite status in 215 GC samples obtained from surgical resections. Furthermore, the expression of PD1, PDL1, CD8, and CD68 was detected in the samples via IHC, and the differences and correlations in GC at different microsatellite statuses were then analyzed. PDL1 expression in tumor cells was labeled as PDL1[T], while expression of PD1 and PDL1 in tumor-infiltrating immune cells was labeled as PD1 and PDL1, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the significance of PD1/PDL1 expression in determining overall survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed using SPSS software. P-values were determined using the log-rank test. Results: Our results indicated that PD1, PDL1[T], and PDL1 positivity rates were 59%, 35%, and 57% in 46 microsatellite unstable (MSI) GCs and 45%, 22%, and 40% in 169 microsatellite stable (MSS) GCs, respectively. Compared with MSS GC, PD1, PDL1[T], and PDL1 expression was higher in MSI GC (P = 0.109, 0.090, and 0.044, respectively). Additionally, CD8+ T cell and CD68+ M densities were higher in MSI GC than in MSS GC (P = 0.537 and <0.001, respectively). Additionally, CD8+ T cell/CD68+ M densities were evaluated according to tumor center and invasion front. We found that PD1 expression was significantly correlated with CD8+ T cell density at the invasion front of the MSI GC (P = 0.031), whereas PDL1 expression was significantly correlated to high CD68+ M density in the tumor center and invasion front of MSS GC (P = 0.001 and 0.014, respectively). Survival analysis showed that patients with PD1-positive and PDL1[T]/PDL1-negative GC had better prognosis (P = 0.012, 0.005, and 0.022, respectively). Multivariate Cox survival analysis showed that PDL1[T] was an independent prognostic factor for GC. Conclusion: The results suggested that PD1/PDL1 expression and immune response varied at different microsatellite statuses in GC. PD1/PDL1 expression was correlated with CD8+ T cell/CD68+ M densities in GC at different microsatellite statuses, especially at the invasion front. The patients exhibiting high PD1/PDL1 expression or high CD8+ T cell/CD68+ M densities MSI GC might be potential beneficiaries of PD1/PDL1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Yuehua Gong
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Liang Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Jia X, Guo T, Li Z, Zhang M, Feng Y, Dong B, Li Z, Hu Y, Li Z, Xing X, Jia S, Ji J. Clinicopathological and Immunomicroenvironment Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer in a Chinese Population. Front Oncol 2021; 10:586752. [PMID: 33489884 PMCID: PMC7820894 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.586752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer(EBVaGC)has a unique tumor immune microenvironment. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells in a cohort of EBVaGC in a Chinese population. METHODS Epstein-Barr encoding region (EBER) in situ hybridization was performed in 1,328 consecutive cases of surgically resected GC. Densities of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages from the patients were calculated after immunohistochemical staining with CD3, CD20, CD57, and CD68 antibodies in tissue microarrays, respectively. RESULTS EBVaGC patients accounted for 4.1% (55 of 1,328) cases in the overall population. The average age of patients with EBVaGC was lower than that of non-EBVaGC patients. Histologically, EBVaGC patients exhibited poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (P = 0.004) and lower frequency of vascular invasion (P = 0.034). The density of CD3+ T lymphocytes (CD3, 23.84 ± 14.49 vs. 12.76 ± 8.93, P < 0.001) and CD68+ macrophages (CD68, 9.73 ± 5.25 vs. 5.44 ± 4.18, P < 0.001) was significantly higher in EBVaGC patients. CD3+ T cell density predicted better 5-year overall survival of EBVaGC patients (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS EBVaGC patients were younger with low-differentiated adenocarcinoma and less vascular invasion. Increased infiltration of multiple immune cells affected the prognosis of patients, especially EBVaGC patients with more CD3+ T lymphocytes, who survived longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jia
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Translational Research, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Translational Research, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhemin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Xing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Translational Research, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Jia
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Translational Research, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- Biobank, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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Shan CK, Du YB, Zhai XT, Wang YX, Li Y, Gong JH, Ge ZJ, Liu XJ, Zhen YS. Pingyangmycin enhances the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy associated with tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cell augmentation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 87:425-436. [PMID: 33388950 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the antitumor efficacy of pingyangmycin (PYM) in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody and determine the capability of PYM to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. METHODS The murine 4T1 breast cancer and B16 melanoma models were used for evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of the combination of PYM with anti-PD-1 antibody. The ELISA kits were used to quantify the ICD related ATP and HMGB1 levels. The Transwell assay was conducted to determine the chemotaxis ability of THP-1 cell in vitro. The flow cytometry was used to measure reactive oxygen species level and analyze the ratio of immune cell subsets. RESULTS PYM induced ICD in murine 4T1 breast cancer and B16 melanoma cells and increased the release of nucleic acid fragments that may further promote the monocytic chemotaxis. In the 4T1 murine breast cancer model, PYM alone, anti-PD-1 antibody alone, and their combination suppressed tumor growth by 66.3%, 16.1% and 77.6%, respectively. PYM markedly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody against 4T1 breast cancer. The calculated CDI (coefficient of drug interaction) indicated synergistic effect. Evaluated by graphic analysis, the nucleated cells intensity in the femur bone marrow remained unchanged. Histopathological observations revealed no noticeable toxico-pathological changes in the lung and various organs, indicating that the PYM and anti-PD-1 antibody combination exerted enhanced efficacy at well-tolerated dosage level. By the combination treatment, a panel of immunological changes emerged. The ratio of CD3+ cells, NK cells and NKT cells increased and Tregs decreased in peripheral blood. The DCs increased in the spleen. Prominent changes occurred in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The ratio of CD8+ cells increased, while that of CD4+ cells decreased; however, the ratio of CD3+ cells remained unchanged, implying that certain immunological responses emerged in the tumor microenvironment. PYM alone could also increase CD8+ cells and reduce CD4+ cells in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS The studies indicate that PYM, as an ICD inducer with mild myelosuppression effect, may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody in association with tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cell augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Kun Shan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Bo Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Xuan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Gong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong-Su Zhen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Limited mitochondria outer membrane permeability (MOMP) is a novel biological process where mammalian cells initiate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway with increased mitochondrial permeability but survive. One of the major consequences of limited MOMP is apoptotic endonuclease-induced DNA double strand breaks. Recent studies indicate that these DNA double stand breaks and ensuing activation of DNA damage response factors such as ATM play important but previously underappreciated roles in carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Furthermore, novel non-canonical roles of DNA repair factors such as ATM in tumor growth and treatment are also emerging. In this review, we try to summarize recent findings on this newly revealed link between DNA double strand break repair and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Bao
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Xinjian Liu
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Chuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. In approximately 10% of GC cases, cancer cells show ubiquitous and monoclonal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. A significant feature of EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC) is high lymphocytic infiltration and high expression of immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This highlights EBVaGC as a strong candidate for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Indeed, several recent studies have shown that EBV positivity in GC correlates with positive response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade therapy. Understanding the mechanisms that control PD-L1 expression in EBVaGC can indicate new predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy, as well as therapeutic targets for combination therapy. Various mechanisms have been implicated in PD-L1 expression regulation, including structural variations, post-transcriptional control, oncogenic activation of intrinsic signaling pathways, and increased sensitivity to extrinsic signals. This review provides the most recent updates on the multilayered control of PD-L1 expression in EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Miliotis
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhao T, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang B. PD-L1 expression increased by IFN-γ via JAK2-STAT1 signaling and predicts a poor survival in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1127-34. [PMID: 32724352 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-L1 inhibitors are widely used in tumor immunotherapy, but their mechanism in colorectal cancer remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) regulation via the interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway, and its prognostic value in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). A cohort of 181 patients were recruited to determine the association between PD-L1 expression and CRC prognosis; the patients were newly diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma and had also undergone a physical tumorectomy. Immunohistochemical staining and survival analysis were used to evaluate the predictive value of PD-L1 protein expression in CRC. Gene set enrichment analysis, RT-qPCR and western blotting, etc were performed to confirm that PD-L1 is regulated by the IFN-γ/JAK/STAT signaling pathway. PD-L1 up-regulation was more frequently observed in patients with larger tumors, positive vascular or lymphatic infiltration and a poorly differentiated stage in addition to being associated with a poor survival in patients with CRC. Following the stimulation with IFN-γ, PD-L1 expression levels were revealed to be increased via the JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that the expression levels of PD-L1 may be associated with a poor prognosis in patients with CRC. In addition, the results suggested that the IFN-γ-mediated overexpression of PD-L1 in CRC cells may be regulated by the JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway.
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van Velzen MJM, Derks S, van Grieken NCT, Haj Mohammad N, van Laarhoven HWM. MSI as a predictive factor for treatment outcome of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 86:102024. [PMID: 32388292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal cancers are a major cause of death worldwide and treatment outcomes remain poor. Adequate predictive biomarkers have not been identified. Microsatellite instability (MSI) as a result of mismatch repair deficiency is present in four to twenty percent of gastroesophageal cancers and has been associated with favorable survival outcomes compared to microsatellite stable tumors. This prognostic advantage may be related to immunosurveillance, which may also explain the favorable response to immune checkpoint inhibition observed in MSI high (MSI-H) tumors. The value of conventional cytotoxic treatment in MSI-H tumors is unclear and results on its efficacy range from detrimental to beneficial effects. Here the recent data on MSI as a predictive factor for outcome of gastroesophageal cancer treatment is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J M van Velzen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - S Derks
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands(1)
| | - N C T van Grieken
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Haj Mohammad
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Wunder JS, Lee MJ, Nam J, Lau BY, Dickson BC, Pinnaduwage D, Bull SB, Ferguson PC, Seto A, Gokgoz N, Andrulis IL. Osteosarcoma and soft-tissue sarcomas with an immune infiltrate express PD-L1: relation to clinical outcome and Th1 pathway activation. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1737385. [PMID: 33457085 PMCID: PMC7790526 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1737385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins, such as PD-L1 and PD-1, are important in several cancers; however, their role in osteosarcoma (OSA) and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) remains unclear. Our aims were to determine whether subsets of OSA/STS harbor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and express PD-L1, and how PD-L1 expression is related to clinical outcome. Tissue sections of 25 cases each of untreated undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), myxofibrosarcoma (MFS), liposarcoma (LPS) and 24 of leiomyosarcoma (LMS) were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for immune cells, PD-L1 and PD-1. RT-qPCR was utilized to quantify levels of PD-L1 mRNA from 33 UPS, 57 MFS and 79 OSA primary-untreated specimens. PD-L1 mRNA levels were tested for their correlation with overall survival in patients presenting without metastases. Transcriptome analysis evaluated biological pathway differences between high and low PD-L1 expressers. A subset of UPS and MFS contained TILs and expressed PD-L1 and PD-1; LMS and LPS did not. PD-L1 levels by IHC and RT-qPCR were positively correlated. PD-L1 over-expression was associated with better survival for UPS and OSA, but not MFS. The Th1 pathway was significantly activated in UPS with high levels of PD-L1 and improved survival. Some sarcoma subtypes harbor TILs and express PD-L1. Patients with UPS and OSA with high levels of PD-L1 had better overall survival than those with low expression levels. Important biological pathways distinguish PD-L1 high and low groups. The stratification of patients with OSA/STS with respect to potential immune therapies may be improved through investigation of the expression of immune cells and checkpoint proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Wunder
- University of Toronto Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Minji J Lee
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junghyun Nam
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beatrice Y Lau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan C Dickson
- University of Toronto Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shelley B Bull
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter C Ferguson
- University of Toronto Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Seto
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nalan Gokgoz
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tan S, Li D, Zhu X. Cancer immunotherapy: Pros, cons and beyond. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109821. [PMID: 31962285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an innovative treatment for tumors today. In various experiments and clinical studies, it has been found that immunotherapy does have incomparable advantages over traditional anti-tumor therapy, which can prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). However, immunotherapy has obvious complexity and uncertainty. Immunotherapy may also cause severe adverse reactions due to an overactive immune system. More effective and fewer adverse reactions immunological checkpoints are still under further exploration. This review gives an overview of recent developments in immunotherapy and indicates a new direction of tumor treatment through analyzing the pros and cons of immunotherapy coupled with keeping a close watch on the development trend of the immunotherapy future.
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Song J, Deng Z, Su J, Yuan D, Liu J, Zhu J. Patterns of Immune Infiltration in HNC and Their Clinical Implications: A Gene Expression-Based Study. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1285. [PMID: 31867268 PMCID: PMC6904960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immune infiltration of head and neck cancer (HNC) highly correlated with the patient's prognosis. However, previous studies failed to explain the diversity of different cell types that make up the function of the immune response system. The aim of the study was to uncover the differences in immune phenotypes of the tumor microenvironment (TME) between HNC adjacent tumor tissues and tumor tissues using CIBERSORT method and explore their therapeutic implications. Method: In current work, we employed the CIBERSORT method to evaluate the relative proportions of immune cell profiling in 11 paired HNC and adjacent samples, and analyzed the correlation between immune cell infiltration and clinical information. The tumor-infiltrating immune cells of TCGA HNC cohort was analyzed for the first time. The fractions of LM22 immune cells were imputed to determine the correlation between each immune cell subpopulation and survival and response to chemotherapy. Three types of molecular classification were identified via “CancerSubtypes” R-package. The functional enrichment was analyzed in each subtype. Results: The profiles of immune infiltration in TCGA HNC cohort significantly vary between paired cancer and para-cancerous tissue and the variation could reflect the individual difference. Total Macrophage, Macrophages M0 and NK cells resting were elevated in HNC tissues, while total T cells, total B cells, T cells CD8, B cell navie, T cell follicular helper, NK cells activated, Monocyte and Mast cells resting were decreased when compared to paracancerous tissues. Among each cell immune subtype, T cells regulatory Tregs, B cells naïve, T cells follicular helper, and T cells CD4 memory activated was significantly associated with HNC survival. Three clusters were observed via Cancer Subtypes R-package. Each cancer subtype has a specific molecular classification and subtype-specific immune cell characterization. Conclusions: Our data suggest a difference in immune response may be an important driver of HNC progression and response to treatment. The deconvolution algorithm of gene expression microarray data by CIBERSOFT provides useful information about the immune cell composition of HNC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhenghao Deng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Dongbo Yuan
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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Sun J, Long Y, Peng X, Xiao D, Zhou J, Tao Y, Liu S. The survival analysis and oncogenic effects of CFP1 and 14-3-3 expression on gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:225. [PMID: 31496919 PMCID: PMC6717331 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & aim Gastric cancer (GC) is the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths. We established a prospective database of patients with GC who underwent surgical treatment. In this study, we explored the prognostic significance of the expression of CFP1 and 14-3-3 in gastric cancer, by studying the specimens collected from clinical subjects. Materials & methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of CFP1 and 14-3-3 in 84 GC subjects, including 73 patients who have undergone radical gastrectomy and 11 patients who have not undergone radical surgery. Survival analysis was performed by km-plot data. Results According to the survival analysis, we can see that the survival time of patients with high expression of CFP1 is lower than the patients with low expression in gastric cancer, while the effect of 14-3-3 is just the opposite. The survival time of patients with higher expression of 14-3-3 is also longer. Conclusion The CFP1 and 14-3-3 genes can be used as prognostic markers in patients with GC, but the study is still needed to confirm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Sun
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078 China.,2NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China.,3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China.,5Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Yao Long
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078 China.,2NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China.,3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China.,4Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Peng
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078 China.,2NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China.,3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China.,5Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- 3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- 3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078 China.,2NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China.,3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China.,4Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410078 China.,2NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health (Central South University), Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China.,3Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China.,5Department of Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
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Zubarayev M, Min EK, Son T. Clinical and molecular prognostic markers of survival after surgery for gastric cancer: tumor-node-metastasis staging system and beyond. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:59. [PMID: 31559340 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.08.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For accurately predicting prognosis and for effectively describing cancer states at a certain point during treatment to other care providers and patients, various staging systems have been utilized in gastric cancer. Among these, the UICC/AJCC tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system is most widely used. However, even within the same substage, gastric cancers can vary substantially in regards to prognosis after treatment. For more accurate and individualized prognostication, staging systems have been found to benefit from including molecular markers and genomic subtypes, in addition to clinicopathological parameters, such as age, sex, tumor size, tumor location, Lauren classification, number of lymph nodes resected, extent of surgical resection, lymphovascular invasion, and adjuvant chemotherapy. In this review article, we review and summarize relevant biomarkers for gastric cancer that can be incorporated into the current anatomy-based TNM staging system, as well as results from validation studies thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Zubarayev
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,GI laparoscopic & Robotic Surgery, National Cancer Institute, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Eun-Ki Min
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taeil Son
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Gastric Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, South Korea
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Sun Y, Yu W, Guan W, Cai L, Qiao M, Zheng L, Jiang R, Wang R, Wang L. Integrated assessment of PD-L1 expression and molecular classification facilitates therapy selection and prognosis prediction in gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:6397-6410. [PMID: 31372044 PMCID: PMC6630096 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s206189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has emerged as a novel therapy for cancer. To identify rational candidates for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in gastric cancer (GC), the abundance of PD-L1 expression was evaluated on a kind of biomarker-based molecular classification for shaping prognosis and treatment planning. Methods One hundred and sixty-five GCs were classified into five subgroups using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) methods, based on a panel of seven markers (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6, E-cadherin, P53, and Epstein-Barr virus mRNA). The expression of PD-L1 in GC tissues was analyzed immunohistochemically. Results The five categories (Epstein-Barr virus positivity, microsatellite instability, aberrant E-cadherin, aberrant P53 expression, and normal P53 expression) correspond to the reported molecular subgroups for similar proportions and clinicopathologic characteristics. Survival analysis indicated that subgroups with aberrant E-cadherin expression independently predicted a worse prognosis in GC patients (HR=2.51, P=0.010). The clinical and prognostic profiles produced by this stratification in nonintestinal-type GC were distinguishable from those in intestinal-type. Although PD-L1 was not a significant prognostic factor, that more frequent presence of PD-L1-positive in microsatellite instability tumors than other subtypes (P<0.010) hinted at a prolonged clinical course. Moreover, the lowest level of PD-L1 but the highest of Her2 was observed in the group of aberrant P53, namely it was suggested that there was a negative correlation between PD-L1 and Her2 overexpression. Conclusion Different molecular subtypes in GC may have a tendency to react differently to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immunotherapy or anti-Her2 therapy. A combination of PD-L1 expression and this cost-effective classification strategy would be helpful for predicting prognosis and promoting personalized therapy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Sun
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Guan
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qiao
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Leizhen Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are hallmarks of cancer. Incorrect repair of DNA lesions often leads to genomic instability. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a core component of the DNA repair system, is activated to enhance the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway upon DNA double-strand breaks. Although ATM signaling has been widely studied in different types of cancer, its research is still lacking compared with other DDR-involved molecules such as PARP and ATR. There is still a vast research opportunity for the development of ATM inhibitors as anticancer agents. Here, we focus on the recent findings of ATM signaling in DNA repair of cancer. Previous studies have identified several partners of ATM, some of which promote ATM signaling, while others have the opposite effect. ATM inhibitors, including KU-55933, KU-60019, KU-59403, CP-466722, AZ31, AZ32, AZD0156, and AZD1390, have been evaluated for their antitumor effects. It has been revealed that ATM inhibition increases a cancer cell's sensitivity to radiotherapy. Moreover, the combination with PARP or ATR inhibitors has synergistic lethality in some cancers. Of note, among these ATM inhibitors, AZD0156 and AZD1390 achieve potent and highly selective ATM kinase inhibition and have an excellent ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Currently, AZD0156 and AZD1390 are under investigation in phase I clinical trials. Taken together, targeting ATM may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Hence, further development of ATM inhibitors is urgently needed in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Jin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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