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Abstract
Sulfide is an important water pollutant widely found in industrial waste water that has attracted much attention. S²⁻, as a weak acidic anion, is easy hydrolyzed to HS⁻ and H₂S in aqueous solution. In this study, biological tests were performed to establish the toxicity of sulfide solutions on luminescent bacteria. Considering the sulfide solution was contained three substances--S²⁻, HS⁻ and H₂S--the toxicity test was performed at different pH values to investigate which form of sulfide increased light emission and which reduced light emission. It was shown that the EC₅₀ values were close at pH 7.4, 8.0 and 9.0 which were higher than pH 5 and 10. The light emission and sulfide concentrations displayed an inverse exponential dose-response relationship within a certain concentration range at pH 5, 6.5 and 10. The same phenomenon occurred for the high concentration of sulfide at pH 7.4, 8 and 9, in which the concentration of sulfide was HS⁻ >> H₂S > S²⁻. An opposite hormesis-effect appeared at the low concentrations of sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China; E-Mails: (Y.S.); (F.W.)
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China; E-Mails: (Y.S.); (F.W.)
| | - Hong-Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; E-Mail:
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20092, China; E-Mails: (Y.S.); (F.W.)
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Tsuji FI. Early history, discovery, and expression of Aequorea green fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:785-96. [PMID: 20169618 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioluminescent hydromedusan jellyfish, Aequorea victoria, emits a greenish light (lambda(max) = 508 nm) when stimulated electrically or mechanically. The light comes from photocytes located along the margin of its umbrella. The greenish light depends on two intracellular proteins working in consort: aequorin (21.4 kDa) and a green fluorescent protein (27 kDa). An excited state green fluorescent protein molecule results, which, on returning to the ground state, emits a greenish light. Similarly, a green light emission may be induced in the green fluorescent protein by exposing it to ultraviolet or blue light. Because the green light can be readily detected under a fluorescence microscope, the green fluorescent protein, tagged to a protein of interest, has been used widely as a marker to locate proteins in cells and to monitoring gene expression. This article reviews the work that took place leading to the discovery, cloning, and expression of the green fluorescent protein, with a note on an unfinished experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick I Tsuji
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA.
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Kuts VV, Ismailov AD. Physiological and emission characteristics of the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium Phosphoreum from the White Sea. Microbiology (Reading) 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626170905004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Johnson FH. Hydrostatic Pressure Reversal of Alcohol Narcosis in Aquatic Animals. In: Hirschfelder JO, Henderson D, editors. Advances in Chemical Physics. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1971. pp. 647-59. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470143698.ch44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Substantial ambiguity exists regarding the phylogenetic status of facultatively psychrophilic luminous bacteria identified as Photobacterium phosphoreum, a species thought to be widely distributed in the world's oceans and believed to be the specific bioluminescent light-organ symbiont of several deep-sea fishes. Members of the P. phosphoreum species group include luminous and non-luminous strains identified phenotypically from a variety of different habitats as well as phylogenetically defined lineages that appear to be evolutionarily distinct. To resolve this ambiguity and to begin developing a meaningful knowledge of the geographic distributions, habitats and symbiotic relationships of bacteria in the P. phosphoreum species group, we carried out a multilocus, fine-scale phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the 16S rRNA, gyrB and luxABFE genes of many newly isolated luminous strains from symbiotic and saprophytic habitats, together with previously isolated luminous and non-luminous strains identified as P. phosphoreum from these and other habitats. Parsimony analysis unambiguously resolved three evolutionarily distinct clades, phosphoreum, iliopiscarium and kishitanii. The tight phylogenetic clustering within these clades and the distinct separation between them indicates they are different species, P. phosphoreum, Photobacterium iliopiscarium and the newly recognized 'Photobacterium kishitanii'. Previously reported non-luminous strains, which had been identified phenotypically as P. phosphoreum, resolved unambiguously as P. iliopiscarium, and all examined deep-sea fishes (specimens of families Chlorophthalmidae, Macrouridae, Moridae, Trachichthyidae and Acropomatidae) were found to harbour 'P. kishitanii', not P. phosphoreum, in their light organs. This resolution revealed also that 'P. kishitanii' is cosmopolitan in its geographic distribution. Furthermore, the lack of phylogenetic variation within 'P. kishitanii' indicates that this facultatively symbiotic bacterium is not cospeciating with its phylogenetically divergent host fishes. The results of this fine-scale phylogenetic analysis support the emerging view that bacterial species names should designate singular historical entities, i.e. discrete lineages diagnosed by a significant divergence of shared derived nucleotide characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Ast
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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SHIMOMURA O, JOHNSON FH, SAIGA Y. Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 59:223-39. [PMID: 13911999 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030590302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The design of a metal ion buffer system useful in a given enzymological application is subject to a number of different requirements. 1. The total concentration of added metal ion, Mt, should be large enough to damp out the effect of any adventitious quantities of the same metal ion and to overwhelm adventitious quantities of other metal ions. 2. The ratio of free to bound ligand should be high enough that the calculated ratio between the concentrations of free metal ion M and Mt will not be unduly sensitive to uncertainties in the values of metal-ligand stability constants. If possible, [Lt]/[Mt] should be large enough that the variation of free metal ion concentration, [M], with [Mt] will be effectively linear in the range of interest. 3. The concentrations of metal ion buffer species, both the free ligand and metal-ligand complexes, should be kept reasonably low in order to minimize the possibility of perturbation of the enzyme/metal ion equilibrium. The best design will be that which most successfully balances these sometimes opposing requirements.
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Chou TC, Talalay P. Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: the combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors. Adv Enzyme Regul 1984; 22:27-55. [PMID: 6382953 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(84)90007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5473] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A generalized method for analyzing the effects of multiple drugs and for determining summation, synergism and antagonism has been proposed. The derived, generalized equations are based on kinetic principles. The method is relatively simple and is not limited by whether the dose-effect relationships are hyperbolic or sigmoidal, whether the effects of the drugs are mutually exclusive or nonexclusive, whether the ligand interactions are competitive, noncompetitive or uncompetitive, whether the drugs are agonists or antagonists, or the number of drugs involved. The equations for the two most widely used methods for analyzing synergism, antagonism and summation of effects of multiple drugs, the isobologram and fractional product concepts, have been derived and been shown to have limitations in their applications. These two methods cannot be used indiscriminately. The equations underlying these two methods can be derived from a more generalized equation previously developed by us (59). It can be shown that the isobologram is valid only for drugs whose effects are mutually exclusive, whereas the fractional product method is valid only for mutually nonexclusive drugs which have hyperbolic dose-effect curves. Furthermore, in the isobol method, it is laborious to find proper combinations of drugs that would produce an iso-effective curve, and the fractional product method tends to give indication of synergism, since it underestimates the summation of the effect of mutually nonexclusive drugs that have sigmoidal dose-effect curves. The method described herein is devoid of these deficiencies and limitations. The simplified experimental design proposed for multiple drug-effect analysis has the following advantages: It provides a simple diagnostic plot (i.e., the median-effect plot) for evaluating the applicability of the data, and provides parameters that can be directly used to obtain a general equation for the dose-effect relation; the analysis which involves logarithmic conversion and linear regression can be readily carried out with a simple programmable electronic calculator and does not require special graph paper or tables; and the simplicity of the equation allows flexibility of application and the use of a minimum number of data points. This method has been used to analyze experimental data obtained from enzymatic, cellular and animal systems.
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Ma SM, Eyring H, Ueda I, Kaneshina S. Modeling of biological reactions. INT J CHEM KINET 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550130914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chou TC, Talalay P. Generalized equations for the analysis of inhibitions of Michaelis-Menten and higher-order kinetic systems with two or more mutually exclusive and nonexclusive inhibitors. Eur J Biochem 1981; 115:207-16. [PMID: 7227366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb06218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hill MW, Hoyland J, Bangham AD. Effects of temperature and n-butanol (a model anaesthetic) on a behavioural function of goldfish. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1980; 135:327-32. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00657648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The rate of cell division of Tetrahymena growing in an observational high pressure vessel was measured at selected pressures of helium, hydrogen and at high hydrostatic pressure. Pressures greater than 100 atm reduced the rate of division, but the gases inhibited division to a lesser degree than pure hydrostatic pressure. Hydrogen's effect was distinguishable from that of hydrostatic pressure at 130 atm or more, while helium's effect appeared at 175 atm. These inert gases probably counteract the action of pressure by stabilising apolar pressure-labile targets.
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Abstract
The kinetics of initiation of germination and inactivation by hydrostatic pressure of phosphate-buffered Bacillus pumilus spores is shown to be a consecutive first-order process at 25 C. The effect of increasing pressure at constant temperature was studied, and rate constants were derived by using the criteria of heat resistance, refractility, and stainability. The calculated volume change of activation (DeltaVdouble dagger) was -139 +/- 6 cm(3)/mole for loss of heat resistance, -158 +/- 8 cm(3)/mole for the loss of refractility, and -153 +/- 4 cm(3)/mole for the change in permeability to dilute stains for the pressure range 800 to 1,010 atm at 25 C. It is suggested that the spore exists as a Donnan phase and that pressure triggers germination by influencing the equilibrium.
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Lippincott BB, Lippincott JA. Bacterial attachment to a specific wound site as an essential stage in tumor initiation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:620-8. [PMID: 5773014 PMCID: PMC249736 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.2.620-628.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of tumors initiated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain B6 on primary pinto bean leaves was decreased when cells of an avirulent strain (IIBNV6) were included in the inoculum. With sufficient B6 cells to initiate ca. 50% of the maximal number of tumors per leaf, inhibition was detected at a 1:1 ratio of B6 to IIBNV6 cells and increased linearly with the logarithm of the number of IIBNV6. Varying the number of B6 in the presence of a constant number of IIBNV6 or varying the number of both, while maintaining a constant ratio of B6 to IIBNV6, showed that the inhibition was a function of the absolute concentration of each cell type. The data fit a one-particle dose response curve, which indicates that a single IIBNV6 cell can prevent tumor initiation by a single B6 cell. Inhibition was obtained with mixed inocula and when the addition of IIBNV6 preceded B6, but not when B6 preceded IIBNV6. Heat-inactivated IIBNV6 inhibited, as did ultraviolet or heat-inactivated B6. Several unrelated bacteria and certain strains of Agrobacterium failed to inhibit, whereas other related strains gave inhibition. Attachment of IIBNV6 to a specific would site, thus excluding B6 from the site, is proposed to account for these data. A specific complementary binding of a virulent bacterium to a host wound site exposed by the inoculation procedure is suggested as an essential early event in the crown-gall tumor initiation process.
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SCHNEYER LH. The effects of potassium on bacterial luminescence intensity with reference to the temperature and pressure conditions. J Cell Comp Physiol 1953; 42:285-93. [PMID: 13096531 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030420208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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JOHNSON FH, FLAGLER EA, SIMPSON R, McGEER K. The inhibition of bacterial luminescence by a homologous series of carbamates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1951; 37:1-13. [PMID: 14824237 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030370102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schlegel F, Johnson FH. THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE DENATURATION OF METHEMOGLOBIN BY URETHANES AND SALICYLATE. J Biol Chem 1949; 178:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)56955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Chase AM. Effects of hydrogen ion concentration and of buffer systems on the luminescence of the cypridina luciferin-luciferase reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1948; 31:175-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030310206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kreezer GL, Kreezer EH. The form of the light-response of luminous bacteria to a sudden increase in temperature and its analysis as a transient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1947; 30:173-202. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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