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Bradfield C, Voo L, Drewry D, Koliatsos V, Ramesh KT. Dynamic strain fields of the mouse brain during rotation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:397-412. [PMID: 37891395 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models are used to better understand brain injury mechanisms in humans, yet there is a limited understanding of biomechanical relevance, beginning with how the murine brain deforms when the head undergoes rapid rotation from blunt impact. This problem makes it difficult to translate some aspects of diffuse axonal injury from mouse to human. To address this gap, we present the two-dimensional strain field of the mouse brain undergoing dynamic rotation in the sagittal plane. Using a high-speed camera with digital image correlation measurements of the exposed mid-sagittal brain surface, we found that pure rotations (no direct impact to the skull) of 100-200 rad/s are capable of producing complex strain fields that evolve over time with respect to rotational acceleration and deceleration. At the highest rotational velocity tested, the largest tensile strains (≥ 21% elongation) in selected regions of the mouse brain approach strain thresholds previously associated with axonal injury in prior work. These findings provide a benchmark to validate the mechanical response in biomechanical computational models predicting diffuse axonal injury, but much work remains in correlating tissue deformation patterns from computational models with underlying neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Bradfield
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Liming Voo
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David Drewry
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - Vassilis Koliatsos
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - K T Ramesh
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Iaconianni JA, Balasubramanian S, Grimm MJ, Gonik B, Singh A. Studying the Effects of Shoulder Dystocia and Neonate-Focused Delivery Maneuvers on Brachial Plexus Strain: A Computational Study. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:021009. [PMID: 38116838 PMCID: PMC10880949 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this computational study was to investigate the effects of neonate-focused clinical delivery maneuvers on brachial plexus (BP) during shoulder dystocia. During shoulder dystocia, the anterior shoulder of the neonate is obstructed behind the symphysis pubis of the maternal pelvis, postdelivery of the neonate's head. This is managed by a series of clinical delivery maneuvers. The goal of this study was to simulate these delivery maneuvers and study their effects on neonatal BP strain. Using madymo models of a maternal pelvis and a 90th-percentile neonate, various delivery maneuvers and positions were simulated including the lithotomy position alone of the maternal pelvis, delivery with the application of various suprapubic pressures (SPPs), neonate in an oblique position, and during posterior arm delivery maneuver. The resulting BP strain (%) along with the required maternal delivery force was reported in these independently simulated scenarios. The lithotomy position alone served as the baseline. Each of the successive maneuvers reported a decrease in the required delivery force and resulting neonatal BP strain. As the applied SPP force increased (three scenarios simulated), the required maternal delivery force and neonatal BP strain decreased. A further decrease in both delivery force and neonatal BP strain was observed in the oblique position, with the lowest delivery force and neonatal BP strain reported during the posterior arm delivery maneuver. Data obtained from the improved computational models in this study enhance our understanding of the effects of clinical maneuvers on neonatal BP strain during complicated birthing scenarios such as shoulder dystocia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy A. Iaconianni
- Drexel University, 3120 Market Street, Bossone 713, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, 3120 Market Street, Bossone 713, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michele J. Grimm
- College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Bernard Gonik
- Obstetrics & Gynecology — School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 3990 John R. Street, 7 Brush North, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Anita Singh
- College of Engineering, Temple University, Engineering Building Room 601, Bioengineering, 1947 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Singh A, Orozco V, Balasubramanian S. In vivo biomechanical responses of neonatal brachial plexus when subjected to stretch. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290718. [PMID: 37647327 PMCID: PMC10468090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) results from over-stretching of the neonatal brachial plexus during complicated birthing scenarios. The lack of information on the biomechanical response of the neonatal brachial plexus complex when subjected to stretch limits our understanding of the NBPP injury mechanism. This study aims to fill that critical gap by using a neonatal piglet animal model and providing the in vivo biomechanical properties of the neonatal brachial plexus complex when subjected to stretch. Forty-seven brachial plexus levels (identified by the four brachial plexus terminal nerve branches namely musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial), obtained from 16 neonatal Yorkshire piglets (3-5 days old), were subjected to stretch-induced failure. The average maximum load and corresponding strain were reported to be 16.6 ± 1.3 N and 36.1 ± 1.6%, respectively. Maximum loads reported at the musculocutaneous level were significantly lower than the median and radial levels. No differences in strains at failure were reported at all four tested levels. Proximal or distal failure locations were reported in 83% of the tests with 17% mid-length ruptures that were primarily reported at the bifurcation of the median and ulnar brachial plexus levels. Histological studies reported an overall loss of wavy pattern of the nerve fibers, an increase in nerve spacing, fiber disruptions, and blood vessel ruptures in the stretched tissue. This in vivo piglet animal study offers insight into the NBPP mechanism by reporting biomechanical, injury location, and structural damage responses in neonatal brachial plexus when subjected to stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Singh
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Virginia Orozco
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sriram Balasubramanian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Huber CM, Patton DA, Maheshwari J, Zhou Z, Kleiven S, Arbogast KB. Finite element brain deformation in adolescent soccer heading. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37477178 PMCID: PMC10799973 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2236746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Finite element (FE) modeling provides a means to examine how global kinematics of repetitive head loading in sports influences tissue level injury metrics. FE simulations of controlled soccer headers in two directions were completed using a human head FE model to estimate biomechanical loading on the brain by direction. Overall, headers were associated with 95th percentile peak maximum principal strains up to 0.07 and von Mises stresses up to 1450 Pa, and oblique headers trended toward higher values than frontal headers but below typical injury levels. These quantitative data provide insight into repetitive loading effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Huber
- Department of Bioengineeing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Declan A. Patton
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jalaj Maheshwari
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristy B. Arbogast
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Zimmerman KA, Cournoyer J, Lai H, Snider SB, Fischer D, Kemp S, Karton C, Hoshizaki TB, Ghajari M, Sharp DJ. The biomechanical signature of loss of consciousness: computational modelling of elite athlete head injuries. Brain 2023; 146:3063-3078. [PMID: 36546554 PMCID: PMC10316777 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports related head injuries can cause transient neurological events including loss of consciousness and dystonic posturing. However, it is unknown why head impacts that appear similar produce distinct neurological effects. The biomechanical effect of impacts can be estimated using computational models of strain within the brain. Here, we investigate the strain and strain rates produced by professional American football impacts that led to loss of consciousness, posturing or no neurological signs. We reviewed 1280 National Football League American football games and selected cases where the team's medical personnel made a diagnosis of concussion. Videos were then analysed for signs of neurological events. We identified 20 head impacts that showed clear video signs of loss of consciousness and 21 showing clear abnormal posturing. Forty-one control impacts were selected where there was no observable evidence of neurological signs, resulting in 82 videos of impacts for analysis. Video analysis was used to guide physical reconstructions of these impacts, allowing us to estimate the impact kinematics. These were then used as input to a detailed 3D high-fidelity finite element model of brain injury biomechanics to estimate strain and strain rate within the brain. We tested the hypotheses that impacts producing loss of consciousness would be associated with the highest biomechanical forces, that loss of consciousness would be associated with high forces in brainstem nuclei involved in arousal and that dystonic posturing would be associated with high forces in motor regions. Impacts leading to loss of consciousness compared to controls produced higher head acceleration (linear acceleration; 81.5 g ± 39.8 versus 47.9 ± 21.4; P = 0.004, rotational acceleration; 5.9 krad/s2 ± 2.4 versus 3.5 ± 1.6; P < 0.001) and in voxel-wise analysis produced larger brain deformation in many brain regions, including parts of the brainstem and cerebellum. Dystonic posturing was also associated with higher deformation compared to controls, with brain deformation observed in cortical regions that included the motor cortex. Loss of consciousness was specifically associated with higher strain rates in brainstem regions implicated in maintenance of consciousness, including following correction for the overall severity of impact. These included brainstem nuclei including the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphé and parabrachial complex. The results show that in head impacts producing loss of consciousness, brain deformation is disproportionately seen in brainstem regions containing nuclei involved in arousal, suggesting that head impacts produce loss of consciousness through a biomechanical effect on key brainstem nuclei involved in the maintenance of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A Zimmerman
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Janie Cournoyer
- Neurotrauma Impact Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Lai
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel B Snider
- Division of Neurocritical care, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Fischer
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon Kemp
- Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Clara Karton
- Neurotrauma Impact Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas B Hoshizaki
- Neurotrauma Impact Science Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mazdak Ghajari
- HEAD Lab, Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Sharp
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies and the Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Kanhere AP, Paziuk T, Lambrechts MJ, Issa TZ, Karamian BA, Mazmudar A, Tran KS, Purtill C, Mangan JJ, Vaccaro AR, Kepler CK, Schroder GD, Hilibrand AS, Rihn JA. Facet Distraction and Dysphagia: A Prospective Evaluation of This Common Postoperative Issue Following Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2023; 48:407-413. [PMID: 36730732 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE Our primary study was to investigate whether the degree of postoperative facet and disk space distraction following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) affects the rate of postoperative dysphagia. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although ACDF is safe and well tolerated, postoperative dysphagia remains a common complication. Intervertebral disk space distraction is necessary in ACDF to visualize the operative field, prepare the endplates for fusion, and facilitate graft insertion. However, the degree of distraction tolerated, before onset of dysphagia, is not well characterized ACDF. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted of 70 patients who underwent ACDF between June 2018 and January 2019. Two independent reviewers measured all preoperative and postoperative radiographs measured for interfacet distraction distance and intervertebral distraction distance, with intrareviewer reproducibility measurements after one month. For multilevel surgery, the level with the greatest distraction was measured. Primary outcomes were numerical dysphagia (0-10), Eating Assessment Tool 10, and Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire score collected at initial visit and two, six, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS A total of 70 patients were prospectively enrolled, 59 of whom had adequate radiographs. An average of 1.71 (SD: 0.70) levels were included in the ACDF construct. Preoperatively, 13.4% of patients reported symptoms of dysphagia, which subsequently increased in the postoperative period at through 12 weeks postoperatively, before returning to baseline at 24 weeks. Intrareviewer and interreviewer reliability analysis demonstrated strong agreement. There was no relationship between interfacet distraction distance/intervertebral distraction distance and dysphagia prevalence, numerical rating, Eating Assessment Tool 10, or Dysphagia Symptom Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS Patients who had an ACDF have an increased risk of dysphagia in the short term, however, this resolved without intervention by six months. Our data suggests increased facet and intervertebral disk distraction does not influence postoperative dysphagia rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun P Kanhere
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Wu Y, Zhu T, Fu Z. Effects of Different Intervertebral Space Heights on Nerve Root Tension during Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion. Orthop Surg 2023; 15:1196-1202. [PMID: 36846938 PMCID: PMC10102308 DOI: 10.1111/os.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is no effective standard method to evaluate whether the nerve root tension is restored during lumbar decompression surgery, which is an important indicator for the recovery of nerve function. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of intraoperative nerve root tension measurement and to confirm the correlation between nerve root tension and intervertebral space height. METHODS A total of 54 consecutive patients (mean age, 54.3 years; range, 25-68 years) received posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with lumbar spinal stenosis and instability. The 110%, 120%, 130%, 140% height values of each lesion were calculated based on preoperative measurements of the intervertebral space height. The heights were intraoperatively expanded after the intervertebral disc was removed using the interbody fusion cage model. The tension value of nerve root was measured by pulling the nerve root for 5 mm with a self-made measuring device. The nerve root tension value was measured before decompression, after discectomy at 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, and 140% of the height of each intervertebral space, and after placement of the cage during intraoperative nerve root tension monitoring. RESULTS The nerve root tension values at 100%, 110%, 120%, and 130% heights were significantly lower than those before decompression, and there was no statistical significance among the four groups. The nerve root tension value was significantly higher at 140% height and was statistically significant compared with that of 130% height. The nerve root tension value after cage placement was significantly lower than that before decompression (1.32 ± 0.22 N vs. 0.61 ± 0.17 N, p < 0.01), and the postoperative VAS score was also significantly improved (7.0 ± 2.24 vs. 0.8 ± 0.84, p < 0.01). The nerve root tension was positively correlated with the VAS score (F = 85.19, p < 0.01; F = 78.65, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that nerve root tonometry can perform instant noninvasive intraoperative nerve root tension measurement. There is a correlation between nerve root tension value and VAS score. We found that when the height of the intervertebral space was increased to 140% of the original height, the nerve root tension increased the risk of injury significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyi Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yeoh S, Warner WS, Bromberg M, Mahan MA. Retrograde labeling correlates with motor unit number estimation in rapid-stretch nerve injury. Muscle Nerve 2023; 67:169-176. [PMID: 36420650 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Rapid-stretch nerve injuries represent a substantial treatment challenge. No study has examined motor neuron connection after rapid-stretch injury. Our objective in this study was to characterize the electrophysiological properties of graded rapid-stretch nerve injury and assess motor neuron health using retrograde labeling and muscle adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) histology. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 6 per group) were rapid-stretch injured at four levels of severity: sham injury, stretch within elastic modulus, inelastic deformation, and stretch rupture. Serial compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) measurements were made for 48 days, followed by retrograde labeling and muscle ATPase histology. RESULTS Elastic injuries showed no durable abnormalities. Inelastic injury demonstrated profound initial reduction in CMAP and MUNE (P < .036) on day 2, with partial recovery by day 14 after injury (CMAP: 40% baseline, P = .003; MUNE: 55% baseline, P = .033). However, at the experimental endpoint, CMAP had recovered to baseline with only limited improvement in MUNE. Inelastic injury led to reduced retrograde-labeled neurons and grouped fiber type histology. Rupture injury had severe and nonrecovering electrophysiological impairment, dramatically reducing labeled neurons (P = .005), and atrophic or type 1 muscle fibers. There was an excellent correlation between MUNE and retrograde-labeled tibial motor neurons across injury severities (R2 = 0.96). DISCUSSION There was no significant electrophysiological derangement in low-severity injuries but there was recoverable conduction block in inelastic injury with slow recovery, potentially due to collateral sprouting. Rupture injuries yielded permanent failure of injured axons to reinnervate. These results provide insight into the pathophysiology of clinical injuries and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Yeoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Wesley S Warner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark Bromberg
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark A Mahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Pairojboriboon S, Sacino A, Pennington Z, Lubelski D, Yang R, Morris CD, Suk I, Sciubba DM, Lo SFL. Nerve Root Sparing En Bloc Resection of Sacral Chondrosarcoma: Technical Note and Review of the Literature. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021; 21:497-506. [PMID: 34791405 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total en bloc sacrectomy provides the best long-term local control for large primary bony sacral tumors, but often requires lumbosacral nerve root sacrifice leading to loss of ambulation and/or bowel, bladder, and/or sexual dysfunction. Nerve-sparing techniques may be an option for some patients that avoid these outcomes and accordingly improve postoperative quality of life. OBJECTIVE To describe the technique for a posterior-only en bloc hemisacrectomy with maximal nerve root preservation and to summarize the available literature. METHODS A 38-yr-old woman with a 7.7 × 5.4 × 4.5 cm biopsy-proven grade 2 chondrosarcoma involving the left L5-S2 posterior elements underwent a posterior-only left hemisacrectomy tri-rod L3-pelvis fusion. A systematic review of the English literature was also conducted to identify other descriptions of high sacrectomy with distal sacral nerve root preservation. RESULTS Computer-aided navigation facilitated an extracapsular resection that allowed preservation of the left-sided L5 and S3-Co roots. Negative margins were achieved and postoperatively the patient retained ambulation and good bowel/bladder function. Imaging at 9-mo follow-up showed no evidence of recurrence. The systematic review identified 4 prior publications describing 6 total patients who underwent nerve-sparing sacral resection. Enneking-appropriate resection was only obtained in 1 case though. CONCLUSION Here we describe a technique for distal sacral nerve root preservation during en bloc hemisacrectomy for a primary sacral tumor. Few prior descriptions exist, and the present technique may help to reduce the neurological morbidity of sacral tumor surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutipat Pairojboriboon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amanda Sacino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zach Pennington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Lubelski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol D Morris
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Suk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Sheng-Fu Larry Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, USA
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10
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Zhou Z, Li X, Liu Y, Fahlstedt M, Georgiadis M, Zhan X, Raymond SJ, Grant G, Kleiven S, Camarillo D, Zeineh M. Toward a Comprehensive Delineation of White Matter Tract-Related Deformation. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3260-3278. [PMID: 34617451 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite element (FE) models of the human head are valuable instruments to explore the mechanobiological pathway from external loading, localized brain response, and resultant injury risks. The injury predictability of these models depends on the use of effective criteria as injury predictors. The FE-derived normal deformation along white matter (WM) fiber tracts (i.e., tract-oriented strain) recently has been suggested as an appropriate predictor for axonal injury. However, the tract-oriented strain only represents a partial depiction of the WM fiber tract deformation. A comprehensive delineation of tract-related deformation may improve the injury predictability of the FE head model by delivering new tract-related criteria as injury predictors. Thus, the present study performed a theoretical strain analysis to comprehensively characterize the WM fiber tract deformation by relating the strain tensor of the WM element to its embedded fiber tract. Three new tract-related strains with exact analytical solutions were proposed, measuring the normal deformation perpendicular to the fiber tracts (i.e., tract-perpendicular strain), and shear deformation along and perpendicular to the fiber tracts (i.e., axial-shear strain and lateral-shear strain, respectively). The injury predictability of these three newly proposed strain peaks along with the previously used tract-oriented strain peak and maximum principal strain (MPS) were evaluated by simulating 151 impacts with known outcome (concussion or non-concussion). The results preliminarily showed that four tract-related strain peaks exhibited superior performance than MPS in discriminating concussion and non-concussion cases. This study presents a comprehensive quantification of WM tract-related deformation and advocates the use of orientation-dependent strains as criteria for injury prediction, which may ultimately contribute to an advanced mechanobiological understanding and enhanced computational predictability of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaogai Li
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Madelen Fahlstedt
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xianghao Zhan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Samuel J Raymond
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Camarillo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Braun NJ, Liao D, Alford PW. Orientation of neurites influences severity of mechanically induced tau pathology. Biophys J 2021; 120:3272-3282. [PMID: 34293301 PMCID: PMC8392125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repeated traumatic brain injury (TBI). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a tauopathy, in which cognitive decline is accompanied by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles of the protein tau in patients' brains. We recently found that mechanical force alone can induce tau mislocalization to dendritic spines and loss of synaptic function in in vitro neuronal cultures with random cell organization. However, in the brain, neurons are highly aligned, so here we aimed to determine how neuronal organization influences early-stage tauopathy caused by mechanical injury. Using microfabricated cell culture constructs to control the growth of neurites and an in vitro simulated TBI device to apply controlled mechanical deformation, we found that neuronal orientation with respect to the direction of a uniaxial high-strain-rate stretch injury influences the degree of tau pathology in injured neurons. We found that a mechanical stretch applied parallel to the neurite alignment induces greater mislocalization of tau proteins to dendritic spines than does a stretch with the same strain applied perpendicular to the neurites. Synaptic function, characterized by the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, was similarly decreased in neurons with neurites aligned parallel to stretch, whereas in neurons aligned perpendicular to stretch, it had little to no functional loss. Experimental injury parameters (strain, strain rate, direction of stretch) were combined with a standard viscoelastic solid model to show that in our in vitro model, neurite work density during stretch correlates with tau mislocalization. These findings suggest that in a TBI, the magnitude of brain deformation is not wholly predictive of neurodegenerative consequences of TBI but that deformation relative to local neuronal architecture and the neurite mechanical energy during injury are better metrics for predicting trauma-induced tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dezhi Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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12
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Hajiaghamemar M, Margulies SS. Multi-Scale White Matter Tract Embedded Brain Finite Element Model Predicts the Location of Traumatic Diffuse Axonal Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:144-157. [PMID: 32772838 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Finite element models (FEMs) are used increasingly in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) field to provide an estimation of tissue responses and predict the probability of sustaining TBI after a biomechanical event. However, FEM studies have mainly focused on predicting the absence/presence of TBI rather than estimating the location of injury. In this study, we created a multi-scale FEM of the pig brain with embedded axonal tracts to estimate the sites of acute (≤6 h) traumatic axonal injury (TAI) after rapid head rotation. We examined three finite element (FE)-derived metrics related to the axonal bundle deformation and three FE-derived metrics based on brain tissue deformation for prediction of acute TAI location. Rapid head rotations were performed in pigs, and TAI neuropathological maps were generated and colocalized to the FEM. The distributions of the FEM-derived brain/axonal deformations spatially correlate with the locations of acute TAI. For each of the six metric candidates, we examined a matrix of different injury thresholds (thx) and distance to actual TAI sites (ds) to maximize the average of two optimization criteria. Three axonal deformation-related TAI candidates predicted the sites of acute TAI within 2.5 mm, but no brain tissue metric succeeded. The optimal range of thresholds for maximum axonal strain, maximum axonal strain rate, and maximum product of axonal strain and strain rate were 0.08-0.14, 40-90, and 2.0-7.5 s-1, respectively. The upper bounds of these thresholds resulted in higher true-positive prediction rate. In summary, this study confirmed the hypothesis that the large axonal-bundle deformations occur on/close to the areas that sustained TAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Hajiaghamemar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Susan S Margulies
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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13
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Hajiaghamemar M, Wu T, Panzer MB, Margulies SS. Embedded axonal fiber tracts improve finite element model predictions of traumatic brain injury. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1109-1130. [PMID: 31811417 PMCID: PMC7203590 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With the growing rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is an increasing interest in validated tools to predict and prevent brain injuries. Finite element models (FEM) are valuable tools to estimate tissue responses, predict probability of TBI, and guide the development of safety equipment. In this study, we developed and validated an anisotropic pig brain multi-scale FEM by explicitly embedding the axonal tract structures and utilized the model to simulate experimental TBI in piglets undergoing dynamic head rotations. Binary logistic regression, survival analysis with Weibull distribution, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, coupled with repeated k-fold cross-validation technique, were used to examine 12 FEM-derived metrics related to axonal/brain tissue strain and strain rate for predicting the presence or absence of traumatic axonal injury (TAI). All 12 metrics performed well in predicting of TAI with prediction accuracy rate of 73-90%. The axonal-based metrics outperformed their rival brain tissue-based metrics in predicting TAI. The best predictors of TAI were maximum axonal strain times strain rate (MASxSR) and its corresponding optimal fraction-based metric (AF-MASxSR7.5) that represents the fraction of axonal fibers exceeding MASxSR of 7.5 s-1. The thresholds compare favorably with tissue tolerances found in in-vitro/in-vivo measurements in the literature. In addition, the damaged volume fractions (DVF) predicted using the axonal-based metrics, especially MASxSR (DVF = 0.05-4.5%), were closer to the actual DVF obtained from histopathology (AIV = 0.02-1.65%) in comparison with the DVF predicted using the brain-related metrics (DVF = 0.11-41.2%). The methods and the results from this study can be used to improve model prediction of TBI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Hajiaghamemar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, U.A. Whitaker Building, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Taotao Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 4040 Lewis and Clark Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA
| | - Matthew B Panzer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 4040 Lewis and Clark Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA
| | - Susan S Margulies
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, U.A. Whitaker Building, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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14
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Montanino A, Saeedimasine M, Villa A, Kleiven S. Localized Axolemma Deformations Suggest Mechanoporation as Axonal Injury Trigger. Front Neurol 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32082244 PMCID: PMC7005088 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With almost 50% of traumatic brain injuries being related to axonal damage, understanding the nature of cellular level impairment is crucial. Experimental observations have so far led to the formulation of conflicting theories regarding the cellular primary injury mechanism. Disruption of the axolemma, or alternatively cytoskeletal damage has been suggested mainly as injury trigger. However, mechanoporation thresholds of generic membranes seem not to overlap with the axonal injury deformation range and microtubules appear too stiff and too weakly connected to undergo mechanical breaking. Here, we aim to shed a light on the mechanism of primary axonal injury, bridging finite element and molecular dynamics simulations. Despite the necessary level of approximation, our models can accurately describe the mechanical behavior of the unmyelinated axon and its membrane. More importantly, they give access to quantities that would be inaccessible with an experimental approach. We show that in a typical injury scenario, the axonal cortex sustains deformations large enough to entail pore formation in the adjoining lipid bilayer. The observed axonal deformation of 10–12% agree well with the thresholds proposed in the literature for axonal injury and, above all, allow us to provide quantitative evidences that do not exclude pore formation in the membrane as a result of trauma. Our findings bring to an increased knowledge of axonal injury mechanism that will have positive implications for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaclaudia Montanino
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marzieh Saeedimasine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Villa
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Tong J, Kedar S, Ghate D, Gu L. Indirect Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Induced by Primary Blast: A Fluid–Structure Interaction Study. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2733245. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4043668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of traumatic ocular injury is still limited as most studies have focused on the ocular injuries that happened at the anterior part of the eye, whereas the damage to the optic nerve known as traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is poorly understood. The goal of this study is to understand the mechanism of the TON following the primary blast through a fluid–structure interaction model. An axisymmetric three-dimensional (3D) eye model with detailed orbital components was developed to capture the dynamics of the eye under the blast wave. Our numerical results demonstrated a transient pressure elevation in both vitreous and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A high strain rate over 100 s−1 was observed throughout the optic nerve during the blast with the most vulnerable part located at the intracanalicular region. The optic nerve deforming at such a high strain rate may account for the axonal damage and vision loss in patients subjected to the primary blast. The results from this work would enhance the understanding of indirect TON and provide guidance in the design of protective eyewear against such injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Tong
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0656 e-mail:
| | - Sachin Kedar
- Stanley Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105-1119; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-8440
| | - Deepta Ghate
- Stanley Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105-1119
| | - Linxia Gu
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0656
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16
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Abstract
Bowstring disease (BSD) is a new classification of spine disease caused by axial stretched lesion on nerve roots and the spinal cord, which is differentiated from disc herniation and canal stenosis in that it is caused by nerve compression lesions. BSD could be caused by mismatched growth rates between the spine and nerve roots (the juvenile type), or by imbalanced degenerative rates between the spine column and nerve roots (degenerative type). Here, we propose that there are several self-adjust mechanisms to relieve axial nerve tension: (i) nerve growth; (ii) posture adjustment and low back pain; (iii) autogenous degeneration of intervertebral disc; and (iv) idiopathic and degenerative scoliosis. Iatrogenic lesions could also result in BSD, which could be presented as adjacent segment degeneration, leading to adding-on effects and other neurological symptoms. The diagnosis criteria are proposed based on symptoms, physical examination, and radiological presentations. To remove axial tension on nerve roots, lumbar surgery should aim to restore the coordination of spine and cord units. Capsule surgery, shortening the spine column, could decompress cord and nerve roots 3-dimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐gang Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine CenterChangzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Xi‐ming Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine CenterChangzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Jing‐chuan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine CenterChangzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine CenterChangzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Qing‐jie Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine CenterChangzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Guo‐dong Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine CenterChangzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University
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17
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Jadischke R, Viano DC, McCarthy J, King AI. Concussion with primary impact to the chest and the potential role of neck tension. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000362. [PMID: 30364582 PMCID: PMC6196936 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Most biomechanical research on brain injury focuses on direct blows to the head. There are a few older studies that indicate craniocervical stretch could be a factor in concussion by causing strain in the upper spinal cord and brainstem. The objectives of this study are to assess the biomechanical response and estimate the strain in the upper cervical spine and brainstem from primary impact to the chest in American football. Methods Impact testing was conducted to the chest of a stationary unhelmeted and helmeted anthropomorphic test device (ATD) as well as the laboratory reconstruction of two NFL game collisions resulting in concussion. A finite element (FE) study was also conducted to estimate the elongation of the cervical spine under tensile and flexion loading conditions. Results The helmeted ATD had a 40% (t=9.84, p<0.001) increase in neck tensile force and an 8% (t=7.267, p<0.001) increase in neck flexion angle when compared with an unhelmeted ATD. The case studies indicated that the neck tension in the injured players exceeded tolerable levels from volunteer studies. The neck tension was combined with flexion of the head relative to the torso. The FE analysis, combined with a spinal cord coupling ratio, estimated that the strain along the axis of the upper cervical spinal cord and brainstem was 10%–20% for the combined flexion and tension loading in the two cases presented. Conclusion Strain in the upper spinal cord and brainstem from neck tension is a factor in concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Jadischke
- McCarthy Engineering, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David C Viano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,ProBiomechanics, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Albert I King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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18
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Berthelot J, Laredo J, Darrieutort-laffite C, Maugars Y. Stretching of roots contributes to the pathophysiology of radiculopathies. Joint Bone Spine 2018; 85:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Abstract
BACKROUND The mechanical behavior of the peripheral nervous system under elongation and tension has not been adequately established in vivo. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to investigate the mechanical behavior of the peripheral nervous system in vivo. METHODS In vivo studies which evaluated the effects of limb movement and neurodynamic tests on peripheral nerve biomechanics were systematically searched in PubMed (Medline), the Cochrane Database, CINAHL, PEDro, Embase and Web of Science. Studies fulfilling the search criteria were assessed for methodological quality with a modified version of the Down & Blacks scale by two reviewers. RESULTS This review includes the results of 22 studies, of which 15 examined limb movement influencing the median nerve, four the sciatic nerve, two the tibial nerve; and one each the ulnar and peroneal nerves respectively. Substantial nerve longitudinal and transverse excursion and changes in diameter were reported. Despite this, increased nerve strain was not a major finding. CONCLUSION The heterogeneity of included studies, including wide variety of nerves tested, measurement location and joint position prevented comparisons between studies and also amalgamation of data. Limb movement induces complex biomechanical effects of which nerve elongation plays only a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szikszay
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, University of Applied Science, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Toby Hall
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Harry von Piekartz
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, University of Applied Science, Osnabrück, Germany
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20
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Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Secondary axotomy is more prevalent than the primary axotomy and involves subtle intraaxonal changes in response to the injury leading to cytoskeletal disruptions including neurofilament (NF) misalignment and compaction, which is associated with the genesis of impaired axoplasmic transport (IAT). Recent studies have reported two differential axonal responses to injury, one associated with the cytoskeletal collapse and another with the IAT. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of IAT and early NF changes in axons that were subjected to a stretch of various degrees at different strain rates. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-six L5 dorsal spinal nerve roots were subjected to a predetermined strain at a specified displacement rate (0.01 and 15 mm/second) only once. The histological changes were determined by performing standard immunohistochemical procedures using beta amyloid precursor protein (β APP) and NF-68 kDa antibodies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS No significant differences in the occurrence rate of either of the staining in the axons were observed when subjected to similar loading conditions, and the occurrence rate of both β APP and NF68 staining was strain and rate-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Singh
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Widener University , Chester , PA , USA
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21
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Ng LJ, Volman V, Gibbons MM, Phohomsiri P, Cui J, Swenson DJ, Stuhmiller JH. A Mechanistic End-to-End Concussion Model That Translates Head Kinematics to Neurologic Injury. Front Neurol 2017; 8:269. [PMID: 28663736 PMCID: PMC5471336 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Past concussion studies have focused on understanding the injury processes occurring on discrete length scales (e.g., tissue-level stresses and strains, cell-level stresses and strains, or injury-induced cellular pathology). A comprehensive approach that connects all length scales and relates measurable macroscopic parameters to neurological outcomes is the first step toward rationally unraveling the complexity of this multi-scale system, for better guidance of future research. This paper describes the development of the first quantitative end-to-end (E2E) multi-scale model that links gross head motion to neurological injury by integrating fundamental elements of tissue and cellular mechanical response with axonal dysfunction. The model quantifies axonal stretch (i.e., tension) injury in the corpus callosum, with axonal functionality parameterized in terms of axonal signaling. An internal injury correlate is obtained by calculating a neurological injury measure (the average reduction in the axonal signal amplitude) over the corpus callosum. By using a neurologically based quantity rather than externally measured head kinematics, the E2E model is able to unify concussion data across a range of exposure conditions and species with greater sensitivity and specificity than correlates based on external measures. In addition, this model quantitatively links injury of the corpus callosum to observed specific neurobehavioral outcomes that reflect clinical measures of mild traumatic brain injury. This comprehensive modeling framework provides a basis for the systematic improvement and expansion of this mechanistic-based understanding, including widening the range of neurological injury estimation, improving concussion risk correlates, guiding the design of protective equipment, and setting safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel J Ng
- Simulation Engineering and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vladislav Volman
- Simulation Engineering and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Melissa M Gibbons
- Simulation Engineering and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Pi Phohomsiri
- Simulation Engineering and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jianxia Cui
- Simulation Engineering and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Darrell J Swenson
- Cardiac Rhythm and Heart Failure Numerical Modeling, Medtronic, Mounds View, MN, United States
| | - James H Stuhmiller
- Simulation Engineering and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
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22
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Zhang S, Kartha S, Lee J, Winkelstein BA. Techniques for Multiscale Neuronal Regulation via Therapeutic Materials and Drug Design. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2744-2760. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sonia Kartha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, David Rittenhouse Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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23
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Cui J, Ng LJ, Volman V. Callosal dysfunction explains injury sequelae in a computational network model of axonal injury. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2892-2908. [PMID: 27683891 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00603.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often results in neurobehavioral aberrations such as impaired attention and increased reaction time. Diffusion imaging and postmortem analysis studies suggest that mTBI primarily affects myelinated axons in white matter tracts. In particular, corpus callosum, mediating interhemispheric information exchange, has been shown to be affected in mTBI. Yet little is known about the mechanisms linking the injury of myelinated callosal axons to the neurobehavioral sequelae of mTBI. To address this issue, we devised and studied a large, biologically plausible neuronal network model of cortical tissue. Importantly, the model architecture incorporated intra- and interhemispheric organization, including myelinated callosal axons and distance-dependent axonal conduction delays. In the resting state, the intact model network exhibited several salient features, including alpha-band (8-12 Hz) collective activity with low-frequency irregular spiking of individual neurons. The network model of callosal injury captured several clinical observations, including 1) "slowing down" of the network rhythms, manifested as an increased resting-state theta-to-alpha power ratio, 2) reduced response to attention-like network stimulation, manifested as a reduced spectral power of collective activity, and 3) increased population response time in response to stimulation. Importantly, these changes were positively correlated with injury severity, supporting proposals to use neurobehavioral indices as biomarkers for determining the severity of injury. Our modeling effort helps to understand the role played by the injury of callosal myelinated axons in defining the neurobehavioral sequelae of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Cui
- L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Laurel J Ng
- L-3 Applied Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California
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24
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Molinares DM, Davis TT, Fung DA, Liu JCL, Clark S, Daily D, Mok JM. Is the lateral jack-knife position responsible for cases of transient neurapraxia? J Neurosurg Spine 2016; 24:189-96. [DOI: 10.3171/2015.3.spine14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
The lateral jack-knife position is often used during transpsoas surgery to improve access to the spine. Postoperative neurological signs and symptoms are very common after such procedures, and the mechanism is not adequately understood. The objective of this study is to assess if the lateral jack-knife position alone can cause neurapraxia. This study compares neurological status at baseline and after positioning in the 25° right lateral jack-knife (RLJK) and the right lateral decubitus (RLD) position.
METHODS
Fifty healthy volunteers, ages 21 to 35, were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: Group A (RLD) and Group B (RLJK). Motor and sensory testing was performed prior to positioning. Subjects were placed in the RLD or RLJK position, according to group assignment, for 60 minutes. Motor testing was performed immediately after this 60-minute period and again 60 minutes thereafter. Sensory testing was performed immediately after the 60-minute period and every 15 minutes thereafter, for a total of 5 times. Motor testing was performed by a physical therapist who was blinded to group assignment. A follow-up call was made 7 days after the positioning sessions.
RESULTS
Motor deficits were observed in the nondependent lower limb in 100% of the subjects in Group B, and no motor deficits were seen in Group A. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the 2 groups with respect to the performance on the 10-repetition maximum test immediately immediately and 60 minutes after positioning. Subjects in Group B had a 10%–70% (average 34.8%) decrease in knee extension strength and 20%–80% (average 43%) decrease in hip flexion strength in the nondependent limb.
Sensory abnormalities were observed in the nondependent lower limb in 98% of the subjects in Group B. Thirty-six percent of the Group B subjects still exhibited sensory deficits after the 60-minute recovery period. No symptoms were reported by any subject during the follow-up calls 7 days after positioning.
CONCLUSIONS
Twenty-five degrees of right lateral jack-knife positioning for 60 minutes results in neurapraxia of the nondependent lower extremity. Our results support the hypothesis that jack-knife positioning alone can cause postoperative neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Chung-Liang Liu
- 2Departments of Neurosurgery and Orthopedic Surgery and Spine Center, Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles
| | | | - David Daily
- 3Athletic Physical Therapy, Westlake Village; and
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25
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Volman V, Ng LJ. Perinodal glial swelling mitigates axonal degradation in a model of axonal injury. J Neurophysiol 2015; 115:1003-17. [PMID: 26683073 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00912.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been associated with the damage to myelinated axons in white matter tracts. Animal models and in vitro studies suggest that axonal degradation develops during a latent period following a traumatic event. This delay has been attributed to slowly developing axonal membrane depolarization that is initiated by injury-induced ionic imbalance and in turn, leads to the activation of Ca(2+) proteases via pathological accumulation of Ca(2+). However, the mechanisms mitigating the transition to axonal degradation after injury remain elusive. We addressed this question in a detailed biophysical model of axonal injury that incorporated ion exchange and glial swelling mechanisms. We show that glial swelling, which often co-occurs with mTBI, promotes axonal survival by regulating extracellular K(+) dynamics, extending the range of injury parameters in which axons exhibit stable membrane potential postinjury. In addition, glial swelling was instrumental in reducing axonal sensitivity to repetitive stretch injury that occurred several minutes following the first one. Results of this study suggest that acute post-traumatic swelling of perinodal astrocytes helps prevent or postpone axonal degradation by maintaining physiologically relevant levels of extracellular K(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Volman
- Simulation, Engineering, and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies Incorporated, San Diego, California
| | - Laurel J Ng
- Simulation, Engineering, and Testing, L-3 Applied Technologies Incorporated, San Diego, California
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26
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Abstract
Ultrasonic blades have been shown to cause less acute electrophysiological damage when applied near nerves than monopolar electrosurgery (ES). This study was performed to determine whether the acute nerve damage observed for ES, as well as the relative lack of damage observed for ultrasonic dissection, extends through a subacute timeframe. Muscle incisions were made in rat with the Harmonic® Blade (HB) and ES at a distance of 2 mm from the sciatic nerve. Sham surgery was also performed which consisted of similar exposure of the sciatic nerve without use of an energized device. Electrophysiological function was assessed acutely over a 3-h period, and subacutely after a 7-day survival, by monitoring the sciatic nerve compound action potential (CAP), conduction velocity (CV), von Frey hair (VFH) stimulation force, leukocyte infiltration, and impaired axonal transport via β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) immunocytochemistry. During the acute period, ES produced significantly lower CAP and CV, and higher levels of leukocytes and β-APP than sham, whereas the ultrasonic blade was not significantly different from sham, and had significantly lower VFH force than ES. After the subacute survival, ES continued to display significantly lower CAP and CV, and higher levels of leukocytes and β-APP than sham, whereas ultrasonic blade had higher CAP and CV than sham, and lower VFH than ES. This study confirms that incisions made with an ultrasonic blade cause less acute nerve damage than monopolar ES, and are comparable to sham surgery at a distance of 2 mm from the sciatic nerve. The negative effects of electrosurgery extend through at least a 7-day survival period, whereas subacute recovery after application of the ultrasonic blade was comparable to that of sham surgery. For surgical procedures in the vicinity of vital nerves, use of the ultrasonic blade represents a lower risk than ES for both acute and subacute neural trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Chen
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Wayne State University , Detroit MI , USA
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Sullivan S, Eucker SA, Gabrieli D, Bradfield C, Coats B, Maltese MR, Lee J, Smith C, Margulies SS. White matter tract-oriented deformation predicts traumatic axonal brain injury and reveals rotational direction-specific vulnerabilities. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:877-96. [PMID: 25547650 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A systematic correlation between finite element models (FEMs) and histopathology is needed to define deformation thresholds associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, a FEM of a transected piglet brain was used to reverse engineer the range of optimal shear moduli for infant (5 days old, 553-658 Pa) and 4-week-old toddler piglet brain (692-811 Pa) from comparisons with measured in situ tissue strains. The more mature brain modulus was found to have significant strain and strain rate dependencies not observed with the infant brain. Age-appropriate FEMs were then used to simulate experimental TBI in infant (n=36) and preadolescent (n=17) piglets undergoing a range of rotational head loads. The experimental animals were evaluated for the presence of clinically significant traumatic axonal injury (TAI), which was then correlated with FEM-calculated measures of overall and white matter tract-oriented tissue deformations, and used to identify the metric with the highest sensitivity and specificity for detecting TAI. The best predictors of TAI were the tract-oriented strain (6-7%), strain rate (38-40 s(-1), and strain times strain rate (1.3-1.8 s(-1) values exceeded by 90% of the brain. These tract-oriented strain and strain rate thresholds for TAI were comparable to those found in isolated axonal stretch studies. Furthermore, we proposed that the higher degree of agreement between tissue distortion aligned with white matter tracts and TAI may be the underlying mechanism responsible for more severe TAI after horizontal and sagittal head rotations in our porcine model of nonimpact TAI than coronal plane rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sullivan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ahmadzadeh H, Smith DH, Shenoy VB. Viscoelasticity of tau proteins leads to strain rate-dependent breaking of microtubules during axonal stretch injury: predictions from a mathematical model. Biophys J 2014; 106:1123-33. [PMID: 24606936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique viscoelastic nature of axons is thought to underlie selective vulnerability to damage during traumatic brain injury. In particular, dynamic loading of axons has been shown to mechanically break microtubules at the time of injury. However, the mechanism of this rate-dependent response has remained elusive. Here, we present a microstructural model of the axonal cytoskeleton to quantitatively elucidate the interaction between microtubules and tau proteins under mechanical loading. Mirroring the axon ultrastructure, the microtubules were arranged in staggered arrays, cross-linked by tau proteins. We found that the viscoelastic behavior specifically of tau proteins leads to mechanical breaking of microtubules at high strain rates, whereas extension of tau allows for reversible sliding of microtubules without any damage at small strain rates. Based on the stiffness and viscosity of tau proteins inferred from single-molecule force spectroscopy studies, we predict the critical strain rate for microtubule breaking to be in the range 22-44 s(-1), in excellent agreement with recent experiments on dynamic loading of micropatterned neuronal cultures. We also identified a characteristic length scale for load transfer that depends on microstructural properties and have derived a phase diagram in the parameter space spanned by loading rate and microtubule length that demarcates those regions where axons can be loaded and unloaded reversibly and those where axons are injured due to breaking of the microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Li Y, Lao J, Zhao X, Tian D, Zhu Y, Wei X. The optimal distance between two electrode tips during recording of compound nerve action potentials in the rat median nerve. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:171-8. [PMID: 25206798 PMCID: PMC4146167 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distance between the two electrode tips can greatly influence the parameters used for recording compound nerve action potentials. To investigate the optimal parameters for these recordings in the rat median nerve, we dissociated the nerve using different methods and compound nerve action potentials were orthodromically or antidromically recorded with different electrode spacings. Compound nerve action potentials could be consistently recorded using a method in which the middle part of the median nerve was intact, with both ends dissociated from the surrounding fascia and a ground wire inserted into the muscle close to the intact part. When the distance between two stimulating electrode tips was increased, the threshold and supramaximal stimulating intensity of compound nerve action potentials were gradually decreased, but the amplitude was not changed significantly. When the distance between two recording electrode tips was increased, the amplitude was gradually increased, but the threshold and supramaximal stimulating intensity exhibited no significant change. Different distances between recording and stimulating sites did not produce significant effects on the aforementioned parameters. A distance of 5 mm between recording and stimulating electrodes and a distance of 10 mm between recording and stimulating sites were found to be optimal for compound nerve action potential recording in the rat median nerve. In addition, the orthodromic compound action potential, with a biphasic waveform that was more stable and displayed less interference (however also required a higher threshold and higher supramaximal stimulus), was found to be superior to the antidromic compound action potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Li
- Department of Hand Surgery of HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Healthy; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China ; Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Lao
- Department of Hand Surgery of HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Healthy; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Hand Surgery of HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Healthy; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Tian
- Department of Hand Surgery of HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Healthy; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery of HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Hand Reconstruction, Ministry of Healthy; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve and Microsurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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Meaney DF, Morrison B, Dale Bass C. The mechanics of traumatic brain injury: a review of what we know and what we need to know for reducing its societal burden. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:021008. [PMID: 24384610 PMCID: PMC4023660 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health problem, on pace to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. Moreover, emerging evidence linking repeated mild traumatic brain injury to long-term neurodegenerative disorders points out that TBI can be both an acute disorder and a chronic disease. We are at an important transition point in our understanding of TBI, as past work has generated significant advances in better protecting us against some forms of moderate and severe TBI. However, we still lack a clear understanding of how to study milder forms of injury, such as concussion, or new forms of TBI that can occur from primary blast loading. In this review, we highlight the major advances made in understanding the biomechanical basis of TBI. We point out opportunities to generate significant new advances in our understanding of TBI biomechanics, especially as it appears across the molecular, cellular, and whole organ scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Meaney
- Departments of Bioengineeringand Neurosurgery,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA 19104-6392e-mail:
| | - Barclay Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Columbia University,New York, NY 10027
| | - Cameron Dale Bass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,Duke University,Durham, NC 27708-0281
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Abstract
Diffusion imaging and postmortem studies of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) of the concussive type are consistent with the observations of diffuse axonal injury to the white matter axons. Mechanical trauma to axons affects the properties of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier, leading to axonal degeneration through intra-axonal accumulation of calcium ions and activation of calcium proteases; however, the immediate implications of axonal trauma regarding axonal functionality and their relevance to transient impairment of function as observed in concussion remain elusive. A biophysically realistic computational model of a myelinated axon was developed to investigate how mTBI could immediately affect axonal function. Traumatized axons showed alterations in signal propagation properties that nonlinearly depended on the level of trauma; subthreshold traumatized axons had decreased spike propagation time, whereas suprathreshold traumatized axons exhibited a slowdown of spike propagation and spike propagation failure. Trauma had consistently reduced axonal spike amplitude. The susceptibility of an axon to trauma could be modulated by the function of an ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump. The results suggest a mechanism by which concussive mTBI could lead to the immediate impairment of signal propagation through the axon and the emerging dysfunctional neuronal information exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Volman
- L-3 Applied Technologies/Simulation, Engineering, and Testing, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Sajadi KP, Lin DL, Steward JE, Balog B, Dissaranan C, Zaszczurynski P, Gill BC, Jiang HH, Kerns JM, Damaser MS. Pudendal nerve stretch reduces external urethral sphincter activity in rats. J Urol 2012; 188:1389-95. [PMID: 22906665 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most animal models of stress urinary incontinence simulate maternal injuries of childbirth since delivery is a major risk factor but they do not reproduce the nerve stretch known to occur during human childbirth. We hypothesized that pudendal nerve stretch produces reversible dysfunction of the external urethral sphincter. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female virgin Sprague-Dawley® rats were anesthetized with urethane. Bilateral pudendal nerve stretch or sham injury was performed for 5 minutes. External urethral sphincter electromyography and leak point pressure were recorded immediately before and after, and 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after pudendal nerve stretch. Post-pudendal nerve stretch results were compared to prestretch values and to values in sham injured animals. The pudendal nerves underwent qualitative histological assessment. The nucleus of Onuf was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for β-APP and c-Fos expression as markers of neuronal activity and injury. RESULTS A total of 14 rats underwent bilateral pudendal nerve stretch (9) or sham injury (5). Each nerve was stretched a mean ± SEM of 74% ± 18% on the left side and 63% ± 13% on the right side. Electromyography amplitude decreased significantly immediately after stretch compared to before stretch and after sham injury (p = 0.003) but it recovered by 30 minutes after stretch. There was no significant change in leak point pressure at any time. Two hours after injury histology showed occasional neuronal degeneration. β-APP and c-Fos expression was similar in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Acute pudendal nerve stretch produces reversible electrophysiological dysfunction but without leak point pressure impairment. Pudendal nerve stretch shows promise in modeling injury. It should be tested as part of a multi-injury, chronic, physiological model of human childbirth injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran P Sajadi
- Division of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97232, USA.
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Chen C, Kallakuri S, Vedpathak A, Chimakurthy C, Cavanaugh JM, Clymer JW, Malaviya P. The effects of ultrasonic and electrosurgery devices on nerve physiology. Br J Neurosurg 2012; 26:856-63. [PMID: 22742665 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2012.697216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the risks associated with the use of electrosurgery near nerves are well known, few studies have examined the neurophysiologic effects of application of the Harmonic Blade, an ultrasonic scalpel, in the vicinity of nerve fibres. This study sought to compare the sub-acute neurophysiologic effects of the Harmonic Blade and electrosurgery after incisions close to the sciatic nerve. METHODS Incisions were made in rats with the Harmonic Blade and electrosurgery at distances of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm from the sciatic nerve. Sham surgery was also performed. The compound action potential, conduction velocity and calibrated nylon filament (von Frey hair, VFH) stimulating force were monitored for up to 3 hours after surgery. The sciatic nerve was assessed for inflammation via H&E staining and impaired axonal transport by β-APP immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Electrosurgery incisions produced a significantly greater decrease in compound action potential and conduction velocity, and increase in the VFH force than the Harmonic Blade over all time points and distances from the sciatic nerve. The Harmonic Blade was similar to sham surgery for the compound action potential and VFH force. Electrosurgery yielded significantly greater leukocyte infiltration than the Harmonic Blade and produced the highest levels of β-APP immunoreactive swellings. CONCLUSIONS Incisions with electrosurgery in the range of 1-4 mm of the sciatic nerve caused substantial changes in neurophysiologic functioning and inflammation. In contrast, the Harmonic Blade was similar to sham surgery in the vicinity of the nerve, producing little observable acute trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Chen
- Spine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Li Y, Zhang L, Kallakuri S, Zhou R, Cavanaugh JM. Injury predictors for traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head impact acceleration model. Stapp Car Crash J 2011; 55:25-47. [PMID: 22869303 DOI: 10.4271/2011-22-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A modified Marmarou impact acceleration injury model was developed to study the kinematics of the rat head to quantify traumatic axonal injury (TAI) in the corpus callosum (CC) and brainstem pyramidal tract (Py), to determine injury predictors and to establish injury thresholds for severe TAI. Thirty-one anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (392±13 grams) were impacted using a modified impact acceleration injury device from 2.25 m and 1.25 m heights. Beta-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) immunocytochemistry was used to assess and quantify axonal changes in CC and Py. Over 600 injury maps in CC and Py were constructed in the 31 impacted rats. TAI distribution along the rostro-caudal direction in CC and Py was determined. Linear and angular responses of the rat head were monitored and measured in vivo with an attached accelerometer and angular rate sensor, and were correlated to TAI data. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the occurrence of severe TAI in CC was best predicted by average linear acceleration, followed by power and time to surface righting. The combination of average linear acceleration and time to surface righting showed an improved predictive result. In Py, severe TAI was best predicted by time to surface righting, followed by peak and average angular velocity. When both CC and Py were combined, power was the best predictor, and the combined average linear acceleration and average angular velocity was also found to have good injury predictive ability. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive power of individual and paired injury predictors. TAI tolerance curves were also proposed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Kobayashi S, Takeno K, Yayama T, Awara K, Miyazaki T, Guerrero A, Baba H. Pathomechanisms of sciatica in lumbar disc herniation: effect of periradicular adhesive tissue on electrophysiological values by an intraoperative straight leg raising test. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:2004-14. [PMID: 20959779 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181d4164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This study is aimed to investigate the changes of nerve root functions during the straight leg raising (SLR) test in vivo. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between nerve root movement and the electrophysiological values during an intraoperative SLR test. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The SLR test is one of the most significant signs for making a clinical diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation. A recent study showed that intraradicular blood flow apparently decreased during the SLR test in patients with disc herniation. METHODS The study included 32 patients who underwent microdiscectomy. During the surgery, the nerve root motion affected by the hernia was observed during the SLR test. The patients' legs were allowed to hang down to the angle at which sciatica had occurred and the change of nerve root action potentials was measured. After removal of the hernia, a similar procedure was repeated. The periradicular specimens collected during surgery were examined by light and electron microscope. RESULTS In all patients intraoperative microscopy revealed that the hernia was adherent to the dura mater of the nerve roots. During the SLR test, the limitation of nerve root movement occurred by periradicular adhesive tissue and amplitude of action potential showed a sharp decrease at the angle that produced sciatica. After removal of the hernia, all the patients showed smooth gliding of the nerve roots during the test, and there was no marked decrease of amplitude. Our data suggest that temporary ischemic changes in the nerve root cause transient conduction disturbances. Pathologic examination showed that the periradicular tissue consisted of the granulation with vascularization and many inflammatory cell infiltrations. CONCLUSION The presence of periradicular fibrosis will compound the nerve root pain by fixing the nerve in one position, thereby increasing the susceptibility of the nerve root to tension or compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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