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Nagayach A, Wang C. Autophagy in neural stem cells and glia for brain health and diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:729-736. [PMID: 37843206 PMCID: PMC10664120 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multifaceted cellular process that not only maintains the homeostatic and adaptive responses of the brain but is also dynamically involved in the regulation of neural cell generation, maturation, and survival. Autophagy facilities the utilization of energy and the microenvironment for developing neural stem cells. Autophagy arbitrates structural and functional remodeling during the cell differentiation process. Autophagy also plays an indispensable role in the maintenance of stemness and homeostasis in neural stem cells during essential brain physiology and also in the instigation and progression of diseases. Only recently, studies have begun to shed light on autophagy regulation in glia (microglia, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte) in the brain. Glial cells have attained relatively less consideration despite their unquestioned influence on various aspects of neural development, synaptic function, brain metabolism, cellular debris clearing, and restoration of damaged or injured tissues. Thus, this review composes pertinent information regarding the involvement of autophagy in neural stem cells and glial regulation and the role of this connexion in normal brain functions, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will provide insight into establishing a concrete strategic approach for investigating pathological mechanisms and developing therapies for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Ke PY. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2024; 13:500. [PMID: 38534345 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy represents a catabolic process that evolutionarily regulates cellular homeostasis. The successful completion of autophagy initiates the engulfment of cytoplasmic materials within double-membrane autophagosomes and subsequent delivery to autolysosomes for degradation by acidic proteases. The formation of autolysosomes relies on the precise fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. In recent decades, numerous studies have provided insights into the molecular regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In this review, an overview of the molecules that function in the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes is provided. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying how these functional molecules regulate autophagosome-lysosome fusion is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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Shima T, Kinjo T, Park S, Sonoda M. Perinatal clinical course of Vici syndrome associated with novel EPG5 variants: unique cardiac changes and difficulty with foetal diagnosis. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e255847. [PMID: 38182173 PMCID: PMC10773411 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vici syndrome is a genetic disorder involving autophagy dysfunction caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in ectopic P-granules 5 autophagy tethering factor (EPG5). We report the perinatal clinical course of a neonate with Vici syndrome with a unique cardiac presentation. Foetal ultrasonography (US) detected right ventricular hypertrophy, hypoplastic left ventricle and narrowing of the foramen ovale, which were alleviated after birth. Agenesis of the corpus callosum and cerebellar hypoplasia were missed antenatally. After delivery, the patient was clinically diagnosed with Vici syndrome and two novel pathogenic mutations were detected in EPG5 The T-cell receptor repertoire was selectively skewed in the Vβ2 family. Immunological prophylaxis and tube feeding were introduced. Early diagnosis helps parents accept their child's prognosis and decide on a care plan. However, US has limited potential to detect clinical phenotypes associated with Vici syndrome. Foetal MRI may detect the characteristic abnormalities and contribute to antenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shima
- Neonatology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadamune Kinjo
- Neonatology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sungyeon Park
- Department of Hematology, Infection, and Immunology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoshi Sonoda
- Neonatology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lewerissa EI, Nadif Kasri N, Linda K. Epigenetic regulation of autophagy-related genes: Implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Autophagy 2024; 20:15-28. [PMID: 37674294 PMCID: PMC10761153 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2250217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved catabolic process that is important for the clearance of cytosolic contents to maintain cellular homeostasis and survival. Recent findings point toward a critical role for autophagy in brain function, not only by preserving neuronal health, but especially by controlling different aspects of neuronal development and functioning. In line with this, mutations in autophagy-related genes are linked to various key characteristics and symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism, micro-/macrocephaly, and epilepsy. However, the group of NDDs caused by mutations in autophagy-related genes is relatively small. A significant proportion of NDDs are associated with mutations in genes encoding epigenetic regulatory proteins that modulate gene expression, so-called chromatinopathies. Intriguingly, several of the NDD-linked chromatinopathy genes have been shown to regulate autophagy-related genes, albeit in non-neuronal contexts. From these studies it becomes evident that tight transcriptional regulation of autophagy-related genes is crucial to control autophagic activity. This opens the exciting possibility that aberrant autophagic regulation might underly nervous system impairments in NDDs with disturbed epigenetic regulation. We here summarize NDD-related chromatinopathy genes that are known to regulate transcriptional regulation of autophagy-related genes. Thereby, we want to highlight autophagy as a candidate key hub mechanism in NDD-related chromatinopathies.Abbreviations: ADNP: activity dependent neuroprotector homeobox; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; ATG: AutTophaGy related; CpG: cytosine-guanine dinucleotide; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; EHMT: euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase; EP300: E1A binding protein p300; EZH2: enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit; H3K4me3: histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation; H3K9me1/2/3: histone 3 lysine 9 mono-, di-, or trimethylation; H3K27me2/3: histone 3 lysine 27 di-, or trimethylation; hiPSCs: human induced pluripotent stem cells; HSP: hereditary spastic paraplegia; ID: intellectual disability; KANSL1: KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1; KAT8: lysine acetyltransferase 8; KDM1A/LSD1: lysine demethylase 1A; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; NDD: neurodevelopmental disorder; PHF8: PHD finger protein 8; PHF8-XLID: PHF8-X linked intellectual disability syndrome; PTM: post-translational modification; SESN2: sestrin 2; YY1: YY1 transcription factor; YY1AP1: YY1 associated protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly I. Lewerissa
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Linda
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Flemish Brabant, Belgium
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Chen W, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li W, Sha L, Xia Y, Chen L. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy for epilepsy therapy: opportunities and obstacles. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103600. [PMID: 37119963 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy (EP) is a long-term neurological disorder characterized by neuroinflammatory responses, neuronal apoptosis, imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress in the brain. Autophagy is a process of cellular self-regulation to maintain normal physiological functions. Emerging evidence suggests that dysfunctional autophagy pathways in neurons are a potential mechanism underlying EP pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss current evidence and molecular mechanisms of autophagy dysregulation in EP and the probable function of autophagy in epileptogenesis. Moreover, we review the autophagy modulators reported for the treatment of EP models, and discuss the obstacles to, and opportunities for, the potential therapeutic applications of novel autophagy modulators as EP therapies. Teaser: Defective autophagy affects the onset and progression of epilepsy, and many anti-epileptic drugs have autophagy-modulating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanling Li
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Leihao Sha
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yilin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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AlAbdi L, Desbois M, Rusnac DV, Sulaiman RA, Rosenfeld JA, Lalani S, Murdock DR, Burrage LC, Billie Au PY, Towner S, Wilson WG, Wong L, Brunet T, Strobl-Wildemann G, Burton JE, Hoganson G, McWalter K, Begtrup A, Zarate YA, Christensen EL, Opperman KJ, Giles AC, Helaby R, Kania A, Zheng N, Grill B, Alkuraya FS. Loss-of-function variants in MYCBP2 cause neurobehavioural phenotypes and corpus callosum defects. Brain 2023; 146:1373-1387. [PMID: 36200388 PMCID: PMC10319777 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is a bundle of axon fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. Neurodevelopmental disorders that feature dysgenesis of the corpus callosum as a core phenotype offer a valuable window into pathology derived from abnormal axon development. Here, we describe a cohort of eight patients with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a range of deficits including corpus callosum abnormalities, developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy and autistic features. Each patient harboured a distinct de novo variant in MYCBP2, a gene encoding an atypical really interesting new gene (RING) ubiquitin ligase and signalling hub with evolutionarily conserved functions in axon development. We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to introduce disease-associated variants into conserved residues in the Caenorhabditis elegans MYCBP2 orthologue, RPM-1, and evaluated functional outcomes in vivo. Consistent with variable phenotypes in patients with MYCBP2 variants, C. elegans carrying the corresponding human mutations in rpm-1 displayed axonal and behavioural abnormalities including altered habituation. Furthermore, abnormal axonal accumulation of the autophagy marker LGG-1/LC3 occurred in variants that affect RPM-1 ubiquitin ligase activity. Functional genetic outcomes from anatomical, cell biological and behavioural readouts indicate that MYCBP2 variants are likely to result in loss of function. Collectively, our results from multiple human patients and CRISPR gene editing with an in vivo animal model support a direct link between MYCBP2 and a human neurodevelopmental spectrum disorder that we term, MYCBP2-related developmental delay with corpus callosum defects (MDCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muriel Desbois
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Domniţa-Valeria Rusnac
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Raashda A Sulaiman
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seema Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David R Murdock
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ping Yee Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shelley Towner
- Pediatric Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - William G Wilson
- Pediatric Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lawrence Wong
- Department of Genetics, Northern California Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA 94611, USA
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics (ING), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer E Burton
- Department of Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - George Hoganson
- Department of Genetics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Kirsty McWalter
- Genedx, Inc., 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Amber Begtrup
- Genedx, Inc., 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Elyse L Christensen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karla J Opperman
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew C Giles
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Rana Helaby
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brock Grill
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
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Brennan L, Costello MJ, Hejtmancik JF, Menko AS, Riazuddin SA, Shiels A, Kantorow M. Autophagy Requirements for Eye Lens Differentiation and Transparency. Cells 2023; 12:475. [PMID: 36766820 PMCID: PMC9914699 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence points to autophagy as an essential cellular requirement for achieving the mature structure, homeostasis, and transparency of the lens. Collective evidence from multiple laboratories using chick, mouse, primate, and human model systems provides evidence that classic autophagy structures, ranging from double-membrane autophagosomes to single-membrane autolysosomes, are found throughout the lens in both undifferentiated lens epithelial cells and maturing lens fiber cells. Recently, key autophagy signaling pathways have been identified to initiate critical steps in the lens differentiation program, including the elimination of organelles to form the core lens organelle-free zone. Other recent studies using ex vivo lens culture demonstrate that the low oxygen environment of the lens drives HIF1a-induced autophagy via upregulation of essential mitophagy components to direct the specific elimination of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus during lens fiber cell differentiation. Pioneering studies on the structural requirements for the elimination of nuclei during lens differentiation reveal the presence of an entirely novel structure associated with degrading lens nuclei termed the nuclear excisosome. Considerable evidence also indicates that autophagy is a requirement for lens homeostasis, differentiation, and transparency, since the mutation of key autophagy proteins results in human cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Brennan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33460, USA
| | - M. Joseph Costello
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A. Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - S. Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alan Shiels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marc Kantorow
- Department of Biomedical Science, Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33460, USA
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Hosahalli Vasanna S, Dalal J. Traffic jam within lymphocytes: A clinician's perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1034317. [PMID: 36726976 PMCID: PMC9885010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of novel diseases and pathways, as well as a new outlook on certain existing diseases, cellular trafficking disorders attract a great deal of interest and focus. Understanding the function of genes and their products in protein and lipid synthesis, cargo sorting, packaging, and delivery has allowed us to appreciate the intricate pathophysiology of these biological processes at the molecular level and the multi-system disease manifestations of these disorders. This article focuses primarily on lymphocyte intracellular trafficking diseases from a clinician's perspective. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is the prototypical disease of abnormal vesicular transport in the lymphocytes. In this review, we highlight other mechanisms involved in cellular trafficking, including membrane contact sites, autophagy, and abnormalities of cytoskeletal structures affecting the immune cell function, based on a newer classification system, along with management aspects of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Hosahalli Vasanna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jignesh Dalal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Jignesh Dalal,
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Smeele PH, Vaccari T. Snapshots from within the cell: Novel trafficking and non trafficking functions of Snap29 during tissue morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:42-52. [PMID: 35256275 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a core cellular process that supports diversification of cell shapes and behaviors relevant to morphogenesis during development and in adult organisms. However, how precisely trafficking components regulate specific differentiation programs is incompletely understood. Snap29 is a multifaceted Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment protein Receptor, involved in a wide range of trafficking and non-trafficking processes in most cells. A body of knowledge, accrued over more than two decades since its discovery, reveals that Snap29 is essential for establishing and maintaining the operation of a number of cellular events that support cell polarity and signaling. In this review, we first summarize established functions of Snap29 and then we focus on novel ones in the context of autophagy, Golgi trafficking and vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane, as well as on non-trafficking activities of Snap29. We further describe emerging evidence regarding the compartmentalisation and regulation of Snap29. Finally, we explore how the loss of distinct functions of human Snap29 may lead to the clinical manifestations of congenital disorders such as CEDNIK syndrome and how altered SNAP29 activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer, viral infection and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien H Smeele
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Vansenne F, Fock JM, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Meiners LC, van den Boogaard MJH, Jaeger B, Boven L, Vos YJ, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS. Phenotypic expansion of EGP5-related Vici syndrome: 15 Dutch patients carrying a founder variant. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 41:91-98. [PMID: 36410285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vici syndrome (OMIM 242840) is a very rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder first described in 1988. In 2013, bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in EPG5 were reported to cause Vici syndrome. Five principal diagnostic features of Vici syndrome have been proposed: agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, cardiomyopathy, hypopigmentation, and combined immunodeficiency. We identified 15 patients carrying a homozygous founder missense variant in EPG5 who all exhibit a less severe clinical phenotype than classic Vici syndrome. All 15 show typical brain abnormalities on MRI. The homozygous founder variant in EPG5 they carry results in a shorter in-frame transcript and truncated, but likely still residual, EPG5 protein. We speculate that the residual EPG5 protein explains their attenuated phenotype, which is consistent with two previous observations that low expression of EPG5 can lead to an attenuated Vici syndrome phenotype. We propose renaming this condition EPG5-related neurodevelopmental disorder to emphasize the clinical variability of patients with bi-allelic mutations in EPG5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Vansenne
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Johanna M Fock
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Stolte-Dijkstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Linda C Meiners
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bregje Jaeger
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ludolf Boven
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne J Vos
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Chorin O, Hirsch Y, Rock R, Salzer Sheelo L, Goldberg Y, Mandel H, Hershkovitz T, Fleischer N, Greenbaum L, Katz U, Barel O, Hamed N, Ben-Zeev B, Greenberger S, Nasser Samra N, Stern Zimmer M, Raas-Rothschild A, Pode-Shakked B. Vici syndrome in Israel: Clinical and molecular insights. Front Genet 2022; 13:991721. [PMID: 36204321 PMCID: PMC9531146 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.991721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vici Syndrome is a rare, severe, neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative disorder with multi-systemic manifestations presenting in infancy. It is mainly characterized by global developmental delay, seizures, agenesis of the corpus callosum, hair and skin hypopigmentation, bilateral cataract, and varying degrees of immunodeficiency, among other features. Vici Syndrome is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in EPG5, resulting in impaired autophagy. Thus far, the condition has been reported in less than a hundred individuals. Objective and Methods: We aimed to characterize the clinical and molecular findings in individuals harboring biallelic EPG5 variants, recruited from four medical centers in Israel. Furthermore, we aimed to utilize a machine learning-based tool to assess facial features of Vici syndrome. Results: Eleven cases of Vici Syndrome from five unrelated families, one of which was diagnosed prenatally with subsequent termination of pregnancy, were recruited. A total of five disease causing variants were detected in EPG5: two novel: c.2554-5A>G and c.1461delC; and 3 previously reported: c.3447G>A, c.5993C>G, and c.1007A>G, the latter previously identified in several patients of Ashkenazi-Jewish (AJ) descent. Amongst 140,491 individuals screened by the Dor Yeshorim Program, we show that the c.1007A>G variant has an overall carrier frequency of 0.45% (1 in 224) among AJ individuals. Finally, based on two-dimensional facial photographs of individuals with Vici syndrome (n = 19), a composite facial mask was created using the DeepGestalt algorithm, illustrating facial features typical of this disorder. Conclusion: We report on ten children and one fetus from five unrelated families, affected with Vici syndrome, and describe prenatal and postnatal characteristics. Our findings contribute to the current knowledge regarding the molecular basis and phenotypic features of this rare syndrome. Additionally, the deep learning-based facial gestalt adds to the clinician’s diagnostic toolbox and may aid in facilitating identification of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Chorin
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- *Correspondence: Odelia Chorin,
| | - Yoel Hirsch
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rachel Rock
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Liat Salzer Sheelo
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Yael Goldberg
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Hanna Mandel
- Unit of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
| | - Tova Hershkovitz
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Lior Greenbaum
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- The Joseph Sagol Neusroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Uriel Katz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Pediatric Heart Institute, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- The Genomic Unit, Sheba Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nasrin Hamed
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nadra Nasser Samra
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ziv Medical Center, Safed, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Michal Stern Zimmer
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Pediatric Department B, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- The Institute for Rare Diseases, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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12
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Zhu H, Wang W, Li Y. Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Potential Role in Epilepsy. Cells 2022; 11:2621. [PMID: 36078029 PMCID: PMC9455075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved degradation mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis whereby cytoplasmic components are wrapped in autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires the concerted actions of multiple autophagy-related proteins and accessory regulators. In neurons, autophagy is dynamically regulated in different compartments including soma, axons, and dendrites. It determines the turnover of selected materials in a spatiotemporal control manner, which facilitates the formation of specialized neuronal functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that dysfunctional autophagy occurs in epilepsy, mainly caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. In recent years, much attention has been focused on how autophagy may cause the development of epilepsy. In this article, we overview the historical landmarks and distinct types of autophagy, recent progress in the core machinery and regulation of autophagy, and biological roles of autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of neuronal structures and functions, with a particular focus on synaptic plasticity. We also discuss the relevance of autophagy mechanisms to the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis.
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13
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Mahjoubi F, Shabani S, Khakbazpour S, Khaligh Akhlaghi A. Novel EPG5 Mutation Associated with Vici Syndrome Gene. Case Rep Genet 2022; 2022:1-3. [PMID: 35846893 PMCID: PMC9277209 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5452944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Vici syndrome (also known as immunodeficiency with cleft lip/palate, cataract, and hypopigmentation and absent corpus callosum) is considered as a progressive neurodevelopmental multisystem disorder. Till date, only 80 cases, including our patient, with this syndrome have been reported .This syndrome is characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, hypopigmentation of the eyes and hair, cataract, cardiomyopathy, combined immunodeficiency, hearing loss, seizures, and additional multisystem involvements which have been reported as case reports in the past. Clinical Manifestation. A 5-year-old girl, who is a product of consanguineous marriage, was referred to our center with developmental delay, optic atrophy, blindness, spasticity, seizure, movement disability, and spasticity. Her magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test showed agenesis of the corpus callosum and her metabolic test reported normal. Materials and Methods. In our laboratory, blood sample was obtained from the patient. DNA was extracted from lymphocytes, and whole exome sequencing (WES) using next generation Illumina sequencing was performed. Result. A novel (private), homozygous, nonsynonymous mutation c.A3206G (p.Y1069C Het) in EPG5 gene was detected; in continuum, testing for this specific variant in her parents was carried out. DNA sequencing of the PCR-amplified product of the EPG5 exon 17 showed that her parents were heterozygote for this variant. These mutations have not been reported before and therefore classified as variation of unknown significance (VUS). Mutation in this gene is shown to cause autosomal recessive Vici syndrome. Conclusion. Since clinical features of Vici syndrome has overlap, its diagnosis is differential and developmental delay occurs in 98% of reported cases. Vici syndrome can be considered as one of the main causes of developmental delay, and this syndrome can be introduced as a novel group of inherited neurometabolic conditions and congenital disorders.
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Rodríguez-Morales M, Liquidano-Perez E, Garza-Mayén G, Bustamante-Montes LP, Villarroel-Cortés C. EPG5 Compound Heterozygous Unreported Pathogenic Variants in a Mexican Patient with Vici Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:952-4. [PMID: 35389122 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Mitchell MW, Grandizio C, Turan N, Requesens DV. An induced pluripotent stem cell line (CIMRi001-A) from a Vici syndrome donor with a homozygous recessive c.1007A>G (p.Q336R) mutation in the EPG5 gene. Stem Cell Res 2022; 63:102833. [PMID: 35700637 PMCID: PMC9375524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vici syndrome is a rare, congenital disorder that affects multiple systems and is caused by mutations in the EPG5 gene that encodes for ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 (EPG5). The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line described here was generated from a dermal fibroblast cell line from an 8-year-old male donor with a homozygous recessive c.1007A>G (p.Q336R) mutation in the EPG5 gene. This iPSC model of Vici syndrome provides a unique and valuable resource for investigators to study the pathology of EPG5 mutations and the aetiology of the disease as well as develop therapeutic treatments for those with Vici syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nahid Turan
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Deborah V Requesens
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; The Orphan Disease Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Al-Bari AA. Inhibition of autolysosomes by repurposing drugs as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers. All Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2078894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Alim Al-Bari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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17
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that delivers diverse cellular contents to lysosomes for degradation. As our understanding of this pathway grows, so does our appreciation for its importance in disorders of the CNS. Once implicated primarily in neurodegenerative events owing to acute injury and ageing, macroautophagy is now also linked to disorders of neurodevelopment, indicating that it is essential for both the formation and maintenance of a healthy CNS. In parallel to understanding the significance of macroautophagy across contexts, we have gained a greater mechanistic insight into its physiological regulation and the breadth of cargoes it can degrade. Macroautophagy is a broadly used homeostatic process, giving rise to questions surrounding how defects in this single pathway could cause diseases with distinct clinical and pathological signatures. To address this complexity, we herein review macroautophagy in the mammalian CNS by examining three key features of the process and its relationship to disease: how it functions at a basal level in the discrete cell types of the brain and spinal cord; which cargoes are being degraded in physiological and pathological settings; and how the different stages of the macroautophagy pathway intersect with diseases of neurodevelopment and adult-onset neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Griffey
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behaviour, Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- Departments of Neurology, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Deneubourg C, Ramm M, Smith LJ, Baron O, Singh K, Byrne SC, Duchen MR, Gautel M, Eskelinen EL, Fanto M, Jungbluth H. The spectrum of neurodevelopmental, neuromuscular and neurodegenerative disorders due to defective autophagy. Autophagy 2022; 18:496-517. [PMID: 34130600 PMCID: PMC9037555 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1943177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary dysfunction of autophagy due to Mendelian defects affecting core components of the autophagy machinery or closely related proteins have recently emerged as an important cause of genetic disease. This novel group of human disorders may present throughout life and comprises severe early-onset neurodevelopmental and more common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Early-onset (or congenital) disorders of autophagy often share a recognizable "clinical signature," including variable combinations of neurological, neuromuscular and multisystem manifestations. Structural CNS abnormalities, cerebellar involvement, spasticity and peripheral nerve pathology are prominent neurological features, indicating a specific vulnerability of certain neuronal populations to autophagic disturbance. A typically biphasic disease course of late-onset neurodegeneration occurring on the background of a neurodevelopmental disorder further supports a role of autophagy in both neuronal development and maintenance. Additionally, an associated myopathy has been characterized in several conditions. The differential diagnosis comprises a wide range of other multisystem disorders, including mitochondrial, glycogen and lysosomal storage disorders, as well as ciliopathies, glycosylation and vesicular trafficking defects. The clinical overlap between the congenital disorders of autophagy and these conditions reflects the multiple roles of the proteins and/or emerging molecular connections between the pathways implicated and suggests an exciting area for future research. Therapy development for congenital disorders of autophagy is still in its infancy but may result in the identification of molecules that target autophagy more specifically than currently available compounds. The close connection with adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders highlights the relevance of research into rare early-onset neurodevelopmental conditions for much more common, age-related human diseases.Abbreviations: AC: anterior commissure; AD: Alzheimer disease; ALR: autophagic lysosomal reformation; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; ATG: autophagy related; BIN1: bridging integrator 1; BPAN: beta-propeller protein associated neurodegeneration; CC: corpus callosum; CHMP2B: charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CHS: Chediak-Higashi syndrome; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CMT: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; CNM: centronuclear myopathy; CNS: central nervous system; DNM2: dynamin 2; DPR: dipeptide repeat protein; DVL3: disheveled segment polarity protein 3; EPG5: ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ESCRT: homotypic fusion and protein sorting complex; FIG4: FIG4 phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; GBA: glucocerebrosidase; GD: Gaucher disease; GRN: progranulin; GSD: glycogen storage disorder; HC: hippocampal commissure; HD: Huntington disease; HOPS: homotypic fusion and protein sorting complex; HSPP: hereditary spastic paraparesis; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; MEAX: X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy; mHTT: mutant huntingtin; MSS: Marinesco-Sjoegren syndrome; MTM1: myotubularin 1; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBIA: neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; NCL: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; NPC1: Niemann-Pick disease type 1; PD: Parkinson disease; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; RAB3GAP1: RAB3 GTPase activating protein catalytic subunit 1; RAB3GAP2: RAB3 GTPase activating non-catalytic protein subunit 2; RB1: RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1; RHEB: ras homolog, mTORC1 binding; SCAR20: SNX14-related ataxia; SENDA: static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood; SNX14: sorting nexin 14; SPG11: SPG11 vesicle trafficking associated, spatacsin; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TBC1D20: TBC1 domain family member 20; TECPR2: tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 2; TSC1: TSC complex subunit 1; TSC2: TSC complex subunit 2; UBQLN2: ubiquilin 2; VCP: valosin-containing protein; VMA21: vacuolar ATPase assembly factor VMA21; WDFY3/ALFY: WD repeat and FYVE domain containing protein 3; WDR45: WD repeat domain 45; WDR47: WD repeat domain 47; WMS: Warburg Micro syndrome; XLMTM: X-linked myotubular myopathy; ZFYVE26: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Deneubourg
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mauricio Ramm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Luke J. Smith
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Olga Baron
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Kritarth Singh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan C. Byrne
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Service, Evelina’s Children Hospital, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael R. Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathias Gautel
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manolis Fanto
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN, King’s College London, London, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Service, Evelina’s Children Hospital, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Rijckmans E, Stouffs K, Jansen AC, Brock S. Malformations of cerebral development and clues from the peripheral nervous system: A systematic literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 37:155-64. [PMID: 34535379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of malformations of cortical development (MCD) are variable and can range from mild to severe intellectual disability, cerebral palsy and drug-resistant epilepsy. Besides common clinical features, non-specific or more subtle clinical symptoms may be present in association with different types of MCD. Especially in severely affected individuals, subtle but specific underlying clinical symptoms can be overlooked or overshadowed by the global clinical presentation. To facilitate the interpretation of genetic variants detailed clinical information is indispensable. Detailed (neurological) examination can be helpful in assisting with the diagnostic trajectory, both when referring for genetic work-up as well as when interpreting data from molecular genetic testing. This systematic literature review focusses on different clues derived from the neurological examination and potential further work-up triggered by these signs and symptoms in genetically defined MCDs. A concise overview of specific neurological findings and their associations with MCD subtype and genotype are presented, easily applicable in daily clinical practice. The following pathologies will be discussed: neuropathy, myopathy, muscular dystrophies and spastic paraplegia. In the discussion section, tips and pitfalls are illustrated to improve clinical outcome in the future.
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García-cazorla A, Oyarzábal A, Saudubray J, Martinelli D, Dionisi-vici C. Genetic disorders of cellular trafficking. Trends Genet 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Schwertz H, Rowley JW, Portier I, Middleton EA, Tolley ND, Campbell RA, Eustes AS, Chen K, Rondina MT. Human platelets display dysregulated sepsis-associated autophagy, induced by altered LC3 protein-protein interaction of the Vici-protein EPG5. Autophagy 2021; 18:1534-1550. [PMID: 34689707 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1990669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets mediate central aspects of host responses during sepsis, an acute profoundly systemic inflammatory response due to infection. Macroautophagy/autophagy, which mediates critical aspects of cellular responses during inflammatory conditions, is known to be a functional cellular process in anucleate platelets, and is essential for normal platelet functions. Nevertheless, how sepsis may alter autophagy in platelets has never been established. Using platelets isolated from septic patients and matched healthy controls, we show that during clinical sepsis, the number of autophagosomes is increased in platelets, most likely due to an accumulation of autophagosomes, some containing mitochondria and indicative of mitophagy. Therefore, autophagy induction or early-stage autophagosome formation (as compared to decreased later-stage autophagosome maturation or autophagosome-late endosome/lysosome fusion) is normal or increased. This was consistent with decreased fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes in platelets. EPG5 (ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog), a protein essential for normal autophagy, expression did increase, while protein-protein interactions between EPG5 and MAP1LC3/LC3 (which orchestrate the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes) were significantly reduced in platelets during sepsis. Furthermore, data from a megakaryocyte model demonstrate the importance of TLR4 (toll like receptor 4), LPS-dependent signaling for regulating this mechanism. Similar phenotypes were also observed in platelets isolated from a patient with Vici syndrome: an inherited condition caused by a naturally occurring, loss-of-function mutation in EPG5. Together, we provide evidence that autophagic functions are aberrant in platelets during sepsis, due in part to reduced EPG5-LC3 interactions, regulated by TLR4 engagement, and the resultant accumulation of autophagosomes.Abbreviations: ACTB: beta actin; CLP: cecal ligation and puncture; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; DAP: death associated protein; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EPG5: ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog; ECL: enhanced chemiluminescence; HBSS: Hanks' balanced salt solution; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; ICU: intensive care unit; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MKs: megakaryocytes; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PLA: proximity ligation assay; pRT-PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RT: room temperature; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TLR4: toll like receptor 4; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WGA: wheat germ agglutinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Schwertz
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Work Wellness Clinic, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Occupational Medicine, Billings Clinic Bozeman, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jesse W Rowley
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Irina Portier
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Middleton
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neal D Tolley
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert A Campbell
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alicia S Eustes
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karin Chen
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Salt Lake City VAMC, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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22
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Abstract
Beside inherited muscle diseases many catabolic conditions such as insulin resistance, malnutrition, cancer growth, aging, infections, chronic inflammatory status, inactivity, obesity are characterized by loss of muscle mass, strength and function. The decrease of muscle quality and quantity increases morbidity, mortality and has a major impact on the quality of life. One of the pathogenetic mechanisms of muscle wasting is the dysregulation of the main protein and organelles quality control system of the cell: the autophagy-lysosome. This review will focus on the role of the autophagy-lysosome system in the different conditions of muscle loss. We will also dissect the signalling pathways that are involved in excessive or defective autophagy regulation. Finally, the state of the art of autophagy modulators that have been used in preclinical or clinical studies to ameliorate muscle mass will be also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Franco-Romero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padova, Italy; Myology Center, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Lee S, Kalugotla G, Ingle H, Rodgers R, Wu C, Wang Y, Li Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Borella NR, Deng H, Droit L, Hill R, Peterson ST, Desai C, Lawrence D, Lu Q, Baldridge MT. Intestinal antiviral signaling is controlled by autophagy gene Epg5 independent of the microbiota. Autophagy 2021; 18:1062-1077. [PMID: 34520306 PMCID: PMC9196718 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1968607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the macroautophagy/autophagy gene EPG5 are responsible for Vici syndrome, a human genetic disease characterized by combined immunodeficiency. Previously, we found that epg5-/- mice exhibit hyperinflammation in the lungs mediated by IL1B/IL-1β and TNF/TNFα, resulting in resistance to influenza. Here, we find that disruption of Epg5 results in protection against multiple enteric viruses including norovirus and rotavirus. Gene expression analysis reveals IFNL/IFN-λ responsive genes as a key alteration. Further, mice lacking Epg5 exhibit substantial alterations of the intestinal microbiota. Surprisingly, germ-free mouse studies indicate Epg5-associated inflammation of both the intestine and lung is microbiota-independent. Genetic studies support IFNL signaling as the primary mediator of resistance to enteric viruses, but not of microbial dysbiosis, in epg5-/- mice. This study unveils an important role, unexpectedly independent of the microbiota, for autophagy gene Epg5 in host organism protection by modulating intestinal IFNL responses.Abbreviations: CTNNB1: catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EPG5: ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog (C. elegans); FT: fecal transplant; IFI44: interferon-induced protein 44; IFIT1: interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IFNL/IFN-λ: interferon lambda; IFNLR1: interferon lambda receptor 1; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; ISG: interferon stimulated gene; GF: germ-free; LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MNoV: murine norovirus; MX2: MX dynamin-like GTPase 2; OAS1A: 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1A; RV: rotavirus; SPF: specific-pathogen free; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gowri Kalugotla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel Rodgers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Nicolette R Borella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hongju Deng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Hill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dylan Lawrence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Dong L, Li L, Zhang X, Xu X, Han M, Liu S. The first Chinese case of Vici syndrome with novel compound heterozygous sequence variants in EPG5. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:706-716. [PMID: 34405433 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vici syndrome (VICIS) refers to a clinical spectrum of multiple organ systems characterized by corpus callosum agenesis, hypopigmentation, cataracts, cardiomyopathy and immunodeficiency. The aims of this study were to describe detailed clinical and molecular features of two Chinese female siblings and to review several previous findings. METHODS Targeted sequencing panel involving all known disease-causing genes of monogenic disorders combined with Sanger sequencing validation were performed to identify the likely pathogenic sequence variants of the proband with VICIS. RESULTS The proband diagnosed as VICIS presented with neonatal pneumonia, myocardial damage, hypotonia, maxillofacial malformations, hearing impairment, failure to thrive and died 40 days after birth. Two novel missense variants in ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homologue (EPG5, NM_020964.3) were identified in this proband. The two likely pathogenic variants c.1609G > A (p.(E537K)) and c.5764C>G (p.(P1922A)) were assessed as damaging by bioinformatic analysis. As these variants were absent in 150 unrelated Chinese normal controls and inherited from asymptomatic parents in the co-segregation analysis, the compound heterozygous EPG5 variants were responsible for the clinical features of this patient. Finally, she was genetically diagnosed with VICIS. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first Chinese case of VICIS. Our report identified novel compound heterozygous EPG5 sequence variants in the proband with VICIS, highlighting the rarity and high mortality rate of VICIS and emphasizing on the importance of high-throughput sequencing in confirmed diagnosis of monogenic diseases, which could further facilitate the development of genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Dong
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Neonatal Disease Screening Center, Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Liangshan Li
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurological Examination, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Medical Genetic Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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25
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Rafei MA, Harikrishna B, Al Thihli K, Al-Mujaini AS, Ganesh A. Ophthalmic findings as clues for early diagnosis of Vici syndrome in a neonate. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:780-783. [PMID: 34264147 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1952621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the earliest diagnosis of Vici syndrome in a three-week-old Omani girl. METHODS A three-week-old baby girl with blond hair and agenesis of the corpus callosum was born to consanguineous parents. An older sibling with similar findings had died at the age of six months with recurrent seizures and aspiration pneumonia without a diagnosis of the underlying systemic condition. After a standard ophthalmic and comprehensive systemic evaluation, full sequencing of the EPG5 gene was carried out. RESULTS The findings of bilateral anterior polar cataracts and oculocutaneous albinism in the child with agenesis of corpus callosum raised a suspicion of Vici syndrome. Immunology, neurology, cardiology, and genetic consultations were requested and revealed the presence of immunodeficiency, psychomotor retardation, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Full sequencing of the EPG5 gene led to the detection of a homozygous c.6084 G > A (Trp2028Ter) mutation, confirming the diagnosis of Vici syndrome. Parental heterozygosity was confirmed. On follow-up, progressive microcephaly, failure to thrive, and significant developmental delay were noted, and a clinical decision not to resuscitate was made at the age of 22 months. CONCLUSIONS We report the earliest diagnosis of Vici syndrome in the literature. Ophthalmic findings are a cardinal feature of this condition. The diagnosis should be considered in infants with hallmark features of oculocutaneous albinism, cataracts, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Vici syndrome has a very poor prognosis due to progressive neuroregression superimposed on the neurodevelopmental anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khalid Al Thihli
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abdullah S Al-Mujaini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Anuradha Ganesh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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26
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Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Largo-Barrientos P, Boya P. Towards a better understanding of the neuro-developmental role of autophagy in sickness and in health. Cell Stress 2021; 5:99-118. [PMID: 34308255 PMCID: PMC8283300 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.07.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical cellular process by which biomolecules and cellular organelles are degraded in an orderly manner inside lysosomes. This process is particularly important in neurons: these post-mitotic cells cannot divide or be easily replaced and are therefore especially sensitive to the accumulation of toxic proteins and damaged organelles. Dysregulation of neuronal autophagy is well documented in a range of neurodegenerative diseases. However, growing evidence indicates that autophagy also critically contributes to neurodevelopmental cellular processes, including neurogenesis, maintenance of neural stem cell homeostasis, differentiation, metabolic reprogramming, and synaptic remodelling. These findings implicate autophagy in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review we discuss the current understanding of the role of autophagy in neurodevelopment and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as currently available tools and techniques that can be used to further investigate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Sharma A, Mehan S. Targeting PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling in the prevention of autism. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105067. [PMID: 33992742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway represents an essential signaling mechanism for mammalian enzyme-related receptors in transducing signals or biological processes such as cell development, differentiation, cell survival, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Upregulation of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway involves many human brain abnormalities, including autism and other neurological dysfunctions. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with behavior and psychiatric illness. This research-based review discusses the functional relationship between the neuropathogenic factors associated with PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Ultimately causes autism-like conditions associated with genetic alterations, neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of the PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may have an effective therapeutic value for autism treatment. The current review also summarizes the involvement of PI3K-AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors in the treatment of autism and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
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28
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Crawley O, Grill B. Autophagy in axonal and presynaptic development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:139-148. [PMID: 33940492 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of autophagy in the nervous system has predominantly centered on degeneration. Evidence is now cementing crucial roles for autophagy in neuronal development and growth, especially in axonal and presynaptic compartments. A picture is emerging that autophagy typically promotes the growth of axons and reduces presynaptic stability. Nonetheless, these are not rigid principles, and it remains unclear why autophagy does not always display these relationships during axonal and presynaptic development. Recent progress has identified mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal control of autophagy in neurons and begun to unravel how autophagy is integrated with other cellular processes, such as proteasomal degradation and axon guidance. Ultimately, understanding how autophagy is regulated and its role in the developing nervous system is key to comprehending how the nervous system assembles its stereotyped yet plastic configuration. It is also likely to inform how we think about neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Crawley
- Unidad de Neurobiología Celular y de Sistemas, Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain.
| | - Brock Grill
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98199, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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29
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Teke Kisa P, Arslan N. Inborn errors of immunity and metabolic disorders: current understanding, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:277-294. [PMID: 33675210 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism consist of a heterogeneous group of disorders with various organ systems manifestations, and some metabolic diseases also cause immunological disorders or dysregulation. In this review, metabolic diseases that affect the immunological system and particularly lead to primary immune deficiency will be reviewed. In a patient with frequent infections and immunodeficiency, the presence of symptoms such as growth retardation, abnormal facial appearance, heart, skeletal, lung deformities, skin findings, arthritis, motor developmental retardation, seizure, deafness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, impairment of liver function tests, the presence of anemia, thrombocytopenia and eosinophilia in hematological examinations should suggest metabolic diseases for the underlying cause. In some patients, these phenotypic findings may appear before the immunodeficiency picture. Metabolic diseases leading to immunological disorders are likely to be rare but probably underdiagnosed. Therefore, the presence of recurrent infections or autoimmune findings in a patient with a suspected metabolic disease should suggest that immune deficiency may also accompany the picture, and diagnostic examinations in this regard should be deepened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Teke Kisa
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nur Arslan
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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30
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Nam SE, Cheung YWS, Nguyen TN, Gong M, Chan S, Lazarou M, Yip CK. Insights on autophagosome-lysosome tethering from structural and biochemical characterization of human autophagy factor EPG5. Commun Biol 2021; 4:291. [PMID: 33674710 PMCID: PMC7935953 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pivotal to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved degradation system that involves sequestration of cytoplasmic material into the double-membrane autophagosome and targeting of this transport vesicle to the lysosome/late endosome for degradation. EPG5 is a large-sized metazoan protein proposed to serve as a tethering factor to enforce autophagosome–lysosome/late endosome fusion specificity, and its deficiency causes a severe multisystem disorder known as Vici syndrome. Here, we show that human EPG5 (hEPG5) adopts an extended “shepherd’s staff” architecture. We find that hEPG5 binds preferentially to members of the GABARAP subfamily of human ATG8 proteins critical to autophagosome–lysosome fusion. The hEPG5–GABARAPs interaction, which is mediated by tandem LIR motifs that exhibit differential affinities, is required for hEPG5 recruitment to mitochondria during PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Lastly, we find that the Vici syndrome mutation Gln336Arg does not affect the hEPG5’s overall stability nor its ability to engage in interaction with the GABARAPs. Collectively, results from our studies reveal new insights into how hEPG5 recognizes mature autophagosome and establish a platform for examining the molecular effects of Vici syndrome disease mutations on hEPG5. Nam and Cheung et al. describe the structural and biochemical characterization of human autophagy factor EPG5 that functions in autophagosome–lysosome tethering. They show that hEPG5 adopts an extended shepherd’s staff architecture, binds preferentially to GABARAP proteins, and is recruited to mitochondria during mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Nam
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yiu Wing Sunny Cheung
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Gong
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel Chan
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Calvin K Yip
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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31
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Brock S, Cools F, Jansen AC. Neuropathology of genetically defined malformations of cortical development-A systematic literature review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:585-602. [PMID: 33480109 PMCID: PMC8359484 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Malformations of cortical development (MCD) include a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical, imaging, molecular and histopathological entities. While the understanding of genetic causes of MCD has improved with the availability of next-generation sequencing modalities, genotype-histopathological correlations remain limited. This is the first systematic review of molecular and neuropathological findings in patients with MCD to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature. METHODS A systematic review was performed between November 2019 and February 2020. A MEDLINE search was conducted for 132 genes previously linked to MCD in order to identify studies reporting macroscopic and/or microscopic findings in patients with a confirmed genetic cause. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included in this review reporting neuropathological features associated with pathogenic variants in 46 genes (46/132 genes, 34.8%). Four groups emerged, consisting of (1) 13 genes with well-defined histological-genotype correlations, (2) 27 genes for which neuropathological reports were limited, (3) 5 genes with conflicting neuropathological features, and (4) 87 genes for which no histological data were available. Lissencephaly and polymicrogyria were reported most frequently. Associated brain malformations were variably present, with abnormalities of the corpus callosum as most common associated feature. CONCLUSIONS Neuropathological data in patients with MCD with a defined genetic cause are available only for a small number of genes. As each genetic cause might lead to unique histopathological features of MCD, standardised thorough neuropathological assessment and reporting should be encouraged. Histological features can help improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of MCD and generate hypotheses with impact on further research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brock
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium.,Neurogenetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Cools
- Department of Neonatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
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Sandrieser T. Relevante Aspekte am Beispiel eines Kindes mit Vici-Syndrom. Pädiatrie 2021. [PMCID: PMC7861157 DOI: 10.1007/s15014-020-3659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Sandrieser
- Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Gemeinschaftsklinikum Mittelrhein gGmbHAkademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Koblenzer Straße 115–155, 56073 Koblenz, Germany
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33
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Duan X, Tong C. Autophagy in Drosophila and Zebrafish. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1208:333-356. [PMID: 34260032 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-2830-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process that delivers cellular contents to the lysosome for degradation. It not only serves as a bulk degradation system for various cytoplasmic components but also functions selectively to clear damaged organelles, aggregated proteins, and invading pathogens (Feng et al., Cell Res 24:24-41, 2014; Galluzzi et al., EMBO J 36:1811-36, 2017; Klionsky et al., Autophagy 12:1-222, 2016). The malfunction of autophagy leads to multiple developmental defects and diseases (Mizushima et al., Nature 451:1069-75, 2008). Drosophila and zebrafish are higher metazoan model systems with sophisticated genetic tools readily available, which make it possible to dissect the autophagic processes and to understand the physiological functions of autophagy (Lorincz et al., Cells 6:22, 2017a; Mathai et al., Cells 6:21, 2017; Zhang and Baehrecke, Trends Cell Biol 25:376-87, 2015). In this chapter, we will discuss recent progress that has been made in the autophagic field by using these animal models. We will focus on the protein machineries required for autophagosome formation and maturation as well as the physiological roles of autophagy in both Drosophila and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Duan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Abd Elmaksoud M, Abeesh AA, Pereira C, El-Deeb MES. Vici syndrome in an Egyptian infant: case report and differential diagnosis of inherited hypopigmented disorders. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vici syndrome is a severe inherited multisystem disease caused by mutations in the EPG5 gene. The diagnosis depends on the constellation of cardinal features of agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, oculocutaneous hypopigmentation, cardiomyopathy, and a combined immunodeficiency followed by confirmation by genetic testing. We report an Egyptian infant with Vici syndrome carrying a homozygous splice site variant (c.1252+1G>T; NM_020964.2) in the EPG5 gene, detailed clinical description, outcome, and differential diagnosis of inherited hypopigmentation disorders associated with neurological manifestations.
Case presentation
The infant initially presented with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and immunodeficiency. A few months later, a diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy was made. Family history revealed 2 deceased siblings phenotypically matching our index infant. He died at the age of 15 months with acute respiratory failure.
Conclusion
The accurate diagnosis of such rare diseases with genetic confirmation is vital for proper clinical decision-making, genetic counseling of the affected families, and future genotype-phenotype correlation studies.
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Abidi KT, Kamal NM, Bakkar AA, Almarri S, Abdullah R, Alsufyani M, Alharbi A. Vici syndrome with pathogenic homozygous EPG5 gene mutation: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22302. [PMID: 33120733 PMCID: PMC7581136 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Vici syndrome (VICIS) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with multisystem involvement characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, congenital cataracts, cardiomyopathy, combined immunodeficiency, significant developmental delay, and hypopigmentation and in some cases loss of hearing. It is caused by mutations in Ectopic P-granules protein 5 gene, which is responsible for regulating autophagy activity. PATIENT CONCERN We report a 6-month-old Saudi female patient who was the second-born baby of first cousins. She was born by normal spontaneous vertex vaginal delivery. Parents noticed that she had global developmental delay and recurrent hospital admissions due to chest infections. DIAGNOSIS Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed brain atrophy with corpus callosum agenesis. Ophthalmology examination revealed bilateral congenital cataract. Molecular genetic testing identified the pathogenic homozygous variant c.4751T>A p. (Leu1584*) on exon 27 of the EPG5 gene and confirmed the diagnosis of Vici syndrome. INTERVENTIONS Supportive multidisciplinary care plan was initiated to this untreatable syndrome. OUTCOMES The patient died at the age of 6 months due to sepsis with uncompensated septic shock. LESSONS VICIS is a rare untreatable disorder with worldwide distribution. High index of suspicion is needed to diagnose it and family genetic counselling is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal T. Abidi
- Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology. Faculty of Medecine, Al Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Naglaa M. Kamal
- Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Hepatology, Pediatric Department, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Arwa Alharbi
- Medical Student, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, KSA
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Hofman J, Hutny M, Sztuba K, Paprocka J. Corpus Callosum Agenesis: An Insight into the Etiology and Spectrum of Symptoms. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E625. [PMID: 32916978 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain hemispheres are connected by commissural structures, which consist of white matter fiber tracts that spread excitatory stimuli to various regions of the cortex. This allows an interaction between the two cerebral halves. The largest commissure is the corpus callosum (CC) which is located inferior to the longitudinal fissure, serving as its lower border. Sometimes this structure is not completely developed, which results in the condition known as agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). The aim of this paper was to review the latest discoveries related to the genetic and metabolic background of ACC, including the genotype/phenotype correlations as well as the clinical and imaging symptomatology. Due to various factors, including genetic defects and metabolic diseases, the development of CC may be impaired in many ways, which results in complete or partial ACC. This creates several clinical implications, depending on the specificity of the malformation and other defects in patients. Epilepsy, motor impairment and intellectual disability are the most prevalent. However, an asymptomatic course of the disease is even more common. ACC presents with characteristic images on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Schwarz JM, Pedrazza L, Stenzel W, Rosa JL, Schuelke M, Straussberg R. A new homozygous HERC1 gain-of-function variant in MDFPMR syndrome leads to mTORC1 hyperactivation and reduced autophagy during cell catabolism. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 131:126-134. [PMID: 32921582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The giant 532 kDa HERC1 protein is a ubiquitin ligase that interacts with tuberous sclerosis complex subunit 2 (TSC2), a negative upstream regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). TSC2 regulates anabolic cell growth through its influence on protein synthesis, cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, and differentiation. TSC subunit 1 (TSC1) stabilizes TSC2 by inhibiting the interaction between TSC2 and HERC1, forming a TSC1-TSC2 complex that negatively regulates mTORC1. HERC1-TSC2 interaction destabilizes and degrades TSC2. Recessive mutations in HERC1 have been reported in patients with intellectual disability. Some patients exhibit epilepsy, macrocephaly, somatic overgrowth, and dysmorphic facial features as well. Here we describe two sisters from a consanguineous marriage with a novel homozygous missense variant in the C-terminal HECT domain of HERC1 [chr15:g63,907,989C>G GRCh37.p11 | c.14,072G>C NM_003922 | p.(Arg4,691Pro)]. Symptoms compris global developmental delay, macrocephaly, somatic overgrowth, intellectual disability, seizures, schizoaffective disorder, and pyramidal tract signs. We functionally assessed the HERC1 mutation by investigation of patient and control fibroblasts under normal and nutrient starving conditions. During catabolic state, mTORC1 activity remained high in patient fibroblasts, which stands in stark contrast to its downregulation in controls. This was corroborated by an abnormally high phosphorylation of S6K1-kinase, a direct downstream target of mTORC1, in patients. Moreover, autophagy, usually enhanced in catabolic states, was down-regulated in patient fibroblasts. These data confirm that the missense variant found in both patients results in a gain-of-function for the mutant HERC1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Marie Schwarz
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Leonardo Pedrazza
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Institut d'Investigació de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Institut d'Investigació de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Schuelke
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany; Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany.
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Department of Child Neurology, Neurogenetic Service, Affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland MA, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California; University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Stamatakou E, Wróbel L, Hill SM, Puri C, Son SM, Fujimaki M, Zhu Y, Siddiqi F, Fernandez-Estevez M, Manni MM, Park SJ, Villeneuve J, Rubinsztein DC. Mendelian neurodegenerative disease genes involved in autophagy. Cell Discov 2020; 6:24. [PMID: 32377374 PMCID: PMC7198619 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation pathway of macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) plays a crucial role in cellular physiology by regulating the removal of unwanted cargoes such as protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Over the last five decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate autophagy and its roles in human physiology and diseases. These advances, together with discoveries in human genetics linking autophagy-related gene mutations to specific diseases, provide a better understanding of the mechanisms by which autophagy-dependent pathways can be potentially targeted for treating human diseases. Here, we review mutations that have been identified in genes involved in autophagy and their associations with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Stamatakou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Lidia Wróbel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Sandra Malmgren Hill
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Motoki Fujimaki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Farah Siddiqi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Marian Fernandez-Estevez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Marco M. Manni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - David Chaim Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
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40
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Riley LG, Cowley MJ, Gayevskiy V, Minoche AE, Puttick C, Thorburn DR, Rius R, Compton AG, Menezes MJ, Bhattacharya K, Coman D, Ellaway C, Alexander IE, Adams L, Kava M, Robinson J, Sue CM, Balasubramaniam S, Christodoulou J. The diagnostic utility of genome sequencing in a pediatric cohort with suspected mitochondrial disease. Genet Med 2020; 22:1254-61. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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41
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Yang Y, Feng R, Wang YZ, Sun HW, Zou QM, Li HB. Toll-like receptors: Triggers of regulated cell death and promising targets for cancer therapy. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:1-9. [PMID: 32311408 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). It is well known that TLRs play an essential role in activating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are involved in mediating inflammatory responses and maintaining epithelial barrier homeostasis, and they are highly likely to activate various signalling pathways during cancer chemotherapy. For a long time, much research focused on the immune modulating function of TLRs in cancer genesis, pathology and therapeutic strategies. However, recent reports have suggested that except for the innate and adaptive immune responses that they initiate, TLRs can signal to induce regulated cell death (RCD), which also plays an important role in the antitumor process. TLR agonists also have been investigated as cancer therapeutic agents under clinical evaluation. In this review, we focused on the mechanism of RCD induced by TLR signals and the important role that they play in anticancer therapy combined with recent experimental and clinical trial data to discuss the possibility of TLRs as promising targets for cancer therapy. TLRs represent triggers of regulated cell death and targets for cancer therapy. The molecular mechanisms of TLR-induced RCD and relationship between TLR-signalling pathways and cancer remain to be investigated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Rang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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42
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Collin GB, Gogna N, Chang B, Damkham N, Pinkney J, Hyde LF, Stone L, Naggert JK, Nishina PM, Krebs MP. Mouse Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration with Photoreceptor Cell Loss. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040931. [PMID: 32290105 PMCID: PMC7227028 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration (RD) leads to the impairment or loss of vision in millions of individuals worldwide, most frequently due to the loss of photoreceptor (PR) cells. Animal models, particularly the laboratory mouse, have been used to understand the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie PR cell loss and to explore therapies that may prevent, delay, or reverse RD. Here, we reviewed entries in the Mouse Genome Informatics and PubMed databases to compile a comprehensive list of monogenic mouse models in which PR cell loss is demonstrated. The progression of PR cell loss with postnatal age was documented in mutant alleles of genes grouped by biological function. As anticipated, a wide range in the onset and rate of cell loss was observed among the reported models. The analysis underscored relationships between RD genes and ciliary function, transcription-coupled DNA damage repair, and cellular chloride homeostasis. Comparing the mouse gene list to human RD genes identified in the RetNet database revealed that mouse models are available for 40% of the known human diseases, suggesting opportunities for future research. This work may provide insight into the molecular players and pathways through which PR degenerative disease occurs and may be useful for planning translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle B. Collin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Navdeep Gogna
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Nattaya Damkham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jai Pinkney
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lillian F. Hyde
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lisa Stone
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Jürgen K. Naggert
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.); Tel.: +1-207-2886-383 (P.M.N.); +1-207-2886-000 (M.P.K.)
| | - Mark P. Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.); Tel.: +1-207-2886-383 (P.M.N.); +1-207-2886-000 (M.P.K.)
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Lieberman OJ, Cartocci V, Pigulevskiy I, Molinari M, Carbonell J, Broseta MB, Post MR, Sulzer D, Borgkvist A, Santini E. mTOR Suppresses Macroautophagy During Striatal Postnatal Development and Is Hyperactive in Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:70. [PMID: 32296308 PMCID: PMC7136750 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) plays a critical role in neuronal function related to development and degeneration. Here, we investigated whether autophagy is developmentally regulated in the striatum, a brain region implicated in neurodevelopmental disease. We demonstrate that autophagic flux is suppressed during striatal postnatal development, reaching adult levels around postnatal day 28 (P28). We also find that mTOR signaling, a key regulator of autophagy, increases during the same developmental period. We further show that mTOR signaling is responsible for suppressing autophagy, via regulation of Beclin-1 and VPS34 activity. Finally, we discover that autophagy is downregulated during late striatal postnatal development (P28) in mice with in utero exposure to valproic acid (VPA), an established mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). VPA-exposed mice also display deficits in striatal neurotransmission and social behavior. Correction of hyperactive mTOR signaling in VPA-exposed mice restores social behavior. These results demonstrate that neurons coopt metabolic signaling cascades to developmentally regulate autophagy and provide additional evidence that mTOR-dependent signaling pathways represent pathogenic signaling cascades in ASD mouse models that are active during specific postnatal windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori J. Lieberman
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Irena Pigulevskiy
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maya Molinari
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josep Carbonell
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael R. Post
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anders Borgkvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Santini
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wu B, Lu X, Shen H, Yuan X, Wang X, Yin N, Sun L, Shen P, Hu C, Jiang H, Wang D. Intratumoral heterogeneity and genetic characteristics of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:3369-3378. [PMID: 32159858 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease and optimum gene targeting treatment is often impermissible. We aim to determine the intratumoral genomic heterogeneity of prostate cancer and explore candidate genes for targeted therapy. Exome sequencing was performed on 37 samples from 16 patients with prostate cancer. Somatic variant analysis, copy number variant (CNV) analysis, clonal evolution analysis and variant spectrum analysis were used to study the intratumoral genomic heterogeneity and genetic characteristics of metastatic prostate cancer. Our study confirmed the high intratumoral genetic heterogeneity of prostate cancer in many aspects, including number of shared variants, tumor mutation burden (TMB), variant genes, CNV burden, weighted genome instability index (wGII), CNV profiles, clonal evolutionary process, variant spectrum and mutational signatures. Moreover, we identified several common genetic characteristics of prostate cancer. Alterations of DNA damage repair genes, RTK/RAS pathway associated gene RASGRF1 and autophagy gene EPG5 may be involved in tumorigenesis in prostate cancer. CNV burden and DNA damage repair (DDR) genes may be associated with metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Shen
- Department of Urology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobin Yuan
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Nan Yin
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Libin Sun
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengliang Shen
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Caoyang Hu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huanrong Jiang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongwen Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.,National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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46
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Fassio A, Falace A, Esposito A, Aprile D, Guerrini R, Benfenati F. Emerging Role of the Autophagy/Lysosomal Degradative Pathway in Neurodevelopmental Disorders With Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:39. [PMID: 32231521 PMCID: PMC7082311 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative process that conveys dysfunctional proteins, lipids, and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. The post-mitotic nature, complex and highly polarized morphology, and high degree of specialization of neurons make an efficient autophagy essential for their homeostasis and survival. Dysfunctional autophagy occurs in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and autophagy at synaptic sites seems to play a crucial role in neurodegeneration. Moreover, a role of autophagy is emerging for neural development, synaptogenesis, and the establishment of a correct connectivity. Thus, it is not surprising that defective autophagy has been demonstrated in a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, often associated with early-onset epilepsy. Here, we discuss the multiple roles of autophagy in neurons and the recent experimental evidence linking neurodevelopmental disorders with epilepsy to genes coding for autophagic/lysosomal system-related proteins and envisage possible pathophysiological mechanisms ranging from synaptic dysfunction to neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fassio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Falace
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Aprile
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Casterton RL, Hunt RJ, Fanto M. Pathomechanism Heterogeneity in the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Disease Spectrum: Providing Focus Through the Lens of Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2692-2713. [PMID: 32119873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) constitute aggressive neurodegenerative pathologies that lead to the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons and of neocortical areas, respectively. In the past decade, the identification of several genes that cause these disorders indicated that the two diseases overlap in a multifaceted spectrum of conditions. The autophagy-lysosome system has been identified as a main intersection for the onset and progression of neurodegeneration in ALS/FTD. Genetic evidence has revealed that several genes with a mechanistic role at different stages of the autophagy process are mutated in patients with ALS/FTD. Moreover, the three main proteins aggregating in ALS/FTD, including in sporadic cases, are also targeted by autophagy and affect this process. Here, we examine the varied dysfunctions and degrees of involvement of the autophagy-lysosome system that have been discovered in ALS/FTD. We argue that these findings shed light on the pathological mechanisms in the ALS/FTD spectrum and conclude that they have important consequences both for treatment options and for the basic biomolecular understanding of how this process intersects with RNA metabolism, the other major cellular process reported to be dysfunctional in part of the ALS/FTD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Casterton
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J Hunt
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom
| | - Manolis Fanto
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), 47, bd de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France.
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Zatyka M, Sarkar S, Barrett T. Autophagy in Rare (NonLysosomal) Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2735-2753. [PMID: 32087199 PMCID: PMC7232014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) comprise conditions with impaired neuronal function and loss and may be associated with a build-up of aggregated proteins with altered physicochemical properties (misfolded proteins). There are many disorders, and causes include gene mutations, infections, or exposure to toxins. The autophagy pathway is involved in the removal of unwanted proteins and organelles through lysosomes. While lysosomal storage disorders have been described for many years, it is now recognised that perturbations of the autophagy pathway itself can also lead to neurodegenerative disease. These include monogenic disorders of key proteins involved in the autophagy pathway, and disorders within pathways that critically control autophagy through monitoring of the supply of nutrients (mTORC1 pathway) or of energy supply in cells (AMPK pathway). This review focuses on childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorders with perturbed autophagy, due to defects in the autophagy pathway, or in upstream signalling via mTORC1 and AMPK. The review first provides a short description of autophagy, as related to neurons. It then examines the extended role of autophagy in neuronal function, plasticity, and memory. There follows a description of each step of the autophagy pathway in greater detail, illustrated with examples of diseases grouped by the stage of their perturbation of the pathway. Each disease is accompanied by a short clinical description, to illustrate the diversity but also the overlap of symptoms caused by perturbation of key proteins necessary for the proper functioning of autophagy. Finally, there is a consideration of current challenges that need addressing for future therapeutic advances. Autophagy is an important pathway for the removal of misfolded proteins from terminally differentiated neurons. Monogenic defects in autophagy cause childhood-onset neurodegeneration. Defects in different stages of the pathway may present with overlapping clinical features. Increasing autophagic flux may be a therapeutic strategy to treat many autophagic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Zatyka
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Timothy Barrett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK.
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Papandreou A, Danti FR, Spaull R, Leuzzi V, Mctague A, Kurian MA. The expanding spectrum of movement disorders in genetic epilepsies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:178-191. [PMID: 31784983 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of neurogenetic conditions presenting with both epilepsy and atypical movements are now recognized. These disorders within the 'genetic epilepsy-dyskinesia' spectrum are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Increased clinical awareness is therefore necessary for a rational diagnostic approach. Furthermore, careful interpretation of genetic results is key to establishing the correct diagnosis and initiating disease-specific management strategies in a timely fashion. In this review we describe the spectrum of movement disorders associated with genetically determined epilepsies. We also propose diagnostic strategies and putative pathogenic mechanisms causing these complex syndromes associated with both seizures and atypical motor control. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Implicated genes encode proteins with very diverse functions. Pathophysiological mechanisms by which epilepsy and movement disorder phenotypes manifest are often not clear. Early diagnosis of treatable disorders is essential and next generation sequencing may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Papandreou
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Federica Rachele Danti
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Spaull
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Amy Mctague
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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Teinert J, Behne R, Wimmer M, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. Novel insights into the clinical and molecular spectrum of congenital disorders of autophagy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:51-62. [PMID: 30854657 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental and conserved catabolic pathway that mediates the degradation of macromolecules and organelles in lysosomes. Autophagy is particularly important to postmitotic and metabolically active cells such as neurons. The complex architecture of neurons and their long axons pose additional challenges for efficient recycling of cargo. Not surprisingly autophagy is required for normal central nervous system development and function. Several single-gene disorders of the autophagy pathway have been discovered in recent years giving rise to a novel group of inborn errors of metabolism referred to as congenital disorders of autophagy. While these disorders are heterogeneous, they share several clinical and molecular characteristics including a prominent and progressive involvement of the central nervous system leading to brain malformations, developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, movement disorders, and cognitive decline. On brain magnetic resonance imaging a predominant involvement of the corpus callosum, the corticospinal tracts and the cerebellum are noted. A storage disease phenotype is present in some diseases, underscoring both clinical and molecular overlaps to lysosomal storage diseases. This review provides an update on the clinical, imaging, and genetic spectrum of congenital disorders of autophagy and highlights the importance of this pathway for neurometabolism and childhood-onset neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Teinert
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Behne
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miriam Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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