1
|
Abstract
Vaccines have been a hugely successful public health intervention, virtually eliminating many once common diseases of childhood. However, they have had less success in controlling endemic pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpesviruses and HIV. A focus on vaccine-mediated generation of neutralizing antibodies, which has been a successful approach for some pathogens, has been complicated by the emergence of escape variants, which has been seen for pathogens such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, as well as for HIV-1. We discuss how vaccination strategies aimed at generating a broad and robust T cell response may offer superior protection against pathogens, particularly those that have been observed to mutate rapidly. In particular, we consider here how a focus on generating resident memory T cells may be uniquely effective for providing immunity to pathogens that typically infect (or become reactivated in) the skin, respiratory mucosa or other barrier tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rotrosen
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laing KJ, Ouwendijk WJD, Campbell VL, McClurkan CL, Mortazavi S, Elder Waters M, Krist MP, Tu R, Nguyen N, Basu K, Miao C, Schmid DS, Johnston C, Verjans GMGM, Koelle DM. Selective retention of virus-specific tissue-resident T cells in healed skin after recovery from herpes zoster. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6957. [PMID: 36376285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes zoster is a localized skin infection caused by reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus. Tissue-resident T cells likely control skin infections. Zoster provides a unique opportunity to determine if focal reinfection of human skin boosts local or disseminated antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells. Here, we show virus-specific T cells are retained over one year in serial samples of rash site and contralateral unaffected skin of individuals recovered from zoster. Consistent with zoster resolution, viral DNA is largely undetectable on skin from day 90 and virus-specific B and T cells decline in blood. In skin, there is selective infiltration and long-term persistence of varicella-zoster virus-specific T cells in the rash site relative to the contralateral site. The skin T cell infiltrates express the canonical tissue-resident T cell markers CD69 and CD103. These findings show that zoster promotes spatially-restricted long-term retention of antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells in previously infected skin.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lloyd MG, Moffat JF. Humanized Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) Mouse Models for Varicella-Zoster Virus Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
4
|
Poon MML, Byington E, Meng W, Kubota M, Matsumoto R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Dogra P, Lam N, Szabo PA, Ural BB, Wells SB, Rosenfeld AM, Brusko MA, Brusko TM, Connors TJ, Sette A, Sims PA, Luning Prak ET, Shen Y, Farber DL. Heterogeneity of human anti-viral immunity shaped by virus, tissue, age, and sex. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110071. [PMID: 34852222 PMCID: PMC8719595 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of anti-viral immunity is essential for protection and exhibits profound heterogeneity across individuals. Here, we elucidate the factors that shape maintenance and function of anti-viral T cell immunity in the body by comprehensive profiling of virus-specific T cells across blood, lymphoid organs, and mucosal tissues of organ donors. We use flow cytometry, T cell receptor sequencing, single-cell transcriptomics, and cytokine analysis to profile virus-specific CD8+ T cells recognizing the ubiquitous pathogens influenza and cytomegalovirus. Our results reveal that virus specificity determines overall magnitude, tissue distribution, differentiation, and clonal repertoire of virus-specific T cells. Age and sex influence T cell differentiation and dissemination in tissues, while T cell tissue residence and functionality are highly correlated with the site. Together, our results demonstrate how the covariates of virus, tissue, age, and sex impact the anti-viral immune response, which is important for targeting, monitoring, and predicting immune responses to existing and emerging viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya M L Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eve Byington
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masaru Kubota
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rei Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nora Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Basak Burcu Ural
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Steven B Wells
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maigan A Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Emmanuel T, Mistegård J, Bregnhøj A, Johansen C, Iversen L. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169004. [PMID: 34445713 PMCID: PMC8396505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In health, the non-recirculating nature and long-term persistence of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in tissues protects against invading pathogens. In disease, pathogenic TRMs contribute to the recurring traits of many skin diseases. We aimed to conduct a systematic literature review on the current understanding of the role of TRMs in skin diseases and identify gaps as well as future research paths. EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO Trials Registry were searched systematically for relevant studies from their inception to October 2020. Included studies were reviewed independently by two authors. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-S guidelines. This protocol was registered with the PROSPERO database (ref: CRD42020206416). We identified 96 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. TRMs have mostly been investigated in murine skin and in relation to infectious skin diseases. Pathogenic TRMs have been characterized in various skin diseases including psoriasis, vitiligo and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Studies are needed to discover biomarkers that may delineate TRMs poised for pathogenic activity in skin diseases and establish to which extent TRMs are contingent on the local skin microenvironment. Additionally, future studies may investigate the effects of current treatments on the persistence of pathogenic TRMs in human skin.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wong YC, Liu W, Yim LY, Li X, Wang H, Yue M, Niu M, Cheng L, Ling L, Du Y, Chen SMY, Cheung KW, Wang H, Tang X, Tang J, Zhang H, Song Y, Chakrabarti LA, Chen Z. Sustained viremia suppression by SHIVSF162P3CN-recalled effector-memory CD8+ T cells after PD1-based vaccination. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009647. [PMID: 34125864 PMCID: PMC8202916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 functional cure requires sustained viral suppression without antiretroviral therapy. While effector-memory CD8+ T lymphocytes are essential for viremia control, few vaccines elicit such cellular immunity that could be potently recalled upon viral infection. Here, we investigated a program death-1 (PD1)-based vaccine by fusion of simian immunodeficiency virus capsid antigen to soluble PD1. Homologous vaccinations suppressed setpoint viremia to undetectable levels in vaccinated macaques following a high-dose intravenous challenge by the pathogenic SHIVSF162P3CN. Poly-functional effector-memory CD8+ T cells were not only induced after vaccination, but were also recalled upon viral challenge for viremia control as determined by CD8 depletion. Vaccine-induced effector memory CD8+ subsets displayed high cytotoxicity-related genes by single-cell analysis. Vaccinees with sustained viremia suppression for over two years responded to boost vaccination without viral rebound. These results demonstrated that PD1-based vaccine-induced effector-memory CD8+ T cells were recalled by AIDS virus infection, providing a potential immunotherapy for functional cure. HIV-1/AIDS remains a major global pandemic although treatment regimen has improved. Identifying efficacious vaccines and therapeutics to achieve long-term viral control with very low/undetectable plasma viral loads in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, a status known as functional cure, would be highly beneficial. We previously demonstrated that antigens fused to a soluble program death-1 (PD1) domain could effectively bind and be cross-presented by dendritic cells that constitutively expressed PD1 ligands. When applied in the form of DNA vaccination, this antigen-targeting strategy was highly immunogenic in mice. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the PD1-based DNA vaccine approach against pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge in rhesus monkeys. Our results showed that homologous PD1-based DNA vaccinations induced highly functional effector-memory CD8+ T cells carrying a unique cytotoxicity gene expression profile. These T cells actively supressed viremia in monkeys and were re-activated via boost vaccination at 2 years after viral challenge without viral rebound. In summary, our study demonstrates the potential application of PD1-based DNA vaccination to control AIDS virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yik Chun Wong
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wan Liu
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lok Yan Yim
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Yue
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Ling
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samantha M. Y. Chen
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Wai Cheung
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xian Tang
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; INSERM U1108, Paris, France
| | - Jiansong Tang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haoji Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Youqiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lisa A. Chakrabarti
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; INSERM U1108, Paris, France
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Granier C, Gey A, Roncelin S, Weiss L, Paillaud E, Tartour E. Immunotherapy in older patients with cancer. Biomed J 2020; 44:260-271. [PMID: 33041248 PMCID: PMC8358190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing implicates a remodeling of our immune system, which is a consequence of the physiological senescence of our cells and tissues coupled with environmental factors and chronic antigen exposure. An immune system that senesces includes more differentiated cells with accumulation of highly differentiated CD4 and CD8 T cells. The pool of naive T cells decreases with the exponential thymic involution induced by age. Differentiated T cells have similar, if not higher, functional capacities but scarce studies are looking at the impact of senescence among specific T cells. After a stimulation, other immune cells (monocytes, dendritic cells and NK) are functionally altered during ageing. It is as if the immune system was more efficient at the basal level, but less efficient after a stimulation in the old compared to young people, likely due to less reserve. Concerning the clinical impact, older people are more prone to certain pathogens and their clinical manifestations differ from the younger people. Severe flu and VZV reactivation are more frequent with an altered cellular response to vaccination. Vaccination failure can have detrimental consequences in people presenting frailty criteria. Old people frailty is majored by their comorbidities and diseases like cancer. Thus, chemotherapies are employed with circumspection in older patients. The use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies is therefore attractive, because of less side effects with a better response compared to chemotherapy. Old persons inclusion is lacking in current studies and clinical trials. Some subgroups or pooled analyses confirm the gain in response without increased toxicities in older patients but their inclusion criteria differ from the real-life practice. Specific studies focusing on this population are needed because of the increasing cancer incidence with age and the overall ageing of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Granier
- Biological Immunology Department, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France; University of Paris, PARCC, INSERM, APHP, Paris, France; Ligue Contre le Cancer Labeled Team, France.
| | - A Gey
- Biological Immunology Department, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France; University of Paris, PARCC, INSERM, APHP, Paris, France; Ligue Contre le Cancer Labeled Team, France
| | - S Roncelin
- Biological Immunology Department, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - L Weiss
- Clinical Immunology Department, APHP, Paris, France; INSERM U976 HIPI, Paris, France; Paris Descartes Medical School, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - E Paillaud
- Department of Geriatric, APHP, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Europeen Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France; Paris Est Creteil University, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France
| | - E Tartour
- Biological Immunology Department, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France; University of Paris, PARCC, INSERM, APHP, Paris, France; Ligue Contre le Cancer Labeled Team, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McElhaney JE, Verschoor C, Pawelec G. Zoster Vaccination in Older Adults: Efficacy and Public Health Implications. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1239-1243. [PMID: 30945744 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shingles and its most common disabling complication, post-herpetic neuralgia, represent a serious public health challenge in the older population. The decline in the T-cell-mediated immune response to varicella zoster virus after age 50 is clearly associated with increased risk of viral reactivation, causing an acutely painful zoster rash, which may have a severe prodrome of dermatomal pain and persist as seriously debilitating post-herpetic neuralgia well beyond the resolution of the rash. However, new vaccines and adjuvants are being developed and trialed and are now more effective in preventing shingles and the sequelae of post-herpetic neuralgia. Those vaccines that possess the ability to enhance antigen presentation and reverse memory T-cell exhaustion, as well as diminish the immune suppressive effects of regulatory T cells, are most likely to be effective in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Verschoor
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario.,Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sullivan NL, Eberhardt CS, Wieland A, Vora KA, Pulendran B, Ahmed R. Understanding the immunology of the Zostavax shingles vaccine. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 59:25-30. [PMID: 30970291 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zostavax is a live-attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV) vaccine recommended for use in adults >50 years of age to prevent shingles. The main risk factor for the development of shingles is age, which correlates with decreasing cell-mediated immunity. These data suggest a predominant role of T cell immunity in controlling VZV latency. However, other components of the immune system may also contribute. In this review, we will discuss how the immune system responds to Zostavax, focusing on recent studies examining innate immunity, transcriptomics, metabolomics, cellular, and humoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Sullivan
- MRL, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Christiane S Eberhardt
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Pathology-Immunology, University Hospitals of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- MRL, Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seidel JA, Vukmanovic‐Stejic M, Muller‐Durovic B, Patel N, Fuentes‐Duculan J, Henson SM, Krueger JG, Rustin MHA, Nestle FO, Lacy KE, Akbar AN. Skin resident memory CD8 + T cells are phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating populations and lack immediate cytotoxic function. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:79-92. [PMID: 30030847 PMCID: PMC6156810 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-depth understanding of skin resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes (TRM ) may help to uncover strategies for their manipulation during disease. We investigated isolated TRM from healthy human skin, which expressed the residence marker CD69, and compared them to circulating CD8+ T cell populations from the same donors. There were significantly increased proportions of CD8+ CD45RA- CD27- T cells in the skin that expressed low levels of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1), CD57, perforin and granzyme B. The CD8+ TRM in skin were therefore phenotypically distinct from circulating CD8+ CD45RA- CD27- T cells that expressed high levels of all these molecules. Nevertheless, the activation of CD8+ TRM with T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 or interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15 in vitro induced the expression of granzyme B. Blocking signalling through the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD)-1 further boosted granzyme B expression. A unique feature of some CD8+ TRM cells was their ability to secrete high levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-2, a cytokine combination that was not seen frequently in circulating CD8+ T cells. The cutaneous CD8+ TRM are therefore diverse, and appear to be phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating cells. Indeed, the surface receptors used to distinguish differentiation stages of blood T cells cannot be applied to T cells in the skin. Furthermore, the function of cutaneous TRM appears to be stringently controlled by environmental signals in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Seidel
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
| | | | - B. Muller‐Durovic
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - N. Patel
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
| | - J. Fuentes‐Duculan
- Laboratory for Investigative DermatologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - S. M. Henson
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
- Present address:
William Harvey Research Institute Queen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon EC1M 6BQ
| | - J. G. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative DermatologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | | | - F. O. Nestle
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cutaneous Medicine and ImmunotherapySt John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - K. E. Lacy
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cutaneous Medicine and ImmunotherapySt John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. N. Akbar
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
| |
Collapse
|