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Guo H, Guo H, Zhang L, Tian X, Wu J, Fan Y, Li T, Gou Z, Sun Y, Gao F, Wang J, Shan G, Zeng F. Organelle Ca 2+/CAM1-SELTP confers somatic cell embryogenic competence acquisition and transformation in plant regeneration. New Phytol 2024; 242:1172-1188. [PMID: 38501463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Somatic cell totipotency in plant regeneration represents the forefront of the compelling scientific puzzles and one of the most challenging problems in biology. How somatic embryogenic competence is achieved in regeneration remains elusive. Here, we discover uncharacterized organelle-based embryogenic differentiation processes of intracellular acquisition and intercellular transformation, and demonstrate the underlying regulatory system of somatic embryogenesis-associated lipid transfer protein (SELTP) and its interactor calmodulin1 (CAM1) in cotton as the pioneer crop for biotechnology application. The synergistic CAM1 and SELTP exhibit consistent dynamical amyloplast-plasmodesmata (PD) localization patterns but show opposite functional effects. CAM1 inhibits the effect of SELTP to regulate embryogenic differentiation for plant regeneration. It is noteworthy that callus grafting assay reflects intercellular trafficking of CAM1 through PD for embryogenic transformation. This work originally provides insight into the mechanisms responsible for embryogenic competence acquisition and transformation mediated by the Ca2+/CAM1-SELTP regulatory pathway, suggesting a principle for plant regeneration and cell/genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Haixia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xindi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yupeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Zhongyuan Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yuxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Guangyao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fanchang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Krasnoperova EY, Tvorogova VE, Smirnov KV, Efremova EP, Potsenkovskaia EA, Artemiuk AM, Konstantinov ZS, Simonova VY, Brynchikova AV, Yakovleva DV, Pavlova DB, Lutova LA. MtWOX2 and MtWOX9-1 Effects on the Embryogenic Callus Transcriptome in Medicago truncatula. Plants (Basel) 2023; 13:102. [PMID: 38202410 PMCID: PMC10780917 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
WOX family transcription factors are well-known regulators of plant development, controlling cell proliferation and differentiation in diverse organs and tissues. Several WOX genes have been shown to participate in regeneration processes which take place in plant cell cultures in vitro, but the effects of most of them on tissue culture development have not been discovered yet. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MtWOX2 gene overexpression on the embryogenic callus development and transcriptomic state in Medicago truncatula. According to our results, overexpression of MtWOX2 leads to an increase in callus weight. Furthermore, transcriptomic changes in MtWOX2 overexpressing calli are, to a large extent, opposite to the changes caused by overexpression of MtWOX9-1, a somatic embryogenesis stimulator. These results add new information about the mechanisms of interaction between different WOX genes and can be useful for the search of new regeneration regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Y. Krasnoperova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Varvara E. Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Smirnov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena P. Efremova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Elina A. Potsenkovskaia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia M. Artemiuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Zakhar S. Konstantinov
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Veronika Y. Simonova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Anna V. Brynchikova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Daria V. Yakovleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Daria B. Pavlova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Ludmila A. Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
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Ramakrishnan M, Zhou M, Ceasar SA, Ali DJ, Maharajan T, Vinod KK, Sharma A, Ahmad Z, Wei Q. Epigenetic modifications and miRNAs determine the transition of somatic cells into somatic embryos. Plant Cell Rep 2023; 42:1845-1873. [PMID: 37792027 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This review discusses the epigenetic changes during somatic embryo (SE) development, highlights the genes and miRNAs involved in the transition of somatic cells into SEs as a result of epigenetic changes, and draws insights on biotechnological opportunities to study SE development. Somatic embryogenesis from somatic cells occurs in a series of steps. The transition of somatic cells into somatic embryos (SEs) is the most critical step under genetic and epigenetic regulations. Major regulatory genes such as SERK, WUS, BBM, FUS3/FUSA3, AGL15, and PKL, control SE steps and development by turning on and off other regulatory genes. Gene transcription profiles of somatic cells during SE development is the result of epigenetic changes, such as DNA and histone protein modifications, that control and decide the fate of SE formation. Depending on the type of somatic cells and the treatment with plant growth regulators, epigenetic changes take place dynamically. Either hypermethylation or hypomethylation of SE-related genes promotes the transition of somatic cells. For example, the reduced levels of DNA methylation of SERK and WUS promotes SE initiation. Histone modifications also promote SE induction by regulating SE-related genes in somatic cells. In addition, miRNAs contribute to the various stages of SE by regulating the expression of auxin signaling pathway genes (TIR1, AFB2, ARF6, and ARF8), transcription factors (CUC1 and CUC2), and growth-regulating factors (GRFs) involved in SE formation. These epigenetic and miRNA functions are unique and have the potential to regenerate bipolar structures from somatic cells when a pluripotent state is induced. However, an integrated overview of the key regulators involved in SE development and downstream processes is lacking. Therefore, this review discusses epigenetic modifications involved in SE development, SE-related genes and miRNAs associated with epigenetics, and common cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of SE-related genes. Finally, we highlight future biotechnological opportunities to alter epigenetic pathways using the genome editing tool and to study the transition mechanism of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration On Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingbing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kalamassery, Kochi, 683104, Kerala, India
| | - Doulathunnisa Jaffar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Theivanayagam Maharajan
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kalamassery, Kochi, 683104, Kerala, India
| | | | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zishan Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration On Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration On Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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Godel-Jędrychowska K, Milewska-Hendel A, Sala K, Barański R, Kurczyńska E. The Impact of Gold Nanoparticles on Somatic Embryogenesis Using the Example of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10356. [PMID: 37373504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the influence of nanoparticles (NPs) on developmental processes is better understood, little is known about their impact on somatic embryogenesis (SE). This process involves changes in the direction of cell differentiation. Thus, studying the effect of NPs on SE is essential to reveal their impact on cell fate. This study aimed to examine the influence of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with different surface charges on the SE of 35S:BBM Arabidopsis thaliana, with particular emphasis on the spatiotemporal localization of pectic arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensin epitopes in cells changing the direction of their differentiation. The results show that under the influence of nanoparticles, the explant cells of 35S:BBM Arabidopsis thaliana seedling origin did not enter the path of SE. Bulges and the formation of organ-like structures were observed in these explants, in contrast to the control, where somatic embryos developed. Additionally, spatiotemporal changes in the chemical composition of the cell walls during the culture were observed. Under the influence of Au NPs, the following effects were observed: (1) explant cells did not enter the SE pathway, (2) the impacts of Au NPs with different surface charges on the explants were variable, and (3) the compositions of the analyzed pectic AGPs and extensin epitopes were diverse in the cells with different developmental programs: SE (control) and non-SE (treated with Au NPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Milewska-Hendel
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sala
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Barański
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-130 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Lv J, Xu Y, Dan X, Yang Y, Mao C, Ma X, Zhu J, Sun M, Jin Y, Huang L. Genomic survey of MYB gene family in six pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) varieties and their response to abiotic stresses. Genetica 2023:10.1007/s10709-023-00188-8. [PMID: 37266766 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-023-00188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their roles in developmental and metabolic processes, MYB transcription factors play crucial roles in plant defense mechanisms and stress responses. A comprehensive analysis of six pearl millet genomes revealed the presence of 1133 MYB genes, which can be classified into four phylogenetically distinct subgroups. The duplication pattern of MYB genes across the pearl millet genomes demonstrates their conserved and similar evolutionary history. Overall, MYB genes were observed to be involved in drought and heat stress responses, with stronger differential expressed observed in root tissues. Multiple analyses indicated that MYB genes mediate abiotic stress responses by modulating abscisic acid-related pathways, circadian rhythms, and histone modification processes. A substantial number of duplicated genes were determined to exhibit differential expression under abiotic stress. The consistent positive expression trend observed in duplicated gene pairs, such as PMA5G04432.1 and PMA2G00728.1, across various abiotic stresses suggests that duplicated MYB genes plays a key role in the evolution of adaptive responses of pearl millet to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Lv
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuming Dan
- Department of The College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunli Mao
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xixi Ma
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yarong Jin
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Linkai Huang
- Department of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China.
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Kurczynska E, Godel-Jędrychowska K. Apoplastic and Symplasmic Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1951. [PMID: 37653868 PMCID: PMC10224393 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process that scientists have been trying to understand for many years because, on the one hand, it is a manifestation of the totipotency of plant cells, so it enables the study of the mechanisms regulating this process, and, on the other hand, it is an important method of plant propagation. Using SE in basic research and in practice is invaluable. This article describes the latest, but also historical, information on changes in the chemical composition of the cell wall during the transition of cells from the somatic to embryogenic state, and the importance of symplasmic communication during SE. Among wall chemical components, different pectic, AGP, extensin epitopes, and lipid transfer proteins have been discussed as potential apoplastic markers of explant cells during the acquisition of embryogenic competence. The role of symplasmic communication/isolation during SE has also been discussed, paying particular attention to the formation of symplasmic domains within and between cells that carry out different developmental processes. Information about the number and functionality of plasmodesmata (PD) and callose deposition as the main player in symplasmic isolation has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kurczynska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Calabuig-Serna A, Mir R, Arjona P, Seguí-Simarro JM. Calcium dynamics and modulation in carrot somatic embryogenesis. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1150198. [PMID: 37063186 PMCID: PMC10102378 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Free calcium (Ca2+) is a pivotal player in different in vivo and in vitro morphogenic processes. In the induction of somatic embryogenesis, its role has been demonstrated in different species. In carrot, however, this role has been more controversial. In this work, we developed carrot lines expressing cameleon Ca2+ sensors. With them, Ca2+ levels and distribution in the different embryogenic structures formed during the induction and development of somatic embryos were analyzed by FRET. We also used different chemicals to modulate intracellular Ca2+ levels (CaCl2, ionophore A23187, EGTA), to inhibit calmodulin (W-7) and to inhibit callose synthesis (2-deoxy-D-glucose) at different times, principally during the first stages of embryo induction. Our results showed that high Ca2+ levels and the development of a callose layer are markers of cells induced to embryogenesis, which are the precursors of somatic embryos. Disorganized calli and embryogenic masses have different Ca2+ patterns associated to their embryogenic competence, with higher levels in embryogenic cells than in callus cells. The efficiency of somatic embryogenesis in carrot can be effectively modulated by allowing, within a range, more Ca2+ to enter the cell to act as a second messenger to trigger embryogenesis induction. Once induced, Ca2+-calmodulin signaling seems related with the transcriptional remodeling needed for embryo progression, and alterations of Ca2+ or calmodulin levels negatively affect the efficiency of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Mir
- *Correspondence: Jose María Seguí-Simarro, ; Ricardo Mir,
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Deng Y, Shang W, Zhang X, Guo J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Hong J, Li Z, Xie L. Quantification of plasmodesmata frequency under three-dimensional view using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Micron 2023; 166:103413. [PMID: 36657308 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative study of plasmodesmata (PD) frequency is routine in plant science for providing information on the potential of intercellular transportation. Here, we report quantification of plasmodesmatal frequency in virus-infected tobacco vascular tissues using serial sectioning and image analysis. The image datasets were collected by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), and the measurements of plasmodesmatal frequency were performed after image analysis with commercial computational programs. With a 5-nm step size (less than half the diameter of PD) during FIB sectioning, exhaustive PD sampling was performed in regions of interest. Segmentation of cell wall (CW) and PD from the background densities was performed manually, and PD were assigned automatically to individual CW interfaces by image analysis and then quantified. The PD quantification results were used to compare the plamodesmatal frequencies among different CW interfaces of individual cells and the average frequencies among different cell types were calculated. CWs lacking PD distribution were found in several cellular types, and the PD frequency were used to determine the possible pathways of PD-based symplasmic transportation. The method enables imaging of samples of several cells containing multiple CW interfaces and minimizes PD omission during sectioning and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weina Shang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Center of Cryo Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Calabuig-Serna A, Mir R, Seguí-Simarro JM. Calcium Dynamics, WUSCHEL Expression and Callose Deposition during Somatic Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Immature Zygotic Embryos. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1021. [PMID: 36903882 PMCID: PMC10005541 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis using IZEs as explants. We characterized the process at the light and scanning electron microscope level and studied several specific aspects such as WUS expression, callose deposition, and principally Ca2+ dynamics during the first stages of the process of embryogenesis induction, by confocal FRET analysis with an Arabidopsis line expressing a cameleon calcium sensor. We also performed a pharmacological study with a series of chemicals know to alter calcium homeostasis (CaCl2, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ionophore A23187, EGTA), the calcium-calmodulin interaction (chlorpromazine, W-7), and callose deposition (2-deoxy-D-glucose). We showed that, after determination of the cotiledonary protrusions as embryogenic regions, a finger-like appendix may emerge from the shoot apical region and somatic embryos are produced from the WUS-expressing cells of the appendix tip. Ca2+ levels increase and callose is deposited in the cells of the regions where somatic embryos will be formed, thereby constituting early markers of the embryogenic regions. We also found that Ca2+ homeostasis in this system is strictly maintained and cannot be altered to modulate embryo production, as shown for other systems. Together, these results contribute to a better knowledge and understanding of the process of induction of somatic embryos in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Mir
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (J.M.S.-S.); Tel.: +34-963-877000 (ext. 88472) (R.M.); +34-963-879047 (J.M.S.-S.)
| | - Jose M. Seguí-Simarro
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (J.M.S.-S.); Tel.: +34-963-877000 (ext. 88472) (R.M.); +34-963-879047 (J.M.S.-S.)
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Aguilera A, Distéfano A, Jauzein C, Correa-Aragunde N, Martinez D, Martin MV, Sueldo DJ. Do photosynthetic cells communicate with each other during cell death? From cyanobacteria to vascular plants. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:7219-7242. [PMID: 36179088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As in metazoans, life in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms relies on the accurate regulation of cell death. During development and in response to the environment, photosynthetic cells activate and execute cell death pathways that culminate in the death of a specific group of cells, a process known as regulated cell death (RCD). RCD control is instrumental, as its misregulation can lead to growth penalties and even the death of the entire organism. Intracellular molecules released during cell demise may act as 'survival' or 'death' signals and control the propagation of cell death to surrounding cells, even in unicellular organisms. This review explores different signals involved in cell-cell communication and systemic signalling in photosynthetic organisms, in particular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, lipid derivates, nitric oxide, and eATP. We discuss their possible mode-of-action as either 'survival' or 'death' molecules and their potential role in determining cell fate in neighbouring cells. By comparing the knowledge available across the taxonomic spectrum of this coherent phylogenetic group, from cyanobacteria to vascular plants, we aim at contributing to the identification of conserved mechanisms that control cell death propagation in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Aguilera
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, DYNECO-Pelagos, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata,7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Wang FX, Shang GD, Wang JW. Towards a hierarchical gene regulatory network underlying somatic embryogenesis. Trends Plant Sci 2022; 27:1209-1217. [PMID: 35810071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-editing technologies have advanced in recent years but designing future crops remains limited by current methods of improving somatic embryogenesis (SE) capacity. In this Opinion, we provide an update on the molecular event by which the phytohormone auxin promotes the acquisition of plant cell totipotency through evoking massive changes in transcriptome and chromatin accessibility. We propose that the chromatin states and individual totipotency-related transcription factors (TFs) from disparate gene families organize into a hierarchical gene regulatory network underlying SE. We conclude with a discussion of the practical paths to probe the cellular origin of the somatic embryo and the epigenetic landscape of the totipotent cell state in the era of single-cell genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 200032 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guan-Dong Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 200032 Shanghai, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 200032 Shanghai, PR China; ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
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12
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Abstract
To form tissue networks, animal cells migrate and interact through proteins protruding from their plasma membranes. Plant cells can do neither, yet plants form vein networks. How plants do so is unclear, but veins are thought to form by the coordinated action of the polar transport and signal transduction of the plant hormone auxin. However, plants inhibited in both pathways still form veins. Patterning of vascular cells into veins is instead prevented in mutants lacking the function of the GNOM (GN) regulator of auxin transport and signaling, suggesting the existence of at least one more GN-dependent vein-patterning pathway. Here we show that in Arabidopsis such a pathway depends on the movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through plasmodesmata (PDs) intercellular channels. PD permeability is high where veins are forming, lowers between veins and nonvascular tissues, but remains high between vein cells. Impaired ability to regulate PD aperture leads to defects in auxin transport and signaling, ultimately leading to vein patterning defects that are enhanced by inhibition of auxin transport or signaling. GN controls PD aperture regulation, and simultaneous inhibition of auxin signaling, auxin transport, and regulated PD aperture phenocopies null gn mutants. Therefore, veins are patterned by the coordinated action of three GN-dependent pathways: auxin signaling, polar auxin transport, and movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through PDs. Such a mechanism of tissue network formation is unprecedented in multicellular organisms. How do plants form vein networks, in the absence of cellular migration or direct cell-cell interaction? This study shows that a GNOM-dependent combination of polar auxin transport, auxin signal transduction, and movement of an auxin signal through plasmodesmata patterns leaf vascular cells into veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Li M, Wrobel-Marek J, Heidmann I, Horstman A, Chen B, Reis R, Angenent GC, Boutilier K. Auxin biosynthesis maintains embryo identity and growth during BABY BOOM-induced somatic embryogenesis. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:1095-1110. [PMID: 34865162 PMCID: PMC8825264 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a type of plant cell totipotency where embryos develop from nonreproductive (vegetative) cells without fertilization. Somatic embryogenesis can be induced in vitro by auxins, and by ectopic expression of embryo-expressed transcription factors like the BABY BOOM (BBM) AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR domain protein. These different pathways are thought to converge to promote auxin response and biosynthesis, but the specific roles of the endogenous auxin pathway in somatic embryogenesis induction have not been well-characterized. Here we show that BBM transcriptionally regulates the YUCCA3 (YUC3) and YUC8 auxin biosynthesis genes during BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. BBM induced local and ectopic YUC3 and YUC8 expression in seedlings, which coincided with increased DR5 auxin response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis and with ectopic expression of the WOX2 embryo reporter. YUC-driven auxin biosynthesis was required for BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis, as the number of embryogenic explants was reduced by ca. 50% in yuc3 yuc8 mutants and abolished after chemical inhibition of YUC enzyme activity. However, a detailed YUC inhibitor time-course study revealed that YUC-dependent IAA biosynthesis is not required for the re-initiation of totipotent cell identity in seedlings. Rather, YUC enzymes are required later in somatic embryo development for the maintenance of embryo identity and growth. This study resolves a long-standing question about the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in transcription factor-mediated somatic embryogenesis and also provides an experimental framework for understanding the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in other in planta and in vitro embryogenesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Li
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Justyna Wrobel-Marek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Iris Heidmann
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
- Enza Zaden Research and Development B.V, Enkhuizen, 1602 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Horstman
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Baojian Chen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Reis
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Author for communication:
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14
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Abstract
Array tomography (AT) is a new high-throughput imaging method for high-resolution imaging of ultrastructure and for 3-D reconstruction of cells and organelles. Here, we describe the entire procedure for obtaining a spatial image of the distribution of plasmodesmata (PD). As example, the protocol is applied here to reconstruct the number and arrangement of PD between cells undergoing differentiation during Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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15
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Godel-J Drychowska K, Kurczy Ska E. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the plasmodesmata that accompany cell fate changes during the somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Funct Plant Biol 2022; 49:186-200. [PMID: 34838155 DOI: 10.1071/fp21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic and membrane-lined microchannels that enable symplasmic communication in plants, which is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation. The presented results emphasise the qualitative and quantitative analyses of PD, which are the basis of the symplasmic communication. The cells that initiate various development programmes create symplasmic domains that are characterised by different degrees of symplasmic communication. Changes in symplasmic communication are caused by the presence or absence of PD and/or the ability of signals to move through them. In the presented studies, somatic embryogenesis was used to describe the characteristics of the PD within and between the symplasmic domains in explants of the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh ecotype Columbia-0 and 35S:BBM transgenic line. Transmission electron microscopy was used to describe the cells that regain totipotency/pluripotency during somatic embryogenesis, as well as the number and shape of the PD in the different symplasmic domains of the explants and somatic embryos. Array tomography was used to create a 3D reconstruction of the protodermal cells of the somatic embryos with particular emphasis on the PD distribution in the cell walls. The results showed that there were different frequencies of the PD within and between the symplasmic domain that emerges during somatic embryogenesis and between the Col-0 and 35S:BBM somatic embryos with regard to the differences in the shape of the PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Godel-J Drychowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczy Ska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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16
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Wróbel-Marek J, Godel-Jędrychowska K, Kurczyńska E. Analysis of the Distribution of Symplasmic Tracers During Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:351-365. [PMID: 35349153 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are membraneous channels that span cell walls of adjacent cells to establish the symplasm. These connections are unique to plants and enable the cell-to-cell exchange of information via the symplasm. However, not every plant cell is connected to its neighbor. Absence of PD and lack of communication (symplasmic isolation) are important regulators of cell differentiation. To determine cell-to-cell symplasmic connectivity, the distribution of fluorescent tracers can be analyzed. Here, we describe in detail the entire procedure for conducting such analysis using fluorescence and confocal microscopy to study molecular fluxes in fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. Studies using fluorochromes and fluorescent-labeled dextrans successfully inform the degree of symplasmic connectivity between cells in zygotic and somatic embryos. Small molecules, such as water and ions, travel through PD but also transcription factors and different types of RNA. Studies of symplasmic communication are important to determine the spatio-temporal correlation between cell differentiation and the exchange of information between cells. This information is necessary to determine the role of symplasmic communication during embryogenesis, which is a very important stage in plant development and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Wróbel-Marek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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17
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Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment. To allow gating, PD are equipped with signaling platforms and enzymes that regulate the size exclusion limit (SEL) of the pore. Plant-interacting microbes and viruses target PD with specific effectors to enhance their virulence and are useful probes to study PD functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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18
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Camacho-Fernández C, Seguí-Simarro JM, Mir R, Boutilier K, Corral-Martínez P. Cell Wall Composition and Structure Define the Developmental Fate of Embryogenic Microspores in Brassica napus. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:737139. [PMID: 34691114 PMCID: PMC8526864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microspore cultures generate a heterogeneous population of embryogenic structures that can be grouped into highly embryogenic structures [exine-enclosed (EE) and loose bicellular structures (LBS)] and barely embryogenic structures [compact callus (CC) and loose callus (LC) structures]. Little is known about the factors behind these different responses. In this study we performed a comparative analysis of the composition and architecture of the cell walls of each structure by confocal and quantitative electron microscopy. Each structure presented specific cell wall characteristics that defined their developmental fate. EE and LBS structures, which are responsible for most of the viable embryos, showed a specific profile with thin walls rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), highly and low methyl-esterified pectin and callose, and a callose-rich subintinal layer not necessarily thick, but with a remarkably high callose concentration. The different profiles of EE and LBS walls support the development as suspensorless and suspensor-bearing embryos, respectively. Conversely, less viable embryogenic structures (LC) presented the thickest walls and the lowest values for almost all of the studied cell wall components. These cell wall properties would be the less favorable for cell proliferation and embryo progression. High levels of highly methyl-esterified pectin are necessary for wall flexibility and growth of highly embryogenic structures. AGPs seem to play a role in cell wall stiffness, possibly due to their putative role as calcium capacitors, explaining the positive relationship between embryogenic potential and calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose M. Seguí-Simarro
- Cell Biology Group, COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Mir
- Cell Biology Group, COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Corral-Martínez
- Cell Biology Group, COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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19
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Chen B, Fiers M, Dekkers BJW, Maas L, van Esse GW, Angenent GC, Zhao Y, Boutilier K. ABA signalling promotes cell totipotency in the shoot apex of germinating embryos. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:6418-6436. [PMID: 34175924 PMCID: PMC8483786 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a type of induced cell totipotency where embryos develop from vegetative tissues of the plant instead of from gamete fusion after fertilization. SE can be induced in vitro by exposing explants to growth regulators, such as the auxinic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been proposed to be a downstream signalling component at the intersection between 2,4-D- and stress-induced SE, but it is not known how these pathways interact to induce cell totipotency. Here we show that 2,4-D-induced SE from the shoot apex of germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seeds is characterized by transcriptional maintenance of an ABA-dependent seed maturation pathway. Molecular-genetic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants revealed a role for ABA in promoting SE at three different levels: ABA biosynthesis, ABA receptor complex signalling, and ABA-mediated transcription, with essential roles for the ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) and ABI4 transcription factors. Our data suggest that the ability of mature Arabidopsis embryos to maintain the ABA seed maturation environment is an important first step in establishing competence for auxin-induced cell totipotency. This finding provides further support for the role of ABA in directing processes other than abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Chen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Fiers
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bas J W Dekkers
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory for Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, AA, Netherlands
| | - Lena Maas
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - G Wilma van Esse
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, AP, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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20
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Jia HH, Xu YT, Yin ZP, Wu XM, Qing M, Fan YJ, Song X, Xie KD, Xie ZZ, Xu Q, Deng XX, Guo WW. Transcriptomes and DNA methylomes in apomictic cells delineate nucellar embryogenesis initiation in citrus. DNA Res 2021; 28:6356518. [PMID: 34424285 PMCID: PMC8476932 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus nucellar poly-embryony (NPE) is a mode of sporophytic apomixis that asexual embryos formed in the seed through adventitious embryogenesis from the somatic nucellar cells. NPE allows clonal propagation of rootstocks, but it impedes citrus cross breeding. To understand the cellular processes involved in NPE initiation, we profiled the transcriptomes and DNA methylomes in laser microdissection captured citrus apomictic cells. In apomictic cells, ribosome biogenesis and protein degradation were activated, whereas auxin polar transport was repressed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in the poly-embryonic ovules, and response to oxidative stress was provoked. The global DNA methylation level, especially that of CHH context, was decreased, whereas the methylation level of the NPE-controlling key gene CitRWP was increased. A C2H2 domain-containing transcription factor gene and CitRWP co-expressed specifically in apomictic cells may coordinate to initiate NPE. The activated embryogenic development and callose deposition processes indicated embryogenic fate of nucellar embryo initial (NEI) cells. In our working model for citrus NPE initiation, DNA hyper-methylation may activate transcription of CitRWP, which increases C2H2 expression and ROS accumulation, triggers epigenetic regulation and regulates cell fate transition and NEI cell identity in the apomictic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuan-Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhao-Ping Yin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mei Qing
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan-Jie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kai-Dong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zong-Zhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiu-Xin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen-Wu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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21
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Kruglova NN, Titova GE, Seldimirova OA, Zinatullina AE. Cytophysiological Features of the Cereal-Based Experimental System “Embryo In Vivo–Callus In Vitro”. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Sager R, Bennett M, Lee JY. A Tale of Two Domains Pushing Lateral Roots. Trends Plant Sci 2021; 26:770-779. [PMID: 33685810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant organ development depends on well-coordinated intercellular communication between the cells of the organ itself, as well as with surrounding cells. Intercellular signals often move via the symplasmic pathway using plasmodesmata. Intriguingly, brief periods of symplasmic isolation may also be necessary to promote organ differentiation and functionality. Recent findings suggest that symplasmic isolation of a subset of parental root cells and newly forming lateral root primordia (LRPs) plays a vital role in modulating lateral root development and emergence. In this opinion article we discuss how two symplasmic domains may be simultaneously established within an LRP and its overlying cells, and the significance of plasmodesmata in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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23
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Rojek J, Tucker MR, Rychłowski M, Nowakowska J, Gutkowska M. The Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase Beta Subunit Is Essential for Embryo and Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7907. [PMID: 34360673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant development affecting the formation and maturation of reproductive structures. The apoplastic route of auxin transport engages influx and efflux facilitators from the PIN, AUX and ABCB families. The polar localization of these proteins and constant recycling from the plasma membrane to endosomes is dependent on Rab-mediated vesicular traffic. Rab proteins are anchored to membranes via posttranslational addition of two geranylgeranyl moieties by the Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase enzyme (RGT), which consists of RGTA, RGTB and REP subunits. Here, we present data showing that seed development in the rgtb1 mutant, with decreased vesicular transport capacity, is disturbed. Both pre- and post-fertilization events are affected, leading to a decrease in seed yield. Pollen tube recognition at the stigma and its guidance to the micropyle is compromised and the seed coat forms incorrectly. Excess auxin in the sporophytic tissues of the ovule in the rgtb1 plants leads to an increased tendency of autonomous endosperm formation in unfertilized ovules and influences embryo development in a maternal sporophytic manner. The results show the importance of vesicular traffic for sexual reproduction in flowering plants, and highlight RGTB1 as a key component of sporophytic-filial signaling.
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Godel-Jędrychowska K, Kulińska-Łukaszek K, Kurczyńska E. Similarities and Differences in the GFP Movement in the Zygotic and Somatic Embryos of Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:649806. [PMID: 34122474 PMCID: PMC8194063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.649806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling during embryo patterning is not well understood and the role of symplasmic communication has been poorly considered. The correlation between the symplasmic domains and the development of the embryo organs/tissues during zygotic embryogenesis has only been described for a few examples, including Arabidopsis. How this process occurs during the development of somatic embryos (SEs) is still unknown. The aim of these studies was to answer the question: do SEs have a restriction in symplasmic transport depending on the developmental stage that is similar to their zygotic counterparts? The studies included an analysis of the GFP distribution pattern as expressed under diverse promoters in zygotic embryos (ZEs) and SEs. The results of the GFP distribution in the ZEs and SEs showed that 1/the symplasmic domains between the embryo organs and tissues in the SEs was similar to those in the ZEs and 2/the restriction in symplasmic transport in the SEs was correlated with the developmental stage and was similar to the one in their zygotic counterparts, however, with the spatio-temporal differences and different PDs SEL value between these two types of embryos.
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Liu L, Wang T. Male gametophyte development in flowering plants: A story of quarantine and sacrifice. J Plant Physiol 2021; 258-259:153365. [PMID: 33548696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over 160 years ago, scientists made the first microscopic observations of angiosperm pollen. Unlike in animals, male meiosis in angiosperms produces a haploid microspore that undergoes one asymmetric division to form a vegetative cell and a generative cell. These two cells have distinct fates: the vegetative cell exits the cell cycle and elongates to form a tip-growing pollen tube; the generative cell divides once more in the pollen grain or within the growing pollen tube to form a pair of sperm cells. The concept that male germ cells are less active than the vegetative cell came from biochemical analyses and pollen structure anatomy early in the last century and is supported by the pollen transcriptome data of the last decade. However, the mechanism of how and when the transcriptional repression in male germ cells occurs is still not fully understood. In this review, we provide a brief account of the cytological and metabolic differentiation between the vegetative cell and male germ cells, with emphasis on the role of temporary callose walls, dynamic nuclear pore density, transcription repression, and histone variants. We further discuss the intercellular movement of small interfering RNA (siRNA) derived from transposable elements (TEs) and reexamine the function of TE expression in male germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Tai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Kuczak M, Kurczyńska E. Cell Wall Composition as a Marker of the Reprogramming of the Cell Fate on the Example of a Daucus carota (L.) Hypocotyl in Which Somatic Embryogenesis Was Induced. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8126. [PMID: 33143222 PMCID: PMC7662930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the composition of the cell walls are postulated to accompany changes in the cell's fate. We check whether there is a relationship between the presence of selected pectic, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), and extensins epitopes and changes in cell reprogramming in order to answer the question of whether they can be markers accompanying changes of cell fate. Selected antibodies were used for spatio-temporal immunolocalization of wall components during the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that (1) the LM6 (pectic), LM2 (AGPs) epitopes are positive markers, but the LM5, LM19 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13 (AGPs) epitopes are negative markers of cells reprogramming to the meristematic/pluripotent state; (2) the LM8 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) and JIM11 (extensin) epitopes are positive markers, but LM6 (pectic) epitope is negative marker of cells undergoing detachment; (3) JIM4 (AGPs) is a positive marker, but LM5 (pectic), JIM8, JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) are negative markers for pericycle cells on the xylem pole; (4) LM19, LM20 (pectic), JIM13, LM2 (AGPs) are constitutive wall components, but LM6, LM8 (pectic), JIM4, JIM8, JIM16 (AGPs), JIM11, JIM12 and JIM20 (extensins) are not constitutive wall components; (5) the extensins do not contribute to the cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kuczak
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna St, 40–006 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, 40–032 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract
Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sanjay Joshi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
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Grzyb M, Wróbel-Marek J, Kurczyńska E, Sobczak M, Mikuła A. Symplasmic Isolation Contributes to Somatic Embryo Induction and Development in the Tree Fern Cyathea delgadii Sternb. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:1273-1284. [PMID: 32374847 PMCID: PMC7377347 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe studies on symplasmic communication and cellular rearrangement during direct somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the tree fern Cyathea delgadii. We analyzed changes in the symplasmic transport of low-molecular-weight fluorochromes, such as 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt (HPTS) and fluorescein (delivered to cells as fluorescein diacetate, FDA), within stipe explants and somatic embryos originating from single epidermal cells and developing during 16-d long culture. Induction of SE is preceded by a restriction in fluorochrome distribution between certain explant cells. Microscopic analysis showed a series of cellular changes like a decrease in vacuole size, increase in vacuole numbers, and increased density of cytoplasm and deposition of electron-dense material in cell walls that may be related with embryogenic transition. In somatic embryos, the limited symplasmic communication between cells was observed first in linear tri-cellular embryos. Further development of the fern embryo was associated with the formation of symplasmic domains corresponding to the four segments of the plant body. Using symplasmic tracers, we provided evidence that the changes in plasmodesmata permeability are corelated with somatic-to-embryogenic transition and somatic embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Grzyb
- Department of Conservative Plant Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, Warsaw 02-973, Poland
| | - Justyna Wróbel-Marek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-787, Poland
| | - Anna Mikuła
- Department of Conservative Plant Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, Warsaw 02-973, Poland
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