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Lu D, Zhang L, Bao D, Lu Y, Zhang X, Liu N, Ge W, Gao X, Li H, Zhang L. Calponin1 inhibits dilated cardiomyopathy development in mice through the εPKC pathway. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:146-53. [PMID: 24631115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calponin1 (CNN1) is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction in physiological situation and it also expresses abnormally in a variety of pathological situations. We found that the expression of CNN1 decreased significantly in the heart tissue of a cTnT(R141W) transgenic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) mouse model and an adriamycin (ADR)-induced DCM mouse model, suggesting that CNN1 is involved in the pathogenesis of DCM. However, the role of CNN1 on cardiac function, especially on pathogenesis of DCM, has not been clarified. In this study, we tested whether rescued expression of CNN1 could prevent the development of DCM and investigated its possible mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS The DCM phenotypes were significantly improved with the transgenic expression of CNN1 in the cTnT(R141W)×CNN1 double transgenic (DTG) mice, which was demonstrated by the survival, cardiac geometry and function analyses, as well as microstructural and ultrastructural observations based on echocardiography and histology examination. The expression of CNN1 could also resist the cardiac geometry breakage and dysfunction in the ADR-induced DCM mice model. Meanwhile, the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (εPKC) activator and inhibitor could reverse the activation of εPKC/ERK/mTOR pathway and DCM phenotypes in the cTnT(R141W) and cTnT(R141W)×CNN1 double transgenic (DTG) mice. CONCLUSIONS εPKC/ERK/mTOR pathway activation induced by the rescued expression of CNN1 contributed to the improvement of cardiac dysfunction and pathological changes observed in the DTG mice. CNN1 could be a therapeutic target to prevent the development of DCM and heart failure (HF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Dan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Yingdong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Wenping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, China.
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2
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Ito K, Yoshii H, Asano T, Horiguchi A, Sumitomo M, Hayakawa M, Asano T. Impact of increased erythropoietin receptor expression and elevated serum erythropoietin levels on clinicopathological features and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2012; 3:937-944. [PMID: 22969996 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) expression and EPO receptor (EpoR) expression have been demonstrated in various malignant tumors. EPO-EpoR signaling can activate several downstream signal transduction pathways that enhance tumor aggressiveness. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of overexpression of EpoR and elevated serum EPO (sEPO) levels on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). EpoR expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in 56 patients. Tumors with a staining intensity greater than that of surrounding proximal tubules were defined as tumors with high EpoR expression. The association between EpoR expression levels and various clinicopathological factors was analyzed. sEPO levels were determined in 138 patients and its correlation to clinicopathological factors was also analyzed, and EpoR expression was determined in surgical specimens removed from 47 of those 138 patients. Patients with high EpoR expression and patients with sEPO elevation had clinicopathological features less favorable than those of other patients. Tumors demonstrating high EpoR expression had a significantly higher number of Ki-67-positive cells compared to those with low EpoR expression. Tumor assemblies in microvessels demonstrated high EpoR expression. Patients whose tumors demonstrated high EpoR expression and those with sEPO elevation had a significantly lower survival rate compared to other patients, and patients with both high EpoR expression and sEPO elevation had an extremely poor prognosis. Microvascular invasion was an independent factor associated with sEPO elevation, suggesting that EPO-EpoR signaling might be important in RCC metastasis. EPO-EpoR signaling may be involved in tumor growth and progression in RCC and the combination of EpoR expression and sEPO levels may effectively predict clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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3
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Li X, Chen J, Hu X, Huang Y, Li Z, Zhou L, Tian Z, Ma H, Wu Z, Chen M, Han Z, Peng Z, Zhao X, Liang C, Wang Y, Sun L, Chen J, Zhao J, Jiang B, Yang H, Gui Y, Cai Z, Zhang X. Comparative mRNA and microRNA expression profiling of three genitourinary cancers reveals common hallmarks and cancer-specific molecular events. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22570. [PMID: 21799901 PMCID: PMC3143156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide gene expression profile using deep sequencing technologies can drive the discovery of cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Such efforts are often limited to profiling the expression signature of either mRNA or microRNA (miRNA) in a single type of cancer. METHODOLOGY Here we provided an integrated analysis of the genome-wide mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of three different genitourinary cancers: carcinomas of the bladder, kidney and testis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our results highlight the general or cancer-specific roles of several genes and miRNAs that may serve as candidate oncogenes or suppressors of tumor development. Further comparative analyses at the systems level revealed that significant aberrations of the cell adhesion process, p53 signaling, calcium signaling, the ECM-receptor and cell cycle pathways, the DNA repair and replication processes and the immune and inflammatory response processes were the common hallmarks of human cancers. Gene sets showing testicular cancer-specific deregulation patterns were mainly implicated in processes related to male reproductive function, and general disruptions of multiple metabolic pathways and processes related to cell migration were the characteristic molecular events for renal and bladder cancer, respectively. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that tumors with the same histological origins and genes with similar functions tended to group together in a clustering analysis. By assessing the correlation between the expression of each miRNA and its targets, we determined that deregulation of 'key' miRNAs may result in the global aberration of one or more pathways or processes as a whole. CONCLUSIONS This systematic analysis deciphered the molecular phenotypes of three genitourinary cancers and investigated their variations at the miRNA level simultaneously. Our results provided a valuable source for future studies and highlighted some promising genes, miRNAs, pathways and processes that may be useful for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxin Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueda Hu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijian Tian
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyun Wu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zujing Han
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyu Peng
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | - Huanming Yang
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Lee SY, Choi JY, Jin DC, Kim J, Cha JH. Expression of calponin in periglomerular myofibroblasts of rat kidney with experimental chronic injuries. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:132-9. [PMID: 21189994 PMCID: PMC2998789 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous research demonstrated that calponin-immunoreactivity was localized in myofibroblasts of the periglomerular region of human kidney specimens obtained at the time of transplantation from organ recipients. In the present study we examined calponin expression in two chronic nephropathy models, puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy and subtotal nephrectomy (SNx), to investigate the role of calponin in chronic renal injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and both nephropathy models were established at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. There were no periglomerular calponin-positive cells in sham, PAN 1 and 2 week, and SNx 1, 2, and 4 week groups. In SNx 8 week and PAN 4 and 8 week groups, only a few glomeruli with periglomerular calponin-reactivity, which covered half or a very small part of the periglomerular space, were observed. All glomeruli with periglomerular calponin-reactivity showed sclerotic changes, especially thickening of parietal epithelial cells (PECs). In conjunction with our previous report, this data represents the first documentation of the expression of calponin in renal myofibroblasts. We suggest that interactions between PECs and calponin-positive myofibroblasts may play a key role in the late stage of glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Mao YJ, Luo XM, Zhou SH, Zheng ZJ. Calponin expression in laryngeal myoepithelial carcinoma and its prognostic implications: a case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:711-9. [PMID: 20515587 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A case report of laryngeal myoepithelial carcinoma (MEC) is presented and the literature concerning prognostic factors in MEC is reviewed. A 61-year old man was admitted to hospital with hoarseness and progressive dyspnoea. On examination, both vocal cords were fixed in the midline with a glottic fissure of only 3 mm. No tumour was seen, but the subglottis was not completely visible. A computed tomography scan showed a soft mass below the right vocal cord obstructing two-thirds of the larynx. On suspension laryngoscopy, a dull mass (1.5 x 1.5 cm) was seen below the right vocal cord, which was malignant on frozen biopsy. A total laryngectomy was performed and the patient received radiotherapy. He died of recurrence 25 months later. The tumour was positive for cytokeratin 14, S-100 protein and calponin. MEC of the larynx is extremely rare. The clinical behaviour of MEC is variable and prognostic factors have been poorly analysed. Calponin expression may be a prognostic factor, but other factors also affect the outcome in MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Abstract
Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells. Calponin is an inhibitor of the actin-activated myosin ATPase. Three isoforms of calponin have been found in the vertebrates. Whereas the role of calponin in regulating smooth muscle contractility has been extensively investigated, the function and regulation of calponin in non-muscle cells is much less understood. Based on recent progresses in the field, this review focuses on the studies of calponin in non-muscle cells, especially its regulation by cytoskeleton tension and function in cell motility. The ongoing research has demonstrated that calponin plays a regulatory role in non-muscle cell motility. Therefore, non-muscle calponin is an attractive target for the control of cell proliferation, migration and phagocytosis, and the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Wu
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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7
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Yanagisawa Y, Takeoka M, Ehara T, Itano N, Miyagawa S, Taniguchi S. Reduction of Calponin h1 expression in human colon cancer blood vessels. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34:531-7. [PMID: 17707120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Calponin h1 (CN) is a differentiation marker of smooth muscle cells that has been reported to be down-regulated in the blood vessels of several human tumors. In this study, we examined CN expression in blood vessels in relation to the clinical and pathological features of colon cancer tissue samples. METHODS Fifty-six patients who had undergone colectomy for colon cancer were examined. To assess patients' disease-free survival, those who had metastasis at the time of surgical operation were excluded. Immunohistochemistry was performed by the indirect immunoperoxidase method, using serial sections made from formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue blocks. RESULTS We found that the expression of vascular CN in the peripheral region of colon cancer tissues was significantly reduced in association with tumor progression, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion and recurrence. This reduction of CN indicated not only a decrease of pericytes and/or smooth muscle cells in tumor vessels, but also the immaturity of those cells, since CN down-regulation occurred even in alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells. The down-regulation of CN in vessels in the peripheral region of tumor tissues was inversely associated with the expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), seemingly advantageous to angiogenesis. CONCLUSION The down-regulation of CN expression in colon cancer vasculature evaluated by immunohistochemistry may be useful in conjunction with conventional staging procedures to predict more reliable outcome and to select therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yanagisawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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Yamamura H, Hirano N, Koyama H, Nishizawa Y, Takahashi K. Loss of smooth muscle calponin results in impaired blood vessel maturation in the tumor-host microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:757-63. [PMID: 17391313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between malignant cells and the microenvironment of the local host tissue play a critical role in tumor growth, metastasis and their response to treatment modalities. We investigated the roles of smooth muscle calponin (Cnn1, also called calponin h1 or basic calponin) in the development of tumor vascul ature in vivo by analyzing mutant mice lacking the Cnn1 gene. Here we show that loss of Cnn1 in host mural cells prevents maturation of tumor vasculature. In vitro studies showed that platelet-derived growth factor B-induced vascular smooth muscle migration was downregulated by the Cnn1-deficiency, and forced expression of Cnn1 restored migration. Moreover, destruction of established tumor mass by treatment with an antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody was markedly enhanced in Cnn1-deficient mice. These data, coupled with the knowledge that structural fragility of normal blood vessels is caused by loss of the Cnn1 gene, suggest that Cnn1 plays an important role in the maturation of blood vessels, and may have implications for therapeutic strategies targeting tumor vasculature for treatment of human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Becaplermin
- Blood Vessels/drug effects
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/chemistry
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/immunology
- Calponins
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Yamamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathophysiology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka City, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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Taniguchi S. Suppression of cancer phenotypes through a multifunctional actin-binding protein, calponin, that attacks cancer cells and simultaneously protects the host from invasion. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:738-46. [PMID: 16271067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative and/or qualitative alteration of actin cytoskeletal molecules, involved in the regulation of cellular dynamic functions, should be intimately related with cancer phenotypes. Based on several lines of experimental evidence from our group, and others, this report proposes a strategy to simultaneously attack cancer cells and protect the host from cancer invasion, with one molecule. Calponin h1, an actin-stabilizing protein that is also intimately related to signal transduction, is very often suppressed in vascular smooth muscle cells of malignant human tumors and in mesothelial cells by coexisting cancer cells. We generated mice deficient for calponin h1, exhibiting fragility in blood vessels and peritoneal membranes. Hematogenous cancer metastasis occurred more easily in the calponin h1-deficient mice than in wild-type mice, and the peritoneal dissemination was extremely enhanced. The fragility was rescued by the exogenous introduction of the calponin h1 gene into mesothelial cells of the peritoneum. Furthermore, calponin h1 gene transfer into several transformed cell lines resulted in a suppression of malignancy. The peritoneal dissemination of intraperitoneally-injected B16-F10 cells was suppressed by the calponin h1 gene, given to target both cancer cells and the mesothelial cells of the host. The multifunctional nature of the molecule, as a machinery player of cytoskeleton and mediator of signal transduction, probably resulted in a favorable recipient-discriminating effect on cancerous and normal cells. Thus, we believe that if we use adequate multifunctional molecules for therapy, it is possible to simultaneously suppress cancer phenotypes and protect normal cells from the attack of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun'ichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute on Aging and Adaptation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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